1.

Institutionalization: Creating big places like Example: A therapist sharing a personal story to
hospitals or schools to help many people. understand and support a client better.
Example: A place made to help people with
mental health issues.

2. Deinstitutionalization: Removing people from 1. Personality Test: A type of assessment that

big institutions and providing help in smaller measures an individual's characteristic patterns
places or communities. of thought, emotion, and behavior. It helps in
Example: Moving people from large mental understanding one's traits, preferences, and
health hospitals to smaller group homes. ways of interacting with others. Personality tests
are often used for self-discovery, career
3. Decentralization: Sharing power or control guidance, or therapy.
from one main place to smaller areas or regions.
Example: Local leaders making decisions for their 2. Emotional Quotient (EQ) Test: A test that
areas instead of a central government. evaluates a person's ability to recognize,
understand, and manage their own emotions, as
4. Centralization: Keeping power or control in well as the emotions of others. EQ tests help to
one main place or authority. determine how well a person can handle
Example: A company having all decisions made relationships, stress, and social situations. A high
at their main headquarters. EQ is associated with better communication,
empathy, and overall emotional well-being.
5. Standards of care: Rules or guidelines for how
job , school, research , learning purposes
people should be treated or cared for. 3. Intelligence Test: A type of assessment that
Example: Doctors following rules to give patients measures a person's cognitive abilities, such as
the best medical care. reasoning, problem-solving, memory, and
learning capacity. Intelligence tests are used to
6. Self-awareness: Understanding your own evaluate an individual's intellectual strengths
thoughts, feelings, and actions. and weaknesses, often to determine their
Example: Someone going to therapy to learn learning potential or to identify giftedness.
about their emotions and behaviors. These tests are commonly used in educational
settings, job recruitment, or research purposes.
7. Self-esteem: Feeling good about yourself and
your worth. _______________________________________
Example: A person who is confident in their In the Mental Status Examination, we
abilities and feels good about themselves. differentiate between psychomotor restlessness
and psychomotor retardation as follows:
8. Self-disclosure: Sharing personal things with
others, like in therapy. Psychomotor Restlessness involves increased
Example: A therapist asking a client to talk about motor activity and may be accompanied by
their feelings to build trust. agitation or anxiety, affecting a person's
thoughts and behavior. For example, a student
9. Therapeutic use of self: Using a therapist's might tap their feet, fidget with their pencil, and
personality and experiences to help a client. have a hard time focusing on their schoolwork
due to psychomotor restlessness.
 conditions characterized by hallucinations,
Psychomotor Retardation, on the other hand, is delusions, and disorganized thinking.
characterized by slowed movements and Side effects: Common side effects of Prolixin
behavior, often linked to sadness, depression, or include drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth,
certain medical conditions. An example would be blurred vision, constipation, and weight gain.
a person struggling to complete daily tasks like Some patients may experience extrapyramidal
getting dressed or making breakfast because of side effects like tremors, muscle stiffness, or
their psychomotor retardation. restlessness (akathisia).

Now, let's differentiate Motor Restlessness and 2. Chlorpromazine:

Motor Retardation: Classification: Antipsychotic
Indications: Chlorpromazine is used to treat
Motor Restlessness is when a person exhibits psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar
increased motor activity, usually due to anxiety disorder, and severe anxiety. It may also be used
or other emotional factors. For instance, a job to control agitation, nausea, vomiting, and
candidate might pace back and forth, tap their preoperative anxiety.
foot, and fidget with their clothes during an Side effects: Common side effects of
interview because of motor restlessness. Chlorpromazine include drowsiness, dizziness,
dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and
Motor Retardation, as mentioned earlier, is weight gain. It can also cause extrapyramidal
characterized by slowed movements and side effects like tremors, muscle stiffness, or
behavior. An example would be an elderly restlessness (akathisia). In some cases, it may
person with arthritis who has difficulty lifting lower blood pressure upon standing, leading to
objects, walking, or getting up from a chair due dizziness or fainting.
to their motor retardation.
Antidepressant Drugs:
In summary, the Mental Status Examination
helps differentiate between psychomotor 1. Imipramine (TCA):
restlessness and psychomotor retardation by Classification: Tricyclic Antidepressant (TCA)
considering their effects on thoughts, emotions, Indications: Imipramine is primarily used to treat
and behavior. Meanwhile, motor restlessness major depressive disorder, dysthymia (persistent
and motor retardation are distinguished by mild depressive symptoms), and some cases of
focusing on motor and behavioral aspects alone. obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It may also
be used off-label for other conditions like
neuropathic pain and bed-wetting in children.
Side effects: Common side effects of Imipramine
Antipsychotic Drugs: include drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth,
blurred vision, constipation, and weight gain. It
1. Prolixin (Fluphenazine): can also cause cardiovascular side effects like
Classification: Antipsychotic increased heart rate, changes in blood pressure,
Indications: Prolixin is primarily used to treat and, in rare cases, arrhythmias. Some patients
psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, may experience sexual dysfunction or urinary
schizoaffective disorder, and other psychotic retention.
CNS: extrapyramidal reactions, tardive dyskinesia, pseudoparkinsonism, CNS: drowsiness, dizziness, seizures, stroke, excitation, tremor, confusion,
seizures, NMS, sedation, EEG changes, drowsiness, dizziness. CV: hallucinations, anxiety, ataxia, paresthesia, nervousness, EEG changes,
orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, ECG changes. EENT: blurred vision, extrapyramidal reactions, agitation, sleep disorders, tiredness. CV: orthostatic
hypotension, tachycardia, ECG changes, MI, arrhythmias, heart block, HTN,
ocular changes, nasal congestion. GI: dry mouth, constipation, increased precipitation of HF, palpitations. EENT: blurred vision, mydriasis, tinnitus. GI:
appetite. GU: urine retention, dark urine, menstrual irregularities, inhibited dry mouth, constipation, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, paralytic ileus, abdominal
ejaculation. Hematologic: leukopenia, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, cramps, black tongue, diarrhea. GU: urine retention, urinary frequency.
thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia, hemolytic anemia. Hepatic: cholestatic Hematologic: bone marrow depression, thrombocytopenia. Metabolic:
jaundice. Metabolic: weight gain. Skin: mild photosensitivity reactions, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia. Skin: rash, urticaria, photosensitivity reactions,
allergic reactions. Other: gynecomastia, galactorrhea. pruritus, diaphoresis, alopecia. Other: hypersensitivity reactions.
 CNS: stroke, seizures, coma, ataxia, tremor, peripheral neuropathy, anxiety, insomnia, CNS: fatigue, lethargy, coma, seizures, tremors, drowsiness, headache, confusion, restlessness,
restlessness, drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, headache, extrapyramidal reactions, dizziness, psychomotor retardation, blackouts, EEG changes, worsened organic mental syndrome,
hallucinations, delusions, disorientation. CV: orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, heart block, impaired speech, ataxia, incoordination. CV: arrhythmias, bradycardia, reversible ECG changes, severe
arrhythmias, MI, ECG changes, HTN, edema, palpitations, syncope. EENT: blurred vision, bradycardia, hypotension, Brugada syndrome. EENT: blurred vision, exophthalmos, nystagmus, tinnitus.
mydriasis, increased IOP, tinnitus. GI: dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, epigastric pain, GI: vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, thirst, nausea, metallic taste, dry mouth, abdominal pain, flatulence,
indigestion. GU: polyuria, renal toxicity with long- term use, glycosuria, decreased CrCl, albuminuria,
diarrhea, constipation, paralytic ileus. GU: urine retention, altered libido, erectile dysfunction.
urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction. Hematologic: leukocytosis. Metabolic: transient
Hematologic: agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, eosinophilia. Metabolic: hyperglycemia, goiter, hypothyroidism, hyponatremia. Musculoskeletal: muscle weakness. Skin: pruritus,
hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia. Skin: rash, urticaria, photosensitivity reactions, diaphoresis. rash, diminished or absent sensation, drying and thinning of hair, psoriasis, acne, alopecia. Other: ankle
Other: hypersensitivity reactions. and wrist edema.
2. Amitriptyline (TCA): tyramine, leading to dangerous spikes in blood
Classification: Tricyclic Antidepressant (TCA) pressure (hypertensive crisis). Patients must
Indications: Amitriptyline is used primarily to strictly adhere to dietary restrictions while on
treat major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and Phenelzine.
some cases of chronic pain, such as neuropathic
pain, migraines, and fibromyalgia. It may also be Antimanic Drug > Lithium
used off-label for other conditions like bed-
CNS: abnormal
dreams, insomnia, wetting in children. Lithium:
headache,
sedation, tremor, Side effects: Common side effects of Classification: Mood Stabilizer
agitation,
dizziness,
Amitriptyline are similar to those of Imipramine, Indications: Lithium is primarily used to treat
seizures, suicidal including drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, bipolar disorder, specifically the manic and
behavior, anxiety,
confusion, blurred vision, constipation, and weight gain. It hypomanic episodes. It may also be used as a
delusions,
euphoria, fever, can also cause cardiovascular side effects like prophylactic agent to prevent mood episodes in
hostility, impaired increased heart rate, changes in blood pressure, bipolar disorder and as an adjunctive treatment
concentration,
impaired sleep and, in rare cases, arrhythmias. Some patients for major depressive disorder that does not
quality, akinesia,
akathisia, fatigue, may experience sexual dysfunction or urinary respond well to other antidepressants.
syncope,
somnolence. CV:
retention. Side effects: Common side effects of Lithium
tachycardia, include nausea, diarrhea, weight gain, and, in
arrhythmias, HTN,
hypotension, 3. Bupropion (NDRI): some cases, kidney damage if dosage is not
palpitations, chest
pain. EENT: Classification: Norepinephrine-Dopamine carefully monitored. Patients may also
blurred vision, Reuptake Inhibitor (NDRI) experience tremors, muscle weakness, and
rhinitis, auditory
disturbances, Indications: Bupropion is used to treat major drowsiness.
epistaxis,
pharyngitis, depressive disorder and seasonal affective
sinusitis, dry
mouth. GI:
disorder. It is also used as an aid for smoking Other Drugs:
constipation, cessation and as an adjunctive treatment for
nausea, vomiting,
anorexia, taste attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 1. Propranolol (beta blocker):
disturbance,
dyspepsia, Side effects: Common side effects of Bupropion Classification: Beta-blocker
diarrhea, include nausea, dry mouth, headache, insomnia, Indications: Propranolol is used to treat high
abdominal pain,
flatulence. GU: and agitation. Some patients may experience blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, angina
erectile
dysfunction, seizures, especially at higher doses or if they (chest pain), and anxiety disorders. It may also be
menstrual
complaints,
have a history of seizures. used off-label for migraine prevention and
urinary frequency, essential tremor.
urine retention.
Metabolic: 4. Phenelzine (MAOI): Side effects: Common side effects of Propranolol
increased
appetite, weight
Classification: Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor include dizziness, fatigue, cold hands and feet,
loss, weight gain. (MAOI) slowed heart rate, and shortness of breath.
Musculoskeletal: CNS: fatigue, lethargy, fever, vivid dreams, hallucinations, mental depression, light-headedness, dizziness, insomnia.
arthritis, myalgia, Indications: Phenelzine is used to treat major CV: hypotension, bradycardia, HF, intensification of AV block, intermittent claudication. GI: abdominal cramping,
constipation, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting. Hematologic: agranulocytosis. Respiratory: bronchospasm. Skin: rash.
arthralgia, muscle
spasm or twitch. depressive disorder, particularly in cases where 2. Flumazenil (benzodiazepine antagonist):
Respiratory: upper
respiratory
other antidepressants have not been effective. It Classification: Benzodiazepine Reversal Agent
complaints, may also be used off-label for some anxiety Indications: Flumazenil is used to reverse the
increase in
coughing. Skin: disorders and chronic pain conditions. effects of benzodiazepines in an overdose
excessive
sweating, pruritus,Side effects: Common side effects of Phenelzine situation or when rapid reversal of sedation is
rash, cutaneous include dizziness, headache, dry mouth, nausea, needed during medical procedures.
temperature
disturbance, and weight gain. It can interact with several Side effects: Common side effects of Flumazenil
urticaria. Other:
chills, decreased foods, beverages, and medications containing include agitation, anxiety, nausea, vomiting,
libido, accidental ADVERSE REACTIONS
injury, hot flashes. CNS: dizziness, headache, seizures, agitation, emotional lability, anxiety,
nervousness, tremor, insomnia, vertigo, fatigue, malaise, paresthesia. CV:
arrhythmias, cutaneous vasodilation, palpitations, flushing. EENT: abnormal or
blurred vision, lacrimation, dry mouth. GI: nausea, vomiting. Respiratory: dyspnea,
hyperventilation. Skin: diaphoresis. Other: pain at injection site.
headache, and increased heart rate. In some
cases, it may cause seizures.

3. Cholinergic vs Anticholinergic:
Cholinergic drugs stimulate the parasympathetic
nervous system, while anticholinergic drugs
block the action of the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine. Cholinergic drugs are used to treat
conditions like Alzheimer's disease and
myasthenia gravis, while anticholinergic drugs
are used for conditions like Parkinson's disease,
overactive bladder, and gastrointestinal issues.

4. Adrenergic vs Antiadrenergic:
Adrenergic drugs stimulate the adrenergic
receptors, while antiadrenergic drugs block their
action. Adrenergic drugs may be used to treat
conditions like asthma, glaucoma, and
hypertension, while antiadrenergic drugs are
used to manage symptoms of certain conditions
like Parkinson's disease, anxiety, and high blood
pressure.