Study on

Quadcopter
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 STUDY ON QUADCOPTER
A Report on Mini-project
Submitted in partial Fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of
Four-year Bachelor of Technology degree under Department of Aerospace
Engineering and Applied Mechanics.
By
Arnajit Ghosh Arghya Paul Gourab Mandal
2021amb013 2021amb014 2021amb015

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF HONORABLE

Prof. Sujay Kumar Mukherjea

Department of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics

Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
Shibpur, Howrah-711103
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 Acknowledgement

We hereby convey our sincere respect, appreciation and gratitude to our

mentor and guide Prof. Sujay Kumar Mukherjea, HOD Department of Aerospace
Engineering and Applied Mechanics for his precise technical guidance and
support. This mini project would not have been completed without his untiring
perseverance and constant encouragement.
We would also like to put on record, our appreciation for all those who came
forward with helpful suggestion during the course of our mini project.
Date: 06/01/2023
Arnajit Ghosh Arghya Paul Gourab Mandal
2021amb013 2021amb014 2021amb015

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 Forwarding certificate
I hereby forward this mini project report as on “STUDY ON QUADCOPTER”
successfully done under my guidance and supervision for the partial fulfilment of
the requirements for Four-year Bachelor of Technology degree under
Department of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics at Indian Institute
of Engineering Science and Technology.
Date:

Prof. Sujay Kumar Mukherjea

Department of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics

Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
Shibpur, Howrah-711103
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
• ABSTRACT
• INTRODUCTION
• DEFINITION
• TYPES
• DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
• BASIC AERODYNAMICS
• APPLICATION
• FUTURE PROSPECT
• ADVANTAGES
• DISADVANTAGES
• BIBLIOGRAPHYs

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 Abstract
Quadcopter is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or drone with four rotors,
each with a motor and propeller. A quadcopter can be manually controlled or can
be autonomous. It's also called quadrotor helicopter or quadrotor. It belongs to a
more general class of aerial vehicles called multi-copter or multirotor. Small
quadcopters are easy to build because of low cost, low inertial force and simple
flight control system. Quadcopters provide stable flight performance, making
them ideal for surveillance and aerial photography. Other application areas
include delivery, land surveys, crop assessment, weather broadcasting, and more.
Quadcopters exist in many sizes, from palm-sized ones to those that can carry
passengers or heavy cargo. Here in this report, we have given an overview of
quadcopter design and construction and the basic aerodynamics properties of a
quadcopter. We clearly mentioned the different motion of quadcopter like
vertical, horizontal, pitching, spinning. Also, we elaborately discussed about the
process of lift generation. This report also, contain the general construction of
different structures quadcopter, required materials and the electrical connection.

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 Introduction
Quadcopter is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or drone with four rotors,
each with a motor and propeller. A quadcopter can be manually controlled or can
be autonomous. It's also called quadrotor helicopter or quadrotor. It belongs to a
more general class of aerial vehicles called multi-copter or multirotor.
Preliminary research has shown that the most versatile and mechanically easy to
construct autonomous aerial vehicle is a quadrotor helicopter. This is due to the
fact that quadrotors can be fully controlled solely by varying the speed of the four
rotors and no mechanical linkages are required to vary the rotor blade pitch
angles as with a conventional helicopter.
Small quadcopters are easy to build because of low cost, low inertial force and
simple flight control system. Quadcopters provide stable flight performance,
making them ideal for surveillance and aerial photography. Other application
areas include delivery, land surveys, crop assessment, weather broadcasting, and
more. Quadcopters exist in many sizes, from palm-sized ones to those that can
carry passengers or heavy cargo.
The first quadcopter is created by brothers Jacques and Louis Bréguet. (1907)
Quadcopters are developed by engineers to solve the problems that helicopter
pilots had with making vertical flights. The first one is named with the Omnichen
2 by Etienne Omnichen.
This craft made 1000 successful flights and
flew a recorded distance of 360 meters.
Then the convert a wing model a
quadcopter designed by Dr. George E.
Bothezat, appeared in 1956.
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Curtis Wright VZ7 is a VTOL quadrotor
helicopter designed by the Curtiss-
Wright company for the US Army. It is a
"Flying Jeep".

Nowadays there is an incredible evolution in 21st century in quadcopters. To

introduce more robust controller and modelling, techniques, Universities,
students and researchers are working continuously, so that they can provide
detailed and accurate representations of real-life quadrotors.

Definition:
A quadcopter is an aircraft heavier than air, capable of vertical take-off and
landing (VTOL), which is propelled by four rotors, positioned in the same plane,
parallel to the ground. Unlike standard helicopters, a quadcopter uses fixed-pitch
blades in its rotors and its motion through the air is achieved by varying the
relative speed of each propeller.

Types:
The different types of quadcopters based on their shape are as follows:

• X Quadcopter: A popular design, it's used for aerial photography,

videography, First Person View (FPV) racing and acrobatic stunt flying.
Frame variations include true X, square, hybrid X and stretched X.
• X-Stretched Quadcopter: Also called V configuration, it's elongated design
provides more stability on the pitch axis.
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• H Quadcopter: Has a H-shaped frame.

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• + Quadcopter: This track well when going straight. To go straight or
sideways, one motor is driven faster than the other on the opposite
arm. Propellers are in an aerodynamically efficient position. It's used in
acrobatic flying and FPV stunt flying.
• Y4 Quadcopter: Frame has three arms like a tri-copter but rear arm has two
motors coaxially mounted for better yaw control. While a tri-copter use
servo motors, Y4 uses BLDC motors. Hence Y4 has more lifting power and is
more durable.
• V-tail or A-Tail Quadcopter: Similar to Y4 but with rear motors mounted at
an angle in a V or A shape. It has more yaw control because it uses thrust to
turn rather than counter torque.

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Design and Construction

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REQUIREMENTS:

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Different electrical connection

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1) Brush less DC Motor
First of all, we have to make it sure that the
resultant lift should be twice or more than twice
of quadcopter’s weight. As an example, there is a
1000KV BLDC motor. It means that that motor is
able to rotate 1000 revolution per volt and this
A2212/13T motor can generate 500 grams of lift.
So, four motors will generate 2000 grams of lift.

2) Propellers
Propeller diameter and pitch is written in propeller’s body. Pitch means a
propeller can move that distance per revolution. Generally, propeller of 10 inches
diameter and 4.5 to 5 inches pitch is perfect for 1000KV motor. Larger diameter
propeller generates more lift but low acceleration due to its increased area there
is more drag, as well as it will give less pitch. Also, we need four couplers to fix
the propeller with motor.

3) Frame
We need “X” type shape structure. Here at the
corners the motors will be placed. Then one bottom plate
which is call power distribution plate and one upper
plate. In power distribution plate there is four soldering
pads for ESC soldering and others required pads for
connecters.

4) ESC
Here four ESCs (electronic speed controller) are
used for four motors. These ESCs will be fixed at bottom of
structures just behind the motors, thus the ESC will be cooled
for wind of propeller. ESC connects the motor with battery
and with flight controller. It allows the flight controller to
control the voltage of motor, thus through transmitter we can
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control the speed of rotors as well as lift generated by propellers. The current is
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constant. We generally used 30A ESC for 1000KV BLDC motor. The three blue
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wires are connected to the motor as it is a three-phase motor. Two thick wires
(red and black) are connected to battery, here red one is positive and black one
is negative. These wires are called main wire. Rest three thin wires are connected
to flight controller. Here yellow coloured wire is for signal, red one is positive and
black is negative. We need minimum 30A ESC for 25A BLDC motor.

5) LiPo Battery
LiPo (Lithium Polymer) battery is used in
most of the UAVs for its higher charge density
and small size. But the position of that battery
on quadcopter has a great significant as it is
heavy of mass and can able to change the
position of centre of gravity. If we mounted
the battery up then the centre of gravity will shift upward. The distance between
centre of lift (point of action of resultant lift or where the all propellers intersect)
and centre of gravity will be quite smaller or sometimes both are coincided. So,
the pitching moment due to horizontal lift component is negligible and the net
pitching moment will be less. Now, the quadcopter is more stable and we got a
larger range to control it.
Suppose we have a smaller drone, there is only one base named power
distribution board and the drone has a HD camera at the front side. Here up
mounted battery will balance the weight of HD camera and there is no chance of
pitch down of front side during landing.
But there is a disadvantage of up mounted battery. Here the mass
distribution will be less centralized, so, the drag force will
be more.
Now we are going to talk about bottom mounted
battery. The change of the position of the centre of
gravity is negligible. Thus, here the mass distribution is
centralized and drag force is less. The battery stays on a protected place and we
may observe a lighter compact design.
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But we experience a pitching moment as centre of lift and centre of gravity

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are away from each other.

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 We need minimum 1500Mah X 30C ((1500 x 30)/1000) = 45A) LiPo battery
for 30A ESC.

6) Flight Controller
The flight controller uses the data gathered by the sensors to calculate
the desired speed for each of the four
motors. The flight controller sends this
desired speed to the Electronic Speed
Controllers (ESC's), which translates this
desired speed into a signal that the motors
can understand. It is placed on the power
distribution pad. We use receiver to
connect the flight controller with
transmitter.

7) Receiver
Receiver is an electronic device that receives signals and radio waves that are
transmitted by the transmitter. The function of transmitting, receiving and
accepting of electronic signals works on a particular frequency and converts them
to useful form.

8) Transmitter
A Drone Radio Transmitter is an
electronic device that uses radio signals to
transmit commands wirelessly via a set radio
frequency over to the Radio Receiver, which
is connected to the flight controller being
remotely controlled. In other words, it's the
device that translates the pilot's commands
into movement of the multirotor.
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9) Landing Gear
Landing gear for safe landing and to
reduce landing pressure we have used
a flexible plastic landing gear. It is very
efficient and use full. It spread the
landing pressure and saves the body
parts from crash.

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Basic Aerodynamic of Quadcopter
Lift
In Quadcopter lift is generated by rotating 4 propellers. Brass-less dc motor is
used to rotate the propellers.
Working Principle of Propeller
The propellers used in Quadcopter is
nothing but a winglike characteristic.
Sometimes a high cambered or a high angle
of inclined is already given in propellers.
When a propeller rotates, it generates lift
force. The leading edge of the propeller
makes the flow area decreased, and
according to the continuity equation the velocity of the flow is increased
on the upper of the propeller, and according to the Bernoulli’s theorem,
the pressure is decreased. So, low pressure is taking place on the upper
surface of a propeller as well as high pressure is at lower surface. Thus,
we get upward lift force due to the pressure difference. It can be
explained in another way. The propeller is able to push the flow to
downward during rotation due to its camber. As Newton’s third law the
flow gives an upward reaction force to the propeller. This force is called
lift.
But a problem arises. Actually, the propeller is connected
with rotor, the rotor of Brush less motor rotates, and
there is a stator holding the rotor. As usual the rotor gives
a opposite reaction torque to the stator and the stator
starts to rotate with the
whole body as its fixed with the body. Here the
solution is to use 4 propellers. If we consider a
rectangular or square, each propeller is located
at each corner. Each of any two propellers
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located diagonally will rotate in same direction and each of rest two located on
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the other diagonal’s corner, and each will rotate in opposite direction to the
earlier mentioned propellers like the image. All the propellers rotate with a same
angular speed to maintain the uniform lift distribution. As per the image, the
propellers which are rotating in clockwise direction, here resultant reaction
torque is acting on the copter in counter clockwise direction. Similarly, other
propellers which are rotating in counter clockwise direction, here resultant
reaction torque on the body is action in clockwise direction. These two torques
are same in magnitude as each of four propellers is rotating with a constant
angular speed but opposite in direction. So, the resultant reaction torque
generating by four rotors on the body is zero. Thus, the Quadcopter gets stability.

Vertical Motion
A quadcopter can move vertically upward and downward by changing the
magnitude of lift. We know that cross section of a propeller is same as aerofoil.
So, lift is proportional to square of velocity of blades. If we increase a certain
amount speed of all four rotors together, the resultant lift will be increased and
the quadcopter will move vertically upward. Similarly, if we decrease the speed
of all four rotors, then the resultant lift will be decreased and the quadcopter will
move vertically downward.

Pitching Moment
We can generate pitching moment on a
quadcopter by changing the lift distribution. If
we reduce the speed of two front rotors
uniformly related to rear rotors, we got that
magnitude of lift generated by front rotors is
less that the magnitude of lift generated by rear
rotors. So, there will be a counter clockwise
moment about c.g. and nose down will take place. Similarly, if we
decrease the speed of rear rotors related to front rotors, then the
magnitude of lift generated by rear rotors will be less than the magnitude
of lift generated by front rotors and there will be clockwise pitching
moment and nose up will take place.
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 Thrust
In quadcopter that four propellers are used
to generated thrust by pitching up and pitching
down the quadcopter. Suppose, we have just
pitched down the quadcopter and to get it stable
we brought the propellers in a uniform velocity
field immediately at that tiled position. Then, there will be a tilted lift on each
propeller. Now we divide resultant tilted lift into horizontal and vertical
components. The horizontal component is thrust and vertical component is
actual lift which balances the weight. Now we need to increase the speed of
rotors to balance the weight properly as actual vertical lift is now a component of
generated lift.

Horizontal Motion
The quadcopter moves
horizontally forward, backward,
left, right due to thrust force. Only
the thing is if we want to move
the quadcopter in any direction
among these, we have to pitch
down that part of the quadcopter,
so the thrust will be created in
that direction and the quadcopter
will move in the same direction. But the thing is not so easy. When we pitched
the quadcopter down to get thrust, there is also a pitching moment and
decrement of vertical lift. Hence actual resultant motion is like tilted downward
direction with a negative slope. To avoid that kind of down ward motion we need
to increase the speed of rotation gradually during pitching. So, resultant lift will
be increased gradually, vertical component of lift will be increased and that will
resist the drone to fall down.
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 Yawing
If we decrease the speed of any two rotors
located diagonally then we can observe yawing or
spinning of quadcopter. At stable initial
condition, all four rotors are rotating at a same
angular velocity but any two diagonally located
rotors have same direction. Now we already
decreased speed of any two diagonally located rotors, so, the balancing reaction
moment due to these two stators respect to those rotors will be less. Thus, the
quadcopter starts to spin due to other two stators reaction moment. Now, if we
decrease the speed of that rotors which were rotating clockwise then their
corresponding stators will generate less amount of reaction torque in counter
clockwise direction. So, other two stators are generating more amount of
reaction torque with respect to mentioned stators in clockwise direction as their
corresponding rotors are rotating in counter clockwise direction. Hence the
resultant reaction torque will be in clock wise direction and the quadcopter will
spin in clock wise direction. Similarly, to spin the quadcopter in counter clockwise
direction we have to decrease the speed of that rotors which are rotating in
counter clockwise direction.

Circular Motion
As we know that for circular motion an
object need a centrifugal force. In case of
quadcopter, thrust is the source of this centrifugal
force during rolling. Suppose a quadcopter is
moving straight forward and at this situation if we
decrease the speed of the two rotors of left side
then there will be a rolling moment and the drone
moves a little bit down at left side. Next to keep balance the weight we need to
increase all four rotors speed but maintaining each rotors speed ratio same as
just before. Now resultant tilted lift has three components, one is vertical,
another is forward horizontal and rest one is left side horizontally which is source
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of centrifugal force. The resultant motion is along a circle.

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So, a quadcopter is able to move forward, backward, left, right, upward,
downward and it can pitch, roll and yaw or spin. So, quadcopter has six degrees
of freedom. Here we can see that mechanism of roll and pitch is same.

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 APPLICATION

Now a days Quadcopter is much more favourable as it is simpler in construction

& cheaper & easier to fly than unmanned helicopter drones. It has broad
application in many fields such as: -
• Cameras & aerial imaging for journalism & film
Aerial imaging is the popular application for quadcopter as it has pairing
multirotor with a specific camera payload. Video and still image camera payloads
can offer powerful optical & digital zoom capabilities to professional quadcopter
drones, with 4K video and still image resolutions in the tens of megapixels,
making them ideal for tactical and professional applications such surveillance and
industrial inspection. Some also offer FPV which is used in the sport of drone
racing.
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 • Commercial use
Commercial use of the drones become talk of the hour as multiple industries
are now using quadcopter technology for more ease & profit. The market for
commercial and civilian drones will grow at a compound annual growth rate
(CAGR) of 19% between 2015 and 2020, compared with 5% growth on the military
side, according to BI Intelligence, Business Insider's premium research service.
Sophisticated drones could soon be doing everyday tasks like fertilizing crop fields

on an automated basis, monitoring traffic incidents, surveying hard-to-reach

places, or even delivering pizzas.

• Military use
Now-a-days the most frequent area of using quadcopters is rooted in
Military territory. Quadcopters are used as target decoys, for combat missions,
research & development, and for supervisions. According to a recent report by
Goldman Sachs, military spending will remain the main driver of quadcopters
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spending in the coming years. Quadcopters will continue to be applied in various

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military operations due to their high convenience in reducing losses and enabling
the execution of high profile and time-sensitive missions. Some fully autonomous
air vehicles are Black Kite, Golden Hawk and Pushpak which are developed by
DRDO

• Search & rescue

Search & rescue operations, firefighting &
disaster response effort are very hazardous, costly
& time-consuming. Arranging plenty access, as
well as need to deploy large, scattered teams
become very difficult some time but quadcopters
with improved speed, precision & accuracy
complete the large-scale operations with greater
efficiency. Its high-tech imaging systems (detects
thermal movement), better access to dangerous areas, processor of 3d maps of
land & water masses create its monopoly over decades.

• Agricultural use
Farmers usually hesitate to use
the quadcopter for their agricultural
purpose, principally it is because of lack
of knowledge of technology and the
initial investment of the technology.
But if they overcome their hesitation,
they can save the money of aerial
inspection “$2 an acre” and the return
of investment can be observed within
one growing season or less. There are
numerous tasks that farmers do to keep
their crops safe, sustainable and profitable like checking health of crop, pests,
diseases, weeds, collection of tissue and soil samples etc. These tasks can be done
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using quadcopter. “The root structure of plants needs to be inspected for signs of
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compaction, disease and pests. Soil erosion is always a concern, so erosion

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channel width and depth need to be measured. Finally crop yields, and
population need to be estimated accurately for resource management. These are
the points that are important to farmers:
• Confirmation: Frequently checking that plants are growing at the rate
expected
• Early Detection: This is key to addressing plant health issues in order to limit
the impacts, and provide time to implement a solution
• Fertilizer Planning: Crops seldom grow evenly, and distrusting fertilizer
based on plant health, instead of spreading evenly and reduce costs.”
Also, aerial spraying has become much faster and easy job. Hence, the use of
quadcopter technology in agriculture is very useful and can help the farmers
economically and increase the growth of crops.

• Traffic monitoring
Police forces use quadcopters to monitor large crowds, prevent or detect
crime and assist in incident responses. UK police have used quadcopters to
monitor festivals, to monitor protests and to monitor the Olympic ceremony.
Quadcopters may also be used to assist police in incident response, intercepting
the smugglers. India has also recently begun using quadcopters to help secure
sensitive sites and events.

• Weather forecasting
It is an important parts and parcel of our lives. But it’s not an easy job to
predict the weather, it needs a complex method to forecast the weather but it
necessarily should be correct primarily for the fishermen who catch the fishes in
the seas. Traditionally, experts use to collect data using weather station and
weather balloons but they have the limitations like the weather stations are static
and the height are not sufficient to get the enough data for modelling and we
can’t retrieve the weather balloons once they are launched from the surface. But
here the question comes what about the satellite? Yes, they are used to collect
data but their contribution is limited to water vapor and cloud formation due to
their height and we can’t get the information about the temperature, humidity
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or wind. Then, another idea can get pop up that we can use the airplane or
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helicopter to get the data. But in a very common sense it can be realized that it’s
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not an effective way to generate the model of weather. Therefore, we are
supposed to do a development of quadcopter which can mitigate these problems.
Additionally, data can be taken more frequently and the modelling of data will
become more accurate.

• Wildlife monitoring

A regular monitoring of wildlife creatures is very tough

and hectic job to do. For this job every government has formed a dedicated team
of experts and trained forces. Instead of this, it becomes very difficult to observe
the health condition of wild animals and any other situation like to protect them
from the hunters. Here, quadcopter becomes a lead player. It takes care of
everything starting from the health condition of the animals to the update of the
hunters. We can use it in wildlife photography. But during the photographer
should maintain the rules and regulation of filming the wild animals. so therefore,
the quadcopter should be modified accordingly like it should produce less noise
and it should maintain the crossing limit of altitude such that in any casualties’
animals doesn’t got harm. According to Radiansyah, using the aerial photograph
of the quadcopter a 30cm size of species can be detected. He recommended
“Flight altitude at 50-100 m agl with a flight speed while shooting or recording 5
m/sec and using a camera weighing <500g” for aerial photography of wildlife
monitoring.
• Quadcopters in cargo delivery
Quadcopters can be sent up at a much faster rate,
allowing the cargo to be delivered in a much shorter
amount of time. It increases delivery radius by skipping
roads, traffic & the need to stop for breaks etc. It also
lowers delivery costs by removing the driver & delivery
vehicle.

• Geographic Mapping
We are living in internet era and ‘google map’ is a very useful tool for
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navigation. Hardly there may be one who doesn’t use this facility but here a
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problem pops up that is related to rural area. We don’t have much information
about rural area. Hence, we can use the quadcopter to fill up this gap. A
developed quadcopter can acquire high resolution data and image from rural
area and develop a 2D, 3D mapping of geography as soon as possible. This
technology is very useful for mapping of Flood and Landslide prone areas and for
a place where it is difficult to reach like mountain tops and high flowing river sites.
Likewise, our expenses also become smaller.
• Disaster management
Quadcopter can become a needy way in mapping of a disaster irrespective
of type of disaster. Natural, man-made, simulated or any other kind of disaster
can be mapped using this quadcopter technology. Using a highly developed
quadcopter rescue team can figure out the total affected area and analyse the
situation, accordingly plan the rescue operation and save time as much as
possible. On the other hand, high officials can overview rescue mission and direct
the team if there any causalities happen. On further advancement using
quadcopter a high-resolution image of the victim can be taken and make
identification easy.

• Entertainment
Nowadays quadcopters are become increasingly popular in entertainment
industry and also become an especial ingredient in photography and filming.
Usually, a professional cameraman can pose a good quality film/video. But
quadcopters break that barrier and make easy for anyone who knows how to fly
it. Starting from Hollywood film to YouTube videos everyone doing awesome
videography using it. “For example, “In the Robot Skies,” a film directed by
architect Liam Young, claims to be the first ever film shot entirely by autonomous,
pre-programmed drones. The film, which premiered at the London Film Festival
in 2016, may be the first of many films to explore drone-driven film-making.”
Another example, “Drake also incorporated drone technology into his 2018
concert tour, making headlines for his innovative use of drones as LED lights.”
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 Future prospect
The present technology is not capable to handle such kind of heterogeneous
data, so in the future modern algorithms and methods alike (Machine Learning,
Artificial Intelligence, Big data, Internet of Things, edge computing and
software-defined network) are used to tackle the difficulties and deployment of
quadcopters in various applications. A few of these interesting topics are
highlighted for future research directions. They are (i) UAVs communication, (ii)
Dynamic path planning, (iii) Privacy and security, (iv) Integration of different
segments, for network communication between air, ground and space UAVs, (v)
Efficient energy for UAVs, (vi) Union of UAVs and AI, (vii) Indigenous
programming for UAVs to tackle the multiple issues in inspection,
communication and collision avoidance. There are still remains a significant
amount of research in future on drones/UAVs and aerial robotics. We can use
quadcopters in various way mentioned below by using these modified systems.
Civilian use of quadcopter is subject to regulations, which are not mature in
many countries. However, quadcopters are an important part of future
transportation called Advanced Air Mobility (AAM).
Quadcopters can easily be used to better monitor and capture the
construction of a project from inception to completion. With data and imagery
collected via a drone in the air, users can create 2D and 3D maps, orthomosaics,
collect elevation data, and gather volumetric measurements to better plan for,
build, and develop projects.
Quadcopters can be used in Commercial and motion picture filmmaking
(Cinematography), Cargo delivery, demining, scientific research, Object
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detection & tracking and as aerial photogrammetric.

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 Airbus is developing a battery powered quadcopter to act as an urban air
taxi, initially without a pilot, but potentially autonomous in future.

Advantages
• It can fly
• It can be used as a logistic
• It saves time
• It requires less efforts
• It can capture incredible sports moments
• It can be enforced in security and surveillance
• It can make 3D maps
• It can save lives
• Quadcopter with a thermal camera can detect energy leaks on the roof
• Price of quadcopters is also affordable

Disadvantages
• Quadcopters have a very shorter life span
• It is very vulnerable to wild animal attack
• It can be easily hacked
• Anyone can do illegal spying over others privacy
• Risk of atrocities
• Weather dependency
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 Bibliography
Research articles
• Quadcopter: Design, Construction and Testing
• Design, Control and Application of Quadcopter
Websites
• Drones in Agriculture Applications - Drone Omega
• How Drones Are Helping With Weather Forecasting – Droneblog
• Drones Geographic Mapping – The Diyalo Foundation
• Drone Use in the Entertainment Industry and Beyond - The Bottom Line
UCSB
• Advantages And Disadvantages Of Drone Technology | Grind Drone
• Advantages And Disadvantages Of Drone Technology | Grind Drone

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