R e p r o d u c t i v eH e a l t h
719
a significant role in decreasing the human
MTPs
plays
days it is being misused to abort even It can be cured by
but noW a appropriate antibiotics,
population
female foetuses.
tetracyclinc. e.g., penicillin,
normal functioning of reproductive Gonorrhoea
normal
the maintains
EE
Vitsmin
hence
vitamin Eis also called antisterility vitamin. Gonorrhoca is caused by bacterium,
Manganese is important for normal reproduction. Its
ogans
The bacterium lives in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
deficiency causes infertility. yenital tubes, produces pus
discharge, pain around genitalia and containing
system
(certain components of the cerebrum and urination. It may lead to arthritis andburning sensation during
Limbie
limbic system) also controls sex behaviour.
form of gonorrhoca afflicted eye infection in children
d i e n c e p h a l o n
homone of fthymus gland also hastens attainment It is mothers.
sprcad through sexual contact,
T h y m o s i n
of sexual nmaturity. under-clothes. common toilets and
Surgical removal of ovaries. Its incubation period is 2 - 5
Osariectomy
days.
Hhen
several ova are released in one ovulatory cycle, it is It is diagnosed by clinical
symptoms and Gran staining of
called polyovulation.
discharge and culture.
It can be cured by the use of
TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDS) antibiotics such as penicillin
SEXUALLY and ampicillin.
or infections which are transmitted through sexual
Diseases
Chancroid
intercourse
with infected persons are collectively called
seruslly
transmitted diseases (STDS) or venereal diseases Chancroid is caused by bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi.
infections (RT). Appearance of ulcer at the site of infection generally over
ND)Or reproductive tract
most of the STDS are itching, fluid external genitalia and swelling of nearby lymph glands are
Early symptoms of
etc.
discharge. swelling, slight pain, common symptoms of the disease.
Excent HIV infection, hepatitis - B and genital herpes all It is spread through sexual contact.
other STDs are completely curable if detected early and It is diagnosed by clinical symptoms, staining of discharge
reated properly. and cell culture.
STDS are usually caused by bacteria, viruses, chlamydiae, Effective antibiotics for the treatment are ceftriaxone.
protozoans. nematodes, ectoparasites and fungi. erythromycin,ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim
If proper and timely treatment is not given it may lead to sulphamethoxazole.
complications such as pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID), AIDS
aborions, stillbirth, ecotopic pregnancies, infertility or even
cancer of reproductive tract. AIDS is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HV).
The symptoms of AlDS inchude fever, lethargy, pharyngitis,
Prevention weight loss, nausea, headache, rashes, etc.
For prevention following simple principles should be Because HIV attacks helper T lymphocytes, the patient gets
followed: immune deficiency and he is unable to protect himselfagainst
) Avoid sex with unknown partner/multiple partners. infections.
Une should alsways use condoms during intercourse. HIVis transmitted via semen and blood.
Ha person is in doubt he/she must consult a qualified docto. Its incubation period is 6 months to 10 years.
I SID is detected one should get complete treatment. HIVcan be detected by ELISA test. Western blotting is used
Common STDS for confirmation of ELISA positive cases.
AIDS, yet
Syphilis Although there is not any permanent cure of
certain anti-retroviral drugs
such as zidovudine and
Syphilis is caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum. didanosine are being employed to prolong the life of ADS
The first
r chancre stage symptoms of this disease are painless ulcer patient.
on theegenitals andswelling of local
nthe lymph glands.
second stage, chancre is healed and there are skin Hepatitis B
lesions, rashes, hair loss, Swollen joints and flu-like illness hepatitis B virus (HBV).
Hepatitis B is caused by grade
jaundice, persistent low and
wcasi
ntheonally. lts symptoms include fatigue,
cause
cirrhosis
and lowertertiary
It can
stage chronic ulcers appear on palate, nose fever, rash and abdominal pain.
leg
heart trouble There can beeparalysis, brain damage, blindness, possibly liver cancer. of transmission
may be
disease. Mode
and aortic impairment. It is most
infectious
saliva, tears,
intravenous
transmitted
children. through sexual contact and from mother to blood transfusion, sexual
contact,
nose
gof razors,
piercing, sharing
and
Iniscubation period is 10 - 90 days. drug abuse, tatooing, ear
and diagnosed by clinical Symptoms, microscopic examination
etc. is now
period is 30 -80 days.antigen test which
Vaboraanttoriybbody(VDRL).
Incubation Australian
detection, e.g. venereal disease research can be diagnosed by
MitG Objective Zod
720
Trichomoniasis
(HBS Ag). It can also Trichomoniasis is caused by Trichomonas
called hepatitis B surface antigen
The parasite
affects both males and femalesvaginalis
be diagnosed by ELISA. by physician in case of hepatitis In females it causes vaginitis
with foul smelling.
Complete rest is suggested treatment. Vaccines have been vaginal discharge and burming sensation In
used for
B. a interferon is technology to prevent hepatitis B urethritis, epididymitis and prostatitis resultingmales i
produced by rDNA burning sensations.
infection. It is transmitted through sexual intercourse.
It is diagnosed by microscopic examination,
Genital herpes
herpes simplex virus. immunofluorescent antibody staining.
Genital herpes is caused by
1
painful
Vesiculopustular lesions
followed: by clusters. of It can be treated by
metronidazole.
perianal
external genitalia and
erythematous ulcers over oflymph Amoebiasis
discharge and swelling
regions, vaginal and urethral
commonsymptos of the disease. Amoebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica which
nodes are some being.
through genital secretions in large intestine of human
The diseaseis primarily transmittedgenitalia. The patient passes blood along with the faeces and Teels
but also contact with viroids and and nucleic acid in the abdomen.
diagnosed by antigen detection, PCR
It is It is mainiy transmitted by contaminated food and.,.
hybridization. is also transmitted through sexual contact.
famcyclovir.
Treatment consists of acyclovir, valacyclovir or Antiamoebic tablets are given for treatment.
Genital warts Giardiasis
Genital warts is caused by human papilloma virus. Giardiasis is caused by Giardia lamblia.
surface
Symptoms include benign, hard outgrowths with horny Parasite lives in human intestine where it interfers
(warts) over theskin and mucosal surface ofexternal genitalia digestion and absorption of fo0d. It causes epigasticg
and perianal area.
abdominal discomfort, diarrhoea, headache and somet
It spreads through sexual intercourse with carriers of the fever.
viruses of this disease.
Diagnosis is made through clinical symptoms, antibody Normally parasite is transmitted by contaminated fxd:
water but occasionally it istransmitted by sexual inter:
detection, culture and DNA hybridization. Antiamocbic tablets are used for treatment.
Cryosurgery is used in removal of warts. Podophyllum
preparationsand podofilox are useful in treatment. Imiquimod Enterobiasis
and interferon inducer is also useful. Enterobiasis is caused by Enterobius vermicularis (pinwir
Ghlamydiasis Parasite causes intense itching of the anus, inflammatk.
mucous membrane of colon and appendix, nausea, abdonus
Chlamydiasis is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis of pain and diarrhoea.
DERGHIJK serotypes. Transmission occurs when patient scratches the afectot
Ghlamydia causes urethritis, epididymitis, mucopurulent, and the eggs easily get under the finger nails from where
cervicitis, inflammation of Fallopian tubes, proctitis (rectal may get into mouth. It is also transmitted by sexual intercos
pain with mucus and occasional bleeding), ete.
It spreads by sexual contact with infected mating partner.
It is treated by the use of antihelminthic drugs.
Incubation period is about one week. Scabies
It is diagnosed by Gram-staining of discharge, Scabies is caused by Sarcoptes scabiei.
detection and nucleic acid hybridization. antigen theske
patches on
Its symptomsinclude intense itching and withinfecs
Antibiotics like tetracycline, erythromycin and rifampacin It can be transmitted by having sexual contact
are effective in treatment.
persons.
Lymphogranuloma venereum Pediculosis pubis los
Lymphogranuloma venereum is caused by Pediculosis pubis is causedIby Phthirus pubis (Parasitic
trachomatis of L, L, Ln serotypes. Chlamydia on patches
Symptoms include cutaneous or Its symptoms include painful itching and red
skin of pubic region.
urnthritis or endocervicitis ánd mucosal genital lesion, shart
forby
Itis diagnOsed by Gram genital elephantiasis. The parasite is trans1nitted by intimate contact
negative
microscopic examination of discharge, antigen detection., clothes, sheets and blankets, etc. treatment.
hybridization, scraping and nucleic acid Medicated shampoos are recommended for
It spreads by
sexual contact. Candidiasis
Antibiotics tëtracycline, Candidiasis is caused by fungus Candida albicans
(vagit
azithiromycin are used for doxycycline, erythromycin yeast).
treatment. .and inflamna
Women with yeastt infections experience painful
of the vagina often with a thick, cheesy discharge.
