.

In an experiment, plant and animal cells were placed in different solutions A, B, C, and D as
shown below. The outcome of placing them in these solutions is also indicated in the figure.
 Plant cell placed in solution A → Cell stiffens but generally retains
shape.
 Plant cell placed in solution B → Cell body shrinks and pulls away
from cell wall.
 Animal cells placed in solution C → Cells swell and burst.
 Animal cells placed in solution D → Cells shrink and shrivel.
Identify the nature of the solutions A, B, C, and D:
(a) A and C are hypotonic, B and D are hypertonic
(b) A and D are hypotonic, B and C are hypertonic
(c) A and D are hypertonic, B and C are hypotonic
(d) A and B are hypertonic, C and D are hypotonic

2. Students were studying cellular processes such as osmosis and plasmolysis. To make them
understand the concept better, the teacher asked them to study the effect of a given solution
on a specific plant cell.
They placed the plant material in a given solution and studied the pattern of movement of
water for about two hours duration. It was observed that there was no net movement of water
during this period from the cell into the solution or vice versa.
Which of the following conditions must be true in the given situation?
(a) Turgor pressure is more than the wall pressure
(b) Turgor pressure is equal to the wall pressure
(c) Turgor pressure is less than the wall pressure
(d) Turgor pressure is zero and wall pressure has a negative value

3. Consider a beaker with a partition made up of sieved glass plate such that the beaker now
contains two spaces, A and B. The beaker contains distilled water to which sugar was added
in space A.
As you can see in the image, some molecules of sugar have moved to region B.
Which of the following is the correct term for describing this process?
(a) Osmosis
(b) Diffusion
(c) Plasmolysis
(d) Imbibition

4. Anna is studying salt uptake (absorption) by the roots in a plant. Which of the following
features does not play a role in the salt uptake in plants?
(a) pH of the soil
(b) Temperature
(c) Light conditions
(d) Soil bacteria
1. Alleles are variant forms of a gene that are located at the same position or genetic locus, on
a chromosome. An allele frequency is calculated by dividing the number of times the allele of
interest is observed in a population by the total number of all the alleles at that particular
genetic locus in the population.
A cross is made between two pea plants, one bearing round seeds and the other bearing
wrinkled seeds. All pea plants in the F₁ progeny had round seeds. When the F₁ progeny were
self-pollinated and the F₂ progeny analysed, it was observed that 300 plants had round seeds
while 100 plants had wrinkled seeds.
What is the frequency of the dominant allele that is responsible for seed shape in the F₂
progeny?

(a) 25%
(b) 50%
(c) 75%
(d) 100%

2. Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Long tails (T) are dominant to short
tails (t).
What fraction of the progeny of crosses (BbTt × BbTt) will be expected to have black fur and
short tails?
(a) 1/16
(b) 3/16
(c) 3/8
(d) 9/16

3. A plant (parental) bearing red flowers is self-pollinated and two kinds of progeny are
obtained: plants with red flowers and plants with white flowers in a ratio 3:1.
Based on this observation, which one of the following statements regarding genes controlling
the flower colour is correct?
(a) The parental plant had one kind of allele for the flower colour
(b) Two genes control flower colour
(c) The parental plant had two different alleles for the flower colour
(d) All progeny plants with red flower colour have the same genotype as that of the parent

4. Haemophilia and colourblindness are the disorders caused by X-chromosome linked

recessive gene. A woman has one X-chromosome, having gene for haemophilia and
colourblindness. The other X-chromosome has wild allele for both the characters. She
marries a man having phenotype normal for both the traits.
Which of the following statements is most likely for the progeny?
(a) All daughters haemophilic and colourblind
(b) 50% haemophilic sons and 50% colourblind sons
(c) 50% haemophilic colourblind sons and 50% normal sons
(d) 25% haemophilic daughters and 75% colourblind sons
5. A pure dwarf Pisum sativum (pea) plant was treated with Gibberellic Acid (GA₃). It then
became tall. If this plant is crossed with a pure tall plant, what will be the phenotype in the
next generation?

(a) 100% tall

(b) 50% tall and 50% dwarf
(c) 75% tall and 25% dwarf
(d) 100% dwarf

6. Consider the following human disorders:

(i) Haemophilia
(ii) Down’s syndrome
(iii) Cystic fibrosis
(iv) Colour blindness
(v) Night blindness
Which of these disorders exhibit Mendelian pattern of inheritance?
(a) I, III and IV
(b) I, II and III
(c) II, III and V
(d) I, III and V

1. The figure shows the structure and condensation states of a chromosome.

Which of the following options from a to d chooses all the correct statement(s) from the box
below?
Statements:
I. X is observed in metaphase of the cell-division cycle.
II. Y is a nucleosome.
III. Bacteria have Z.
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) I and II
(d) II and III

2. A short length linear DNA molecule has 110 Thymine and 110 Guanine bases.
The total number of nucleotides in the DNA fragment will be:

(a) 110
(b) 880
(c) 440
(d) 220
3. Chromosomes in metaphase are arranged at the equatorial plate
When these cells are treated with colchicine, cell division is arrested and the cells never enter
anaphase.
If we were to compare a colchicine treated cell at metaphase and an untreated cell in the same
phase, we notice that chromosomes are more dispersed and do not arrange themselves on the
equatorial plate in the treated cells

Using this information, which of the following will be affected by colchicine?

(a) Centromere
(b) Spindle fibre
(c) Centriole
(d) Arms of chromosome

4. The diagram given below represents a stage during cell division.

Study the same and answer the questions that follow:

(i) Identify whether it is a plant cell or an animal cell.

Give a reason in support of your answer.
(ii) Name the stage depicted in the diagram.
What is the unique feature observed in this stage?
(iii) Name the type of cell division that occurs during:
(a) replacement of old leaves by new ones.
(b) formation of gametes.
(iv) What is the stage that comes before the stage shown in the diagram?
(v) Draw a neat, labelled diagram of the stage mentioned in (iv) above, keeping the
chromosome number constant.

5. The diagram given below represents a certain stage of mitosis.

(i) Identify the stage of cell division.
(ii) Name the parts labelled as A and B.
(iii) What is the unique feature observed in this stage?
(iv) How many daughter cells are formed from this type of cell division?

6. The below diagram given represents a stage during cell division.

Study the same and then answer the questions that follow:
(i) Name the parts labelled as A, B and C.
(ii) Identify the above stage and give a reason to support your answer.
(iii) Mention where in the body this type of cell division occurs.
(iv) Name the stage prior to this stage and draw a diagram to represent the same.
2. The figure given below is a diagrammatic representation of a part of the cross-section of
the root hair zone. Study the same and then answer the questions that follow.

(i) Name the parts indicated by the guidelines A–D.

(ii) Which is the process that enables the passage of water from the soil into the root hair?
(iii) Name the pressure that is responsible for the movement of water in the direction
indicated by the arrows. Define it.
(iv) Due to an excess of this pressure sometimes drops of water are found along the leaf
margins of some plants especially in the early morning. What is the phenomenon called?
(v) Draw a well-labelled diagram of the root hair cell as it would appear if an excess of
fertiliser is added to the soil close to it.

3. Roots help in the absorption of water. A root hair contains cell sap which has a higher
concentration of salts as compared to the outside soil water.
(i) How do root hairs increase the absorption of water by plants?
(ii) Write any one condition which leads to guttation in plants.
(iii) Root pressure cannot account for the translocation of water. Why?
(iv) Mention two conditions which allow the root pressure to occur.
(v) What is transpiration pull?
(a) High humidity
(b) Low transpiration
(c) Transpiration pull is the force of pulling, produced inside the xylem tissue which helps in
the upward movement of water.

4. Observe the figure given below and answer the following questions:
(i) What are your observations regarding the pore size of the membrane after observing the
distribution of solute and solvent across the membrane?
(ii) What will be the direction of solvent movement?
(iii) List any two conditions that affect this process.
(iv) In which direction will the net movement of solvent molecules be?
(v) Name the phenomenon that concludes the above result.

1. Given below is a schematic diagram showing Mendel’s experiment on wrinkled pea plants
having axial flowers with round seeds (AARR) and terminal flowers with wrinkled seeds
(aarr).
Study the same and answer the questions that follow:
(i) Give the phenotype of F₁ progeny.
(ii) Give the phenotypes of F₂ progeny produced by the self-pollination of F₁ progeny.
(iii) Give the phenotypic ratio of F₂ progeny.
(iv) Name and explain the law introduced by Mendel on the basis of the above observation.
(v) Which law is also called the law of purity of gametes?

2. In Mendel’s experiments, tall pea plants (T) are dominant over dwarf pea plants (t).
(i) What is the phenotype and genotype of the F₁ generation if a homozygous tall plant is
crossed with a homozygous dwarf plant?
(ii) Draw a Punnett square board to show the gametes and offspring when both the parents are
heterozygous for tallness.
(iii) What is the phenotypic ratio and genotypic ratio of the above cross in (ii)?
(iv) Define:
 Hybrid
 Dihybrid cross

3. A homozygous tall plant (T) bearing red coloured flowers (R) is crossed with a dwarf plant
(t) bearing white flowers
(i) Give the genotype and phenotype of the F₁ generation.
(ii) Mention the possible combinations of the gametes that can be obtained from the F₁
hybrid plant.
(iii) State the Mendel’s law based on such a cross.
(iv) Mention the phenotypes of the offsprings obtained in the F