Overview
The three layers of skin on top of muscle tissue.
What is the skin?
The skin is the body’s largest organ, made of water, protein, fats and minerals. Your
skin protects your body from germs and regulates body temperature. Nerves in the skin
help you feel sensations like hot and cold.
Your skin, along with your hair, nails, oil glands and sweat glands, is part of the
integumentary (in-TEG-you-MEINT-a-ree) system. “Integumentary” means a body’s
outer covering.
Anatomy
What are the layers of the skin?
Three layers of tissue make up the skin:
Epidermis, the top layer.
Dermis, the middle layer.
Hypodermis, the bottom or fatty layer.
What does the epidermis (top layer of skin) do?
Your epidermis is the top layer of the skin that you can see and touch. Keratin, a protein
inside skin cells, makes up the skin cells and, along with other proteins, sticks together
to form this layer. The epidermis:
Acts as a protective barrier: The epidermis keeps bacteria and germs from
entering your body and bloodstream and causing infections. It also protects
against rain, sun and other elements.
Makes new skin: The epidermis continually makes new skin cells. These new
cells replace the approximately 40,000 old skin cells that your body sheds every
day. You have new skin every 30 days.
Protects your body: Langerhans cells in the epidermis are part of the
body’s immune system. They help fight off germs and infections.
Provides skin color: The epidermis contains melanin, the pigment that gives
skin its color. The amount of melanin you have determines the color of your skin,
hair and eyes. People who make more melanin have darker skin and may tan
more quickly.
Vitamin D Synthesis :-
What does the dermis (middle layer of skin) do?
The dermis makes up 90% of skin’s thickness. This middle layer of skin:
Has collagen and elastin: Collagen is a protein that makes skin cells strong and
resilient. Another protein found in the dermis, elastin, keeps skin flexible. It also
helps stretched skin regain its shape.
Grows hair: The roots of hair follicles attach to the dermis.
Keeps you in touch: Nerves in the dermis tell you when something is too hot to
touch, itchy or super soft. These nerve receptors also help you feel pain.
Makes oil: Oil glands in the dermis help keep the skin soft and smooth. Oil also
prevents your skin from absorbing too much water when you swim or get caught
in a rainstorm.
Produces sweat: Sweat glands in the dermis release sweat through skin pores.
Sweat helps regulate your body temperature.
Supplies blood: Blood vessels in the dermis provide nutrients to the epidermis,
keeping the skin layers healthy.
What does the hypodermis (bottom layer of skin) do?
The bottom layer of skin, or hypodermis, is the fatty layer. The hypodermis:
Cushions muscles and bones: Fat in the hypodermis protects muscles and
bones from injuries when you fall or are in an accident.
Has connective tissue: This tissue connects layers of skin to muscles and
bones.
Helps the nerves and blood vessels: Nerves and blood vessels in the dermis
(middle layer) get larger in the hypodermis. These nerves and blood vessels
branch out to connect the hypodermis to the rest of the body.
Regulates body temperature: Fat in the hypodermis keeps you from getting too
cold or hot.
What else makes up the skin?
One inch of your skin has approximately 19 million skin cells and 60,000 melanocytes
(cells that make melanin or skin pigment). It also contains 1,000 nerve endings and 20
blood vessels.
The Story of the Melanocyte
