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Diuretics

Diuretics are agents that enhance urine formation and are classified based on their mechanisms and sites of action. They include thiazides, high ceiling diuretics, aldosterone antagonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and osmotic diuretics, each with specific therapeutic uses and undesired effects. Common applications include treating hypertension, heart failure, and conditions like glaucoma and hypercalcemia.

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5 views27 pages

Diuretics

Diuretics are agents that enhance urine formation and are classified based on their mechanisms and sites of action. They include thiazides, high ceiling diuretics, aldosterone antagonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and osmotic diuretics, each with specific therapeutic uses and undesired effects. Common applications include treating hypertension, heart failure, and conditions like glaucoma and hypercalcemia.

Uploaded by

zainabfadhel960
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Diuretics

Concept
Diuretics are agents that increase
the rate of urine formation.
Classification of Diuretics

1. Extrarenal mechaism
2. Renal mechanism
3.Principal site of action
Extrarenal mechanism
1.inhibiting the release of antidiuretic H

2.increasing the co and renal blood flow

3.by mobilizing peripheral oedema fluid


Diuretics
Classification
I. diuretics that inhibit or depress the active
reabsorption of sodium and chloride
e.g.thiazides, furosemide, mercurials
II. Diuretics that inhibit the sodium hydrogen
exchange e.g. carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
III. Diuretics that unhibit sodium potassium
exchange e.g. aldosterone antagonists
IV. Diuretics that increase the osmolarity of the
tubular liquid e.g. mannitol
Thiazides
Mechanism of action
increase the renal excretion of sodium and chloride and accompanying
volume of water.
Undesired effects
-hyponatremia
-hypokalemia
-hypochloremic alkalosis
-hyperglycemia
-hyperurecaemia
-dermatitis with photosensibility
-depression of the formed elements of blood
Route of administration
oral
Thiazides

Therapeutic uses
1.hypertension
2.heart failure
3.hypercalciuria
4.diabetes insipidus
High Ceiling Diuretics
Undesired effects
- hyponatremia
- hypokalemia
- hyperuricemia
- gastrointestinal disturbances
- transit deafness
Route of administration
oral , IV
Therapeutic uses
1.acute pulmonary edema of heart failure
2.hypercalcemia
3.hyperkalemia
Aldosterone antagonists
Undesired effects
- hyperkalemia
- headache
-nausea
- Somnolence
-gynecomastic symptoms
- skin eruption
Therapeutic uses
- hepatic cirrhosis
-nephrotic syndrome
- in conjunction with other diuretics
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Adverse effects
- Metabolic acidosis
- Potassium depletion
- Renal stone formation
-drowsiness and paresthesia
- to be avoided by heatic cirrhosis
acetazolamide

therapeutic uses
1.treatment of glaucoma
2.mountain sickness
Osmotic Diuretics
characteristics
-they are freely filterable at the glomerulus
-they undergo limited reabsorption by the renal tubule
-they are pharmacological inert

Mechanism of action
increase the osmolarity of the tubular fluid

Therapeutic uses
- eliminate drugs
- reduce intracranial or intraocular pressure
- prevent acute renal necrosis after severe injury

Route of administration
- i.v.

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