Related Review of Literature

Coconut shells provide more or less significant benefits that constitute a viable
feedstock for charcoal production. It is usable all year round, and does not produce any net
contribution to the atmosphere when carbonized properly. Furthermore, its usage reduces
the dependence on non-renewable fuel, minimizes if not do away with the issue of waste
disposal and increases energy supply. Generating effective techniques to utilize and convert
biomass will reduce waste disposal and create revenues. For these reasons, the pyrolysis of
coconut shells into charcoal provides a good base for solid products that can be used
directly and serve as fuel. Hence, for a systematic way to convert any biomass, it is essential
to understand the biomass physicochemical behavior for better charcoal and for designing
and optimizing the conversion equipment according to Ahmad, R. K., Sulaiman, S. A.,
Yusup, S., Dol, S. S., Inayat, M., & Umar, H. A. (2022).

According to the study conducted by Lawal et al. (2019), coconut s waste can be
effectively used to generate charcoals that have improved performance.
. The activation of coconut shell charcoal carbon by using chemical-physical activation has
been investigated. Coconut shells are abundantly produced in tropical regions and require
appropriate utilization. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of previous research specifically
addressing the conversion of coconut shells into charcoal. Neither confined to a specific area
nor encompassing the entire world. Therefore, the manufacturing of charcoal derived from
coconuts is restricted (Ahmad et al., 2021).

According to Yuliah et al. (2022), coconut shells in some areas of Indonesia, precisely
in Mekarwangi Village, are not fully utilized and are wasted by the community. Coconut
shells can be a sustainable substitute for charcoal and fuel, offering a more environmentally
friendly option. Hence, it is necessary to enhance one's comprehension and consciousness
regarding converting coconut shells into charcoal to augment the worth of waste and serve
as an additional source of money for the population of Mekarwangi Village. Furthermore, as
reported by the seven municipalities in the southern coastal region of Bahia, approximately
1.7 million coconut shells are discarded annually. These shells can be used to produce
gardening products, handicrafts, and charcoal briquettes. By doing so, emissions of CH4,
which is a byproduct of coal production, can be reduced (Nunes et al., 2020).

Ahmad et al. (2021) explore the feasibility of utilizing coconut shell biomass to
generate sustainable energy. The writers critically evaluate the existing body of research on
the topic and pinpoint areas where further investigation is needed to fill gaps in
understanding. A highlighted deficiency in the paper is the absence of scientific research
regarding the carbonization process of coconut shells for charcoal production. It is observed
that coconut shells can potentially be biomass sources for energy production. However,
further research is required to determine the most effective techniques for turning coconut
shells into charcoal. The authors propose that forthcoming studies should enhance the
carbonization procedure in order to enhance the caliber and output of charcoal derived from
coconut shells. Nevertheless, Sibarani (2022) seeks to offer supplementary sources of
income for young coconut entrepreneurs by tackling two distinct issues - the disposal of
young coconut shells and outdated accounting methods. He suggests converting young
coconut waste into biodegradable pots/polybags and utilizing peel scraps and shards of
coconut shell waste as an alternative fuel for charcoal or briquettes. Based on a study
conducted by Martin et al. (2015, as referenced in Missau et al., 2021), coconut is a
significant agricultural commodity in the Philippines that serves various functions, including
food, fiber, and activated charcoal production.

The literature revealed that coconut shells have a substantial heating value of 20880 J/g,
surpassing other agricultural residues in the nation. Due to its high heating value, coconut
shells are regarded as the Philippines' most promising agricultural waste material. Similarly,
this study examined the fuel characteristics of coconut husk charcoal, such as its moisture
content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, gross calorific value, and elemental
composition. The findings indicated that coconut husk briquette exhibited a more significant
proportion of volatile combustible matter while having lower levels of fixed carbon and gross
calorific value than Bitangholsibat bark briquette. However, the study emphasizes the
possibility of creating renewable energy sources by utilizing coconut husk to produce
charcoal (Mendoza et al., 2020). Although tropical countries produce a large amount of
coconut shells, their use as a source of charcoal is limited because there is a dearth of
previous research on this topic. Neither local nor global study has thoroughly investigated
the possibilities of coconut shells for charcoal manufacturing. Hence, it is imperative to
undertake additional studies on this subject in order to enhance and streamline the
manufacturing process of coconut-derived charcoal.

Synthesis
The reviewed literature collectively highlights the significant potential of coconut shells as
a sustainable and efficient feedstock for charcoal production. Ahmad et al. (2022) emphasize
that coconut shells offer year-round availability and, when properly carbonized, do not
contribute to net atmospheric carbon emissions. The study underscores the importance of
understanding the physicochemical properties of biomass to optimize charcoal production
and reduce reliance on non-renewable fuels. Lawal et al. (2019) discuss the effective use of
coconut waste in generating high-performance charcoal through chemical-physical
activation. Despite the abundance of coconut shells in tropical regions, there is limited
research on their conversion to charcoal, restricting its broader application. This gap is
similarly noted by Ahmad et al. (2021), who call for more studies to enhance carbonization
techniques and improve the quality and yield of coconut shell charcoal. Yuliah et al. (2022)
provide a case study from Mekarwangi Village, Indonesia, where coconut shells are often
discarded. The study advocates for increasing awareness and skills in converting these
shells into valuable charcoal, presenting an opportunity for sustainable energy production
and additional income. Similarly, Nunes et al. (2020) report on the potential for reducing
methane emissions by repurposing discarded coconut shells into various products, including
charcoal briquettes.
The feasibility of using coconut shell biomass for sustainable energy is further explored by
Ahmad et al. (2021), who point out the need for more scientific research on carbonization
processes. Sibarani (2022) proposes innovative uses for young coconut waste, such as
biodegradable pots and alternative fuels, to address waste disposal and improve economic
outcomes for entrepreneurs. Additionally, Martin et al. (2015, as cited in Missau et al., 2021)
highlight the versatile applications of coconut as an agricultural commodity in the Philippines.
Lastly, Mendoza et al. (2020) highlight the high heating value of coconut shells, making them
a promising source of renewable energy in the Philippines. The study compares the fuel
characteristics of coconut husk charcoal to other agricultural residues, noting the need for
further research to fully harness the potential of coconut shells for charcoal production.

Overall, the literature underscores the untapped potential of coconut shells as a renewable
energy source. However, it also calls for more extensive research to optimize production
techniques, enhance charcoal quality, and explore new applications for coconut waste.

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