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2000
Salinity and Plant Tolerance
Jan Kotuby Amacher
Utah State University
Rich Koenig
Boyd Kitchen
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Amacher, Jan Kotuby; Koenig, Rich; and Kitchen, Boyd, "Salinity and Plant Tolerance" (2000). All Archived Publications. Paper 43.
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SALINITY AND PLANT
TOLERANCE
Jan Kotuby-Amacher, Director, Utah State University Analytical Labs
Rich Koenig, Extension Soils Specialist
Boyd Kitchen, Uintah County Extension Agent
March 2000 AG-SO-03
INTRODUCTION
Soil salinity is a measure of the total amount of soluble salt in soil. As salinity levels
increase, plants extract water less easily from soil, aggravating water stress conditions. High soil
salinity can also cause nutrient imbalances, result in the accumulation of elements toxic to plants,
and reduce water infiltration if the level of one salt element—sodium—is high. In many areas
throughout Utah, soil salinity is the factor limiting plant growth.
Salt-affected plants are stunted with dark green leaves which, in some cases, are thicker
and more succulent than normal. In woody species, high soil salinity may lead to leaf burn and
defoliation. High salinity causes alfalfa yield to decrease while the leaf-to-stem ratio increases,
influencing forage quality. Grasses also appear dark green and stunted with leaf burn symptoms.
Salinity tolerance is influenced by many plant, soil, and environmental factors and their
interrelationships. Generally, fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals are more salt sensitive than
forage or field crops. In addition, certain varieties, cultivars, or rootstalks may tolerate higher salt
levels than others. Plants are more sensitive to high salinity during seedling stages, immediately
after transplanting, and when subject to other (e.g., disease, insect, nutrient) stresses.
Climate and irrigation also influence salinity tolerance. As soil dries, salts become
concentrated in the soil solution, increasing salt stress. Therefore, salt problems are more severe
under hot, dry conditions than under cool, humid conditions. Increasing irrigation frequency and
applying water in excess of plant demand may be required during hot, dry periods to minimize
salinity stress.
SOURCES OF SOIL SALINITY
Salts are a common and necessary component of soil, and many salts (e.g., nitrates and
potassium) are essential plant nutrients. Salts originate from mineral weathering, inorganic
fertilizers, soil amendments (e.g., gypsum, composts and manures), and irrigation waters. An
additional, important source of salts in many landscape soils comes from ice melters used on
roads and sidewalks. The addition of virtually any soluble material will increase soil salinity. It is
only when salts are present in relatively high amounts that plant growth is adversely affected.
SALINITY MEASUREMENT
Soil salinity is determined by measuring the electrical conductivity of solution extracted
from a water-saturated soil paste. Salinity is abbreviated as ECe (Electrical Conductivity of the
extract) with units of decisiemens per meter (dS/m) or millimhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm).
Both are equivalent units of measurement and give the same numerical value. The Utah State
University Soil Testing Lab charges $5.00 per sample to test for soil salinity. This is a small
investment relative to the cost of seed and vegetation planted in fields and landscapes.
MANAGING SOIL SALINITY
In principle, soil salinity is not difficult to manage. The first requirement for managing
soil salinity is adequate drainage, either natural or man-made. Determine salinity level by
collecting a representative soil sample to a 12 inch depth and having it analyzed by a lab. If the
salinity level is too high for the desired vegetation (see attached tables), remove salts by leaching
the soil with clean (low salt) water. Application of 6 inches of water will reduce salinity levels by
approximately 50%, 12 inches of water will reduce salinity by approximately 80%, and 24 inches
by approximately 90%. The manner in which water is applied is important. Water must drain
through the soil rather than run off the surface. Internal drainage is imperative and may require
deep tillage to break up any restrictive layer impeding water movement. Sprinkler irrigation
systems generally allow better control of water application rates; however, flood irrigation can be
used if sites are level and water application is controlled. Test another soil sample after leaching
the site to determine whether salinity level is now suitable for planting.
PLANT RESPONSES TO SOIL SALINITY
Table 1 describes general plant responses to different soil salinity ranges. Due to
economic and/or environmental limitations (e.g., inadequate drainage), it may not be possible to
leach salt from soil. In these situations, select plants that are tolerant of the salinity level in soil.
Tables 2 through 8 describe the salt tolerances of common agricultural, horticultural, and
ornamental plants grown in Utah. Tolerance values should be used as a guide when selecting
vegetation. Varietal differences and environmental conditions may make plants more or less salt
tolerant than indicated in the tables.
For harvested crops, threshold values indicate soil salinity levels where plants begin to
experience yield-reducing effects. Above the threshold, salinity levels associated with expected
yield losses of 10%, 25% and 50% are indicated. Ornamental plants are grouped according to
their relative salinity tolerance (low, medium or high) with ECe ranges indicated for each
category. With the exception of turf, relatively little research has been done on landscape and
ornamental plant salinity tolerance. Most research conducted on ornamentals has addressed
tolerance to salt spray deposited on foliage. A high tolerance to salt spray, however, may indicate
a high tolerance to salinity in the root zone.
Table 1. General guidelines for plant response to soil salinity.
Salinity (ECe, dS/m) Plant response
0 to 2 mostly negligible
2 to 4 growth of sensitive plants may be restricted
4 to 8 growth of many plants is restricted
8 to 16 only tolerant plants grow satisfactorily
above 16 only a few, very tolerant plants grow satisfactorily
Table 2. Salinity tolerance of common field crops grown in Utah.
Yield loss
Crop Threshold value 10% 25% 50%
--------------------------------- ECe (dS/m) -----------------------------
Barley 8.0 9.6 13.0 17.0
Beans (field) 1.0 1.5 2.3 3.6
Canola 2.5 3.9 6.0 9.5
Corn (grain) 2.7 3.7 6.0 7.0
Oats (grain) 5.2 6.7 9.0 12.8
Rye (grain) 5.9 7.7 12.1 16.5
Safflower 5.3 8.0 11.0 14.0
Sorghum 4.0 5.1 7.1 10.0
Sugarbeets 6.7 8.7 11.0 15.0
Sunflower 2.3 3.2 4.7 6.3
Triticale (grain) 6.1 8.1 12.0 14.2
Wheat 4.7 6.0 8.0 10.0
Table 3. Salinity tolerance of common forages grown in Utah.
Yield loss
Crop Threshold value 10% 25% 50%
------------------------------- ECe (dS/m) -------------------------------
Alfalfa 2.0 3.4 5.4 8.8
Barley (forage) 5.3 7.4 9.5 13.0
Beardless Wild Rye 5.0 10.0 14.0 20.0
Bermuda Grass 6.9 8.5 10.8 12.0
Birdsfoot Trefoil 4.0 6.0 7.5 10.0
Brome, Meadow 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
Brome, Smooth 2.5 3.1 4.0 5.0
Clovers (Berseem) 1.5 3.2 5.9 10.3
Clovers (Strawberry) 5.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
Clovers (Alsike, Ladino, Red) 1.3 2.3 3.6 5.7
Corn (silage) 1.8 2.7 6.8 8.6
Field Peas 1.3 2.0 3.1 4.9
Harding Grass 4.6 5.9 7.9 11.0
Newhy/Hoffman 4.8 6.4 8.0 16.0
Lovegrass 2.2 3.2 5.0 8.0
Meadow Foxtail 1.3 2.0 3.5 6.5
Oats (forage) 2.6 3.2 4.1 6.8
Orchard Grass 1.5 3.1 5.5 9.6
Perennial Ryegrass 5.6 6.9 8.9 12.0
Rye (forage) 2.5 3.5 5.1 7.2
Sweet Clover 4.0 6.0 7.5 10.0
Sudangrass 2.8 5.1 8.6 14.0
Tall Fescue 3.9 5.8 8.6 15.0
Timothy 2.0 2.7 3.8 5.0
Triticale (forage) 6.1 8.1 10.4 13.6
Vetch (spring) 3.0 3.9 5.3 7.6
Crested Wheatgrass 3.5 6.0 9.8 12.0
Tall Wheatgrass 7.5 9.9 13.0 19.0
Table 4. Salinity tolerance of common vegetables grown in Utah.
Yield loss
Crop Threshold value 10% 25% 50%
--------------------------------- ECe (dS/m) ---------------------------------
Asparagus 5.0 8.0 11.0 13.0
Beans 1.0 1.5 2.3 3.6
Beets 5.3 8.0 10.0 12.0
Broccoli 2.7 3.5 5.5 8.2
Cabbage 1.8 2.8 4.4 7.0
Cantaloupe 2.2 3.6 5.7 9.1
Carrot 1.0 1.7 2.8 4.6
Cauliflower 2.7 3.5 4.7 5.9
Celery 1.8 3.5 5.8 10.1
Corn, Sweet 1.7 2.5 4.0 6.0
Cucumber 2.5 3.3 4.4 6.3
Lettuce 1.3 2.1 3.2 5.2
Onion 1.2 1.8 2.8 4.3
Peas 0.9 2.0 3.7 6.5
Pepper, Bell 1.3 2.2 3.3 5.1
Potato 1.7 2.5 3.8 5.9
Radish 1.2 2.0 3.0 8.0
Spinach 3.7 5.5 7.0 8.0
Squash/pumpkins 3.9 4.9 5.9 7.9
Sweet Potato 1.5 2.4 3.8 6.0
Tomato 2.5 3.5 5.0 7.6
Turnips 0.9 1.9 3.1 4.9
Watermelon 2.0 2.5 3.5 4.5
Table 5. Salinity tolerance of common fruit and nut crops grown in Utah.
Yield loss
Crop Threshold value 10% 25% 50%
--------------------------------- ECe (dS/m) ---------------------------------
Apple 1.7 2.3 3.3 4.8
Almond 1.5 2.0 2.8 4.1
Apricot 1.5 2.0 2.6 3.7
Blackberry 1.0 2.0 2.6 3.8
Boysenberry 1.3 2.0 3.0 4.0
Cherries, Sweet and Tart 0.9 1.9 2.2 3.1
Grape 1.5 2.5 4.1 6.7
Nectarines 1.6 2.0 2.6 3.7
Peach 1.7 2.2 2.9 4.1
Pear 1.7 2.3 3.3 4.8
Pecan 1.9 2.5 3.5 4.9
Plum 1.5 2.1 2.9 4.3
Raspberry 1.0 1.4 2.1 3.2
Strawberry 1.0 1.3 1.8 2.5
Walnut 1.7 2.3 3.3 4.8
Table 6. Salinity tolerance of selected flowers grown in Utah.
Low tolerance Moderate tolerance High tolerance
ECe less than 2.0 dS/m* ECe = 2.0 to 3.0 dS/m* ECe = 3.0 to 4.0 dS/m*
China Aster Carnation Rose
Geranium Poinsettia
Lily Chrysanthemum
Gladiolus
Gardenia
Azalea
*Approximate tolerance ranges. Very little research has been done on the salinity tolerance of flowers.
Table 7. Salinity tolerance of common turfgrasses grown in Utah. The following represents
electrical conductivity levels at which the species begin to show a reduction in growth and
quality.
Low tolerance Moderate tolerance Mod. to High tolerance High tolerance
EC e = less than 3.0 EC e = 3.0 to 6.0 EC e = 6.0 to 9.0 EC e = 9.0 to 12.0
Kentucky bluegrass Fairway crested wheatgrass Tall fescue Alkaligrass
Annual bluegrass Creeping red fescue Bermudagrass
Chewings fescue
Hard fescue
Perennial ryegrass
Creeping bentgrass
Blue grama grass
Buffalograss
Zoysiagrass
REFERENCES
Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management. 1990. K.K. Tanji, Editor. American Society
of Civil Engineers, New York, N.Y.
The Western Fertilizer Handbook, 8th edition. 1995. Interstate Publishers, Danville, Illinois.
Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. 1954. USDA (Handbook 60).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Salinity and Plant Tolerance is a revision of the earlier publication titled Salinity and
Crop Tolerance authored by J. Kotuby-Amacher, J. Jurinak, V. P. Rasmussen, D. W. James and
R. W. Whitesides.
Table 8. Salinity tolerance of ornamental and shade trees grown in Utah.
Low tolerance Moderate tolerance High tolerance
ECe less than 2 dS/m* ECe = 2 to 3 dS/m* ECe = 3 to 4 dS/m*
Alders Boxelder Maples (Norway, Hedge)
Beech Ohio Buckeye Honeylocust
Norway Spruce Catalpas Cottonwoods
Giant Sequoia Birchs (River, White) Ash (European, Green, White)
Dawn Redwood Kentucky Coffeetree Flowering Crabapple
Scots/Scotch pine Ginkgo Poplars
Japanese Arborvitae London Planetree Goldenraintree
Maples (Sugar, Red) Hackberry Horsechestnut
Filbert/Hazel Hawthorn Joshua Tree
Littleleaf Linden American Holly Tamarack
American Linden Silver Linden Paper Birch
Eastern Redbud Magnolia Willows
European Hornbeam Firs Junipers/ E. Redcedar
Yellow-Poplar Mountainash European Larch
Oaks (Bur, Gambel, Shingle) Locust (Black, Idaho, New
Mexico)
American Sycamore Austrian Pine
Walnut (Black, English) Chinese Date
Blue Spruce Baldcypress
Pines (Bristlecone, Limber, Oaks (English, Northern Red,
Lodgepole, S.W. White, White)
Ponderosa, Pinyon)
Spruce (Englemann, White)
*approximate tolerance ranges.
For a more complete listing of ornamental tree tolerances to salinity and other conditions, see the Utah
State University Extension Bulletin #HG460, Selecting and Planting Landscape Trees.
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Extension Service, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. (EP/DF/03-2000)
