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KCSE SMARTFOCUS PREDICTION SERIES 2025

BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
PREDICTION 1-10

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KNEC COMPLIANT 2025

PREDICTION 1
1. (a) State two structural adaptations that make xylem vessels suitable for transport of water and
mineral salts. (2mks)
(b) List any three adaptations of the root hair cells to their functions (3mks)
2. (a) Why would you give an athlete glucose and not sucrose after a race? (1mk)
(b) What happens to lactic acid after oxygen debt recovery? (2mks)
3. (a) What is gene mutation (1mk)
(b) State two disorders in human beings caused by gene mutations (2mks)
(c) What name is given to the factors in the environment that encourage or speed up mutation?
(1mk)
4. State the role of the following elements to the growth and development of plants (3mks)
(i) Calcium
(ii) Magnesium
(iii) Nitrogen
5. State three environmental factor that affect the rate of stomatal transpiration (3mks)
6. (a) What is the function of the following parts of the male reproductive system (3mks)
(i) Epididymis:-
(ii) Seminal vesicle:-
(iii) Interstitial cells:-
(b) The diagram bellow shows the structure of a sperm cell. Identify the parts labeled A, B and C
and state their functions (6mks)

PART IDENTITY FUNCTION

A
B
C
7. (a) Define the following terms:- (2mks)
(i) Species:
(ii) Binomial nomenclature:-
(b) A certain sea animal has a smooth skin, lungs, regulates its body temperature and gives birth
to young ones. The animal belong to the class (1mk)
8. For a leaf to be efficient for photosynthesis it has to be broad and flat. Explain (2mks)
9. (a) In an accident, a victim suffered brain injury. Consequently the heart beat was affected.
Name the part of the brain which was injured (1mk)
(b) State two differences that may be observed between a normal male and one who is incapable
of producing testosterone. (2mks)
10. Differentiate between convergent evolution and divergent evolution (2mks)
Convergent
Divergent
11. (a) State two physiological changes that take place in a human skin in order to facilitate
heat loss from the body. (2mks)
(b) State two functions of sebum (2mks)
12. (a) Define the term Homeostasis (1mk)
(b) State one way by which mammalian blood carry out homeostasis function
(1mk)
(c) Differentiate between nervous and endocrine communication in animals (3mks)
Nervous communication Endocrine communication
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

13. (a) Name the cartilage found between the bones of the vertebral column (1mk)
(b) State the function of the cartilage named in (a) above (1mk)
14. State the functions of the following organelles:
(a) Lysosomes:- (2mks)
(b) Golgi apparatus:-
15. What is parthenocarpy? (1mk)
16 State three reasons why geneticists prefer to use drosophila melanogaster (fruitfly) for genetic
experiments. (3mks)
17. What is the significance of active transport in the human body. (3mks)
18. In an attempt to clear a certain weed from St. Thomas Moore fish pond, Riang’ombe Sec. School
Biology students introduced a species of beetles into the pond.
(a) Give the term used for this method of control (1mk)
(b) State two advantages of this method over the use of herbicides (2mks)
19. (a) State the causative agent of cholera (1mk)
(b) What is the cause of dehydration in cholera victims (1mk)
20. (a) The numbers of chromosomes in a Gorilla cheek cell is 48. State the number of
chromosomes in a Gorilla’s ovum. (1mk)
(b) Give the role of each of the following during cell division (2mks)
(i) Centrides:-
(ii) Spindle fibres:-
21. The diagram below shows a germinating seedling

(a) Name the part of the seedling labeled B (1mk)

(b) State the type of germination exhibited above (1mk)
22. (a) Name two hormones that control metamorphosis in insect (2mks)
(b) Identify the plant hormone responsible for
(i) Callus tissue formation (1mk)
(ii) Formation of abscission layer (1mk)
(iii) Fruit ripening (1mk)
23. (a) Name three ways by which flowering plants eliminate waste products from their body
(3mks)
(b) What is the importance of the following excretory products from plants (3mks)
(i) Papain:-
(ii) Nicotine:-
(iii) Quinine:-
24. State three types of skeletons found in animals (3mks)
PREDICTION 2
1. State how each of the following parts of the mammalian ear are adapted to their
function.
a) Cochlea (2mks)
b) Pinna (2mks)
2. Give two ways in which endotherms lose heat to the external environment. (2mks)
3. What is natural selection? (3mks)
4. State three evidences that support the theory of organic evolution. (3mks)
5. The table below shows description of sizes of glomeruli and renal tubules of two
animals, which are living in different environments.
Animal x Animal y
Glomeruli Large and few Small and many
Renal tubules Short Long
a) Name the likely environment in which each animal lives. (2mks)
b) Suggest the main nitrogenous waste produced by animal Y (1mk)
6. A cell was found to have the following under a light microscope.
Cell membrane, irregular in shape and very small vacuoles.
Identify the type of cell above. (1mk)
7. (a) State what would happen to a cell if its nucleus was removed. (1mk)
Reason
(b) Give the function of nucleolus. (1mk)
8. (a) Name the products of the light reaction stage. (2mks)
(b) State the site where the following stage of photosynthesis takes place. (2mks)
-Dark stage
- Light stage
9. (a) Name two nutrients that do not require digestion before they are absorbed.2mks)
(b) What is assimilation? (1mk)
10. (a) Give a reason why the left ventricle muscles are thicker than the light ventricles
muscles. (1mk)
(b) State the form in which carbon (IV) oxide is transported in the blood. (2mks)
11. The diagrams below represent a stage of growth in two different seeds.
 (a) Identify the type of germination exhibited by seedlings A and B and give a reason for
each identity
A
Reason
B
Reason
(b) State the function of the part labeled K. (1mk)
12. Explain how the following adaptations reduce transpiration in xerophytes
(a) Sunken stomata (2mks)
(b) Thick waxy cuticle (1mk)
13. The following experiment was set up in a chamber made from two connected Petri dishes.
Housefly maggots were introduced at the centre of the chamber, so the maggots could move to
either Petri dish A or B as shown below.

(a) Name the type of response being investigated in the set up. (1mk)
(b) State the survival value of the response named in (a) above. (1mk)
(c) Give the role of calcium chloride in the experiment above. (1mk)
14. (a) What is sex linkage? (2mks)
(b) Name two sex-linked characteristics in humans. (2mks)
15. Name the mechanisms that hinder self —fertilization in flowering plants. (3mks)
16. Explain why individuals with smaller sizes require more energy per kg of body weight
than those with larger sizes? (3mks)
17. State the importance of placenta and amniotic fluid during pregnancy.
-Placenta (2mks)
 -Amniotic fluid (1mk)
18. Distinguish between the two patterns of evolution:
(a) Divergent and convergent evolution. (2mks)
(b) Why was Lamarks theory of evolution rejected? (2mks)
19. Name the meristematic tissues responsible for:
(a) Primary growth (1mk)
(b) Secondary growth in plants (1mk)
20. The diagram below represents an organ from a bony fish, study the diagram and answer the
questions that follow.

(a) State the functions of each of the following A and B

(b) How is the structure labeled C adapted to its function? (1mk)
21. Give the functions of the following parts of a light microscope (2mks)
(i) Objective lens
(ii) Condenser
22. During a strenuous exercise, the chemical process represented by the equation below takes
place in human muscles.

C6H1206 2CH3CH(OH) COOH +150KJ

Substance x
(a) Name the process represented above (1mk)
(b) What is glycolysis? (1mk)
23. During estimation of cell sizes using a light microscope, a student found out the diameter field of
view to be 2.7mm and diameter of field of view had 9 cells. The magnification was 50.
Calculate the actual length of one cell in microns (3mks)
24. State the functions of the following fins of a bony fish
(i) Dorsal fin (2mks)
(ii) Pelvic and pectoral fins (2mks)
25. The diagram below represents the anterior view of a vertebra study it and answer the questions that
follow
 (a) (i) Name the identity of the vertebra (1mk
Identity
(ii) State the function of each of the following structures P and Q (2mks)
26. (a) What is transpiration? (1mk)
27. (b) Give the importance of transpiration in green plants. (2mks)
28. Distinguish between habitat and ecological nitche. (2mks)
 PREDICTION 3
1. a) Name two organelles that are found in palisade cells but are not found in meristematic cells.(2 marks)
b) State the type of cell division exhibited by meristematic cells. (1 mark)
c) Give the role of the following parts a light microscope.
i) mirror (1 mark)
ii) eye piece. ( 1 mark)
2. Name the relevant fields of Biology that would be useful in studying the life cycles of the vector and causal
agent of malaria, in order to eradicate them, and the disease. (2 marks)
Vector
Causal agent
3. The diagram below represents a section a mammalian skeleton.

a) Give two adaptations of the cellular component of blood labeled A. (2 marks)

b) Give two importance of the of the function of the cellular component labeled C (2 marks)
c) Identify the enzymes produced in blood cells labeled C (1 mark)
4. How are aquatic plants adapted to gaseous exchange? (2 marks)
5. The diagram below shows an epithelial tissue found in the respiratory system of man.

1
 a) Name the part of the respiratory system where it is found. (1mark)
b) Give the name and the function of structures labeled A. (2marks)
c) Name any other part of the human body where the above tissue is found. (1mark
6. a) Name two products of the light stage that are used in the dark stage. (2 marks)
b) The set-up below was used to investigate the gas produced during photosynthesis.

a) Why was the glass funnel elevated by the glass blocks? (1 mark)
b) How was the identity of the gas was determined? (1 mark)
c) Suggest how the set-up can be modified to speed up the process. (1 mark)
7. a) Below are two photographs showing two types of variations. Identify the types variation illustrated
(2 marks)

b) Name two causes of genetic variation that arise during gamete formation (2 marks)
c) Name the three components of a nucleotide ( 1mark)
8. a) Define the following terms. (2 marks)
Population
2
 Community
b) Explain why a habitat could sustain 500 giraffes and 900 zebras for very many years, but when the giraffes
were removed and the zebras increased to 1200, there was not enough food left to sustain the zebras within 3
years. (3 marks)
9. a) Below are two types of gynoecia obtained from two flowers of different species.

i) What is meant by the term gynoecium (1 mark)

ii) Name the type of gynoecium exhibited by (2 marks)
A
B
iii) Giving a reason identify the class represented by flower B. (1 mark)
Class
Reason
iv) Name the type of compound fruit formed by flower B
10. A longitudinal section of a banana peel was placed in a salt solution and left to stand for 30 minutes. The
diagram below represents the specimen after the experiment.

a) Account for the appearance of the specimen after the 30 minutes (5 marks)

3
11. a) Mammals survive better in diverse habitats, compared to reptiles. Give a reason for this. (2 marks)
12. The diagram below represent the digestive system of man.

a) State the role of part B in digestion. (2 marks)

b) Identify the organ labelled C (1 mark)
c) Why is the organ above referred to as a dual organ? (1mark)
d) Name the hormones produced by the organ above useful in homeostasis and give the target organ.
(3marks)
Hormones
Target organ
e) Give reasons why digestion of starch stops in the stomach, but continues in the duodenum.
(1 mark)
13. The diagram below shows an experiment set up by a group of students to investigate respiration in yeast.

a) Identify the type of respiration above. (1mark)

b) Account for the observation above, after 20hrs. (2marks)
c) State the economic importance of the by-products of the above process. (2marks)
14. Name two tissues in plants whose walls are thickened with lignin. (2 marks)

4
15. a) Sketch a graph of dry mass of a germinating seeds’ embryo, endosperm, and total mass, against time.
(3 marks)
b) State two reasons why metamorphosis is important in insects. (2 marks)
16. State the cell wall components in the following cells. (3 marks)
i. Rhizopus cell
ii. Rhizobium cell
iii. Guard cell

b) State the kingdoms to which the above cells belong. (3 marks)

i) Rhizopus …………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Rhizobium ………………………………………………………………………………
iii) Guard cell ………………………………………………………………………………
17. The diagram below shows the structure of the male reproductive system.

a) Name the parts labelled B and C. (2 marks)

b) State the functions of the part labeled E. (2 marks)
18 .a) Name three cells that form the phloem tissue. (3 marks)
b) Name physiological process by which water is transported from the cortical cell to the xylem of the root.
( 1mark)
c) State the role of the pericycle in roots. ( 1mark)

5
 PREDICTION 4
1. State the functions of each of the following organelles
i) Ribosomes (1mk)
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
ii) Golgi apparatus (1mks)
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
2. The diagram below represents the pathway of water from soil into the plant.

a) Name the structure labeled T and S.

T................................................................................................................................(1mk)
S...............................................................................................................................(1mk)
b) State two ways in which the structure labeled R is adapted to its functions (2mks)
.....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
3. A student added equal amounts of blood to equal volumes of salt of different concentrations. She
observed and counted the red blood cells at the beginning of the experiment. The results were as shown :
-
Set up Concentration of salt Beginning After 30 minutes
A 0.1mol 500 500

B 0.01mol 500 250

Account for the results in:

a) Set up A (2mks)
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
b) Set up B (2mks)
...............................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
4. Explain how each h of the following serves as evidence for evolution
i) Fossil records (2mks)
BIOLOGY PP1 1
 ............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................
ii) Comparative embryology (2mks)
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................
5. A student measured the length of a mitochondrion on a photomicrograph whose magnification was X
40000 found it to be 1mm. calculate the actual size of mitochondrion
(3mks)

6. State one way in which aerenchyma tissue in aquatic plants are adapted to their function
(1mk)
.......................................................................................................................................
7. (a) Name the carbohydrates that is stored in Mammalian muscles (1mks)
........................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(b) List down Two differences between polysaccharides and Monosaccharaides (2mks)

polysaccharides monosaccharaides
.................................................................. ................................................................
.................................................................. ................................................................
.................................................................. ................................................................
................................................................. ................................................................
8. (a) Name the kingdom whose members have a cell wall made of chitin (2mks)
........................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
(b) Besides the abdomen, name the other body part of the members of arachnida (1mk)
...........................................................................................................................................
(c) State two main characteristic features of members of division Bryophyta (2mks)
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
9. (a) State two ways in which human body is naturally protected against harmful bacteria
(2mks)
........................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(b) State one way in which the composition of blood in pulmonary artery and that of pulmonary vein
differ (1mk)
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
10. Describe the path taken by Carbon (iv) oxide released from the tissues of a cockroach into the
atmosphere (2mks)
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................
BIOLOGY PP1 2
 11. Form one student set up an experiment shown below to investigate a certain physiological process. The
set up was left for 30 minutes

(a) Name the process under study (1mk)

.......................................................................................................................................
(b) State the expected results after 30 minutes (1mk)
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(c) Explain your answer in (b) above (3mks)
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................
12. (a) Define the term mutation (1mk)
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(b) Name two sex – linked traits in humans attached to Y- chromosomes (2mks)
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................
13. Explain why athletes train in high altitude in preparation for competition (2mks)
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................
14. Briefly describe three characteristics of populations. (3mks)
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................

BIOLOGY PP1 3
 15. (a) Define the following terms (2mks)
i) Microbiology
..................................................................................................................................
ii) Genetics
....................................................................................................................................
(b) State two scientific skills acquired in studying biology (2mks)
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................

16. The diagram below represents a cell organelle as seen as seen under electron microscope

(a) (i) identify the organelle (1mk)

...................................................................................................................................

(b) State the function of the organelle named (a) (i) above the cell (1mk)
..............................................................................................................................................

17. The figure below shows change in dry mass of germinating bean seeds with time.

BIOLOGY PP1 4
Account for the;

(i) Change in dry mass between A and B (2mks)

..................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
(ii) Rapid increase in dry mass C and D (2mks)
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
18. (a) Define pollination (1mk)
.............................................................................................................................................

(b) State three factors that strictly hinder self-pollination (3mks)

........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................

19. Outline the effects of acid rain in the environment. (3mks)

........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................
20. State two precautionary measures which should be taken in preventing the spread of HIV.
(2mks)
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................

21. The diagram below represents a section through a chloroplast as seen under the electron microscope

BIOLOGY PP1 5
 (a) Name the structure labeled D (1mk)
........................................................................................................................................

(b) In which labelled structure do we find chlorophyll molecule (1mk)

........................................................................................................................................

(c) Name the structure labeled, where carbon IV oxide fixation occurs (1mk)
...............................................................................................................................................

22. (a) State two major roles of the kidney. (2mks)

........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................

(c) State one economic importance of each of the following plant excretory products
(3mks)
(i) Quinine
....................................................................................................................................
(ii) Papain
....................................................................................................................................
(iii) Cocaine
....................................................................................................................................

23. Define the following terms used in genetics

(a) Cloning

..........................................................................................................................................
(b) Gene therapy

..........................................................................................................................................
24. The diagram below shows some growth in plant

BIOLOGY PP1 6
 a) Name the type of growth in the diagram (1mk)
...............................................................................................................................................

b) Name the part labeled A (1mk)

............................................................................................................................................
c) What is the function of the part labeled B (1mk)
............................................................................................................................................

25. Below is a diagram of an organism

(a) Identify the kingdom to which the organism belong to (1mk)

..........................................................................................................................................

(b) State the functions of the structures labeled F and G (2mks)

F..........................................................................................................................................
BIOLOGY PP1 7
 G..........................................................................................................................................

(c) Name the material that makes the cell wall of the organism (1mk)
.........................................................................................................................................

26. (a) State the significance of respiratory quotient (R.Q) values to a biologist (1mk)

...........................................................................................................................................

(b)The equation below is a respiratory reaction of a certain substrate. Study it and use it to determine its
R.Q value. (1mk)

C20 H40 O20 + 20 O2 20 CO2 + 20H2O + Energy

BIOLOGY PP1 8
PREDICTION 5
1. a) State the functions of the following cell organelles. (2mks)
i) Ribosomes
ii) Lysosomes
b) Name the only epidermal cell in plants that contain chloroplast. (1mk)
2. a) Name the causative agents of the following diseases. (2mks)
i) Amoebic dysentery
ii) Tuberculosis
3. a) What is the importance of the counter current flow in the exchange of gases in a fish. (2mks)
b) State two ways in which the tracheoles of an insect are adapted to their functions. (2mks)
4 The diagram below shows a type of a neurone.

a) Identify the neurone above. (1mk)

b) Give a reason for your answer in 4(a) above. (1mk)
c) State the function of the part labeled R (1mk)
d) Use an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of the impulse transmission
along the neurone. (1mk)
5. The equation below represents a reaction that occurs during respiration in a cell.
K + Phosphate Adnenosine triphosphate
a) Identify the compound K. (1mk)
b) State two differences between K and ATP. (2mks)
c) Name the organelle responsible for the production of energy in a cell muscle (1mk)
6. The graph below represents the growth pattern of animals in a certain phylum.
 a) Name the type of growth curve shown above. (1mk)
b) i) Identify the process represented by x. (1mk)
ii) Name the hormone responsible for the process in b(i) above.
c) State the importance of the growth of a pollen tube to a plant. (1mk)
7. State three factors that affect absorption of mineral ions by plant roots. (3mks)
8. Explain how crops grown along roads can be a source of lead poisoning to human beings. (2mks)
9. Name the type of responses exhibited by.
a) Tendrils when they twine on a support object. (1mk)
b) Butterflies and moths fly into wind currents in order to detect scent of flowers.(1mk)
10. The equation below represents a metabolic process that occurs in the mammalian liver.
Amino acids Organic compound + urea.
Enzyme x
a) Name the process that represents the above equation. (1mk)
b) Identify the enzyme represented by x. (1mk
c) What is the importance of the process to the mammal (1mk)
11. A scientist carried out blood sugar test for a given patient at three different times of the day. He
obtained the results shown below for glucose and glycogen level.
Time 6 a.m. 1.30 p.m. 4 p.m.
Glucose 90mg 100mg 90mg
Glycogen 20mg 40mg 60mg
Account for:
a) Presence of glycogen in blood. (2mks)
b) Rise in glucose and glycogen levels at 1.30p.m (2mks
12. a) What is the meaning of alterations of generations. (2mks)
b) Name one plant division which displays alteration of generation. (1mk)
13. Explain why plants growing in low altitude areas grow faster than those in high altitudes. (3mks)
14. a) What is the function of Sodium hydrogen Carbonate that is added to test solution of
non-reducing sugar. (1mk)
b) The equation below represents a process X which is controlled by enzymes.
C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6 C12 H 22 O11 + H 2 O

Glucose + Fructose Sucrose + Water

i) Name the process X and enzyme R
Process X (1mk)
Enzyme R (1mk)
15. State two ways through which plants eliminate their metabolic wastes from their bodies (2mks)
16. a) What is double fertilization in flowering plants? (1mk)
b) Name any two types of placentations found in ovaries. (2mks)
17. List down four phenotypic characteristics that have been selected for the production of strains
suitable for modern agricultural purposes. (4mks
18. a) Name any two accessory glands in the male urinogenital system. (2mks)
b) What structural modification do human sperm cell have that:
i) Facilitate energy use. (1mk)
ii) Facilitate movement. (1mk)
19. Name the type of eye defects that can be corrected by;
i) Use of bifocal lens (1mk)
ii) Use of artificial lens (1mk)
iii) Use of concave lens (1mk
20. a) The length from the tail tip to the anus of a certain tilapia fish is 10cm. The length
from the tail tip to the mouth is 35cm. Calculate the tail power of the fish. (Show
all your working). (2mks)
b) What is the significance of high tail power in fish? (1mk)
21. State the roles of each of the following hormones in the process of reproduction in human male.
i) Follicle stimulating hormone. (1mk)
ii) Luteinising hormone. (1mk)
22. List down three differences between the endocrine system and nervous system. (3mks)
Endocrine system Nervous system

i. ……………………………………………… i. ………………………………………………
ii ……………………………………………… ii ………………………………………………
iii ……………………………………………… iii ………………………………………………
23. Distinguish between the struggle for existence and survival for the fittest as used in the theory of
natural selection. (2mks)
24. State three structural feature of the placenta which facilitates the diffusion of substance between the
maternal and foetal blood. (3mks
25. Give one functional difference between a tendon and a ligament in a mammal. (1mk)
26. State the functions of the following parts of a light microscope. (2mks)
i) Diaphragm
ii) Objective lens
27. Explain how the following adaptations minimizes rate of transpiration.
i) Sunken falling (2mks)
ii) Leaf dropping (1mk)
28. State one structural difference between mature red blood cells and white blood cells.(1mk)
PREDICTION 6.
1.State three activities of the cell that are controlled by the nucleus (3mks)
2.The graph below represents the growth pattern of animals in a certain phylum.

a) Name the type of growth curve shown above. (1mk)

b) i) Identify the process represented by X. (1mk)
ii) Name the hormone responsible for the process in b(i) above. (1mk)
c) State the importance of the growth of a pollen tube to a plant. (1mk)
3 .Name the causative agent of the following diseases in human (3mks)
i. Amoebic dysentery
ii. Bilhazia
iii. Typhoid
4. Give three reasons why plants do not require specialized excretory organs (3mks)
5. An experiment was set up as shown below

The set up was left for 30 minutes.

a. State the expected results (1mk)

b. Explain your answer in (a) above (3mks)
6.a) What is the function of Sodium hydrogen Carbonate that is added to test solution of non-reducing
sugar. (1mk)
b) The equation below represents a process X which is controlled by enzymes .
C6 H 12 O6 + C6 H 12 O6 C12 H 22 O11 + H 2 O

Glucose + Fructose Sucrose + Water

 i) Name the process X and enzyme R
Process X (1mk)
Enzyme R (1mk)
7 .a) What is the importance of the counter current flow in the exchange of gases in a fish. (2mks)
b) State two ways in which the tracheoles of an insect are adapted to their functions. (2mks)
8. List down four phenotypic characteristics that have been selected for the production of strains suitable for
modern agricultural purposes. (4mks)
9. State the branch of Biology that deals with: (2 marks)
(a) Study of birds
(b) Study of the chemical composition of organisms
10. A certain mammal has no incisors, no canines, 6 molars and 6 premolars on the upper jaw. It has 6
incisors, 2 canines, 6 premolars and 6 molars on the lower jaw.
(a) Write its dental formula (1 mark)
(b) Suggest with reasons the possible mode of feeding of the animal. (2 marks)
11. (a)Some herbaceous plants have very little strengthening tissue yet they remain firm and upright. Give a
reason for this observation. (1 mark)
(b) Name the strengthening material in the following tissues. (2 marks)
(i) Collenchyma
(ii) Xylem vessels
12. State two functions of Aerenchyma tissue in plants. (2 marks)
13. A woman gave birth to a child of blood group B+ (B positive). Name two antigens that determined the
child’s blood group. (2 marks)
14. In an experiment to investigate an aspect of digestion, two test tubes A and B were set up as shown
below.

(a) The test tubes were left in the warm water bath for 30 minutes. The contents of the test tubes were tested
for starch using Iodine solution.
State the observations in: (2 marks)
Test tube A
Test tube B
 (b) Account for the results in (a) above. (2 marks) B
15 Explain each of the following
a) Variegated plants accumulate less food than non-variegated plants under similar conditions.(1mark
b) Most leaves are thin with broad leaf surface. (1mark)
c) State three importances of photosynthesis in an ecosystem. (3marks)
16.Wing of an insect, wing of a bird, hand of a man, flipper of a whale, foreleg of a horse are locomotory
structures in animals. Using the structures listed above state the ones considered as
a) Homologous structures (1mark)
b) Identify the type of evolution that brings about homologous structures. (1mark)
17. A certain plant was found to have the following features
Parallel venation of leaves
Sheath like petiole
Flower parts in multiple of three
a) Name the class to which the plant belongs. (1mark)
b) Suggest the expected arrangement of vascular bundle in the stem of the plant. (1mark)
18. Explain the reason for each of the following in flowering plants
i) Wind pollinated flowers produce large number of pollen grains. (1mark)
ii)Insect pollinated flowers have small sticky stigmas that an firmly attached to the style. (2marks)
19.The following is part of a kidney nephron,

a) (i) Name the process represented by the arrows (1mk)

(ii) Name the conditions necessary for the process named in (a)(i) above to take place (2mks)
b) (i) Name one blood component that a) (i) Name the process represented by the arrows (1mk)
(ii) Name the conditions necessary for the process named in (a)(i) above to take place (2mks
20. a) what is seed dormancy (1mk).
b) state two ways in which seed dormancy can be broken (2mks)
21. Explain why several lateral buds sprout when a terminal bud in a young tree is removed. (3mks)
22.Below is a diagram of an organelle that is involved in aerobic respiration.
 a) Name the organelle (1mark)
b) Name the parts labeled;
i. A (1mark)
ii. B (1mark)
iii. C.(1mark)
c) What is the purpose of the in-foding labeled D? (1mark)
d) Give the mechanical compound which is formed in the organelle and forms the immediate source
of energy (1mark)
22.State the function of the following parts of a light microscope
a) Clip (1mark)
b) Eye piece lens (1mark)
c) When focusing under high power objective lens the coarse adjustment knob should never be used
for focusing. Explain (2marks)
23a) Name two defects of the circulatory system in humans. (2marks)
b) Explain two protective functions of mammalian blood. (3marks)
PREDICTION 7
1. State the organelles that perform the following functions (3mks)
i) Synthesis of ribosomes
ii) Transport of lipids
iii) Package and transport of glycol-proteins
2. During a strenuous exercise, the chemical process represented by the equation below takes place in
human muscles.
C6 H12 O6 2CH3 CH (OH) COOH + 150 KJ
Glucose Substance X
a) What is the name of this process (1mk)
b) Name the substance X (1mk)
c) What happens to the muscles if X accumulate to critical levels (1mk)
3. A response exhibited by a certain plant tendril is illustrated below.

a) Name the type of response (1mk)

b) Name the type of plants that uses the named response in (a) above for support (1mk)
4. Explain what would happen to the following cells transferred from their normal condition into
distilled water
a) Amoeba (2mks
b) A plant parenchyma cell (2mks)
5. a) Name the structure in the body that detects changes in internal temperature (1mk)
b) State two physiological changes that occur in human body when internal
temperature tends to drop below normal (2mks)
6. Explain how the following factors affect the rate of transpiration.
i) Sunken stomata (2mks)
ii) Light intensity (2mks)
7. State the function of cardiac sphincter in the stomach (2mks)
8. a) What is meant by the term sex-linked genes? (1mk)
b) Give an example of a sex linked trait in humans on (2mks)
Y – chromosome
X – chromosome
9. Name three processes in living things that depend on diffusion. (3mks)
10. a) State the difference between ball and socket joint and the hinge joint (1mk)
b) Name the structures that join bones together to form a joint (1mk)
c) Name the structures at the elbow that performs the same function as the patella
(1mk)
11. State the function of each of the following parts of the human ear. (3mks)
a) Ear ossicles
b) Cochlea
c) Semi-circular canals
12. List two advantages of staining cells and tissues before observing them under the microscope
(2mks)
13. Of what importance is Luteinising hormone in male reproductive system (1mk)
14. The graph shows a growth curve of insects.

a) State one feature that is responsible for the pattern of growth shown by insect (1mk)
b) How do insects overcome the limitation so that growth occurs after all 1mk)
15. What are the structural units of lipids? (2mks)
16. State the importance of the following features in gaseous exchange (2mks)
a) Presence of cartilage in trachea and bronchi
b) Alveoli, gill filaments, tracheoles being numerous in the respective organisms where they
occur
17. a) State the major factor in the ‘Global warming’ experienced in the world today (1mk)
b) Suggest two ways of reducing the Global warming (2mks)
18. The diagram shows an epidermal cell undergoing mitotic cell division.
 i) Name the stage of mitosis it represents (1mk)
ii) Name the structures A (1mk)
C (1mk)
19. The diagram shows a bean seed split open.

a) Label the parts

b) Of what importance is structure U to the bean plant? (2mks)
20. In an investigation, a group of students came across animals living in the following habitats.
What was the likely main nitrogenous waste product of each in its habitat (3mks)
Habitat Nitrogenous waste
Terrestrial
Fresh water
Marine
21. a) Name the organism that causes malaria (1mk)
b) Name two ways of preventing this disease (2mks)
22. Explain what will happen if Rh+ blood is transfused into a recipient of Rh- blood. (2mks)
23. Shown below is a section of a leguminous plant uprooted from a school farm. Study it carefully and
use it to answer questions that follow.
 Stem

Remains of seed

Nodules

a) State the micro-organism found in the nodules (1mk)

b) State the importance of the micro-organism to the soil. (1mk)
24. State the role of the following in Homeostasis
i) ADH (1mk)
ii) Aldosterone (1mk)
25. What is meant by the term natural selection (3mks)
26. What is the role of corpus luteum
i) Menstrual cycle (2mks
ii) Early pregnancy (2mks)
27. State two adaptations of herbivores which enable them to digest cellulose(2mks)
28. What is meant by:
a) Organic evolution (2mks)
b) Adaptive radiation (2mks)
29. Explain would happen if a person slept in a poorly ventilated room with a burning jiko (3mks)
PREDICTION 8
1. The scientific name for French bean is Pharseolus vulgaris
(a) What taxon does the term Phaseolus represents? (1 mark)
(b) State two rules that are followed when giving a scientific name to an organism.
(2 marks)
2. a) What is the function of the mirror in the microscope? (1 mark)
b) Which organelle would be abundant in: Skeletal muscle cell (1 mark)
Palisade cell (1 mark)
3. A seedling shoot was exposed to unidirectional light as shown below. The set up was left in the dark
room for three days.

i) Make a drawing of the expected results at the end of the experiment. (2 marks)
ii) Explain the expected results at the end of experiment. (2 marks)
4. State two advantages of breathing through the nose than through the mouth. (2 marks)
5. Name two mineral elements required in the synthesis of chlorophyll. (2 marks)
6. a) State two environmental condition that can cause seed dormancy. (2 marks)
b) Name the part of the leaf that elongates to bring about epigeal germination. (1 mark)
7. a) State the function of amylase in human body. (1 mark)
b) Name two parts of the alimentary canal where amylase is secreted. (2 marks)
8. a) Name two photochemical cells in human retina. (1 mark)
b) Name one chemical substance and two mineral ions involved in impulse transmission in
mammals. (2 marks)
9. Give the function of melanin pigment produced in the skin of man. (1 mark)
10. What is the importance of saprophytic bacteria in an ecosystem? (1 mark)
11. A student while carrying out an experiment observed 8 cells across the field of view of light
microscope. If the diameter of the field of view is 5 mm, calculate the average length of each cell in
micrometers. (2 marks)
12. State one feature present in the flowers that can be used to distinguish between a
monocotyledonous flower and dicotyledonous flower. (1 mark)
13. The graph below shows levels of oestrogens and progesterone during the human menstrual
cycle.
 a) Mark on the graph the curve that represents

i) Progesterone
ii) Oestrogen
b) Which is the most likely day of ovulation from the graph? (1 mark)
14. a) What are fossils? (1 mark)
b) State two limitations of the use of fossils as an evidence of evolution. (2 marks)
i) Grasshopper (1 mark)
ii) Sheep (1 mark)
16. Name the type of response shown by;
a) Leaves of Mimosa pudica when they fold after being touched. (1 mark)
b) Sperms when they swim towards ovum (1 mark)
c) Euglena when they swim towards the source of light. (1 mark)
17 a) Give an example of sex linked trait on x-chromosome. (1 mark)
b) Below is a nucleotide strand. (1 mark)
A A G T C

i) Identify the type of nucleoic acid strand. (1 mark)

ii) Give your reason for your answer in (b) (i) above. (1 mark)
iii) Write down the complimentary base sequence in the other strand. (1 mark)
18. The diagram below shows a stage in cell division

i) Name the stage of the cell division that exhibits the process above. (1 mark)
ii) What is the significance of the phenomenon shown to a species? (1 mark)
19. Differentiate between respiration and respiratory surface. (2 marks)
20. State two adaptations of skin of the frog to gaseous exchange. (2 marks)
a) A man’s urine gave a positive reaction with Benedict’s solution. Name the disease he
was suffering from. (1 mark)
b) State two ways in which the symptoms of the condition in (a) can be controlled.
(2 marks)
22. A student collected an organism in the school compound and noted it had a segmented body and two
pairs of legs per body segment.
i) Name the class to which the organism belongs. (1 mark)
ii) State two other features the student may have observed. (2 marks)
23 a) Name two structures of gaseous exchange in aquatic plants. (2 marks)
b) What is the effect of contraction of the diaphragm muscles during breathing in
mammals? (2 marks)
24. The diagram below represents part of the mammalian blood circulatory system and some associated
glands.

(a) Name the blood vessels A and B (2 marks)

(b) State two structural differences between the blood vessels labelled A and C (2 marks)
25. A student made equidistant marks on a radical of a dicotyledonous seedling. After three days the
distance between the marks was measured.
a) What was the aim of the experiment? (1 mark)
b) Predict the results that were likely to be obtained by the student (2 marks)
26. a) Name the disease caused by H.I.V (1 mark)
b) Give two reason why it is difficult to cure the disease named above. (2 marks)
c) Give one preventive measure of the named disease. (1 mark)
27. Plants of a particular species grown in certain habitat flower at the same time. What is the
importance of this adaptation (1 mark)
28. State two roles played by the bark in plants (2 marks)
29. The diagram below represents a bone obtained from a mammal.
 i) Name bone labelled X. (1 mark)
ii) Name structure P. (1 mark)
30. A student mashed a piece of ripe banana and made it into paste by adding water, place the paste in a
visking tubing and suspended it in a beaker containing iodine solution as shown below. The set up
was left for 40 minutes.

a) State the physiological process under investigation. (1 mark)

b) Account for the result obtained in the table. (2 marks)
31. Industrial waste may contain metallic pollutants. Explain how the pollutants may indirectly reach and
accumulate in the human body when the wastes are dumped into rivers
(2 marks)
32. During oxidation of certain foods substances the respiratory quotient was found to be 0.718.
i) Name the type of food substance being oxidized. (1 mark)
ii) State two advantages of using the food substances named. (2 marks)
PREDICTION 9
Answer all questions in the spaces provided after each question.
1 Name the bond that exists between amino acids during condensation process of forming proteins?
(1mk)
2. A student discovered the organism below moving about on the teacher’s desk

(a) Name the class of which the organism belongs. (1mk)

(b) Name the part labelled B. (1mk)
3. A certain plant has the following characteristics: presence of roots, steams and the leaves, life cycle
in saprophyte and gametophyte generation. Saprophyte generation being the dominant type. Name the
division to which the plant belongs. (1mk
4. State the biological significance of each of the following.
(a) Thick muscular walls and narrow lumen in arteries. (1mk)
(b) Narrow xylem vessels in flowering plants. (1mk)
5. What are two source of genetic diversity in meiosis ? (2mks)
6. Explain why primary productivity decreases with depth in aquatic environment. (2mks)
7. Name two regions in higher plants where cells actively undergo mitosis. (2mks)
8. The diagram below shows the general appearance of lactic acid in the blood of an athlete
after an exercise. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow.

S
Lactic acid concentration
(cm3)

R
T

Time

(a) Name the physiological process represented by the above diagram (1mk)
(b) Explain what was happening in the body between points: (2mks)
9. Name the class in the phylum arthropoda which has the larger number of individuals.
(1mk)
10. A bone obtained from a mammal is represented by the diagram below.

(a) Name the bone (1mk)

(b) Which bones articulates with the bone shown in the diagram at the notch? (2mks)
11. (a) (i) What is meant by vestigial structures? (1mk)
(ii) Give an example of a vestigial structure in any other organism other than human?
(1mk)
(c) Explain why certain drugs become infective in curing a disease after many years of
use (2mks)
12. In an experiment the shoot tip of a young tomato plant decapitated as shown in the
diagram below.

Line of cut

(a) State the expected results after 2 weeks (1mk)

(b) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above (2mks)
13. State three structural differences between Deoxynbonocleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic
acid (RNA) ?
14. Explain why plants do not require specialized excretory organs. (3mks)
15. Explain how the following factors affect the rate of photosynthesis
(a) Concentration of carbon (iv) oxide. (1mk)
(b) Light intensity (1mk)
16. Name three distinguishing characteristics that make man more developed and superior to all other
mammals. (3mks)
17. State two advantages of cross-pollination. (2mks)
18. State the role of the following parts in the mammalian intestine
(a) Lacteal in the villi (1mk)
(b) Goblet cells (1mk)
19. Study the figure below which shows a type of epithelial tissue
 A

(a) State the name of structure A. (1mk)

(b) Give an example in humans where this epithelium is found (1mk)
20. A mother of blood group AB was married to a man of blood group B. What is the probability that
one of their children would be blood group A. Show your workings. (3mks)
21. Name the substance in plasma and red blood cells that transport carbon (iv) oxide. (2mks)
(i) Plasma
(ii) Red blood cells
22. A potted plant was kept in dark for 48 hours. Two leaves X and Y were treated as
shown in the diagram below.

Leaf Y
Leaf X

Transparent polythene
bag Transparent polythene
bag
Potassium
hydroxide
pellets

The experimental set up was kept in the sunlight for 6 hours after which a starch
test was carried out on the two leaves.
(a) What were the results of the starch test on leaves X and Y? (2mks)
(b) Give reasons for your answers in (a) above (2mks)
23. Carefully study the figure which rotates making one resolution in 15 minutes. A seedling with a
straight radicle and plumule was attached to the apparatus as shown below.
 (a) What is the name of the apparatus shown (1mk)
(b) Make a drawing of how the seedling might have appeared after one week. (1mk)
24. (a) What is meant by the term non-disjunction? (1mk)
(b) Give an example of genetic disorders caused by:
(i) Non-disjunction (1mk)
(ii) Gene mutation
25. To estimate the population size of crabs in a certain lagoon, traps were laid at random,
400 crabs were caught, marked and released back into the lagoon. Four days later traps were laid
again and 374 crabs were caught. Out of the 374 crabs, 80 were found to have been marked.
(a) Calculate the population size of the crab in the lagoon using the formula below:
N= nxM
m
Where:
N = Total population of crabs in the lagoon
n= Total number of crabs in the second catch
M= Number of marked crabs during the first catch
m= Number of marked crabs in the second catch. (2mks)
(b) State the assumptions that were made during the observation (2mks)
(c) What is the name given to this method of estimating the population size (1mk)
26. State the role of light in the process of photosynthesis. (1mk)
27. When are the two organisms considered to belong to the same species. (1mk)
28. State the role of insulin in the human body (1mk)
29. The chart below is a summary of the role of hormones in insect metamorphosis

BRAIN

Neurosecretory Corpus
Hormone X

Thoracic
stands
Hormone
Hormone Y Z

Epidermis Epidermi
s

Adult Larval cuticle

cuticle
 (a) Name each of the hormones represented by letters X and Y. (2mks)
(b) State the function of hormone Z (1mk)
(c) What is the advantage of production of hormone Y alone without the secretion of hormone Z.
(1mk)
30. Give two ways in which the mammalian uterus becomes adapted to implantation of zygote (2mks)
31. A form one student trying to estimate the size of onion cells observes the following on the
microscope’s field of view. He counts 20 cells across the field of view which is 3mm.
Calculate the size of one cell in micrometers. (3mks)
32. An experiment to investigate a certain physiological process was set up a shown below. After three (3)
hours it was observed that the level of the sugar solutions had risen.
Sugar crystals
Unripe piece of
peeled potato

Water
Petri dish

(a) Name the physiological process being investigated? (1mk)

(b) Account for the rise of the level of sugar solution in the experiment (3mks)
PREDICTION 10
1. Name two sites of gaseous exchange in amphibians. (2mks)
2. State two roles of green plants in fish ponds other than providing food. (2mks)
3. Name three forces that maintain transpiration stream. (3mks)
4. Name the fins that prevent the following movements of fish during swimming. (3mks)
i) Yawing
ii) Pitching
iii) Rolling
5.a) Name two disorders in humans caused by gene mutation. (2mks)
b) Describe the following chromosomal mutations; (2mks)
i) Inversion
ii) Translocation
6. State three reasons for loss of energy from one trophic level to another in a food chain.
(3mks)
7.a) Name the part of the eye where image is formed. (1mk)
b) State two characteristics of the image formed on the retina. (2mks)
8. Name a support tissue in plants that is thickened with cellulose. (1mk)
9. State two functions of luteinizing hormone in reproduction. (2mks)
10. Give the meaning of the following terms. (2mks)
i) Protandry
ii) Self-sterility
11. a) State the difference between ball and socket and hinge joint. (1mk)
b) State the functions of synovial fluid. (2mks)
12. A group of students from Awasi Boys High School set up an experiment to demonstrate a
certain process. The experimental set up were as shown in the diagrams below.

Set – up 2
Set – up 1

Starch Blue blade

solution solution

Iodine Iodine solution

solution

After 10 minutes the students recorded their observation in a table as shown below.
Observation
Inside the tube Outside the tube
I Blue black color No color change
 II No colour change Blue black colour
a) Name the process being demonstrated by this experiment. (1mk)
b) Explain the result in the experiment set up I. (3mks)
13. a) Name the structures in phloem that are involved in the translocation of sugars. (2mks)
b) Other than sugars, name two compounds that are translocated in the phloem. (2mks)
14. State four ways in which the red blood cells are adapted to their function. (4mks)
15. a) What is oxygen debt? (1mk)
b) Give the differences in products of anaerobic respiration in plants and animals. (1mk)
16. State the aspects of light that affect the rate of photosynthesis. (2mks)
17. The diagram below shows the position of an image formed in a defective eye.

a) Name the defect. (1mk)

b) Explain how the defect named in (a) above can be corrected. (2mks)
18. Explain continental drift as an evidence of evolution. (3mks)
19. a)A certain animal has no incisors, no canines, 6 premolars and 6 molars in its upper jaw. It has 6
incisors, 2 canines, 6 premolars and 6 molars on the lower jaw. Write its dental formula. (1mk)
b) State the likely mode of feeding for the animal. (1mk)
c) Give a reason for your answer in (b) above. (1mk)
20. State how the following structures of the skin are adapted to their functions; (3mks)
i) Malphigian layer
ii) Sebaceous glands
21. A set up that was used to investigate a certain process in plants as shown in the diagram below.

Leaf shoot

Rubber bung

Tap

Retort stand
Capillary tubing

Beaker
Water
 a) What process was being investigated? (1mk)
b) i) State two precautions that should be taken when setting up the experiment. (2mks)
ii) Give a reason for each precaution stated in b(i) above. (2mks)
22. State the functions of;
a) Ribosomes (1mk)
b) Golgi apparatus (2mks)
23. What is meant by the terms; (2mks)
a) Allele
b) Test-cross
24. Give the difference between Darwinian and Larmackian theories of evolution. (2mks)
25. a) How is the starch utilized by the seedling? (3mks)
b) Name the hormone that is responsible for fruit ripening. (1mk)
26. Give the meaning of the term binomial nomenclature. (1mk)

27. Wanganga students collected the plant shown below during an education trip.

a) Name the part labeled A. (1mk)

b) i) State the division to which the plant belongs.
ii) Give two reasons for the answer in b(i) above. (2mks)
28. Name the causative agents of the following diseases in humans. (2mks)
i) Candidiasis
ii) Cholera
29. State the form in which energy is stored in muscles. (1mk)