LUBRICATION SYSTEM

Purpose Of Lubrication
• Reduce the frictional resistance of the engine
to a minimum to ensure maximum mechanical
efficiency
• Protect the engine against wear
• Remove all impurities from lubricated region.
• Form a seal between piston rings and the
cylinder walls to prevent blow by.
 Classification of Lubricants
• Animal
• Vegetable
• Mineral
• Synthetic
 Animal Lubricants
• These are highly stable at normal temperatures
• Animal lubricants may not be used for internal combustion
because they produce fatty acids
 Vegetable Lubricants
• Examples of vegetable lubricants are:
– Castor oil
– Olive oil
– Cottonseed oil
• Animal and vegetable oils have a lower
coefficient of friction than most mineral oils
but they rapidly wear away steel
 Mineral Lubricants
• These lubricants are used to a large extent in
the lubrication of internal combustion engines
• There are three classifications of mineral
lubricants:
– Solid
– Semisolid
– Fluid
 Synthetic Lubricants
• Because of the high operating temperatures of
gas-turbine engines, it became necessary to
develop lubricants which would retain their
characteristics at temperatures that cause
petroleum lubricants to evaporate and break
down
• Synthetic lubricants do not break down easily
and do not produce coke or other deposits
 Lubricating Oil Properties
• Gravity • Precipitation Number
• Flash Point • Corrosion and
• Viscosity Neutralization Number
• Cloud Point • Oiliness
• Pour Point • Extreme-Pressure (Hypoid)
• Carbon-Residue Test Lubricants
• Ash Test • Chemical and Physical
Stability
 Gravity
• The gravity of petroleum oil is a numerical
value which serves as an index of the weight
of a measured volume of this product
• There are two scales generally used by
petroleum engineers:
– Specific-gravity scale
– American Petroleum Institute gravity scale
 Flash Point
• The flash point of an oil is the temperature to
which the oil must be heated in order to give
off enough vapor to form a combustible
mixture above the surface that will
momentarily flash or burn when the vapor is
brought into contact with a very small flame
 Viscosity
• Viscosity is technically defined as the fluid
friction of an oil
• To put it more simply, it is the resistance an oil
offers to flowing
• Heavy-bodied oil is high in viscosity and pours
or flows slowly
 Cloud Point
• The cloud point is the temperature at which
the separation of wax becomes visible in
certain oils under prescribed testing
conditions
• When such oils are tested, the cloud point is
slightly above the solidification point
 Pour Point

• The pour point of an oil is the temperature at

which the oil will just flow without
disturbance when chilled
 Carbon-Residue Test
• The purpose of the carbon-residue test is to
study the carbon-forming properties of a
lubricating oil
 Ash Test
• The ash test is an extension of the
carbon-residue test
• If an unused oil leaves almost no ash, it is
regarded as pure
• The ash content is a percentage (by weight) of
the residue after all carbon and all
carbonaceous matter have been evaporated
and burned
 Precipitation Number
• The precipitation number recommended by
the ASTM is the number of milliliters of
precipitate formed when 10 mL of lubricating
oil is mixed with 90 mL of petroleum naphtha
under specific conditions and then centrifuged
 Functions of Engine Oil
• Lubrication, thus reducing friction
• Cools various engine parts
• Seals the combustion chamber
• Cleans the engine
• Aids in preventing corrosion
• Serves as a cushion between impacting parts
 Multiviscosity Oil
• In certain circumstances, all single-grade oils
have short comings
• In cold-weather starts, single grade oil
generally flows slowly to the upper reaches
and vital parts of the engine
• Multigrade oils have viscosity characteristics
that allow for better flow characteristics at
engine start
Characteristics of Lubrication Systems
• Pressure Lubrication
• Splash Lubrication and Combination Systems
• Principal Components of a Lubrication System
• Oil Capacity
 Pressure Lubrication
• In a pressure lubrication system, a mechanical
pump supplies oil under pressure to the
bearings
• Oil flows into the inlet of the pump through
the pump and into an oil manifold which
distributes it to the crankshaft bearings
 Components of Lubrication Systems
• Plumbing for Lubrication • Oil Separator
Systems • Oil Pressure Guage
• Temperature Regulator (Oil • Oil Temperature Guage
Cooler) • Oil Pressure Pumps
• Oil Viscosity Valve • Scavenge Pumps
• Oil Pressure Relief Valves • Oil Dilution System
Temperature Regulator (Oil Cooler)
• An oil temperature regulator is designed to
maintain the temperature of the oil for an
operating engine at the correct level
• These regulators are often called oil coolers
since cooling of engine oil is one of their main
functions
 Oil Viscosity Valve
• The oil viscosity valve is generally considered a
part of the oil temperature regulator unit and
is employed in some oil systems
• The viscosity valve consists essentially of an
aluminum alloy housing and a thermostatic
control element
• The oil viscosity valve works with the oil cooler
valve to maintain a desired temperature and
keep the viscosity within required limits
 Oil Pressure Relief Valves
• The purpose of the oil pressure relief valve is
to control and limit the lubricating pressure in
the oil system
• This is necessary to prevent damage caused by
excessive system pressure and to ensure that
engine parts are not deprived of fuel due to a
system failure
 Oil Separator
• Air systems where oil of oil mist is present may
require the use of an oil separator
• These are often used on vacuum pump outlets
• The oil separator contains baffle plates which
cause the air to swirl and it deposits on the
baffles
 Oil Pressure Gauge
• An oil pressure gauge is an essential
component of any engine oil system
• These gauges generally use a bourdon tube to
measure the pressure
• They are designed to measure a wide range of
pressures
 Oil Temperature Gauge
• The temperature probe for the oil
temperature gauge in the oil inlet line or
passage between the pressure pump and the
engine system
• On some installations the temperature probe
is located in the oil filter housing
• These are normally electric or electronic
 Oil Pressure Pumps
• Oil pressure pumps may either be of the gear
type or vane type
• The gear type pump is used in the majority of
reciprocating engines and uses close fitting
gears that rotate and push the oil through the
system
 Scavenge Pumps
• Scavenge pumps are driven in the same
manner as the pressure pumps but have a
greater capacity
• This higher capacity is because the oil in the
sump is foamy which means it has a much
greater volume than air-free oil
 Oil Dilution System

• The purpose of the oil dilution system is to

provide thinner oil during engine start
• This allows faster lubrication of engine
components
• Oil dilution is accomplished by pumping a
small amount of fuel into the oil
 Typical Lubrication Systems
• Mist Lubrication system
• Oil System for Wet-Sump Engine
• Oil System for Dry-Sump Engine
(Mist lubrication system is mainly employed in
two-stroke cycle engines, whereas wet and dry
sump systems are used in four-stroke cycle
engines. The wet sump system is employed in
relatively small engines. Such as automobile
engines. While the dry sump system is used in
large stationary Marian and aircraft engines.)
 Mist Lubrication Systems
• In two-stroke engines, the charge is compressed in the
crankcase, and as such it is not suitable to have
lubrication oil in the sump. Therefore. Such engines
are lubricated by adding 3% to 6% oil in the fuel tank
itself. The oil and fuel mixture is inducted through the
carburetor. The fuel gets vaporized and the oil in the
form of mist, goes into the cylinder through the
crankcase. The oil that impinges the crankcase wall
lubricates the main and connecting rod bearings, and
the rest of the oil lubricates the piston, piston rings
and cylinder .The main advantage with this system lies
in the simplicity and low cost as the system does not
require any oil pump, filter etc .
 Lubrication Systems
• Splash
– Dipper
– Slinger
• Force Feed & Splash
• Full Force Feed
Splash Lubrication
 Wet Sump Lubrication Systems
• In the wet sump system, the bottom of the
crankcase contains an oil sump( or pan)that serves
as the oil supply reservoir. Oil dripping from the
cylinders and bearings flows by gravity back into
the wet sump where it is picked up by a pump and
re-circulated through the engine lubrication
system. The type of wet sump systems used are:
• The Splash and circulating pump system
• The splash and Pressure system
• The full force-feed system
Splash and circulating pump system
Splash and pressure System
Force Feed and Splash
Full Force Feed System
Dry Sump Lubricating System
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
 Purpose of Lubrication System

•Lubricate
Reduces Friction by creating a thin film(Clearance)
between moving parts (Bearings and journals)
 Purpose of Lubrication System

•Seals

The oil helps form a gastight

seal between piston rings
and cylinder walls
(Reduces Blow-By)

Internal oil leak (blow-by) will

result in BLUE SMOKE at the
tale pipe.
 Purpose of Lubrication System

•Cleans
As it circulates through the engine, the oil picks up metal
particles and carbon, and brings them back down to the pan.
 Purpose of Lubrication System

•Cools
Picks up heat when moving through the engine and then
drops into the cooler oil pan, giving up some of this heat.
 Purpose of Lubrication System

•Absorbs shock
When heavy loads are imposed on the bearings, the oil
helps to cushion the load.

•Absorbs Contaminants
The additives in oil helps in absorbing the contaminants
that enter the lubrication system.
 VISCOSITY

Viscosity is a measure of oil’s resistance to flow.

•A low viscosity oil is thin and flows easily

•A high viscosity oil is thick and flows slowly.

•As oil heats up it becomes more

viscous (Becomes thin)
 VISCOSITY

•If the oil is too thin(has very low viscosity) it will be forced
out from between the moving parts, resulting in rapid wear.

•If the oil is too thick(has very high viscosity) it will flow very
slowly to engine parts, especially when the engine and the oil
are cold, resulting in rapid wear.

Viscosity Index is the measure of how much the viscosity of

an oil changes with temperature. (20 W)

Viscosity number is set by SAE (Society of Automotive

Engineers)
 VISCOSITY
•Single viscosity oils SAE 5W, SAE 10W (Winter) and
SAE 20, SAE30 … (Summer)

•Multiple viscosity oils SAE 10W-30.

This means that the oil is same as SAE 10W when cold
and SAE30 when hot.

The higher the number the higher the viscosity(thickness) of oil.

 Properties of oil
•Corrosion and Rust Inhibitor: Displaces water from
metal surfaces, to prevent corrosion.

•Foaming Resistance: Rotating crankshaft tends to cause

bubbles (Foam) in the oil and bubbles in oil will reduce the
effectiveness of oil to lubricate.

•Synthetic Oils: Made by chemical process and do not

necessarily come from petroleum.
 Service Rating of Oil
SA, SB, SC, SD,…..SJ

SA and SB oils are not recommended for use in today’s

Automobile engines.
 Parts
Oil Pumps Driven by camshaft, crankshaft (Rarely
rebuild by an auto technician)

•Rotor Pump(Two star shaped rotors

pumps the oil)

•Gear oil Pump

 Parts
Oil Pan
Stores the oil and helps in cooling the oil

Pan gasket splits if over tightened.

 Parts

Pressure Relief Valve to prevent the buildup of high

Pressure (Causes the oil filter to bulge, but not a common
problem).

Good oil pressure is

40-60 psi
 Parts
Oil Pressure Indicator
•Light or a Gauge

The light turns on or gauge reads low when

the pressure drops below 10psi.

•Good oil pressure is 40-60 psi.

Common causes of low oil pressure are:

•Low oil level
•Worn out pump

Low oil pressure Safety system will shuts down the car by
cutting the ignition System(Spark).
 Parts

Oil Filter filters the oil

Some particles are too small for the filter Element(paper
in the filter ) to trap.
 Parts
Oil Galleries

Deliver the oil to top

end and returning it
To the oil pan.
 Parts
Positive Crankcase ventilation Valve

•Pollution prevention
•Blow-by back into the intake
•Prevent sludge in the engine.
 Parts

Oil Pressure sending unit electrically sends the

signal to the Light or Gauge mounted on the dash.

If the wires get shorted the light will come on or

the gauge will read high.
 OIL CHANGE

•Every 5000Km

•3 months

Ignoring regular oil change intervals will shorten

engine life and performance.
Positive Crankcase Ventilation

At the edges of the combustion

Chamber of the engine
(above the piston tops), there is a
thin layer of gasoline that does
Not burn up. This gasoline
Constitutes an air pollutant
(what is its classification?)

To keep gasoline from returning to

The air, this gasoline is recirculated
Back into the combustion chamber.
 Functions of Engine Oils
1. Reduce wear
2. Reduce friction
3. Seal Compression
4. Reduce noise
5. Cool engine parts
6. Reduce rust
7. Keep parts clean
Organizations Providing Uniform
Standards for Oil
• S.A.E.
– Society of Automotive Engineers
• A.P.I.
– American Petroleum Institute
• A.S.T.M.
– American Society of Testing & Materials
• American Automobile Manufacturers Association
• Engine Manufacturers Association
• I.S.O.
– International Standards Organizations
 Properties of Motor Oils

• Viscosity
• Viscosity Index (VI)
• Flash Point
• Pour Point
• Per cent sulfated ash
• Per cent zinc.
 Properties of Motor Oils

• Viscosity
• Viscosity Index (VI)
• Flash Point
• Pour Point
• Per cent sulfated ash
• Per cent zinc.
 Viscosity
• Measure of the "flowability“
– Kinematic
– Dynamic
• Property –
– Resistance to flow
– Shearing stress
• High viscosity - thick oils
– Too high viscosity may not reach all parts
• Low viscosity – thin oil
– Too low viscosity may not provide enough strength to keep
parts from wearing
 Weight of oils
• Common term identifying viscosity for oils
• Numbers assigned by the S.A.E.
– correspond to "real" viscosity, as measured by accepted
techniques.
– These measurements are taken at specific temperatures.
– Oils that fall into a certain range are designated 5, 10, 20,
30, 40, 50 by the S.A.E.
– The W means the oil meets specifications for viscosity at
0 F and is therefore suitable for Winter use.
 Properties of Motor Oils

• Viscosity
• Viscosity Index (VI)
• Flash Point
• Pour Point
• Per cent sulfated ash
• Per cent zinc.
 Viscosity index
• The measure of an oil's ability to resist
changes in viscosity when subjected to
changes in temperature.

– As temperature increases
viscosity decreases.
– Low temperatures –
High viscosity
– High temperature –
Low viscosity
 Multi-viscosity/Multi-grade Oil
• Oil meeting SAE requirements for
both low-temperature requirements
of light oil and high-temperature
requirements. Also know as
multiweight oil.
• Oil that meets certain
low-temperature and
high-temperature requirements
simultaneously
• (e.g., SAE l0W-40).
 Properties of Motor Oils

• Viscosity
• Viscosity Index (VI)
• Flash Point
– Minimum sample temperature at which vapor is produced
at a sufficient rate to yield a combustible mixture.
• Pour Point
– The lowest temperature at which oil will pour.
• Per cent sulfated ash
• Per cent zinc.
 Properties of Motor Oils

• Viscosity
• Viscosity Index (VI)
• Flash Point
• Pour Point
• Percent sulfated ash
– how much solid material is left when the oil burns.
– A high ash content will tend to form more sludge and
deposits in the engine.
– Low ash content also seems to promote long valve life.
Look for oils with a low ash content.
• Per cent zinc.
 Properties of Motor Oils
• Viscosity
• Viscosity Index (VI)
• Flash Point
• Pour Point
• Per cent sulfated ash
• Percent zinc
– the amount of zinc used as an extreme pressure,
anti-wear additive.
– The zinc is only used when there is actual metal to
metal contact in the engine. Hopefully the oil will do its
job and this will rarely occur, but if it does, the zinc
compounds react with the metal to prevent scuffing
and wear.
– A level of 0.11% is enough to protect an automobile
engine for the extended oil drain interval, under
normal use.
Common motor oil additives
• Viscosity index improvers
– used to enhance the base qualities of the oil,
and to keep the oil from thinning too much as
heat increases.
• Pour-point depressants
– prevent crystals from forming in extreme cold
conditions, and consequently lower the oil's
pour point (temperature at which it pours).
Common motor oil additives
• Oxidation inhibitors
– help prevent the oil from oxidizing (in other
words, burning). When oil oxidizes, it loses its
ability to protect the engine. It also produces
sludge deposits and traps corrosive acids.
• Rust-corrosion inhibitors
– help prevent and neutralize water and oxygen
from acid-etching the metals in the engine and
forming rust particles. If this corrosion were to
happen, some complex acids would form and
other sludge problems would occur.
 Common motor oil additives
• Dispersants
– help the oil to absorb and retain contaminants
such as dirt or tiny metal particles (from engine
wear) until the oil passes through the oil filter,
where the contaminants are trapped.
• Detergents
– help to remove contaminants from the engine
components and hold them in the oil until it
reaches a filter, or until it is changed the next time.
They don't only clean up a dirty engine.
 Common motor oil additives
• Friction modifiers/wear inhibitors
– "stick" to engine surfaces better, reducing friction
and improving fuel economy. Oils with the "energy
conserving" labels contain friction modifiers.
• Foam inhibitors (Antifoamants)
– prevent the oil from being whipped into many tiny
air bubbles. Air bubbles don't lubricate. This also
helps prevent sludge formation when the emulsion
process is a possible threat in an engine.
 Types of Motor Oils
• Petroleum Based
– Refined from crude oil
– Supplemented with additives
• Synthetic
– Lubricants chemically engineered from pure chemicals rather than
refined from crude oil.
– Can provide significant advantages over refined oils.
• Longer oil change intervals
• Longer engine life
• Increase gas mileage
– More expensive
Oil Pump
Oil pump intake screen
 Engine Oil Degradation and
Contamination
• Oil thickening
– Oxidation
– Vaporization of lighter
components
• Fuel
– Hydrocarbon compounds
• Combustion Products
– Carbon
– Water
– Sulphur Oxides
– Fuel chemical additives
• Dust and Dirt
• Metal – from wear of
components
 Oil Filtration Systems

• By-Pass
• Full –Flow
Engine Lubrication
System with both
by-pass and
full-flow filtration
Two filters provide ability to filter smaller
particles
 Filter elements
• Surface
– Pleated paper
– Metal screen
• Depth
– Cotton waste
 Changing oil and filters renews engine
protection
• Dirty oil reduces life of an engine.
• Reduce maintenance and increase engine life by
changing engine oil and filters on a regularly
scheduled basis.
• Interval between changes depends on operating
conditions.
• Oil analysis provides management of oil change
intervals
Oil Pressure – Important Sensor

Low pressure light indicator

 Engine Lubrication And Cooling

• Lubrication Systems

• Wet-Sump System

• Dry-Sump System
 Engine Lubrication And Cooling

• Wet-Sump

• System consist of a sump or pan, in which the oil

supply is contained.

• The sump or pan is attached to the bottom of the

engine case.
 Engine Lubrication And Cooling

• Wet-Sump

What are some of the disadvantages and advantages of

the wet-sump system?
 Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Wet-Sump
Disadvantages
• Oil supply limited by sump.
• Cooling is difficult.
• Higher operating temperatures.
• Not adaptable to inverted flying
Advantages
• Requires no external parts and fittings to complicate
installation.
• No second (scavenge pump) required.
• Can be operated in much cooler temperatures.
 Engine Lubrication And Cooling

• Dry-Sump

• Oil supply is carried in a separate tank.

• Scavenger pumps used to return the oil to the tank.

• Used in radial engines and engines capable of

sustained inverted flight.
 Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Lubrication
System
 Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Engine Cooling Systems

• Why is excessive heat undesirable in internal

combustion engines?
 Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Engine Cooling Systems

• About one-fourth of the heat released in an engine is

changed into useful power.

• Half of the heat goes out the exhaust, and the other is
absorbed by the engine.

• Oil picks up some heat and transfers it to the

airstream.

• The engine cooling system takes care of the rest.

 Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Cooling Fins

• Cooling fins increase the surface of a cylinder.

• This arrangement increases the heat transfer by

radiation.

• Cylinders are normally replaced when a specified

number of square inches of fins.
 Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Cowling and baffles

• Designed to force air over the cylinder cooling fins.

• Direct the air close around the cylinders and prevent it

from forming hot pools.

• Blast tubes direct jets of cooling air onto the bottom

spark plug elbows.
 Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Temperature Controls

• Controls the air circulation over the engine.

• Keeps the engine from overheating on take off and

getting too cold in high-speed low-power letdowns.
 Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Cylinder Head Temperature Indicating System

• Consists of and indicator, electrical wiring, and a

thermocouple.

• Thermocouple consists of two dissimilar metals

connected by wiring to an indicating system. A
voltage is produced when the temperature of the
junction is different from the temperature where the
dissimilar metals are connected.
 Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Thermal Shock

• Occurs when engine parts that are operating at high

temperatures are quickly cooled.

• Idle power, high airspeed, cool or cold air.

• Some parts are cooled much more rapidly then others.

These parts shrink in size faster then the warmer,
surrounding metals.
 Lubricating System Parts

• Oil pan
• Oil pump
• Pick-up screen
• Pressure regulator
• Oil filter
• By-pass valve
• Oil galleries
• Dipstick
• Pressure indicator
 Full Flow Filter Systems
• All oil goes through
filter

103
Oil Level and Pressure Indicators

• Dipstick the most

simple
• Some engines
equipped with an
electrical level
indicator.
• Oil pressure
indicator lamp
• Oil pressure gauge
(electrical or
mechanical)

104
• SA Straight mineral oil no additives.
A.P.I. Ratings
• SB 1930’s motor oil with some detergent.
• SC 1950’s oil more additives.
• SD 1960’s enter multi-viscosity oils.
• SE 1970’s emission controls make heat is problem.
• SF 1980’s improves fuel economy.
• SG Late 1980’s wider viscosity ranges.
• SH 1990’s great stuff.
• SJ Late 1990’s
• SL 2004’s
• SM Current (*Conserving matches ILSAC GF-5 by combining API SN performance with improved fuel
economy, turbocharger protection, emission control system compatibility, and protection of engines operating
on ethanol-containing fuels up to E85.)
• SN 2010 Improved wear protection and LSPI prevention.
• SN Plus 2018 Reduces Low-Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI).
• SP 2020 Latest standard, superior LSPI and timing chain wear protection.

105
 API "C" Series (Diesel Engines)
These categories focus on soot control, oxidation resistance, and wear protection.
Oil Viscosity Chart

108
Automatic Transmission Fluid
(ATF)
• Has red color to
identify it from motor
oil.
• Several kinds:
• Dexron/Mercon
• Type FA

110
 Types of ATF
DEXRON®
Developed by General Motors (GM).
Common versions: DEXRON II, III, VI (newer, backward compatible).
MERCON®
Developed by Ford.
MERCON V and MERCON LV are widely used for modern Ford vehicles.
Type F
Older ATF used in Ford vehicles (pre-1980).
Lacks friction modifiers, suitable for older transmissions.
Multi-Vehicle ATF
Universal formulations compatible with many vehicle brands.
Synthetic ATF
Provides better thermal stability, longer life, and protection in extreme temperatures.
Continuously Variable Transmission Fluid (CVTF)
For vehicles with CVT transmissions (e.g., belt-driven systems).
Dual Clutch Transmission Fluid (DCTF)
Special fluid for dual-clutch transmissions, used in high-performance vehicles.
 Gear Lube

• Used in manual
transmissions and
differentials on rear
drive cars.
• Heavy viscosity 90W.
• Looks like motor oil
but smells real bad!

112
Chassis Grease

• Conventional type of
petroleum grease.
• Grease steering and
suspension parts.

113
 Other Types of Grease

• Lithium grease or
white lube.
• Used on different
parts.

114
Other Lubricants

• WD-40 is a light oil

with graphite.
• Liquid wrench is a
penetrating oil for dry
and rusted bolts.

115
 Non Petroleum Lubricants

• Silicone spray is for

rubber and plastic
parts. Doesn’t work
well on metal.
• Brake cleaner is like
dry cleaning fluid.
Cleans off grease and
evaporates in seconds.

116
Other Useful Fluids

• Carburetor choke and

throttle body cleaner.
Contains toluene.
• Starting fluid. Contains
ether.

117
Oil Contamination
• Blow-by gases add raw
gasoline and water to the
oil causing deterioration.
• Excessive heat can cause
thermal breakdown.
• Excessive cranking can
dilute oil with gasoline.
• Cooling gasket leaks will
ruin oil causing sludge.

118
 Things That Make Oil Deteriorate
Faster
• Short distance driving.
(which is most trips)
• Extensive idling.
• Cold weather
operation.
• Excessive heavy loads
• Dirty and dusty
conditions.

119
 Proper Oil Disposal
• Waste motor oil is a
controlled waste.
• Be sure to properly
dispose of.
• Oil filters too!

120
 Changing Oil
• Find the drain
plug and
remove it.
• Catch the
waste oil and
dispose of it
properly.
• Don’t forget
to reinstall
the plug.

121
Drain Plugs

• Be careful never to
strip out drain plugs.
• Extremely bad form.

122
Changing the Filter
• Remove the filter
with an oil filter
wrench.
• Dispose of the filter
properly.
• Install the new filter
hand tight.

123
 Filter Problems

• Always match the old to the new oil filter. The gasket
and thread must be the same. If you make a mistake
you can pump 5 quarts of oil on the floor in seconds!
124
Chassis Lubrication & Fluid Checks
• If the vehicle is • Under the car make the
equipped with zerk following checks:
fittings, grease those • Gear lube in the differential
on rear drive cars.
parts using the power
• Check tire air pressure. Be
grease gun.
sure to find the proper
• Find and clean the inflation pressure.
fittings first, then inject • Check manual transmission
the grease. One kick fluid if the car is a stick shift.
from the gun is plenty.

125
Refilling Motor Oil
• Find crankcase
capacity in one of
the following
references:
• Owners manual?
• Service manual.
• Repair manual.
• Computerized
specification
system.

126
 Under Hood Checks
• Motor oil level • Good technicians also do
these things:
• Power steering fluid
• Check belt and hose
• Coolant level condition.
• Brake fluid • Inspect the battery
• Automatic transmission terminals.
fluid. (The engine must • Lubricate hood and door
be running) hinges.
• Look for anything unusual
under the hood.

127
 Changing Transmission Fluid
• Remove transmission oil
pan. This is tricky so be
careful you don’t get an
oil bath.
• Catch oil in motor oil drain
pan with the tranny fluid
basin. Dispose of properly.
• Change the filter, clean
the pan, and reinstall the
pan with a new gasket.

128
Replacing Filter and Pan Gasket

• Buy a filter kit which

gives you a new filter
and gasket.

Treat used tranny filters

as you would an oil filter.
129
‘WET’ SUMP SYSTEM
Engine Block

Pump Filter

SUMP

Common for most vehicles

TYPICAL OIL SYSTEM - PISTON ENGINE

‘DRY’ SUMP SYSTEM
Engine Block

Pump Filter

Tank Scavenge
Pump

SUMP

High Performance/Rally vehicles and Aircraft

TYPICAL OIL SYSTEM - PISTON ENGINE

Let’s take a closer look
at what happens here

TYPICAL OIL SYSTEM – Distribution

 2 3
4
1
No 4
No 3 Piston
No 2 Piston
No 1 Piston
Piston

Rear
Bearing Bearing
Support Support
Bearing
Bearing Support
Support
Front CRANKSHAFT FROM A 4
Bearing CYLINDER ENGINE
Support
TYPICAL OIL SYSTEM – Bearing Locations/Lubrication
 Con Rod
Big End
Oil Oil
Splash Splash

Plain
Bearing
Lubricating
Oil Distribution Oil Film
Groove

Crankshaft Internal
Oil
Oil Feed
Splash Oil
Splash

TYPICAL OIL SYSTEM – Bearing Lubrication

 Pump Assembly – (end plate removed)
Pump
Body

‘Kidney’
Ports

Driven Driving
Gear Gear

Rotating Parts Yellow = Red =

Inlet Flow Outlet Flow
Kidney Ports

TYPICAL OIL SYSTEM - Internal Gear Type Pump

Introduction to Bearings
Definition of bearings
Role and importance of bearings in machinery
Types of Bearings
Classification: Rolling-contact bearings (ball and roller), plain bearings, fluid-film bearings
Comparison of bearing types (advantages and disadvantages)
Bearing Requirements
Load-bearing capacity
Durability and operational life
Friction minimization
Applications of Bearings in Automobiles

(Self Study )