The Implementation and Effectiveness of “A Mother’s Embrace” Program

Obial, Mary Justine a.

Perocho, Venus G.

Quijano, Althea Allea D.

Rulona, Tracy C.

Salcedo, Immaculate L.

JUNE 2025
The Implementation and Effectiveness of “A Mother’s Embrace”

________________________

An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the
Faculty of the College of Nursing
La Salle University
Ozamiz City, Philippines

________________________

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirement for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

________________________

By

Obial, Mary Justine a.

Perocho, Venus G.
Quijano, Althea Allea D.
Rulona, Tracy C.
Salcedo, Immaculate L.

JUNE 2025

I
 ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the effectiveness of the “A Mother’s Embrace” health care seminar in

enhancing postpartum mother and newborn health care practices in Barangay Baybay San Roque,

Ozamiz City. Utilizing a descriptive-correlational quantitative approach, the research surveyed 38

postpartum mothers. The seminar was perceived as highly effective in delivering objectives, content,

and speaker quality, significantly improving health knowledge and promoting culturally sensitive

practices. Respondents demonstrated a very high level of adherence to recommended newborn care

practices across breastfeeding, thermoregulation, hygienic care, identification of danger signs, and

immunization. However, a comparative analysis showed no significant difference in practice

engagement levels between the current and a previous study group, suggesting either sustained high

engagement or limited impact from the intervention alone.

Keywords: Postpartum Mother, Newborn Health, "A Mother's Embrace", Newborn practices

II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, undertaking a research study is a difficult yet rewarding journey that

involves not just good time management and unflinching patience, but also devotion, critical

thinking, and, most importantly, meaningful collaboration. As it requires meticulous planning,

ongoing learning, and the ability to react to unexpected challenges. The researchers also want to

thank the following individuals;

The researchers would like extend their sincerest and heartfelt gratitude to their research

advisor, Ms. Sally C. Diangca MAN, for her constant guidance, knowledge, and unwavering efforts

and support throughout the process of this research study. Despite the odd schedule, she consistently

motivated us. Patiently addressed our inquiries, significantly enhancing the success of our research

paper and the best possible outcome.

The researcher extends their sincere appreciation to the research panel members, Ms.

Carousel B. Tagaylo PhD, Ms. Arlene D. Apao MAN, and Ms. Leonila M. Badilla, MAN. For

their expert critiques and feedback, suggestions, and academic recommendations, which

considerably assisted the completion of this research paper.

To Ms. Rachelle Padilla, the University Statistician, for her valuable time and assistance in

performing the statistical analysis that greatly contributed to the completion of this study.

To Ms. Arlene D. Apao, MAN, Dean of the College of Nursing, for her unwavering support

in the completion of this study, for granting us permission through the signed letter of approval, and

for her encouragement and assistance in facilitating the conduct of our seminar.

To the City Mayor in the City of Ozamiz, for approving our request and granting us the

opportunity to conduct our seminar in Barangay San Roque.

III
 To Barangay Officials of Barangay Baybay, San Roque, Misamis Occidental, for their

assistance and active involvement in making it possible for the researchers to carry out the study

within their locality.

To Barangay Health Workers of Barangay Baybay, San Roque, Misamis Occidental, for

their invaluable support and assistance with the community throughout the conduct of our research

and seminar.

To the Respondents of this Study, for their willingness to participate, for their valuable time,

and for providing truthful and meaningful answers to the survey questions despite their demanding

schedules.

To their Families for their steadfast support in all forms—emotional, physical, and financial—

and for their unwavering belief in us, which served as a constant source of motivation in the

completion and improvement of this study.

Above all, thanks to the Almighty Father, for providing the researchers with strength, divine

guidance and wisdom to sustain them throughout the course of this study. All of these would be

impossible without Him.

Animo La Salle!

IV
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE PAGE

TITTLE PAGE i

ABSTRACT ii

ACKWOLEDGEMENT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF FIGURES ix

Chapter
1. THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Review of Related Literature 4

Conceptual Framework 25

Statement of the Problem 26

Scope and Delimitation 27

Significance of the Study 27

2. METHODOLOGY

Research Design 30

Research Locale 30

Research Respondents 30

Research Instrument 31

Research Procedure 31

V
Data Procedure 31

Scoring Procedure 32

Statistical Treatment 32

Ethical Consideration 33

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Profile of the Respondents 34

Perceived Effectiveness of the “A Mother’s Embrace Seminar” 35

Objectives 35

Content 37

Speaker 38

Overall 40

The Respondent’s Engagement with Newborn Care Practices 41

Breastfeeding Practices 42

Thermoregulation Practices 44

Hygienic Care Practices 45

Identification of Danger Signs of Newborn Practices 47

Immunization 48

Comparison of the Engagement with Newborn Care Practices of the Previous 50

Study’s Respondents and the Current Study’s

Health Teaching Plan 52

4. SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary & Findings 64

Conclusion 67

Recommendation 68

VI
REFERENCES 70

APPENDICES

A. Letter of Request 73

B. Informed Consent 77

C. Survey Questionnaire 79

D. Reliability Testing Results 95

RESEARCH’S PROFILE 97

VII
 LIST OF TABLES

1 Respondents’ Profile 34

2 Perceived Effectiveness of the Seminar in Terms of its Objectives 35

3 Perceived Effectiveness of the Seminar in Terms of its Content 37

4 Perceived Effectiveness of the Seminar in Terms of its Speaker 38

5 Perceived Effectiveness of the Seminar in Terms of its Overall Execution 40

6 Level of Respondents’ Engagement with Newborn Care Practices in Terms 42

of Breastfeeding Practices
7 Level of Respondents’ Engagement with Newborn Care Practices in Terms 44
of Thermoregulation Practices
8 Level of Respondents’ Engagement with Newborn Care Practices in Terms 45
of Hygienic Care Practices
9 Level of Respondents’ Engagement with Newborn Care Practices in Terms 47
of Identification of Danger Signs of Newborn
10 Level of Respondents’ Engagement with Newborn Care Practice in Terms 48
of Immunization
11 Independent T-test Results Comparing the Level of Engagement in 50
Newborn Care Practices Between Respondents of the Previous Study and
those of the Current Study

VIII
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Schema Of the Study 26

IX
X
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

The postpartum period is a critical period where mothers transition into

motherhood and care for their newborns. Postpartum mothers, also known as postnatal or

puerperal mothers, are women who have recently given birth to a baby (Berens, 2023) as

cited by Acantilado et.al., (2023. For Gonzales, et.al, (2022), the postpartum period

immediately begins after childbirth and is typically until about six weeks, although the

duration may vary for everyone as cited by Acantilado et.al. (2023). It concludes when

the body of the mother has almost reverted to the state it was in before pregnancy. This

phase is crucial time of physical and emotional recovery for the mother after the

childbirth process.

According to Haran et. al., (2014) as cited by Acantilado et.al., (2023),

immediately following delivery lay the groundwork for both the newborns and the

mother’s long term wellbeing and overall health. To provide ongoing, continuous,

comprehensive care during the postpartum (afterbirth) period, it is essential to establish a

reliable postpartum period. The initial month following childbirth is the period with the

highest occurrences of maternal and infant mortality. Thus, ensuring effective postpartum

care is crucial for enhancing the immediate and lasting health outcomes for the newborn

and the mother (Gonzales et.al., 2022) as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023).

It is along this premise that an undergraduate thesis was presented to the Faculty

of the College of Nursing, La Salle University, Ozamiz City by Acantilado, N.K.L.,

Agcol, A.J.A. Domingo, T.N.B., Gomera, C.A.R.A., and Ortega, N.P.C. entitled

“Postpartum Mother’s Practices Toward Newborn Care”, June 2023

According to the study, it aimed to determine the practices of postpartum mothers

toward newborn care in terms of breastfeeding, thermoregulation, hygienic care,

1
identification of danger signs of newborns, and immunization practices, and the

significant difference between the practices of newborn care and the respondents’

demographic profile in terms of age, educational attainment, socio-economic status, and

maternal parity.

Although, the study incorporated on its conceptual framework a Health Teaching

Enhancement Plan entitled “A Mother’s Embrace” as a dependent variable, but it is

apparent that this is just being used as a recommendatory intervention by the study and

does not play a vital role in enhancing postpartum mothers and newborn health care

practices being manifested on its survey questionnaire as research instrument. The study

was only able to identify the extent of practices on newborn care by postpartum mothers

in terms of breastfeeding, thermoregulation, hygienic care, identification of danger signs

of newborns, and immunization. However, there are no concrete evidences as to the

sources of information in the promotion of such practices by postpartum mothers

considering no definite intervention strategies were implemented in raising awareness of

postpartum mother and newborn care practices.

Moreover, the study utilized a quantitative research approach which requires a

large sample sizer from the total population for generalization purposes, the research was

conducted in selected barangays in Ozamiz city, Misamis Occidental; namely barangay

Baybay Santa Cruz with 157 newborns, Barangay Babaybay San Roque with 249

newborns, and Barangay Aguada with 235 newborns. These data were taken from the

Age-Specific Population Projection 2022 of the Department of Health.

It is along this line, that this research study is being conducted to further

determine the effectiveness of the implementation of “A Mother’s Embrace” healthcare

seminar on postpartum mother and newborn care. Acantilado et.al. (2023) stressed the

need to address the importance of ensuring health and overall well-being of newborns in

the Philippines, specifically in Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental. The study stated further

2
that the possibility of newborn mortality or illness is intended to be avoided through the

researchers’’ endeavor by determining the practices that postpartum mothers have

adopted in selected barangays of Ozamiz City which the research was not able to

completely address. Furthermore, the study only succeeded in establishing the extent of

which postpartum mothers’ adoption of newborn care practices but definitely leaving out

the significant role that “A Mother’s Embrace” play in enhancing newborn health care.

3
 Review of Related Literature

This section of the study is aimed to investigate available related literatures and

studies about postpartum mothers and newborns health care covering international and

local sources.

On March 30, 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched its first ever

global guidelines to women and newborns in the postnatal period – the first six weeks

after birth. This is a critical time for ensuring newborn and maternal survival and for

supporting healthy development of the baby as well as the mother’s overall mental and

physical recovery and wellbeing.

Worldwide, more than 3 in 10 women and babies do not currently receive

postnatal care in the first days after birth – the period when most maternal and infant

deaths occur. Meanwhile, the physical and emotional consequence of childbirth – from

injuries to recurring pain and trauma can be debilitating if unmanaged but are often

highly treatable when the right care is given at the right time (WHO, 2022).

“The need for quality maternity and newborn care does not stop once a baby is

born,” said Dr. Anshu Banerjee, Director of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent

Health and Ageing at WHO. “Indeed, the birth of a baby is a life-changing moment, one

that is bound by love, hope and excitement, but it can also cause unprecedented stress and

anxiety. Parents need strong health care and support systems, especially women, whose

needs are too often neglected when the baby comes”

In addition to addressing immediate health concerns, these first weeks after birth

are crucial for building relationships and establishing behaviors that affect long-term

infant development and health. The guidelines include recommendations for breast

feeding counselling – to aid attachment and positioning as breastfeeding is established –

4
and to support parents in providing responsive care for their newborns (WHO, 2022).

Among the sixty (60) recommendations that help shape a positive postpartum

experience for women, babies and families, WHO included the following:

- High quality care in health facilities for all women and babies for at least 24

hours after birth, with a minimum of three additional postnatal checkups in the

first six weeks. These additional contacts should include home visits if

feasible, so that the health worker can support the transition to home care. In

the case of a home birth, the first postnatal contact should occur as early as

possible and no later than 24 hours after birth;

- Steps to identify and respond to danger signs needing urgent medical attention

in either the woman or the baby;

- Treatment, support and advice to aid recovery and mange common problems

that women can experience after childbirth, such as perineal pain and breast

engorgement;

- Screening of all newborns for eye abnormalities and hearing impairment, as

well as vaccination at birth;

- Exclusive breastfeeding counselling, access to postnatal contraception and

health promotion, including physical activity;

- Encouragement of partner involvement by being part of checkups, for

instance, as well as providing support to the woman and attending to the

newborn;

- Screening for postnatal maternal depression and anxiety, with referral and

management services where needed.

(Source: WHO, 2022)

The postpartum period is both a happy and crucial period for a woman and her

entire family. The early postpartum days are the most stressful period for a mother, who

5
must deal with demands from her newborn baby and her own care needs (Almalik, 2017),

while coping with physiological and psychological changes (Ricci, 2013). In a survey

conducted in the United States, about 42% of women were found to suffer from physical

and psychological distress because of their perceived inability to care for their newborn

(Declerq, 2013). Struggling with the demands of caring for an infant alteration in body

image, and changes in family composition are also possible stressors during the

postpartum period (Coyle, 2009). Now, mothers need support from family members in

the first 6 weeks after giving birth. Support from family members can enhance a

woman’s self-efficacy, confirm her role and identify as a mother (Chen, et.al., 2017), and

improve her general health and social well-being, and the health of the newborn child and

family (Coyle, 2009).

The guidelines on postnatal care for mothers and newborns from the World

Health Organization (WHO) highlighted the significance of postpartum home visits to

optimize their health outcomes. The guidelines recommended that physical assessment of

the newborns and mothers, counselling, and psychosocial support should be included in

the content of home visits (WHO, 2014). The effectiveness of postpartum home visits has

also been confirmed. For example, two randomized controlled trials in western countries

compared the differences between home-based postpartum care (early discharge) and

hospital-based care, they found that home-based postpartum care is safe and effective

with regard to physical parameters, breastfeeding and postpartum depression for low-risk

pregnancies (Boulvain, et.al., 2004; Ellberg et.al., 2005 as cited by XiaoXiao, 2019).

In China, the government stipulates that nurses are to visit the homes of all

postpartum women. However, due to lack of standardized guidelines for postpartum

home visits and the lack of specific training for nurses, the home visit services have been

criticized for not meeting the needs of women (Zhang, 2008 as cited by XiaoXiao, 2019).

The overall usage of postpartum home visits and the level of satisfaction with the services

6
are guide low, and do not meet the needs of postpartum women and their families (Tao,

et.al., 2011 as cited by XiaoXiao, 2019). A study in Tianjin reported that the postpartum

home visit services are not comprehensive, and that women wanted the services to

include the teaching of postpartum self-care, support for breastfeeding, and contraception

(Xu, et.al.,2016 as cited by XiaoXiao, 2019).

The focus of a new online campaign WHO is launching in Chine which

highlighted the “First Embrace” – the simple act of ensuring skin-to-skin contact between

mother and baby immediately after birth. When a newborn baby comes out of the womb,

he or she is extremely vulnerable immediately at risk from cold (hypothermia) and a host

of harmful bacteria in the delivery room. Yet, contrary to natural maternal instinct, the

baby is often taken away from the mother right after birth, so that health care

professionals can examine the baby and perform other important tasks. Such care is

incredibly important, but often the importance of sequence is misunderstood

(Schwartlander, 2015).

When a baby is born, he or she first needs to be quickly dried and then passed

straight back to the mother, for the essential skin-to-skin contact which transfers love,

warmth and protective bacteria. It also helps to promote breastfeeding which builds

immunity and lowers the risk of non-communicable diseases in the future. It is the first

step in building the special bond between mother and child that will last a lifetime. And it

has been clinically proven to work in improving health outcomes for newborn babies –

time and time again, in different situations and different countries (Schwartlander, 2015).

In a study conducted by Lee and Huang (2022), it has been recommended that

the neonatal intensive care unit should adopt family-centered care, taking an initiative to

emphasize and care for the mother, assisting skin-to-skin contact for the mother and baby

as soon as possible, maintaining established breastfeeding, providing the correct concept

of postpartum care and encouraging participation in support groups. These activities can

7
reduce the impact of the situation on the maternal role and improve maternal identify

recognition.

The postpartum period is typically associated with significant hormonal shifts that

can trigger mood fluctuations. The “baby blues” is a common experience for many new

mothers, marked by transient feelings of sadness, irritability, or anxiety that typically

resolve within two weeks after delivery. While these feelings are usually mild and short-

lived, they can be disconcerting and are sometimes a prelude to more serious mood

disorders. Among the spectrum of postpartum mood disorders, postpartum depression

and anxiety are the most prevalent. Symptoms can include severe mood swings,

excessive crying, difficulty bonding with the baby, withdrawal from family and friends,

and overwhelming fatigue. Recognizing these signs is the first step toward seeking help.

Early intervention is crucial as these disorders can affect a mother’s ability to care for her

child and herself (Family Seasons, 2024).

Local Related Literature and Study

According to the study of Siregar (2021), in the Philippines low healthcare

services utilization in postpartum woman contributes to significant maternal deaths

during the postpartum period. Most rural or suburban areas do not conform to

government services due to perceived traditional beliefs and practices. The postpartum

period is an exceptional phase in the life of a newly delivered mother and her newborn. It

is filled with strong emotions, physical changes, new and changed relationships,

assumptions, and adjustments into the new mother role (Siregar, 2021).

The major causes of maternal death in the Philippines are complications during

pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period (i.e., pregnancy – induced hypertension,

postpartum hemorrhage, and puerperal infection). This indicates that many maternal

deaths occur not only during pregnancy and delivery, but also during the postpartum

period. In fact, approximately two-thirds of all maternal deaths occur during the

8
postpartum period (Yamashita, et.al., 2017). In one study, the utilization of healthcare

services in pregnant and postpartum women in the Philippines was observed to be 95.8%

and 62.3%, respectively (PSA Philippines, 2013). It has been suggested that it is possible

that lower ratio of healthcare service utilization in postpartum women may contribute to

maternal deaths during the postpartum period. Furthermore, it has been reported that

women who delivered at home showed a lower ratio of postpartum health care service

utilization than women who delivered in facilities (Yamashita, et.al., 2014). A ratio of

home deliveries in the Philippines had decreased from 56% in 2008 to 38% in 2013, but

it remains still high (PSA Philippines, 2013).

Therefore, the provision of health care services to postpartum women who

deliver at home might be important for reducing maternal mortality ratio in the

Philippines. There are no reports regarding the outcome of utilization of healthcare

services on the health condition of postpartum women who deliver at home in the

Philippines. However, according to the study of Yamashita et.al., (2017), financial and

environmental barriers might hinder the utilization of healthcare services by women who

deliver at home in the Philippines. Low utilization of healthcare services in women who

deliver at home might result in more frequent abnormal symptoms during postpartum.

On the study conducted by Acantilado et.al., (2023), using the Four-point

Likert Scale, breastfeeding practices registered an average weighted mean of 3.61 with a

descriptive rating of “Always Practiced”; thermoregulation practices with an average

weighted mean of 3.56 with an equivalent descriptive rating of “Always Practiced”;

hygienic care practices with an average weighted mean of 3.68 or a descriptive rating of

“Always Practiced”; identification of danger signs on newborn with an average weighted

mean of 3.74 or “Always Practiced” as descriptive rating; and 3.89 average weighted

mean with descriptive rating of “Always Practiced” for immunization practices. In all

areas of postpartum newborn health care practices, results of the study showed a high

9
 degree of adopted practices. However, there were no concrete evidences explaining

health care interventions on postpartum mother and newborn care remedies.

Meanwhile, to use the findings of the study as basis on the implementation of

“A Mother’s Embrace” in enhancing health care practices for postpartum mothers and

newborns does not warrant solid foundations. Considering the samples taken from the

population, the study is too small leaving a wider gap on the margin of error which is

forty-five (45) respondents out of six hundred forty-one (641) of the three selected

barangays of Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental.

The postpartum period for mother and newborn is a very critical stage that

could not be dismissed easily. Postpartum mothers have a fundamental role in nurturing

and caring for their newborns during the delicate early stages of life (WHO, 2013). These

practices are influenced by a combination of cultural, societal, economic and individual

factors (Singh et.al., 2019). For the promotion of the wellbeing of both the mother and

the baby, it is essential to provide education, support, and access to healthcare resources.

Empowering postpartum mothers with knowledge and understanding of best practices

can lead to better outcomes for newborns, fostering a loving and nurturing environment

for their healthy growth and development (WHO, 2022).

Newborn Care Practices

Newborn care is the care of the mother or by another caregiver given to a

newborn between the ages from birth to twenty-eight days, including breastfeeding

practices,

thermoregulation practices, hygienic care practices, identification of newborn danger signs,

and immunization practices.

The World Health Organization (WHO) suggested newborn care measures to

lower the risk of the main causes of the mortality of newborns in the community and

institutional births (Weldeargeawi et al., 2020 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023). WHO's
10
Newborn Care Guidelines cover things like keeping the baby clean during delivery,

keeping the baby warm, starting breastfeeding early, breastfeeding exclusively, taking

care of the baby's eyes, taking care of the baby when they are sick, immunizing the baby,

and taking care of babies who are born with a low birth weight (Buser et al., 2020 as cited

by Acantilado et.al., 2023). It's a framework that ought to be enacted straight away after

the baby is born, and it should be maintained for at least the first week. A technique for

the improvement of health outcomes for the newborns is the promotion of fundamental

newborn care practices (Mersha et al., 2018 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023).

Breastfeeding of Newborn. Breastfeeding is the process of providing breast milk

to a newborn directly from the mother's breast (WHO, 2016 as cited by Acantilado et.al.,

2023). In addition to containing antibodies and other immune factors that can help in the

protection of the newborn from infections and other diseases, breast milk also supplies

newborns with the essential nutrients for growth and development (American Academy

of Pediatrics, 2012 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023). The best source of nutrients for a

newborn's growth and development because it boosts their immunity to infectious

illnesses and regulates the development of good bacteria in their intestines is breastmilk.

In addition to promoting mother-newborn bonding, breastfeeding is linked to a slight

improvement in the newborn as they age and adolescents' performance on intelligence

tests, a lower risk of diabetes type 2, overweight, and obesity, as well as a potentially

lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease (Horta et al., 2013 as cited by Acantilado

et.al., 2023).

According to Ekubay et al. (2018) as cited by Acantilado et.al., (2023),

breastfeeding during the first hour of life reduces the risk of newborn deaths from

pneumonia, diarrhea, hypothermia, and sepsis, Early breastfeeding ensures that newborns

receive colostrum, also known as "the first breastmilk," which is filled with antibodies

which guards the newborn against diseases. A newborn's capacity to combat illnesses

11
depends heavily on the colostrum (Hammon et al., 2013 as cited by Acantilado et.al.,

2023).

Breastfeeding is a critical aspect of newborn care that offers numerous health

benefits to both the mother and her child. However, it is crucial to maintain good hygiene

practices during breastfeeding to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases. One of

the most crucial hygiene practices is handwashing, which had been shown to lessen the

transmission of infectious diseases (Hockenberry et al., 2021 as cited by Acantilado et.al.,

2023).

12
 Studies have also highlighted how important handwashing is before breastfeeding.

In a study of Derso et al. (2018) as cited by Acantilado et.al., (2023), before

breastfeeding, handwashing with water and soap was found to have contributed to the

reduction of the risk of diarrhea in newborns by 39%. Another study by Mukhopadhyay

et al. (2012) as cited by Acantilado et.al., (2023), revealed that handwashing before

breastfeeding reduced the risk of neonatal sepsis by 41%.

It is essential to clean the nipple before breastfeeding to prevent the transmission

of germs and bacteria. The WHO (2018) as cited by Acantilado et.al., (2023)

recommends cleaning the nipple with warm water and avoiding the use of soap or other

cleaning agents. This practice helps to keep newborn safe and healthy. Comfortable

breastfeeding positions are essential for the newborn as well as the mother. WHO

recommends finding a comfortable and supported position that allows the mother to

relax and the newborn to latch on properly. Comfortable positions also help to prevent

back pain and sore nipples.

A proper latch and feeding duration are crucial for successful breastfeeding.

WHO recommends holding the newborn facing the breast and supporting the neck,

shoulders, and back. Beginning the feeding on the breast the newborn last fed on helps to

establish or maintain milk production on both breasts. Feeding for at least 10-15 minutes

on each breast helps to ensure that the newborn receives enough milk. Burping after

feeding helps to prevent discomfort and colic in the newborn. The newborn should be

burped after each feed by holding the newborn upright against the chest and gently

patting or rubbing the back. This practice helps to release any air trapped in the newborn's

stomach.

Thermoregulation of Newborn. Thermoregulation is the process through which

the body regulates its internal temperature (Holland, 2017 as cited by Acantilado et.al.,

2023). A fundamental component of caring for newborns is controlling their body

13
temperature. Next to the establishment of respiration, thermoregulation is essential to the

newborn’s survival (Hockenberry, 2016 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023). The

immediate and long-term newborn care both require the maintenance of a thermally

neutral setting. A newborn's thermal control is less developed than that of an adult

because of the absence of insulation; adults can maintain heat in the body at temperatures

as low as 0°C (32°F). (WHO, 2013 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023).

The “neutral” range for newborns is more limited and elevated (32-34°C). The

normal axillary temperature falls between 36.4 and 37.4 °C (WHO, 2013). According to

Heartley (2015) as cited by Acantilado et.al., (2023), several factors cause the newborn to

lose more heat. A newborn loses more heat and fluid due to the surface area of the skin to

body weight ratio. Massive heat loss is caused by the skin's loss of fluid. Further heat loss

results from the thin skin's poor

insulation, which has blood vessels close to the surface. From the time of birth, until they

can regulate their own body temperature, the thermal environment must be carefully

monitored.

When a newborn's temperature falls below 36.5 °C, hypothermia sets in.

Worldwide, neonatal hypothermia constitutes a substantial leading cause of neonatal

death and health impairment among neonates regardless of climate (Mccall, 2018 as cited

by Acantilado et.al., 2023). Neonatal hypothermia is a frequent disease that affects

between 32% and 85% of babies in hospitals (Lunze, 2013 as cited by Acantilado et.al.,

2023). Newborns may be at risk for losing body heat during routine procedures like vital

signs, assessment, and diaper changes. Bathing is a stressful procedure, especially early

bathing as this can cause hypothermia and other associated complications, such as

hypoglycemia, hypoxia, and pulmonary hemorrhage (Ruchel et al., 2018).

The World Health Organization (2013) as cited by Acantilado et.al., (2023) states

that if hypothermia persists, there is a risk of neonatal cold injury, in which case the

14
newborn will typically become restless, have irregular, slow, and shallow breathing, and

have a low heart rhythm (bradycardia) proportional to how much their body temperature

has dropped. There is a real chance of dying from metabolic acidosis and hypoglycemia.

The most crucial step in preventing neonatal hypothermia is to maintain a healthy

environment temperature (Stavis, 2019).

A 37.5°C and above body temperature is considered hyperthermia (WHO, 2013

as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023). Environmental conditions that produce overheating

like exposure to a hot environment and excessive swaddling are frequently the cause of

hyperthermia in newborns (Snyder, 2023 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023) while

infection, CNS disorders like asphyxia, and dehydration may also be the reason. (Singhal,

2012). In a newborn, it is less likely to be an indication of sepsis. The newborn may

exhibit warm extremities, tachycardia, poor feeding lethargy, tachypnea, apnea,

hypotonia, flushing, perspiration, dehydration, agitation, and a weak cry if the

hyperthermia persists.

Taking a newborn's temperature is an essential aspect of neonatal care that

requires a standardized approach to ensure accurate results and prevent potential harm.

The recommended method for taking a newborn's temperature is via the axillary route,

using a digital thermometer with a probe cover and holding the thermometer in place for

a minimum of three minutes (AAP and the National Institute for Health and Care

Excellence, 2019 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023). This method is considered safe,

noninvasive, and reliable for detecting fever or hypothermia in newborns. Furthermore,

the AAP emphasizes the importance of documenting the temperature accurately and

maintaining the thermometer's calibration to ensure reliable results. Rectal thermometry,

although considered the gold standard for temperature measurement in newborns, is

reserved for clinical situations where the axillary method is not feasible or has failed to

yield reliable results.

15
 Bathing a newborn with lukewarm water, limiting the duration of the bath, and

proper drying of the newborn are crucial aspects of neonatal care that promote thermal

regulation and prevent skin irritation. According to AAP (2016 as cited by Acantilado

et.al., 2023), a bath of 5 to 10 minutes with lukewarm water is sufficient to clean the skin

and scalp of the newborn. Prolonged bathing increases the risk of heat loss and can cause

dryness and peeling of the skin of the newborn. After bathing, the newborn should be

gently patted with a soft towel to dry and paying special attention to skin folds, such as

the neck, armpits, and groin, can help prevent moisture buildup and diaper rash.

Dressing a newborn warmly with swaddle blankets, a bonnet, and booties or socks

is an essential part of neonatal care that helps maintain the newborn's body temperature

and prevent thermal stress. According to AAP (2019 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023),

newborns should be dressed in one layer more than what adults would wear in the same

environment. Swaddling the newborn in a lightweight blanket, with arms snugly

wrapped, can provide a sense of security and warmth, while a soft bonnet can prevent

heat loss from the head. Booties or socks can also help keep the newborn's feet warm and

protect them from the cold. However, it is important not to overdress the newborn, as this

can increase the risk of overheating leading to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

The WHO (2013) as cited by Acantilado et.al., (2023) also recommends that skin-

to-skin contact should be initiated immediately after birth, as it can help regulate the

newborn’s temperature and reduce the risk of hyperthermia. Regularly checking the

newborn's temperature is crucial to guarantee it stays within a safe range, and any signs

of hyperthermia should be promptly addressed to prevent complications. By

implementing these measures, the risk of hyperthermia in newborns can be significantly

reduced, promoting optimal health and well-being.

Hygienic Care of Newborn. Hygienic care for newborns involves essential

practices

16
to maintain their cleanliness and well-being (AAP, 2019 as cited by Acantilado et.al.,

2023). Maintaining proper hygienic care for newborns, encompassing cord care,

bathing, and diaper care, is paramount for their overall wellbeing. These practices

collectively contribute to a healthy start for newborns, ensuring their comfort and

reducing the risk of complications.

Cord Care. Hygiene practices used on a newborn’s umbilical cord stump to

prevent infection and speed up healing is referred to as cord care. The attached portion of

the umbilical cord of the newborn's navel after cutting the cord at birth is known as the

umbilical cord stump. Proper cord care is essential for the umbilical cord stump to heal

and avoid infection. If bacteria get into the stump of the umbilical cord, this can cause

infection, which can have serious and even life-threatening complications (Mason, 2018

as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023).

Handwashing is an essential hygiene practice that must be observed when

providing cord care to a newborn to prevent infections. Several studies have highlighted

the importance of handwashing when providing cord care. A study found that

handwashing before cord care reduced the incidence of omphalitis (inflammation of the

umbilical cord) by 36% (Mubyazi et al., 2013 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023). In

addition to handwashing before cord care, hand hygiene practices during cord care are

also essential. The study also found that using a clean instrument and avoiding harmful

substances during cord care further reduced the risk of cord infections in newborns.

The American Academy of Pediatrics (2019) as cited by Acantilado et.al., (2023)

advises keeping the cord stump dry and clean, folding the diaper of the newborn down to

avoid covering the cord stump, avoiding submerging the newborn in water until the cord

stump falls off and watching for signs of infection, such as swelling and redness around

the cord stump, discharge, or foul odor. The World Health Organization recommends

maintaining the newborns cord dry, which means not using antiseptics or other

17
substances to keep the cord stump clean and dry. WHO (2016) as cited by Acantilado

et.al., (2023) states that this strategy is connected to a reduced risk of neonatal mortality

and morbidity as well as a lower risk of infection.

Umbilical cord infections can lead to fever, lethargy, poor feeding, and other

symptoms in newborns. (AAP, 2020 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023). A Cochrane

Database of Systematic Reviews- published systematic review found that newborns who

had their cord stumps cleaned and dry had a lower risk of cord infection and sepsis. The

review also refuted the use of antiseptics or other substances on the cord stump (Zupan et

al., 2020 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023).

Bathing. Bathing a newborn involves cleaning the newborn's skin and hair using

a mild soap or cleanser, while taking care not to irritate or dry out the delicate skin. WHO

recommends waiting at least one full day after giving birth to take the first bath to

encourage the contact of the newborn’s skin to the skin of the mother. This can help

regulate the newborn's body temperature, blood sugar, and breathing.

Before handling the newborn or any baby care items, WHO recommends parents

and other caregivers to perform handwashing thoroughly with soap and water (WHO,

2019 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023). Proper hand hygiene before bathing the

newborn can help to prevent infections and promote the health of the newborn. Daily

bathing is also recommended for newborns using clean water and mild soap or baby wash

(WHO, 2013 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023). However, excessive bathing can lead to

skin dryness and irritation. It is recommended to bathe the newborn no more than once a

day, using lukewarm water. WHO recommends that the eyes of newborns should be

cleaned with sterile water or saline, and that care should be taken to avoid touching the

eyes with dirty hands or clothes. Cleaning the eyes of the newborn from the inner to the

outer canthus (from the side of the nose to the direction of the ear) can help to prevent the

18
spread of infections.

Diaper Care. Diaper care is an important aspect of newborn care, as it helps

prevent skin irritation and infection. The most important aspect of diaper care for

newborns is changing their diapers frequently.

19
 According to AAP (2021) as cited by Acantilado et.al., (2023), diapers should be

changed every two to three hours or as soon as they become soiled or wet. Diaper rash

and irritation to the skin can be avoided by changing the diaper frequently.

Before changing a diaper, it is very important to wash your hands. It is also

helpful to wipe the newborn's bottom with a gentle, fragrance-free cloth or wipe and let

the skin air dry. Utilizing a barrier cream, such as zinc oxide or petroleum jelly, can help

heal diaper rash and protect the skin. The most common type of diaper is disposable, but

cloth diapers can also be used. To get rid of bacteria and prevent infections, cloth diapers

must be cleaned with warm water and a very mild detergent. Lastly, it is essential to

check that the diaper fits properly and is not too tight, as this can cause diaper rash and

irritation to the skin. (AAP, 2021 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023).

Identification of Danger Signs of Newborn. A neonatal danger sign is a sign or

symptom that indicates a serious health issue in a newborn and requires immediate

medical attention (WHO, 2016 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023). These signs are

typically related to the newborn's breathing, temperature, feeding, or behavior. To avoid

serious complications and improve outcomes, it is crucial for parents, caregivers, and

healthcare professionals to be aware of these warning signs and seek immediate medical

attention if they are noticed in a newborn (Yosef, 2020 as cited by Acantilado et.al.,

2023).

The essential first step toward improving neonatal survival is the early detection

of neonatal illness (Sandberg et al., 2014 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023). A mother is

the most qualified individual to diagnose, describe, and treat a newborn's condition,

ensuring that the newborn can live a healthy and ideal life (Yosef, 2020 as cited by

Acantilado et.al., 2023). For Nigatu (2015), because mothers' knowledge on neonatal

danger indicators is critical to their health-seeking behavior, there is a chance to avoid

associated neonatal deaths if mothers have awareness on the neonatal danger signals.

20
 The ability to distinguish between episodes that need care at a health facility and

those that may be successfully managed at home is particularly important for mothers and

caregivers in locations with limited access to healthcare services. A household must be

able to recognize when a member is ill, determine when an illness requires treatment

away from home, and seek prompt and appropriate medical care (Sandberg et al., 2014 as

cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023).

WHO (2016) as cited by Acantilado et.al., (2023) has identified several neonatal

danger signs that require immediate medical attention. These danger signs include not

feeding well, difficulty breathing, high fever, hypothermia, jaundice, severe vomiting,

convulsions or seizures, abdominal distention, and lethargy or unconsciousness. A

newborn who is not feeding well or not able to suck properly may be experiencing

breathing difficulties or other health issues. A newborn who is having difficulty breathing

or has fast breathing, noisy breathing, or grunting sounds may be experiencing respiratory

distress. A newborn with a temperature of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher may be experiencing

an infection. A yellowing of the skin and eyes can indicate a condition called jaundice,

which can be dangerous if not treated promptly. If a newborn is vomiting repeatedly or

forcefully, it may indicate an obstruction in the digestive system. Convulsions or seizures

in a newborn can indicate a serious neurological condition.

Mothers play a crucial role in identifying neonatal danger signs and seeking

prompt medical care to prevent adverse outcomes. It is essential for mothers to take

precautionary measures and closely monitor any signs of illness in their newborn. These

measures include ensuring that the newborn is properly immunized, maintaining good

hygiene practices, providing adequate nutrition, and seeking timely medical attention

when necessary. By taking these precautionary measures and promptly seeking medical

care, when necessary, mothers can help to prevent neonatal mortality and morbidity

21
(Acantilado et.al., 2023).

22
 23

According to Lawn et al. (2019) as cited by Acantilado et.al., (2023), the essential

period for a newborn's survival is the first 28 days of the neonatal period. Globally, there

were an estimated two million and five hundred thousand neonatal deaths in 2017, most

of which were avoidable and happened at the homes in developing countries. More needs

to be done to educate mothers about the significance of early detection of newborn

danger signs to reduce the high rates of newborn death. This is because the problem

significantly impacts future generations and is important for public health in developing

countries.

Immunization of Newborn. Immunization involves the development of

resistance or immunity to infectious diseases in an individual through the administration

of vaccines. These vaccines cause the stimulation of the immune system, enhancing the

natural defenses of the body against illnesses and infections. The prevention of vaccine-

preventable diseases is achieved through immunization. Hence, to protect newborns'

health, immunization, commonly known as vaccination or shots, is essential. According

to the CDC (2013) as cited by Acantilado et.al., (2023), with vaccinations, one can

protect themselves from more than a dozen harmful diseases. Children who have received

no vaccinations may be at risk for life-threatening infections thus it is crucial to

immunize newborns since they are more susceptible to illnesses. Immunizations is the

major prevention of the spread of disease and protect newborns and young children from

potentially fatal side effects (Nour et al., 2020 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023).

The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) is an essential initiative of the

Department of Health (DOH) in the Philippines that aims to provide free and accessible

vaccines to prevent infectious diseases among children. The program covers several

vaccines with specific schedules and the prevalence of infectious diseases in the nation

has decreased as a result. One of the vaccines included in the EPI program is the Bacillus

23
 24
Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. This vaccine help protect against the disease,

tuberculosis, and is given at birth. To provide protection against Hepatitis B, the Hepatitis

B vaccine is given three times, with the second and third doses given one month and six

months after the first dose, respectively. (DOH, 2020 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023).

The EPI program has been successful in reducing the incidence of infectious

diseases among children. However, challenges such as vaccine hesitancy and inadequate

coverage in some areas hinder the program’s implementation. Therefore, continuous

education on the importance of vaccination to the public and strengthening the

implementation of the EPI program is essential to ensure that every child in the country

receives the necessary vaccines for their protection (Acantilado et.al., 2023).

Age. When used as a noun, age refers to the duration of an individual’s life

measured in years. According to Aldwin et.al. (2021) as cited by Acantilado et.al.,

(2023), although time can be used to define age, this does not mean that it is simply a

method of measuring the passage of time; rather, age refers to the process of maturing

into adulthood. Aging brings positive cognitive changes as knowledge and experiences

are accumulated throughout a lifetime (National Institute of Aging, 2020 as cited by

Acantilado et.al., (2023). Studies have shown that maternal age has a significant

relationship with a mother’s practices in caring for her newborn (Memon et.al., 2019,

Acantilado et.al., 2023). The mother is the newborn’s primary caregiver. Hence, the care

is based on their education and practice in newborn care (Memon et.al., 2019, Acantilado

et.al., 2023).

In a study by Memon et al. (2019) as cited by Acantilado et.al., (2023), a significant

difference between mothers' practice scores was revealed. On average, mothers aged 20

to 39 had higher practice scores on newborn care than mothers aged forty or older. This

figure is consistent with another related study (Yeshiwork, 2015 as cited by Acantilado

et.al., 2023). One likely reason as discussed by Yeshiwork (2015) is that mothers at an
24
 25
early age may be more aware of the benefits of neonatal care techniques. While elderly

may have traditional influences or belonged to a more traditional cohort, compared to

young mothers, they were less likely to be knowledgeable and experienced (Acantilado

et.al., 2023).

Educational Attainment. According to the US Census Bureau (2017) as cited by

Acantilado et.al., (2023), educational attainment refers to a person's highest education

level. For Zajacova et al. (2018) as cited by Acantilado et.al., (2023), educated people

typically achieve better health outcomes for their children and themselves. Although

higher education level may not necessarily indicate compliance to health guidelines, the

association between maternal educational attainment and better child health outcomes can

be discussed by the link between education and specific behaviors that contribute to

better results. (Fadel et al., 2017 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023).

Many literatures find that the relationship between health practices and education

persists, and the evidence for this disparity are unknown (Ross et al., 2012 as cited by

Acantilado et.al., 2023). Practices on newborn care were associated with higher levels of

maternal educational attainment (Saaka et al., 2018 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023). A

profound understanding of the importance of newborn care is associated with highly

educated mothers. As a result, these mothers have more confidence in making the best

decisions for their newborns, leading to improved knowledge and more accurate practices

(Darling et al., 2014 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023). Educational attainment and

health practices have a complex relationship, with multiple mediating pathways. Strong

intermediary forces of the relationship between educational attainment of mothers and

newborn care practices include social norms. They may also play a pivotal role in

mediating other health behaviors (Moon et al., 2020 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023).

Socio-economic Status. In the socioeconomic scale, the place of a person or a

group on the is referred to as the socio-economic status (Worthy et al, 2020 as cited by

25
 26
Acantilado et.al., 2023). Numerous social factors as well as economic factors which

include income, place of residence, educational attainment, type of job, and ethnic or

religious background, affect this position. According to the American Psychological

Association (2020), when socioeconomic status is investigated, it frequently reveals

disparities in resource access as well as problems with privilege, power, and control

(Acantilado et.al., 2023).

For APA (2020), the socioeconomic status of children, youth, and families has a

great impact on the overall quality of life. One's socioeconomic situation can influence

their standard of living, access to opportunities, and privileges within society.

Additionally, socioeconomic status consistently predicts a range of outcomes throughout

an individual's lifespan. Thus, all fields of research, application, instruction, advocacy,

and behavioral and social science are relevant to socioeconomic (Acantilado et.al., 2023).

According to the study of de Jonge et al. (2018) as cited by Acantilado et.al.,

(2023), higher socioeconomic groups provide better newborn care than lower

socioeconomic groups. For Singh et al. (2019), mothers with a monthly household

income of over Php 50,000.00 were significantly more likely to have better newborn care

practices. According to Berhea et al. (2018), mothers' knowledge and wealth regarding

newborn care are correlated with good newborn care practices. In contrast, no correlation

between socioeconomic status and newborn care practices was found in the study of

Misgna et al. (2016). The differences as the authors explained may be attributable to

variations in the mode of healthcare delivery, health services accessibility, as well as

maternal and child health initiatives in different nations.

Maternal Parity. Maternal parity is defined as the count of instances in which a

mother has an age of gestation 24 weeks or more fetus delivered, irrespective of whether

the fetus was stillborn or liveborn. According to Maryati et al. (2022) as cited by

Acantilado et.al., (2023), one’s practices can be influenced by a person's qualities such as

26
 27
age and parity. Maternal parity has been found to play an essential role in the newborn

care practices of postpartum mothers. Mothers who have had several children often have

more information and experience since they have had firsthand experience in earlier

pregnancies. Several studies have investigated the connection between maternal parity

and various fields of newborn care, including breastfeeding, thermoregulation, hygienic

care, danger signs, and immunization (Acantilado et.al., 2023).

Parity can be classified into two categories: primiparity and multiparity (Tidy,

2019 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023). Primiparity pertains to first-time mothers who

are experiencing motherhood for the first time. For these women, the journey into

motherhood is a novel experience, characterized by new challenges and a steep learning

curve as they adapt to the responsibilities of caring for their newborn. They may seek

more external support and guidance to navigate this unfamiliar territory (WHO, 2013 as

cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023). On the other hand, multiparity relates to mothers who

have given birth multiple times (Tidy, 2019). These experienced mothers have

accumulated knowledge and skills from prior childbirth, which often leads to increased

self-confidence and familiarity with newborn care tasks. Multiparous mothers may

exhibit a higher level of comfort and competence in caring for their newborns due to their

previous caregiving experiences, resulting in a more seamless transition into motherhood

with each subsequent child (WHO, 2013, Acantilado et.al., 2023).

As cited by Acantilado et.al., (2023), Singh et al., (2020) discovered that women

who had given birth more than once were more susceptible to starting and continuing

exclusive breastfeeding for at least six months than first-time mothers. Similarly, another

study by Dhandapany et al. (2019) revealed that mothers with more than one child had

higher chances to breastfeed for six months or more compared exclusively to first time

mothers. Maintaining the proper body temperature of a newborn is also essential, and

maternal parity has been shown to impact this practice. In one study, researchers found

27
 28
that multiparous women were more likely to correctly identify and implement measures

to maintain their newborns' body temperature compared to first-time mothers (Dutta et

al., 2016).

Research indicates that maternal parity can affect hygiene practices as well as

being crucial for preventing infections in newborns. Nambiar et al. (2017) as cited by

Acantilado et.al., (2023) found that multiparous mothers were more likely to perform

handwashing before handling their newborns and use clean clothes and bedding for their

newborns compared to first-time mothers. Recognizing danger signs in newborns is vital

for early detection and timely management of illnesses. According to Magoma et al.

(2014) as cited by Acantilado et.al., (2023), multiparous mothers were more likely to

identify danger signs in their newborns, such as difficulty breathing or feeding, compared

to nulliparous mothers. To prevent vaccine-preventable diseases, immunization is an

essential aspect of newborn care. Research indicates that multiparous women were more

likely to follow the recommended vaccination schedule for their newborns compared to

first-time mothers (Haile et al., 2020 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023).

In summary, maternal parity has been shown to affect various fields of

postpartum mother's newborn care practices, including breastfeeding, thermoregulation,

hygienic care, danger signs, and immunization. Multiparous mothers tend to initiate and

continue exclusive breastfeeding, implement measures to maintain their newborns' body

temperature, practice good hygiene, recognize danger signs, and follow the recommended

vaccination schedule for their newborns compared to first-time mothers (Dhandapany et

al., 2019; Singh et al., 2020 as cited by Acantilado et.al., 2023). Healthcare providers

should be aware of these differences and provide tailored postpartum education and

support to promote optimal newborn care practices (Acantilado et.al., 2023)

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

For this particular study which is anchored on the study conducted by Acantilado

28
 29
et.al. (2023) and goes further to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed “A Mother’s

Embrace” in enhancing postpartum mother and newborn health care practices. The

following is the schema of the study:

29
 Demographic Profile “Health Teaching Effectivity of “A
of Postpartum Enhancement Seminar: Mother’s Embrace”
Mothers: A Mother’s Embrace”
I. Survey
Practices on Newborn
1. Age Questionnaire
Care
2. Educational 1. Set A: Assessment
1. Breastfeeding
Attainment Questionnaire on
2. Thermoregulation
3. Socio-economic Newborn Care
3. Hygienic Care
Status Practices
4. Identification of
4. Maternal Parity 1.1. Pre-test
Danger signs of
Survey
Newborns
1.2. Post-test
5. Immunization Survey
Figure 1: Schematic Design of the Study

Statement of the Problem

This study is aimed to further determine and evaluate the effectiveness of “A Mother’s

Embrace” as proposed by Acantilado et.al. (2023) in enhancing postpartum mother and newborn

health care practices through the conduct of a Health Care Seminar. Specifically, the study seeks to

answer the following research questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 age;

1.2 educational attainment;

1.3 socioeconomic status; and

1.4 maternal parity?

2 What is the perceived effectiveness of the Seminar on Postpartum Mother and Newborn Health Care

Practices entitled “A Mother’s Embrace”

3 How frequently do the respondents engage in newborn care practices before and after the

intervention in the following areas:

3.1 breastfeeding;

3.2 thermoregulation;
30
 3.3 hygienic care;

3.4 identification of danger signs of newborn; and

3.5 immunization?

4. Is there a significant difference between the level of engagement with newborn practices of

the respondents of the previous study compared to the current study?

Scope and Delimitation

This particular study is a takeoff of the study conducted by Acantilado et.al.

(2023) regarding postpartum mother and newborn health care practices. It is the objective

of this study the implementation and to determine the effectiveness of the proposed

program on postpartum mother and newborn health care entitled “A Mother’s Embrace”.

This study is being concentrated on Barangay Baybay San Roque, Ozamiz City as a

selected location of the study with an identified population of two hundred forty-nine

(249) postpartum mothers according to the Age-Specific Population Projection 2022 of

the Department of Health as cited by Acantilado et.al., (2023). The purpose of selecting

Barangay San Roque, out of the three (3) barangays as coverage of the study of

Acantilado et.al. (2023), is to meet the requirements of quantitative research requiring a

large sample size from the total population for generalization purposes of findings.

This study is also facing time and financial constraints requiring time and

resource management, especially on the conduct of seminar and data gathering.

Significance of the Study

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of “A Mother’s Embrace” as an

advocacy in promoting best practices of postpartum mother and newborn health care

through the conduct of seminar and training. Therefore, this study is intended to provide

valuable insights to the following:

31
 Postpartum Mothers. The findings of the study would help postpartum mothers

become more knowledgeable and therefore enhance their practices toward newborn care,

which can lead to better health outcomes for their newborns. It would also be

empowering and informative for postpartum mothers, helping them in making informed

decisions about their newborn's overall well-being.

Future Mothers. This study would serve as a guide as it can be informative and

empowering for aspiring mothers, helping them to prepare for the arrival of their babies

and make informed decisions about their own health and the health of their future

newborns which can better prepare them for parenthood.

Community Health Workers. This study would be a tool or guide for

community health workers to offer the best possible care to their patients. The findings of

the study would help community health workers develop more effective and evidence-

based patient education materials and programs. It can be informative and helpful for

community health workers, enabling them to provide more effective education and

support to postpartum mothers and ultimately improve health outcomes for mothers and

newborns in their communities.

LGU Health Units. This study would serve as a tool for Maternal, Newborn, and

Child, Health, and Nutrition (MNCHN) program heads to strengthen the program

implementations on newborn care and thereby prompt the Community Health Workers to

have a more encouraging and impactful promotion on newborn care practices towards

postpartum mothers in the community.

Student Nurses. This study would provide valuable insights about newborn care

by enhancing their knowledge, guiding evidence-based practice, identifying knowledge

gaps, aiding in the development of nursing interventions, improving communication

32
skills, and fostering professional growth.

Nursing Educational Institutions. This study could be significant to educational

institutions offering Nursing and Midwifery courses as part of the curriculum in health

care of mothers and newborns. The long-term effects could be beneficial to proper health

care of mothers and newborns.

Future Researchers. This study would serve as a ready reference, basis, and

guide to future researchers who are drawn to the topic of this study. This would give

supplementary information to their future study.

33
 Chapter II

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design of this study.

Research Design

This study utilized a descriptive-correlational quantitative approach to determine

percentage frequency distributions of respondents’ profiles of postpartum mothers. The

use of average weighted means was employed to determine levels of postpartum mother

and newborn care practices for comparative purposes between the study of Acantilado

et.al. (2023) and this particular study. Statistical tools were used to draw significant

relationships among variables and statistical inferences for analysis and interpretation.

Research Locale

The research is conducted in barangay Baybay San Roque, one of the three (3)

Selected barangays included in the study of Acantilado et.al. (2023), with a total

population of 249 postpartum mothers. The chosen barangay exhibits the highest

population of zero-6-month-old newborns as indicated by data sourced from the Age-

Specific Population Projection 2022 of the Department of Health.

Postpartum mothers are the participants of the seminar that is conducted

regarding postpartum mother and newborn health care practices namely: breastfeeding,

thermoregulation, hygienic care, identification of danger signs in newborns; and

immunization

Sampling Technique of Research Respondents

N
The respondents of the study were determined using the Slovin’s formula n= 2
1+ N e

Where n = sample size

N = total population

e2 = margin of error of 5%

34
 Hence, computed sample size is one hundred fifty-three (153) postpartum mothers

from Barangay Baybay San Roque with 5% margin of error. Margin of error must be

lower for generalization purposes of findings to qualify as quantitative research.

Research Instrument

The set A Survey Questionnaire was designed to extract perceived impressions of

how the seminar was conducted (see attached Set A Survey Questionnaire).

An adapted Survey Questionnaire used for this study was taken from the study of

Acantilado et.al. (2023). The Set B Survey Questionnaire was composed of two parts

with Part I for the demographic profile of respondents of postpartum mothers namely age,

educational attainment, socio-economic status, and maternal parity, Part II consisted of

fifty-six questions involving breastfeeding with ten (10) questions, thermoregulation with

eleven (11) questions, hygienic care with fifteen (15) questions, identification of danger

signs in newborns with thirteen (13) questions and immunization practices with seven (7)

questions. (see attached Set B Questionnaire in both English and Visayan language)

Research Procedure

The procedure of this research study commenced with the conduct of a seminar

entitled “A Mother’s Embrace” as proposed by Acantilado et.al. (2023).

Data Gathering

After acquiring all the formal permissions from the university and the local

government of the barangay, the researchers delved into gathering data needed to

determine the postpartum mother’s practices towards newborn care.

After the conduct of the seminar proper, participant respondents were made to

answer. Set A Survey Questionnaire was distributed to get feedback from postpartum

mothers of the seminar.

A week after the seminar, the researchers conducted a follow-up survey as

post-test activity to determine the effectiveness of “A Mother’s Embrace”

35
Scoring Procedure

The assessment questionnaire was provided for the respondents to describe their

frequency of practice on a 4-point Likert Scale. The continuum, responses, and

interpretations are as follows:

Continuum Reponses Verbal Interpretation

3.26 – 4.00 Strongly Agree Always Practiced

2.51 – 3.25 Agree Frequently Practiced

1.76 – 2.50 Disagree Occasionally Practiced

1.00 – 1.75 Strongly Disagree Not Practiced at All

Statistical Treatment for Analytical and Interpretation Purposes

The researchers used strong and reliable statistical methods to carefully examine and

understand the data collected. These statistical methods serve as essential tools to extract

meaningful patterns, identify significant differences between variables, and uncover valuable

insights into the research questions.

Percentage. To determine the respondent’s demographic profile, specifically to

answer the first statement of the problem, percentage was used. Percentage helps quantify

proportions, compare relative frequencies, and provide a clearer understanding of the

distribution of data, making it valuable for data interpretation and drawing meaningful

conclusions.

Weighted Mean. To procure comprehensive, reliable, and valid results, weighted

mean was used to determine the postpartum mother’s practices toward newborn care. This tool

was used to find out the average distribution of the responses and was determined though

36
dividing the total number of items by the sum of all observed results from the sample.

Ethical Considerations

Before the conduct of the data-gathering procedure, the researchers made sure to

consider all relevant ethical considerations. The following were carried out in an exact

manner by the researcher: (1) The respondents were asked to sign an informed consent

form before the questionnaire distribution have begun, and after they had read the consent

form so that any points of clarification could be addressed; (2) The respondents were

given a full discussion on the study’s purpose, potential benefits, and potential risks; (3)

The respondents had been informed that they have to ability to withdraw at any time from

the research study; and (4) The respondents were given the assurance that the information

they presented would be kept confidential.

Also, researchers vow to uphold honesty and integrity in this conduct of the study

without the intention of manipulating data that would jeopardize the findings and results

leading to being biased and subjective.

37
 CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents, interprets, and discusses the results of the study. Despite the efforts to

target a sample size of one hundred fifty-three (153), the retrieval rate is only 24.84%. The results

below show the responses of the thirty-eight (38) postpartum mothers from Baybay San Roque,

Misamis Occidental.

Profile of the Respondents

This portion presents and discusses the profile of the respondents. The respondents were

tiered according to their age, their highest educational attainment, income class, and maternal parity

(Table 1).

Table 1
Summary of the respondents’ profile.
f p
Age < 20 years old 8 21.1
21-25 years old 7 18.4
26-30 years old 2 5.3
31-35 years old 6 15.8
>35 years old 15 39.5
Highest High School Level 10 26.3
Educational High School Graduate 16 42.1
Attainment College Level 8 21.1
College Graduate 4 10.5
Income Class Low-income Class 34 89.5
Lower Middle-income Class 2 5.3
Middle Middle-income Class 0 0.0
Upper Middle-income Class 0 0.0
Upper-income Class 0 0.0
Rich 2 5.3
Maternal Parity Primipara 17 44.7
Multipara 21 55.3
Overall vv 38 100.0

The data reveal that the majority of the respondents are over 35 years old (39.5%), with a

smaller proportion falling within the 20 to 39 age range (39.4%). According to Memon et al. (2019)

and Yeshiwork (2015), as cited by Acantilado et al. (2023), mothers within the 20 to 39 age brackets
38
tend to exhibit better newborn care practices compared to older mothers, who may be more

influenced by traditional norms and less familiar with contemporary neonatal care standards.

Educational attainment further emphasizes this concern, with only 10.5% of respondents having

completed college, while the majority are high school graduates (42.1%) or have not completed high

school (26.3%). Literature suggests that higher educational attainment enhances maternal knowledge

and decision-making, thereby improving newborn care practices (Darling et al., 2014; Saaka et al.,

2018, as cited by Acantilado et al., 2023).

Furthermore, the socioeconomic status of the respondents indicates a noticeable disparity,

with 89.5% classified under the low-income group. This finding is critical, as de Jonge et al. (2018)

and Singh et al. (2019) emphasize that higher socioeconomic status is associated with better access

to healthcare resources and superior newborn care practices. Despite these potential limitations,

maternal parity offers a notable strength in the profile; 55.3% of respondents are multiparous, a

factor positively associated with enhanced newborn care due to previous maternal experience.

Studies have shown that multiparous mothers are more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding,

recognize danger signs, maintain newborn thermoregulation, and adhere to vaccination schedules

(Dhandapany et al., 2019; Singh et al., 2020; Haile et al., 2020, as cited by Acantilado et al., 2023).

In summary, even if the demographic statistics show some weaknesses, especially with

regard to age, income, and education, these could be substantially complemented by the experience

advantage of multiparous mothers. In order to promote the best newborn care practices, the results

emphasize the necessity of focused educational and support interventions that take into account the

unique strengths and limitations of this population.

Perceived Effectiveness of the ‘A Mother’s Embrace’ Seminar

Table 2

Perceived effectiveness of the seminar in terms of its objectives.

Objectives WM SD Interpretation
1. I understand the purpose of this health activity. 3.92 1.81 Strongly Agree
2. I feel informed about why I am invited to 3.87 1.68 Strongly Agree
39
 participate.
3. I am aware of the specific goals of the activity
3.87 1.68 Strongly Agree
for Subanen mothers.
4. I do believe that this activity will be beneficial
3.95 1.87 Strongly Agree
to my health knowledge.
5. I am confident in applying what I have learned
3.95 1.87 Strongly Agree
from the activity.
6. I believe the seminar provides supportive health
educational services to enhance recommended 3.92 1.81 Strongly Agree
health practices among Subanen mothers.
7. I feel that the seminar provided adequate
resources for Subanen mothers to improve 3.82 1.75 Strongly Agree
newborn care practices in their community.
8. I believe the seminar helped me develop a plan
3.84 1.75 Strongly Agree
to improve newborn care in my community.
9. I think the seminar provided resources that will
3.87 1.81 Strongly Agree
help me continue learning about newborn care.
10. I feel that the seminar objectives were well-
3.84 1.75 Strongly Agree
aligned with the needs of my community.
Overall 3.88 1.78 Strongly Agree
1.00-1.75 – Strongly Disagree; 1.76-2.50 – Somewhat Disagree; 2.51-3.25 – Somewhat Agree; 3.26-4.00
– Strongly Agree

Table 2 reveal the effectiveness of the ‘A Mother’s Embrace’ seminar in terms of delivering

its objectives to the participants. With an overall weighted mean of 3.85 and a standard deviation of

1.78, the responses generally fall under the “Strongly Agree” category, indicating strong participant

agreement on the seminar’s objectives. The highest-rated items included participants’ belief that the

activity would be beneficial to their health knowledge (WM = 3.95) and their understanding of the

purpose of the seminar (WM = 3.92), emphasizing the program’s success in enhancing health

literacy and communicating clear objectives. These findings align with Nutbeam (2020), who

emphasized the importance of health literacy as a key determinant of health behavior change.

Respondents also strongly agreed that they were informed about why they were invited and

were aware of the specific goals of the activity (both WM = 3.87), reflecting effective

communication and engagement. Slightly lower, though still strong, agreement was observed

regarding the seminar’s contribution to developing community health plans and enhancing

newcomer care practices (WM = 3.84 and 3.82, respectively). These results suggest that while the

40
seminar was effective in increasing individual knowledge and confidence, there may be room to

strengthen its impact on community-based application and practice. This observation is consistent

with the findings of Fernandez et al. (2019), who argued that knowledge-focused interventions

require sustained follow-up to ensure community integration and long-term behavior change.

Furthermore, the positive responses on the seminar’s ability to build participants’ confidence and

provide helpful resources reflect a high level of empowerment, a key factor in successful maternal

health programs, as noted by Garcia (2019). In summary, the findings demonstrate that the seminar

conducted among the postmarital women was well-received and met its objectives.

Table 3

Perceived effectiveness of the seminar in terms of its content.

Content WM SD Interpretation
1. I find the lessons shared during the health 3.87 1.81 Strongly Agree
teaching very helpful and relevant to my needs
as a mother.
2. The activities conducted during the health 3.82 1.69 Strongly Agree
teaching are clear and easy to follow.
3. The content of the teaching plan is very well 3.84 1.75 Strongly Agree
explained, making it easy to understand and
apply.
4. I feel that the seminar provided sufficient 3.84 1.75 Strongly Agree
information on how to handle common
newborn health issues.
5. The health teaching made me more aware of my 3.71 1.45 Strongly Agree
role as a responsible mother and how to apply
what I’ve learned in real-life situations.
6. I have learned about topics that were previously 3.84 1.75 Strongly Agree
unknown to me regarding newborn care.
7. I enjoyed the interactive sessions or activities 3.76 1.45 Strongly Agree
during the seminar.
8. I found the examples presented during the 3.92 1.81 Strongly Agree
seminar to be useful.
9. I felt that the seminar helped me understand 3.89 1.74 Strongly Agree
how to collaborate with healthcare providers to
improve newborn care.
10. I felt that the seminar content was presented in 3.84 1.62 Strongly Agree
a way that respected cultural differences.
Overall 3.83 1.68 Strongly Agree
1.00-1.75 – Strongly Disagree; 1.76-2.50 – Somewhat Disagree; 2.51-3.25 – Somewhat Agree; 3.26-4.00
– Strongly Agree

41
 Table 3 presents the perceived effectiveness of the seminar “A Mother’s Embrace” in terms

of its content. The overall WM is 3.83 with an SD of 1.68, indicating that respondents strongly

agreed with the effectiveness of the content provided during the seminar. The highest-rated item

(WM = 3.92) reflects respondents’ strong agreement that the examples presented were useful,

suggesting that practical and relatable illustrations enhanced learning. This aligns with educational

research emphasizing the importance of contextualized learning to deepen understanding and

retention (Merriam et al., 2020). The respondents also highly rated the clarity and helpfulness of the

teaching plan (WM = 3.84) and the structured delivery of the content, which facilitated

comprehension. These findings are supported by adult learning theory, which stresses the value of

clear, well-organized instruction in promoting meaningful learning experiences (Knowles et al.,

2020).

Moreover, respondents felt that the seminar provided culturally sensitive content (WM =

3.84) and helped them understand how to collaborate with healthcare providers (WM = 3.89),

underscoring the relevance of inclusive and collaborative health education strategies. Such culturally

attuned and community-based health interventions are known to increase engagement and long-term

health outcomes (Fernandez et al., 2019). Items addressing the seminar’s impact on raising health

awareness (e.g., “made me more aware of my role as a responsible mother,” WM = 3.71) and

helping understand newborn care (WM = 3.84) also received strong agreement. This demonstrates

the seminar's success in promoting both cognitive and behavioral development in maternal care. As

such, the results show the seminar’s effectiveness not only in content clarity and engagement but

also in promoting actionable and culturally relevant maternal health knowledge for the postnatal

women in Barangay Baybay San Roque.

Table 4

Perceived effectiveness of the seminar in terms of its speaker.

Speaker WM SD Interpretation
1. I felt that the speaker adequately addressed 3.87 1.81 Strongly Agree
questions and concerns from the audience.
42
 2. I believed the speaker effectively 3.82 1.69 Strongly Agree
communicated complex health information.
3. I felt engaged by the speaker throughout the 3.84 1.75 Strongly Agree
presentation.
4. I would recommend this speaker for future 3.84 1.75 Strongly Agree
seminars on similar topics.
5. I believe the speaker demonstrated a strong 3.71 1.45 Strongly Agree
knowledge of the subject matter.
6. I believe the speaker provides practical advice 3.84 1.75 Strongly Agree
for implementing newborn care practices
7. I feel that the speaker was approachable and 3.76 1.45 Strongly Agree
open to questions.
8. I believed the speaker was knowledgeable about 3.92 1.81 Strongly Agree
newborn care practices relevant to Subanen
mothers.
9. I believed the speaker's examples were relevant 3.89 1.74 Strongly Agree
to my experiences as a Subanen mother.
10. I feel that the speaker was enthusiastic and 3.84 1.62 Strongly Agree
passionate about the topic of newborn care.
Overall 3.83 1.68 Strongly Agree
1.00-1.75 – Strongly Disagree; 1.76-2.50 – Somewhat Disagree; 2.51-3.25 – Somewhat Agree; 3.26-4.00
– Strongly Agree

Table 4 show that respondents perceived the seminar speaker of “A Mother’s Embrace” as

highly effective. The WM is 3.83, with an SD of 1.68, interpreted as Strongly Agree. This indicates

that the speaker was well-received and effectively contributed to the success of the seminar. The

highest-rated item (WM = 3.92) reflects respondents’ belief that the speaker was knowledgeable

about newborn care practices relevant to Subanen mothers, emphasizing the importance of

contextual and culturally appropriate expertise in health education. This supports Flynn et al. (2019),

who argue that cultural competence among health educators improves respondent trust, relevance,

and learning outcomes.

Respondents also strongly agreed that the speaker communicated complex health information

effectively (WM = 3.89) and provided practical advice for implementing newborn care (WM =

3.85). This is consistent with principles from adult learning theory, which emphasize the value of

applicable and clear information in promoting understanding and behavioral change (Knowles et al.,

2020). Other highly rated responses included perceptions of the speaker's enthusiasm (WM = 3.84),

43
engagement with the audience (WM = 3.84), and the potential to recommend the speaker for future

seminars (WM = 3.84). These results suggest that the speaker played a central role in motivating and

maintaining respondent interest, which is crucial in community-based health initiatives.

Additionally, respondents perceived the speaker as approachable and open to questions (WM

= 3.76), reinforcing the idea that interactive and responsive facilitation contributes to a positive

learning environment. Research by Gutierrez-Puertas et al. (2020) supports this, indicating that the

communication style and interpersonal approach of health educators significantly influence

respondent engagement and satisfaction. Overall, it has been found that the speaker was not only

knowledgeable but also effective in delivering health messages in a respectful, passionate, and

culturally sensitive manner, contributing to the seminar’s overall success.

Table 5

Perceived effectiveness of the seminar in terms of its overall execution.

Overall WM SD Interpretation
1. I was satisfied with the overall quality of the 3.95 1.87 Strongly Agree
seminar.
2. Were the presentations and demonstrations of 3.82 1.56 Strongly Agree
Health Teaching suitable and engaging?
3. Were you satisfied with the group dynamics 3.84 1.62 Strongly Agree
during interactive sessions?
4. Did you learn something new about the health 3.92 1.87 Strongly Agree
teaching towards newborn care practices?
5. Do you feel you’ve gained the intended skills 3.74 1.44 Strongly Agree
from this program?
6. Were there any topics or areas that you felt were 3.74 1.39 Strongly Agree
lacking and required more explanation?
7. Was the training venue easily accessible and 3.79 1.50 Strongly Agree
comfortable?
8. Did this health teaching program have a 3.84 1.62 Strongly Agree
positive impact on your life as a mother?
9. I would recommend this seminar to other 3.74 1.39 Strongly Agree
Subanen mothers or community members.
10. I had a positive overall experience participating 3.76 1.50 Strongly Agree
in the seminar.
Overall 3.81 1.58 Strongly Agree
1.00-1.75 – Strongly Disagree; 1.76-2.50 – Somewhat Disagree; 2.51-3.25 – Somewhat Agree; 3.26-4.00
– Strongly Agree

44
 Table 5 indicate a strong positive evaluation of the seminar’s overall effectiveness, as

perceived by the respondents. The overall weighted mean of 3.81 and a standard deviation (SD) of

1.58 fall within the "Strongly Agree" range (3.26–4.00), meaning a high level of satisfaction and

perceived impact. Respondents expressed strong agreement particularly with statements regarding

their satisfaction with the overall quality (WM = 3.95), learning new health knowledge (WM =

3.92), and finding the training engaging and accessible (WM = 3.79–3.84). This indicates that the

seminar was effective in delivering relevant, accessible, and practical health education, particularly

in the context of maternal and newborn care. These findings are consistent with established literature

that emphasizes the value of community-based and participatory health education.

According to Barber et al. (2023), health programs that are interactive and context-specific

tend to be more effective in promoting learning and behavioral change. The high ratings on learning

outcomes and skill acquisition align with Knowles’ principles of adult learning, which emphasize the

importance of relevance, problem-solving, and immediate applicability in educational content

(Knowles et al., 2020). Furthermore, the strong recommendation to others (WM = 3.74) and the

recognition of the seminar’s positive personal impact (WM = 3.84) reflect the program’s perceived

value, reinforcing the notion that culturally sensitive and community-embedded interventions foster

better engagement and outcomes (Puffer & Ayuku, 2022). In summary, the data suggest the seminar

conducted at Baybay San Roque not only met its objectives but also promoted a meaningful and

empowering learning experience for the respondents.

The Respondents’ Engagement with Newborn Care Practices

This topic presents and discusses the extent of engagement of the respondents from Baybay

San Roque with newborn care practices. The data was collected a week after the seminar was

conducted where each of them was visited from house to house. The presentation and discussion

begins with the breastfeeding practices, followed with thermoregulation practices, hygienic care

practices, identification of danger signs of newborn practices, and immunization practices.

45
Table 6

Level of respondents’ engagement with newborn care practices in terms of breastfeeding practices.

Breastfeeding Practices WM SD Interpretation

1. I start nursing my newborn within one hour of 3.58 1.51 Always Practiced
the baby’s birth.
2. I wash my hands with soap before I breastfeed 3.63 1.44 Always Practiced
my newborn.
3. I exclusively feed my newborn for the first six 3.68 1.57 Always Practiced
months with breastmilk, and I do not give pre-
lacteal feed (food/substances other than
breastmilk).
4. I breastfeed my newborn per his/her demand. 3.74 1.76 Always Practiced
5. I clean my nipples with warm water before 3.63 1.64 Always Practiced
breastfeeding.
6. I keep myself comfortable when I breastfeed 3.76 1.76 Always Practiced
my newborn.
7. I hold my newborn facing my breast, supporting 3.82 1.82 Always Practiced
his/her neck, shoulders, and back.
8. I begin breastfeeding my newborn on the breast 3.74 1.56 Always Practiced
he/she fed from last in order to establish or
maintain milk production on both breasts.
9. I breastfeed my newborn for at least 10-15 3.79 1.76 Always Practiced
minutes on each breast (left and right).
10. I burp my newborn after each food. 3.74 1.39 Always Practiced
Overall 3.71 1.62 Always Practiced
1.00-1.75 – Strongly Disagree; 1.76-2.50 – Somewhat Disagree; 2.51-3.25 – Somewhat Agree; 3.26-4.00
– Strongly Agree

Table 6 reveals that respondents exhibit a very high level of adherence to breastfeeding

practices, with an overall weighted mean of 3.71, interpreted as "Always Practiced." This indicates a

consistent commitment to recommended breastfeeding behaviors that are essential for promoting

infant health and survival. A significant number of respondents reported initiating breastfeeding

within the first hour of birth (WM = 3.58), a practice strongly advocated by the World Health

Organization (WHO) due to its significant role in enhancing the newborn's immune defense and

reducing the risk of neonatal complications such as pneumonia, diarrhea, hypothermia, and sepsis

(Ekubay et al., 2018 as cited by Acantilado et al., 2023). Hygiene practices related to breastfeeding

were also highly observed, with respondents consistently washing their hands before breastfeeding

46
(WM = 3.63) and cleaning their nipples with warm water prior to feeding (WM = 3.63). These

practices are vital in minimizing bacterial transmission to infants and are supported by the findings

of Derso et al. (2018), who reported a 39% reduction in diarrhea due to handwashing, and Villepin et

al. (2022), who associated it with a 41% reduction in neonatal sepsis.

Moreover, exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of life (WM = 3.68) was

commonly practiced among respondents, revealing strong alignment with guidelines from the World

Health Organization (WHO, 2023) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP, 2022). These

organizations recommend exclusive breastfeeding to ensure optimal nutrition, strengthen the infant's

immune system, and protect against common childhood illnesses such as respiratory infections and

diarrhea. Breastfeeding on demand (WM = 3.74) was also frequently practiced, allowing infants to

feed according to their natural hunger cues, which supports healthy weight gain and helps establish

an adequate milk supply (UNICEF, 2021). Respondents emphasized the importance of ensuring

comfort during breastfeeding (WM = 3.76), a factor critical for both the mother and the infant as it

facilitates effective milk transfer and reduces nipple pain (WHO, 2023). Proper positioning and

attachment during breastfeeding, with a weighted mean of 3.82, the highest among all indicators,

suggests that respondents are well-informed about techniques that promote effective latching, reduce

maternal discomfort, and prevent common feeding issues such as nipple soreness or insufficient milk

intake (AAP, 2022).

In addition, alternating the use of both breasts during feeding sessions (WM = 3.74) was a

common practice, which is essential to maintaining milk production and preventing breast

engorgement (UNICEF, 2021). Ensuring that the baby feeds for about 10–15 minutes per breast

(WM = 3.79) was also widely followed, as it allows the infant to receive foremilk, which quenches

thirst, and hindmilk, which is richer in fat and calories necessary for growth and development (CDC,

2022). Lastly, respondents reported that they consistently burped their babies after breastfeeding

(WM = 3.74), a practice known to help release swallowed air, reducing the risk of gas pain,

fussiness, and colic (Stanford Children’s Health, 2020). These findings suggest that the surveyed

47
postpartum mothers not only possess knowledge of evidence-based breastfeeding practices but also

actively implement them in daily care routines. This high level of compliance contributes

significantly to reducing neonatal morbidity and mortality, promoting optimal physical development,

and strengthening the emotional bond between mother and child (WHO, 2023; AAP, 2022).

Table 7

Level of respondents’ engagement with newborn care practices in terms of thermoregulation

practices.

Thermoregulation Practices WM SD Interpretation

1. I monitor my newborn’s temperature using a 3.58 1.14 Always Practiced
thermometer.
2. I bathe my newborn in lukewarm water. 3.82 1.56 Always Practiced
3. I leave the vernix caseosa (white, creamy, 3.82 1.56 Always Practiced
naturally occurring biofilm covering the skin of
the newborn) on my newborn’s skin until it
wears off with normal care and handling.
4. I bathe my newborn for only 5-10 mins. 3.76 1.50 Always Practiced
5. I immediately dry my newborn after bathing 3.87 1.74 Always Practiced
from head end to foot end.
6. I place my newborn in a warm room to prevent 3.87 1.68 Always Practiced
heat loss.
7. I dress my newborn warmly and with a swaddle 3.92 1.81 Always Practiced
blanket.
8. I put a hat/bonnet on my newborn. 3.71 1.50 Always Practiced
9. I put my newborn’s bootie/socks on. 3.79 1.56 Always Practiced
10. I practice kangaroo care (placing the newborn 3.74 1.50 Always Practiced
in skin-to-skin contact with the mother) to
prevent heat loss.
11. I do not expose my newborn to too cold and too 3.95 1.87 Always Practiced
hot environments.
Overall 3.80 1.58 Always Practiced
1.00-1.75 – Strongly Disagree; 1.76-2.50 – Somewhat Disagree; 2.51-3.25 – Somewhat Agree; 3.26-4.00
– Strongly Agree

Table 7 demonstrated a high level of engagement with newborn care practices related to

thermoregulation, as evidenced by an overall weighted mean of 3.80, indicating that such practices

were consistently "Always Practiced." One of the most highly observed practices was avoiding the

exposure of newborns to extremely cold or hot environments (WM = 3.95), reflecting an awareness

48
of the infant's limited ability to regulate body temperature and the need for environmental stability to

prevent hypothermia or hyperthermia (WHO, 2023). Placing newborns in a warm room (WM =

3.87) and immediately drying them after birth (WM = 3.87) were also widely adopted, highlighting

adherence to WHO guidelines on preventing heat loss during the critical early hours of life

(UNICEF, 2021). Bathing the newborn in lukewarm water (WM = 3.82) and limiting bath time to

only 5–10 minutes (WM = 3.76) were also common practices that minimize cold stress and maintain

thermal balance (CDC, 2022).

Skin-to-skin contact or kangaroo care (WM = 3.74), another highly practiced method,

supports both thermoregulation and bonding between mother and child, further emphasizing

respondents’ familiarity with evidence-based newborn care (AAP, 2022). The consistent use of

vernix caseosa (WM = 3.82) left on the newborn’s skin also suggests awareness of its natural

protective and insulating properties. Dressing the newborn warmly with a swaddle blanket (WM =

3.92) and the use of clothing accessories such as booties (WM = 3.79) and hats or bonnets (WM =

3.71) further affirm respondents' understanding of minimizing heat loss through extremities.

Although the use of a thermometer to monitor a newborn’s temperature had a slightly lower mean

(WM = 3.58), it was still within the “Always Practiced” range, reflecting a proactive approach to

detecting potential thermal instability (Stanford Children’s Health, 2020). These findings indicate

that respondents are well-informed in implementing thermoregulation practices.

Table 8

Level of respondents’ engagement with newborn care practices in terms of hygienic care practices.

Hygienic Care Practices WM SD Interpretation

1. I leave my newborn’s umbilical stump 3.68 1.29 Always Practiced
uncovered.
2. I maintain my newborn’s umbilical cord clean 3.89 1.81 Always Practiced
and dry.
3. I wash my hands with soap before I clean my 3.87 1.74 Always Practiced
newborn’s umbilical stump when it is soiled.
4. I clean my newborn’s umbilical stump with 2.84 1.22 Frequently Practiced
warm water when soiled.
5. I pat dry my newborn’s umbilical stump with a 3.87 1.81 Always Practiced
clean cloth after washing it with water.
49
 6. I wash my hands before bathing my newborn. 3.71 1.50 Always Practiced
7. I bathe my newborn every day. 3.76 1.45 Always Practiced
8. I bathe my newborn with mild soap or baby 3.92 1.87 Always Practiced
wash.
9. I clean the eyes of my newborn from the inner 3.95 1.87 Always Practiced
canthus to the outer canthus (from the side of
the nose to the direction of the ear)
10. I use diaper to my newborn. 3.74 1.63 Always Practiced
11. I wash my hands with soap before and after 3.76 1.56 Always Practiced
diaper care.
12. I change my newborn’s diaper every two to 3.79 1.50 Always Practiced
three hours, or as often as needed.
13. I clean my newborn’s genitalia and anus from 3.89 1.81 Always Practiced
front to back with lukewarm water and baby
wash or baby wipes every after defecation and
urination.
14. I pat my newborn dry with a clean towel before 3.97 1.93 Always Practiced
putting on a fresh diaper.
15. I apply ointment or cream for rashes on my 3.84 1.62 Always Practiced
newborn’s bottom if rashes occur.
Overall 3.77 1.64 Always Practiced
1.00-1.75 – Strongly Disagree; 1.76-2.50 – Somewhat Disagree; 2.51-3.25 – Somewhat Agree; 3.26-4.00
– Strongly Agree

Table 8 reveals a strong adherence to recommended hygienic newborn care practices among

the surveyed respondents, with an overall mean score of 3.77 (SD = 1.64), firmly situating these

practices within the "Always Practiced" category. This high level of reported engagement is

consistently observed across the specific hygienic care practices crucial for neonatal well-being. For

instance, the critical practice of maintaining a newborn's umbilical stump as clean and dry as

possible achieved a mean score of 3.89 (SD = 1.81), indicating widespread acceptance, which is

essential for preventing omphalitis and other infections (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019;

World Health Organization, 2016, as cited by Acantilado et al., 2023; Zupan et al., 2020 as cited by

Acantilado et al., 2023).

Furthermore, the foundational practice of handwashing, a basic for infection control,

demonstrated strong adherence, with mean scores of 3.87 (SD = 1.74) for handwashing before

cleaning the umbilical stump when soiled and 3.71 (SD = 1.50) for handwashing before bathing the

newborn. These figures align directly with WHO recommendations (2019, as cited by Acantilado et
50
al., 2023), emphasizing thorough hand hygiene for caregivers to prevent disease transmission

(Hockenberry et al., 2021, as cited by Acantilado et al., 2023).

Bathing practices also exhibited high conformity, with daily bathing using mild soap or baby

wash registering a mean of 3.92 (SD = 1.87), consistent with WHO (2013) guidelines for newborn

hygiene (Acantilado et al., 2023). Notably, the precise technique of cleaning the newborn's eyes from

the inner to the outer canthus received a weighted mean of 3.95 (SD = 1.87), indicating widespread

knowledge and application of this infection-preventing method.

In terms of diaper care, frequent diaper changes (mean = 3.79 SD = 1.50), as recommended

by the AAP (2021, as cited by Acantilado et al., 2023) to prevent rash and irritation, and

meticulously patting the newborn dry before applying a fresh diaper (mean = 3.97 SD = 1.93), were

also consistently "Always Practiced." The data thus showed that consistent application of hygienic

practices have been employed among the postnatal mothers surveyed.

Table 9

Level of respondents’ engagement with newborn care practices in terms of identification of danger

signs of newborn.

ID of Danger Signs of Newborn Practices WM SD Interpretation

1. Poor appetite 3.89 1.74 Always Practiced
2. Involuntary contraction of the muscles Always Practiced
3.82 1.69
(convulsion)
3. Difficulty in breathing 3.76 1.56 Always Practiced
4. Severe chest indrawing 2.84 1.22 Always Practiced
5. Absence of spontaneous movement 3.82 1.56 Always Practiced
6. Hot to touch (body) 4.00 2.00 Always Practiced
7. Cold to touch (body) 3.95 1.87 Always Practiced
8. Yellowish color of the eyes, palms, and soles. 3.84 1.62 Always Practiced
9. Abdominal distension 3.92 1.87 Always Practiced
10. Diarrhea/loose bowel movement 3.97 1.93 Always Practiced
11. Vomiting 3.97 1.93 Always Practiced
12. Excessive crying 3.97 1.93 Always Practiced
13. Red umbilicus with discharging pus 3.92 1.81 Always Practiced
Overall 3.82 1.75 Always Practiced
1.00-1.75 – Strongly Disagree; 1.76-2.50 – Somewhat Disagree; 2.51-3.25 – Somewhat Agree; 3.26-4.00
– Strongly Agree

51
 Table 9 details respondents' engagement with newborn care practices concerning the

identification of danger signs. It was found that postnatal mothers showed high awareness as

indicated by an overall mean score of 3.82 (SD = 1.75), signifying that these practices are "Always

Practiced." This finding aligns with the critical imperative that early detection of neonatal illness is

foundational to improving newborn survival (Sandberg et al., 2014, as cited by Acantilado et al.,

2023). A granular analysis of individual danger signs consistently demonstrates high recognition. For

instance, caregivers reported "Always Practicing" the identification of vital physiological indicators

such as "Hot to touch (body)" (WM = 4.00 SD = 2.00) and "Cold to touch (body)" (WM = 3.95 SD =

1.87), both essential for action given the severe risks associated with neonatal hyperthermia and

hypothermia (WHO, 2013; Mccall, 2018, as cited by Acantilado et al., 2023). Similarly, "Yellowish

color of the eyes, palms, and soles" (jaundice) also achieved an "Always Practiced" status (WM =

3.84, SD = 1.62), highlighting awareness of a condition that demands timely treatment (Acantilado

et al., 2023). Behavioral and feeding changes, including "Poor appetite" (WM = 3.89, SD = 1.74),

"Abdominal distension" (WM = 3.92, SD = 1.87), "Vomiting" (WM = 3.97, SD = 1.93), and

"Excessive crying" (WM = 3.97, SD = 1.93), were also consistently recognized, reflecting

understanding that these symptoms can indicate underlying health issues (Acantilado et al., 2023).

Furthermore, awareness of serious respiratory signs like "Difficulty in breathing" (WM =

3.76 SD = 1.56) and neurological concerns such as "Absence of spontaneous movement" (WM =

3.82 SD = 1.56) and "Involuntary contraction of the muscles (convulsion)" (WM = 3.82 SD = 1.69)

was also high, indicating an understanding of critical symptoms requiring immediate medical

attention. The high recognition of "Red umbilicus with discharging pus" (WM = 3.92, SD = 1.81)

further emphasizes the importance placed on identifying signs of umbilical cord infection. Overall,

the data showed higher weighted means which signifies that postnatal mothers surveyed employ

these practices.

Table 10

Level of respondents’ engagement with newborn care practices in terms of immunization.

52
 Immunization WM SD Interpretation
1. I submit my newborn to vaccination within 24 4.00 2.00 Always Practiced
hours at birth with BCG vaccine.
2. I submit my newborn to vaccination within 24 3.87 1.68 Always Practiced
hours at birth with Hepa B vaccine.
3. I comply with the immunization schedule due 3.92 1.81 Always Practiced
for newborns as recommended by the
Department of Health.
4. I bring my newborn to our health care facility 3.76 1.45 Always Practiced
or health center for his/her scheduled
immunization.
5. I inquire about vaccination side effects to 3.82 1.56 Always Practiced
prepare for possible interventions.
6. I monitor my newborn after immunization for 3.95 1.87 Always Practiced
possible side effects of the vaccine, such as
fever and rashes.
7. I seek immediate medical attention if the 4.00 2.00 Always Practiced
anticipated side effects of
vaccination/immunization worsen.
Overall 3.90 1.77 Always Practiced
1.00-1.75 – Strongly Disagree; 1.76-2.50 – Somewhat Disagree; 2.51-3.25 – Somewhat Agree; 3.26-4.00
– Strongly Agree

Table 10 presents the level of respondents’ engagement with newborn care practices in terms

of immunization, which demonstrates a highly commendable commitment to vaccination practices

among the surveyed respondents. The overall mean score for immunization practices is 3.90 (SD =

1.77), which firmly places these actions in the "Always Practiced" category. This engagement is

consistently reflected across all individual items pertaining to immunization. Specifically, the quick

administration of initial vaccinations, such as the BCG vaccine (WM = 4.00, SD = 2.00) and the

Hepatitis B vaccine (WM = 3.87, SD = 1.68) within 24 hours of birth, is reported as "Always

Practiced." This direct adherence aligns perfectly with the Expanded Program on Immunization

(EPI) guidelines set by the Department of Health (DOH) in the Philippines (DOH, 2020 as cited by

Acantilado et al., 2023), which are designed to offer significant early protection against diseases like

tuberculosis and Hepatitis B. Beyond these initial vaccinations, respondents also indicate an

"Always Practiced" compliance with the overall immunization schedule recommended by the DOH

(WM = 3.92 SD = 1.81) and responsive behavior in bringing their newborns to healthcare facilities

for scheduled immunizations (WM = 3.76 SD = 1.45).

53
 Furthermore, a significant emphasis is placed on post-immunization care and safety.

Respondents consistently report "Always Practicing" the inquiry about potential vaccination side

effects (WM = 3.82, SD = 1.56) and diligently monitoring their newborns for possible reactions such

as fever and rashes (WM = 3.95, SD = 1.87). Importantly, the commitment to seeking immediate

medical attention if anticipated side effects worsen (WM = 4.00, SD = 2.00) is also "Always

Practiced," highlighting a commendable level of vigilance and responsibility among caregivers. This

result showed that the postmarital mothers in Barangay Baybay San Roque frequently employ

vaccination practices for their newborns.

Comparison of the Engagement with Newborn Care Practices of the Previous Study’s

Respondents and the Current Study’s

This portion presents and discusses the engagement of the postnatal mothers surveyed with

the same set of questionnaires from the previous study and the current study.

Table 11

Independent t-test results comparing the level of engagement in newborn care practices between

respondents of the previous study and those of the current study.

Newborn Care Practices t-value p Descriptive Interpretation

Breastfeeding -0.85897 0.41265 There is no significant difference
Thermoregulation -1.9526 0.079401 There is no significant difference
Hygienic Care -0.65363 0.52394 There is no significant difference
ID of Danger Signs of Newborn -0.73218 0.47812 There is no significant difference
Immunization -0.23331 0.82327 There is no significant difference
p-value < 0.05 – significant; p-value > 0.05 – not significant

Table 11 presents the independent t-test results, revealing no statistically significant

difference in the level of engagement in key newborn care practices, namely: breastfeeding,

thermoregulation, hygienic care, identification of newborn danger signs, and immunization when

compared between respondents of a previous study and those of the current study. With p-values

consistently above the 0.05 significance threshold for all five practices, these findings suggest a

remarkable stability in maternal engagement over time, or at least across the periods encompassed
54
by the two studies. This consistency in engagement levels is important, particularly given that efforts

to improve newborn care practices often involve health interventions and awareness campaigns. For

instance, studies in various low- and middle-income countries, such as those in the Philippines and

Western China, have reported significant improvements in certain essential newborn care (ENC)

practices, including immediate drying, delayed cord clamping, and early initiation of breastfeeding,

often as a result of national initiatives, policy development, and targeted training for healthcare

workers (Sakib et al., 2023).

However, other research indicates that while progress has been made in some areas, practices

like optimal thermal care or comprehensive identification of danger signs may still lag, particularly

in community or home birth settings where awareness and access to information might be limited.

The lack of significant change observed in the current analysis could imply that the interventions or

contextual factors between the two study periods were not impactful enough to shift engagement

levels, or that the baseline engagement was already high and sustained. Factors influencing newborn

care practices often stemmed from maternal education, socioeconomic status, access to antenatal and

postnatal care, and the quality of health counseling received (Sacks et al., 2022). Therefore,

understanding the specific characteristics of the study populations and the nature of any

interventions implemented between the two studies would be important to fully interpret why

engagement levels have remained constant in this context.

55
 A HEALTH TEACHING ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITY

“A Mother’s Embrace”

General Objective:

At the end of the teaching activity, the postpartum mothers can improve their

skills and practices on newborn care.

Table 11 presents the proposed health teaching activity on newborn care practices

with aim, actions to be taken, resources needed, conducting staff or personnel, timetable,

and success indicator.

HEALTH TEACHING PLAN

Introduction

"A Mother's Embrace" is a comprehensive health teaching enhancement plan

aimed at providing mothers with the knowledge and appropriate skills necessary to

ensure a positive postpartum experience and promote optimal newborn care practices.

This program recognizes the importance of empowering mothers with up-to-date and

accurate information, fostering their confidence, and enhancing their ability to provide

nurturing care to their newborns.

The transition to motherhood can be both exciting and challenging, and it is

during this critical period that mothers need guidance and support to navigate the various

aspects of newborn care. "A Mother's Embrace" is designed to address these needs,

offering a structured and interactive seminar that equips mothers with essential

information, practical skills, and emotional support. Through this program, mothers will

gain a deeper understanding of the importance of newborn care practices and their role in

promoting the health and well-being of their newborns. They will learn about topics such

as breastfeeding and thermoregulation techniques, proper hygiene practices,

56
 immunizations, and identification of neonatal danger signs. The seminar will also focus

on addressing common concerns and challenges faced by new mothers, providing

strategies to overcome them, and offering a supportive environment for sharing

experiences and seeking guidance.

Rationale

Based on the research findings, it is evident that postpartum mothers are committed to

providing proper newborn care practices. However, the identification of breastfeeding

practices and thermoregulation practices that are only frequently practiced, a hygienic care

practice that is only occasionally practiced, and the identification of a significant difference in

immunization practices among multipara and primipara mothers indicates the need for

targeted interventions to improve overall newborn care practices.

Considering this, the proposed health teaching enhancement plan, "A Mother's

Embrace," aims to enhance the knowledge and skills of postpartum mothers in areas where

differences were observed, particularly regarding immunization practices. The plan will be

designed to address the specific needs of postpartum mothers and foster a more

comprehensive and consistent approach to newborn care practices.

Program/ Actions Resourc Conductin Time- Success

Project/ Aim to be es g Table Indicator
Taken Staff or
Personnel
Health Education
Activity ● Speakers ● Postpartu
● Invite Visual
● Clinical m
speak Aids Augus
● To impart Instructors mothers
ers. Microp t 2023
knowledge ● Student were able
● Coordi hone onwar
about the Nurses to
nate ds
proper Sound demonstr
with
practices in System ate
the
newborn enhanced
Barang ● Student
care. ay skills in
Nurses newborn
Captain ● Clinical
. care
Instructor practices
● Facilitat

57
 e in the
Health
Education
N
activity.

Table 12 presents the proposed health teaching enhancement plan in terms of newborn

care practices for postpartum mothers with definitions and standards in caring for a newborn.

OBJECTIVES CONTENT

At the end of the teaching

activity, the postpartum I. What is newborn care?
mothers will gain improved
skills and practices on Newborn care refers
newborn care. Specifically, to that care given from
they will be able to: the delivery of the
newborn throughout
● define newborn care. the first 28 days of life
which includes the
proper ways on
breastfeeding,

58
 thermoregulation, hygienic care, identification of
newborn danger signs, and immunization.

I. Proper practices on newborn care and its

importance in terms of:

a. Breastfeeding
Breast milk provides newborns with the necessary
● describe the benefits of nutrients for growth and development and also contains
exclusive breastfeeding antibodies and other immune factors that can help
during the first six protect the newborn from infections and illnesses. The
months of their best source of nutrients for a newborn's growth and
newborn's life. development is breast milk, which also increases their
● demonstrate proper resistance to
latch and positioning infectious diseases
techniques to ensure and controls the
effective breastfeeding. growth of healthy
● identify common bacteria in their
breastfeeding intestines.
challenges and apply Breastfeeding also
strategies to overcome promotes mother-baby
them. bonding and has been
● state the importance of linked to a slight improvement in intelligence test
frequent breastfeeding performance in adolescents and children, a lower risk of
to establish and being overweight or have obesity later in life, type 2
maintain an adequate diabetes, and a potential reduction in the risk of
milk supply. cardiovascular disease.

It is very significant that we know the proper ways

on how to breastfeed your newborn.
● Wash your hands with soap before
breastfeeding your newborn.
● Start nursing the newborn within one hour of
the newborn’s birth.
● Clean your nipple with warm water before
breastfeeding.
● Breastfeed your newborn exclusively for the
first 6 months of life. Do not give pre-lacteal

59
60
● identify signs of carefully controlled thermal environment. When a
hypothermia and newborn's temperature falls below 36.5 °C,
hyperthermia in hypothermia sets in. Worldwide, neonatal
newborns and take hypothermia constitutes a substantial leading cause
appropriate measures to of neonatal death and health impairment among
address these neonates regardless of climates.
conditions.
● discuss the importance Proper ways on how to thermoregulate your
of skin-to-skin contact newborn:
and kangaroo care in
promoting
thermoregulation and
bonding with their
newborn.

● Monitor your newborn’s temperature using

a thermometer.
● Bathe your newborn in lukewarm water.
● Leave the vernix caseosa (white creamy,
naturally occurring biofilm covering the
skin of the newborn) on your newborn’s
skin until it wears off with normal care and
handling.
● Bathe your newborn for only 5-10 minutes.
● Immediately dry your newborn after bathing
from head to toe.
● Place your newborn in a warm room to
prevent heat loss.
● Dress your newborn warmly with a swaddle
blanket.
● Put a hat/bonnet on your newborn’s head.
● Put your newborn’s socks on.
● Practice kangaroo care by placing the
newborn in contact with the mother’s skin to
prevent heat loss.
61
 ● Do not expose your newborn to too cold or
too hot environments.

c. Hygienic Care
Hygienic care of newborns includes cord care,
bathing, and diaper care. Hygiene practices used on
a newborn umbilical cord stump to prevent infection
and speed up healing are referred to as cord care.
The portion of the umbilical cord that remains
attached to the newborn's navel after the cord is cut
at birth is known as the umbilical cord stump. For a
newborn’s umbilical cord stump to heal and avoid
infection, proper cord care is essential. If bacteria get
into the stump of the umbilical cord, they can cause
infection, which can have serious and even life-
● demonstrate proper threatening complications. Moreover, it is also
handwashing important to bathe your newborn regularly. Bathing
techniques before and a newborn involves cleaning the newborn’s skin and
after handling their hair using a mild soap or cleanser, while taking care
newborn. not to irritate or dry out the delicate skin.
● follow hygienic Additionally, diaper care is as important aspect of
practices during diaper newborn care as everything else, as it helps prevent
changing and bathing. skin irritation and infection. The most important
● discuss the role of aspect of diaper care for newborns is changing their
hygiene in preventing diapers frequently.
infections and
promoting overall Proper ways on how to maintain newborn’s
health in their hygiene:
newborns. ● Leave your newborn’s umbilical stump
● identify potential uncovered.
sources of ● Maintain your newborn’s umbilical cord
contamination and take dry and clean.
necessary precautions to ● Wash your hands with soap before cleaning
maintain a clean and your newborn’s umbilical stump when it is
safe environment for soiled.
their baby. ● Clean your newborn’s umbilical stump
with warm water.
● Pat dry your newborn’s umbilical stump
62
with a clean cloth after washing it with
water.

63
● explain the immunization, commonly known as vaccination
importance of or shots, is essential.
timely and The Expanded Program on Immunization
complete (EPI) is an essential initiative of the Department
immunization of Health (DOH) in the Philippines that aims to
for their provide free and accessible vaccines to prevent
newborns to infectious diseases among children. The program
protect against covers several vaccines with specific schedules,
preventable and it has been successful in reducing the
diseases. incidence of infectious diseases in the country.
● identify
the It is very much important to remember to:
recommended ● submit the newborn to vaccination
immunization within 24 hours at birth with BCG
schedule for and Hepa B vaccine.
their baby ● comply with the immunization
and understand schedule due for newborns as
the purpose of recommended by the Department of
each vaccine. Health.
● discuss ● bring the newborn to a health care
common facility or health center for his/her
misconceptions scheduled immunization.
or concerns ● inquire about vaccination side effects
related to to prepare for possible interventions.
immunization ● monitor the newborn after
through immunization for possible side
evidence-based effects of the vaccine such as fever
information. and rashes.
● demonstrate ● seek immediate medical attention if
knowledge of the anticipated side effects
local of vaccination/immunization worsen.
immunization
clinics and how
to access
vaccination
services.

64
65
 CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter summarizes the findings of the study, draws conclusions, and recommends plans

or actions for implementation or further investigation

Summary of Findings

Drawn from the results and discussions, the items summarize the key points that this study

has found upon its completion:

1. This study surveyed 38 postpartum mothers in Baybay San Roque, Misamis Occidental,

with a low retrieval rate of 24.84%. The majority of respondents are over 35 years old

(39.5%), a group that studies suggest may be less aligned with modern newborn care

practices. Most mothers have limited educational attainment, with only 10.5%

completing college, which may affect their ability to make informed childcare decisions.

A significant 89.5% of respondents belong to the low-income class, a factor often linked

to reduced access to healthcare resources. Over half (55.3%) are multiparous, which can

enhance newborn care through prior experience. Research supports that multiparous

mothers are more capable in areas such as breastfeeding, recognizing warning signs, and

vaccination adherence.

2. The seminar, in terms of delivering its objectives, was perceived as effective by

respondents, with a high overall weighted mean of 3.85. Key strengths included

improved health knowledge and clarity of the seminar’s purpose, aligning with literature

on the importance of health literacy. Respondents also felt well-informed and engaged,

though slightly lower ratings on community-level impact suggest the need for improved

follow-up and integration.

66
3. In terms of content, the seminar was perceived as highly effective with an overall

weighted mean of 3.83, indicating strong agreement among respondents. Respondents

especially appreciated the usefulness of examples and the clarity of the teaching plan,

which supported better understanding and retention. The content was also seen as

culturally sensitive and promoted collaboration with healthcare providers, aligning with

best practices in inclusive health education.

4. The speaker of “A Mother’s Embrace” seminar was perceived as highly effective, with a

weighted mean of 3.83, reflecting strong respondent agreement. Respondents emphasized

the speaker’s cultural knowledge, particularly in relation to Subanen mothers, and praised

their ability to communicate complex health information clearly and practically. The

speaker’s enthusiasm, audience engagement, and approachable nature further contributed

to a positive and impactful learning experience.

5. The overall execution of the seminar “A Mother’s Embrace” was perceived very

positively, with a weighted mean of 3.81, indicating strong agreement on its

effectiveness. Respondents were highly satisfied with the seminar’s quality, content

accessibility, and relevance, particularly in enhancing maternal and newborn health

knowledge. The findings align with adult learning and community-based education

principles, emphasizing the importance of context-specific and participatory approaches.

6. Respondents demonstrated a very high level of adherence to recommended breastfeeding

practices, with an overall weighted mean of 3.71, indicating consistent implementation.

Key practices included early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding for the

first six months, and maintaining hygiene by washing hands and cleaning nipples before

feeding. High compliance was also observed in proper positioning, feeding on demand,

alternating breasts, and burping the baby after feeding – actions that support infant health,

comfort, and nutrition. The highest-rated behavior was proper latching and attachment

67
 (WM = 3.82), reflecting respondents' strong knowledge of effective breastfeeding

techniques.

7. Respondents showed a high level of engagement with thermoregulation practices for

newborns, with an overall weighted mean of 3.80, indicating consistent adherence. Most

notably, they actively avoided exposing infants to extreme temperatures and ensured

warm environments by placing newborns in heated rooms and drying them immediately

after birth. Common practices also included skin-to-skin contact, bathing with lukewarm

water for short durations, and using vernix caseosa for its insulating benefits. Dressing

infants warmly with swaddle blankets, hats, and booties further reflected their awareness

of heat retention methods. Although slightly less practiced, the use of thermometers to

monitor temperature still showed relevance to maintaining newborn thermal stability.

8. Respondents demonstrated a strong commitment to hygienic newborn care practices, with

an overall weighted mean of 3.77, classified as "Always Practiced." High adherence was

observed in key areas such as umbilical cord care (WM = 3.89) and proper hand hygiene

before bathing or cleaning the newborn (WM = 3.87 and 3.71, respectively), aligning

with WHO and AAP guidelines. Bathing practices, including daily washing with mild

soap and careful eye cleaning techniques (WM = 3.92 and 3.95), reflected a deep

understanding of infection prevention. Diaper care was also consistently followed, with

frequent changes (WM = 3.79) and thorough drying before applying new diapers (WM =

3.97) commonly practiced.

9. Postnatal mothers demonstrated high engagement with newborn care practices,

particularly in identifying danger signs, with an overall mean score of 3.82, indicating

these are "Always Practiced." Key physiological indicators such as abnormal body

temperature and jaundice were consistently recognized. Behavioral and feeding issues

like poor appetite, vomiting, and excessive crying also received high awareness. Mothers

68
 showed strong recognition of critical signs related to respiratory distress, neurological

issues, and umbilical cord infections.

10. Respondents exhibited a strong commitment to newborn immunization, with an overall

mean score of 3.90, indicating these practices are "Always Practiced." Initial vaccinations

like BCG and Hepatitis B, administered within 24 hours of birth, were consistently

reported as routine. Mothers also adhered to the full immunization schedule and regularly

brought their newborns to health facilities for vaccinations. Post-immunization care was

also emphasized, with caregivers actively monitoring side effects and seeking medical

help when necessary.

11. The independent t-test revealed no significant difference in newborn care engagement

levels, covering breastfeeding, thermoregulation, hygienic care, danger sign

identification, and immunization between respondents of the previous and current studies.

All p-values exceeded the 0.05 alpha value, indicating consistent maternal practices over

time. This stability may reflect either sustained high engagement or limited impact from

recent interventions. The unchanged engagement levels could also be influenced by

persistent factors such as maternal education, healthcare access, and the quality of

counseling.

Conclusion

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the “A Mother’s Embrace” program in improving

postpartum mother and newborn care practices through a health care seminar. Findings from 38

postpartum mothers in Baybay San Roque, Misamis Occidental, indicated positive perceptions of the

seminar, despite limitations such as a low retrieval rate and predominantly low-income, low-

education demographics.

Respondents rated the seminar highly in terms of content clarity, speaker effectiveness,

cultural relevance, and overall delivery. These results reflect alignment with best practices in adult

69
and community-based health education. The seminar effectively communicated key messages and

was well-received across varying demographic groups. Mothers reported consistently high

adherence to recommended newborn care practices. These findings demonstrate strong maternal

engagement and suggest that the seminar successfully reinforced essential caregiving behaviors.

However, comparative analysis using an independent t-test revealed no significant

differences between the current and previous groups’ engagement in newborn care practices. This

consistency may indicate a sustained level of high engagement or limited impact from the

intervention.

In conclusion, “A Mother’s Embrace” was effective in promoting health knowledge and

supporting positive maternal behaviors. Nonetheless, lasting improvements may require not only

educational interventions but also broader support systems to address socioeconomic challenges and

ensure continued health outcomes for mothers and newborns.

Recommendations

Based on the conclusions reached and the work completed during this project, this study has

recommendations specifically for each stakeholder:

1. For the Postpartum Mothers, continue practicing the newborn care techniques learned

during the seminar to ensure the health and safety of your child and encourage fellow

mothers to participate in health education programs and share learned practices within peer

networks.

2. For the Future Mothers, attend seminars like “A Mother’s Embrace” during pregnancy to

prepare for postpartum care and responsibilities and seek information and support from

reliable health sources early in your pregnancy to ensure both maternal and newborn well-

being.

70
3. For the Community Health Workers, continue implementing culturally relevant and

community-specific health education initiatives and consider offering modular or repeated

sessions to accommodate those who missed the seminar or need reinforcement.

4. For the LGU Health Units, allocate funding and logistical support for regular

implementation of health seminars in remote or underserved areas and integrate seminars like

“A Mother’s Embrace” into standard maternal health programs.

5. For the Student Nurses, actively participate in community outreach and health promotion

programs as part of clinical training and develop culturally sensitive and inclusive

educational materials for diverse populations.

6. For the Nursing Educational Institutions, incorporate community-based health education

strategies and research into nursing curricula and support partnerships with local health units

to enhance student exposure to maternal and childcare challenges.

7. For Future Researchers, continue exploring the long-term impact of seminars on health

outcomes through longitudinal studies and investigate additional factors (e.g., family support,

mental health, access to resources) that influence maternal and newborn care behaviors.

71
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74
 Appendix A

Letter of Request

April 4, 2025

ATTY. HENRY “INDY” F. OAMINAL JR.

City Mayor
Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental

Dear Honorable Oaminal,

Lasallian Greetings!

We, the undersigned, are the Bachelor of Science in Nursing students, and are currently
undertaking a thesis entitled THE IMPLEMENTATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF ‘A
MOTHER’S EMBRACE’ PROGRAM.

We are writing to respectfully request your permission to conduct a health teaching program in
Barangay Baybay San Roque, Ozamiz City. This initiative is part of our ongoing commitment to
promote maternal and child health through community-based interventions. The program aims to
enhance maternal knowledge, practices, and involvement in ensuring the health and well-being
of newborns in the community. The conduct of this program is based on the findings of a recent
study which revealed a significant need for interventions to improve newborn care practices
among mothers in the community. These findings highlight the importance of targeted health
education to empower mothers with the right knowledge and skills in newborn care.
The program will be conducted by an invited speaker who is knowledgeable and experienced in
maternal and child health, ensuring that the participants receive accurate, practical, and relevant
information. Attached is the proposed program on April 12, 2025 , in close collaboration with the
Barangay Health Workers and local health officials. All activities will strictly adhere to existing
health and safety protocols. Rest assured that the gathered information will be kept with utmost
confidentiality.

75
We are hopeful for your kind support and approval of this meaningful health initiative, which we
believe will greatly contribute to the well-being of families in Barangay Baybay San Roque,
Ozamiz City. Thank you very much for your continued commitment to the health and
development of our communities.

Very respectfully yours,

(signed) (signed)
MARY JUSTINE A. OBIAL VENUS G. PEROCHO
Student-researcher Student-researcher
(signed) (signed)
ALTHEA ALLEA D. QUIJANO TRACY C. RULONA
Student-researcher Student-researcher
(signed)
IMMACULATE L. SALCEDO
Student-researcher

Noted:
(signed) (signed)
SALLY C. DIANGCA, RN, MAN ARLENE D. APAO, RN, MAN
Thesis Adviser Dean, College of Nursing

Approved by:
(signed)
ATTY. HENRY F. OAMINAL JR.
City Mayor
Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental

76
April 4, 2025

ARLENE D. APAO, RN, MAN

Dean, College of
Nursing Dear Ms.
Apao,

We, the undersigned, are the Bachelor of Science in Nursing students and are currently
undertaking a thesis entitled THE IMPLEMENTATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF ‘A
MOTHER’S EMBRACE’ PROGRAM.

In connection with this, we respectfully request your permission to conduct a Health Teaching
Program and subsequently evaluate its effectiveness as part of our research study. The
respondents will be postpartum mothers residing in Barangay San Roque, Ozamiz City.

The program aims to improve knowledge and practices related to newborn care. The sessions
will be facilitated by an invited speaker with expertise in maternal and child health. Please be
assured that all gathered information will be treated with the utmost confidentiality and will be
used solely for academic and research purposes. The conduct of this program has also received
the approval and support of the Honorable Mayor of Ozamiz City.

Thank you very

much. In St. La Salle,

(signed) (signed)
MARY JUSTINE A. OBIAL VENUS G. PEROCHO
Student-researcher Student-researcher
(signed) (signed)
ALTHEA ALLEA D. QUIJANO TRACY C. RULONA
Student-researcher Student-researcher
(signed)
IMMACULATE L. SALCEDO
Student-researcher

Noted: Approved:
(signed) (signed)
SALLY C. DIANGCA, RN, MAN ARLENE D. APAO, RN, MAN
Thesis Adviser Dean, College of Nursing

77
 April 4, 2025
HON. GERARDO O. GABAS
Barangay Capitan
Ozamiz City, Misamis
Occidental Dear Honorable
Gabas,
Lasallian Greetings!
We, the undersigned, are the Bachelor of Science in Nursing students, and are currently
undertaking a thesis entitled THE IMPLEMENTATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF ‘A
MOTHER’S EMBRACE’ PROGRAM.

This initiative is anchored on the results of a recent study which identified the need for
interventions to improve newborn care practices among mothers. In line with this, we would like
to request the assistance of your good office in inviting at least 170 participants, ideally mothers
of newborns in the Barangay Baybay San Roque, Ozamiz City, who would benefit from this
educational activity. We will be working in coordination with the Barangay Health Workers and
ensure that all activities will follow proper health and safety protocols. Rest assured that the
gathered information will be kept with utmost confidentiality.

We look forward to your support in making this program a success for the benefit of the
families in your community.
Very respectfully yours,

(signed) (signed)
MARY JUSTINE A. OBIAL VENUS G. PEROCHO
Student-researcher Student-researcher
(signed) (signed)
ALTHEA ALLEA D. QUIJANO TRACY C. ROLONA
Student-researcher Student-researcher
(signed)
IMMACULATE L. SALCEDO
Student-researcher

Noted:
(signed) (signed)
SALLY C. DIANGCA, RN, MAN ARLENE D. APAO, RN, MAN
Thesis Adviser Dean, College of Nursing

Approved by:
(signed)
HON. GERARDO O. GABAS
Barangay Captain
San Roque, Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental

78
 Appendix B
Informed Consent

May 5, 2025

Dear Residents of Barangay

Baybay San Roque,

Lasallian Greetings!

We, the undersigned, are the Bachelor of Science in Nursing students, and are currently
undertaking a thesis entitled THE IMPLEMENTATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF ‘A
MOTHER’S EMBRACE’ PROGRAM.

We would like to assure you that your participation in this study is completely voluntary. You
have the right to withdraw at any time without any consequences. To protect your privacy, we
will use a unique code to represent your responses. Your name or any other identifying
information will never be associated with your answers.

Your responses will be kept secure and will only be used for the purpose of our research at La
Salle University-Ozamiz. The results of the study will be presented as group data, ensuring that
your individual privacy is protected.

Thank you for your time and consideration. We look forward to your participation.

(signed) (signed)
MARY JUSTINE A. OBIAL VENUS G. PEROCHO
Student-researcher Student-researcher
(signed) (signed)
ALTHEA ALLEA D. QUIJANO TRACY C. ROLONA
Student-researcher Student-researcher
(signed)
IMMACULATE L. SALCEDO
Student-researcher

79
Minamahal na mga Residente ng Barangay
Baybay San Roque,

Maayong LaSalle!

Kami po ay mga mag-aaral ng Bachelor of Science in Nursing at kasalukuyang gumagawa ng

isang tesis na may pamagat na THE IMPLEMENTATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF ‘A
MOTHER’S EMBRACE’ PROGRAM.

Ipinapaabot po namin na ang inyong pakikilahok sa pananaliksik na ito ay boluntaryo. May

karapatan po kayong umatras o tumanggi sa anumang oras nang walang magiging masamang
epekto. Upang mapangalagaan ang inyong privacy, gagamit po kami ng natatanging kodigo
upang kumatawan sa inyong mga sagot. Hinding-hindi namin ilalantad ang inyong pangalan o
anumang impormasyong makakapagpakilala sa inyo.

Ang inyong mga sagot ay pananatilihing ligtas at gagamitin lamang para sa layunin ng aming
pananaliksik sa La Salle University-Ozamiz. Ang resulta ng pag-aaral ay ihaharap sa anyo ng
pinagsama-samang datos upang matiyak na ang inyong pribadong impormasyon ay mananatiling
protektado.

Maraming salamat po sa inyong oras at konsiderasyon. Inaasahan po namin ang inyong

pakikibahagi.

Sa Lasalyanong pasasalamat,

(signed) (signed)
MARY JUSTINE A. OBIAL VENUS G. PEROCHO
Estudyanteng-tigpanuhid Estudyanteng-tigpanuhid

(signed) (signed)
ALTHEA ALLEA D. QUIJANO TRACY C. ROLONA
Estudyanteng-tigpanuhid Estudyanteng-tigpanuhid

(signed)
IMMACULATE L. SALCEDO
Estudyanteng-tigpanuhid

80
 Appendix C

Set A Survey Questionnaire

(English)

Overall Assessment Questionnaire During the Health Teaching

Directions: These statements evaluate your experience during the health teaching program
regarding the practices of newborn care. For each statement, put a checkmark (✓) on the space
provided that corresponds to your answer following the code.
Legend:
4 – Strongly agree 2 – Somewhat disagree
3 – Somewhat agree 1 – Strongly disagree
Objectives:
Statements 4 3 2 1
1 I understand the purpose of this health activity.
2 I feel informed about why I am invited to participate.
3 I am aware of the specific goals of the activity for the postpartum
mothers.
4 I do believe that this activity will be beneficial to my health knowledge.

5 I am confident in applying what I have learned from the activity.

6 I believe the seminar provides supportive health educational services to

enhance recommended health practices among postpartum mothers.

7 I feel that the seminar provided adequate resources for postpartum

mothers to improve newborn care practices in their community.

8 I believe the seminar helped me develop a plan to improve newborn

care in my community.

9 I think the seminar provided resources that will help me continue

learning about newborn care.

10 I feel that the seminar objectives were well-aligned with the needs of
my community.

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Content:
Statements 4 3 2 1
1 I find the lessons shared during the health teaching very helpful and
relevant to my needs as a mother.
The activities conducted during the health teaching are clear and easy
to follow.
2
3 The content of the teaching plan is very well explained, making it easy
to understand and apply.
4 I feel that the seminar provided sufficient information on how to handle
common newborn health issues.
5 The health teaching made me more aware of my role as a responsible
mother and how to apply what I’ve learned in real-life situations.
6 I have learned about topics that were previously unknown to me
regarding newborn care.
7 I enjoyed the interactive sessions or activities during the seminar.
8 I found the examples presented during the seminar to be useful.
9 I felt that the seminar helped me understand how to collaborate with
healthcare providers to improve newborn care.
10 I felt that the seminar content was presented in a way that respected
cultural differences.
Speaker:
Statements 4 3 2 1
1 I felt that the speaker adequately addressed questions and concerns
from the audience.
2 I believed the speaker effectively communicated complex health
information.
3 I felt engaged by the speaker throughout the presentation.
4 I would recommend this speaker for future seminars on similar topics.
5 I believe the speaker demonstrated a strong knowledge of the subject
matter.
6 I believe the speaker provides practical advice for implementing
newborn care practices.
7 I feel that the speaker was approachable and open to questions.

82
 8 I believed the speaker was knowledgeable about newborn care
practices relevant to postpartum mothers.
9 I believed the speaker's examples were relevant to my experiences as a
postpartum mother.
10 I feel that the speaker was enthusiastic and passionate about the topic
of newborn care.
Overall:
Statements Yes No
1 I was satisfied with the overall quality of the seminar.
2 Were the presentations and demonstrations of Health Teaching suitable
and engaging?
3 Were you satisfied with the group dynamics during interactive sessions?
4 Did you learn something new about the health teaching towards newborn
care practices?
5 Do you feel you’ve gained the intended skills from this program?
6 Were there any topics or areas that you felt were lacking and required
more explanation?
7 Was the training venue easily accessible and comfortable?
8 Did this health teaching program have a positive impact on your life as a
mother?
9 I would recommend this seminar to other postpartum mothers or
community members.
10 I had a positive overall experience participating in the seminar.

83
 Set A Survey Questionnaire
(Bisaya)
Pagsusi sa mga Pamaagi sa Pag-atiman sa Anak na Puya
Mga Panudlo: Kining mga pahayag nagatimbang-timbang sa imong kasinatian atol sa
programa sa pagtudlo bahin sa panglawas mahitungod sa mga pamaagi sa pag-atiman sa bag-
ong natawo. Sa matag pahayag, butangi og tsek (✓) ang luna nga gihatag nga motakdo sa
imong tubag sunod sa kodigo.
Legend:
4 – Uyon kaayo 2 – Dili kaayu Uyon
3 – Uyon 1 – Dili Uyon
Objectives:
Statements 4 3 2 1
1 Nasabtan nako ang katuyoan niining kalihokan bahin sa panglawas.
2 Gibati nako nga nahibalo ako kung ngano nga ako gi-imbitar nga moapil.
3 Ako nahibalo sa piho nga mga tumong sa kalihokan alang sa mga inahan.
4 Nagtuo ako nga kini nga kalihokan mahimong mapuslanon sa akong
kahibalo bahin sa panglawas.

5 Ako adunay pagsalig sa paggamit sa akong nakat-unan gikan sa kalihokan.

6 Motoo ko nga ang seminar naghatag og mga suporta nga edukasyong sa

panglawas aron mapalambo ang girekomendar nga mga praktis sa
panglawas sa mga inahan pagkahuman manganak

7
Nabati nako nga ang seminar naghatag og igo nga mga kapanguhaan para
sa mga inahan aron mapalambo ang ilang praktis sa pag-atiman sa bag-
ong natawo sa ilang komunidad.
8
Motoo ko nga ang seminar nakatabang nako sa paghimo og plano aron
mapalambo ang pag-atiman sa bag-ong natawo sa akong komunidad.
9
Nagtuo ko nga ang seminar naghatag og mga kapanguhaan nga
makatabang nako sa padayon nga pagkat-on bahin sa pag-atiman sa bag-
ong natawo.
10 Nabati nako nga ang mga tumong sa seminar nagtugma sa mga

84
 panginahanglan sa akong komunidad.

Content:
Statements 4 3 2 1
1 Akong nakita nga ang mga leksyon nga gipaambit sa pagtudlo bahin sa
panglawas makatabang kaayo ug may kalabotan sa akong mga
panginahanglan isip usa ka inahan.
Ang mga kalihokan nga gipahigayon sa pagtudlo bahin sa panglawas klaro
ug dali sundon.
3 Ang sulod sa plano sa pagtudlo gipatin-aw pag-ayo, nga naghimo niini nga
dali sabton ug magamit.
4 Naghatag ang seminar og igo nga impormasyon kung unsaon pag-atiman
sa kasagarang sakit sa bag-ong natawo.
5 Ang pagtudlo bahin sa panglawas nag himo kanako nga mas nahibalo sa
akong papel isip usa ka responsible nga inahan ug kung unsaon paggamit
ang akong nakat-unan sa tinuod nga kinabuhi.
6 Nakat-on ko og mga butang nga wala pa nako nahibaw-i bahin sa pag-
atiman sa bag-ong bata.
7 Nalingaw ko pakig-apil sa mga dula ug kalihokan partisipasyon sa
seminar.
8 Gamit kaayo ang mga ehemplo nga gipakita sa seminar.
9 Nasabtan nako ang mga impormasyon nga makatabang nako uban sa
health worker para sa pag-atiman sa bag-ong bata.
10 Ang mga leksyon sa seminar nagpresenta ug respeto sa lain mga kultura.
Speaker:
Statements 4 3 2 1
1 Nabati nako nga gitubag sa speaker ang mga pangutana ug concerns sa
audience.
2 Motoo ko nga klaro ug epektibo ang pagsabot sa speaker sa lisod nga
impormasyon sa bahin sa health.
3 Gibati nako nga naapil ako sa nagtudlo sa tibuok nga presentasyon.
4 Rekomendado nako ang speaker para sa sunod nga seminar nga parehas
ang topic.
5 Nagtuo ako nga ang nagtudlo nagpakita og lig-on nga kahibalo sa
hilisgutan.

85
 6 Motoo ko nga ang speaker naghatag og praktikal nga tambag kung unsaon
pag-atiman sa bag-ong natawo.
7 Nabati nako nga ang speaker sayon duolon ug andam motubag sa mga
pangutana.
8 Motoo ko nga ang speaker eksperto sa pag-atiman sa bag-ong natawo nga
angay para sa mga inahan pagkahuman manganak.
9 Motoo ko nga ang mga ehemplo sa speaker naghatag og importansya sa
akong kasinatian isip usa ka inahan pagkahuman manganak.
10 Nabati nako nga ang speaker puno sa kadasig ug tinuoray nga interes sa
topic sa pag-atiman sa bag-ong natawo.
Overall:
Statements Yes No
1 Nakasinati ko og satispaksyon tibook aktibidad.
2 Ang mga presentasyon ug demonstrasyon ba sa Pagtudlo Bahin sa Panglawas
angayan ug makadani?
3 Natagbaw ka ba sa dinamika sa grupo atol sa mga interactive nga sesyon?
4 Aduna ka bay nakat-unan nga bag-o bahin sa pagtudlo bahin sa panglawas
ngadto sa mga pamaagi sa pag-atiman sa bag-ong natawo?
5 Gibati ba nimo nga nakuha nimo ang gitinguha nga mga kahanas gikan niini
nga programa?
6 Aduna bay mga toopiko o mga bahin nga imong gibati nga kulang ug
nagkinahanglan og dugang nga pagpatin-aw?
7 Aang lugar ba sa pagbansay dali ra maabot ug komportable?
8 Kini bang programa sa pagutdlo bahin sa panglawas adunay positibo nga
epekto sa imong kinabuhi isip usa ka inahan?
9 Andam ko irekomenda ang seminar sa uban nga inahan o sa uban tawo diri sa
komunidad.
10 Akong kasinatian sa seminar kay maayo ug makapahimuot.

86
 Set B Survey Questionnaire
(English)

Assessment Questionnaire on Newborn Care Practices

This survey questionnaire will investigate the practices of postpartum subanen mothers
toward newborn care. Be assured that all your responses will be treated with the utmost
discretion. Your participation is entirely voluntary. Thank you for your assistance.
Directions: Check (✓) the box provided which corresponds to your answer.
Name (optional): ____________________________________
Age:
( ) <20
( ) 21-25
( ) 26-30
( ) 31-35
( ) >35
Educational Attainment:
( ) High School Undergraduate
( ) High School Graduate
( ) College Undergraduate
( ) College Graduate
Socioeconomic Status:
( ) ₱12,082 and ₱24,164
( ) ₱24,164 and ₱48,328
( ) ₱48,328 and ₱84,574
( ) ₱84,574 and ₱144,984
( ) ₱144,984 and ₱241,640
( ) ₱241,640
Maternal Parity: ( ) primipara ( ) multipara

87
 Directions: These statements describe your practices on newborn care. For each
statement,
put a checkmark (✓) on the space provided that corresponds to your answer following the code.
Legend:
4 – Always Practiced 2 – Sometimes Practiced
3 – Frequently Practiced 1 – Rarely Practiced

A. Breastfeeding Practices
Statements 4 3 2 1
1.

I start nursing my newborn within one hour of the baby’s birth.

2.

I wash my hands with soap before I breastfeed my newborn.

3.

I exclusively feed my newborn for the first six months with breastmilk,
and I do not give pre-lacteal feed (food/substances other than breastmilk).
4.

I breastfeed my newborn per his/her demand.

5.

I clean my nipples with warm water before breastfeeding.

6.

I keep myself comfortable when I breastfeed my newborn.

7.

I hold my newborn facing my breast, supporting his/her neck, shoulders,

and back.
8.

I begin breastfeeding my newborn on the breast he/she fed from last in

order to establish or maintain milk production on both breasts.
9.

I breastfeed my newborn for at least 10-15 minutes on each breast (left

and right).
10.

I burp my newborn after each food.

B. Thermoregulation Practices
Statements 4 3 2 1
1.

I monitor my newborn’s temperature using a thermometer.

2.

I bathe my newborn in lukewarm water.

3.

I leave the vernix caseosa (white, creamy, naturally occurring biofilm

covering the skin of the newborn) on my newborn’s skin until it wears off

88
 with normal care and handling.
4.

I bathe my newborn for only 5-10 mins.

5.

I immediately dry my newborn after bathing from head end to foot end.
6.

I place my newborn in a warm room to prevent heat loss.

7.

I dress my newborn warmly and with a swaddle blanket.

8.

I put a hat/bonnet on my newborn.

9.

I put my newborn’s bootie/socks on.

10.

I practice kangaroo care (placing the newborn in skin-to-skin contact

with the mother) to prevent heat loss.
11.

I do not expose my newborn to too cold and too hot environments.

C. Hygienic Care Practices

Statements 4 3 2 1
Umbilical Care
1.

I leave my newborn’s umbilical stump uncovered.

2.

I maintain my newborn’s umbilical cord clean and dry.

3.

I wash my hands with soap before I clean my newborn’s umbilical stump

when it is soiled.
4.

I clean my newborn’s umbilical stump with warm water when soiled.

5.

I pat dry my newborn’s umbilical stump with a clean cloth after washing
it with water.
Bathing
6.

I wash my hands before bathing my newborn.

7.

I bathe my newborn every day.

8.

I bathe my newborn with mild soap or baby wash.

9.

I clean the eyes of my newborn from the inner canthus to the outer
canthus (from the side of the nose to the direction of the ear)
Diaper Care
10.

I use diaper to my newborn.

11.

I wash my hands with soap before and after diaper care.

12.

I change my newborn’s diaper every two to three hours, or as often as

89
 needed.
13.

I clean my newborn’s genitalia and anus from front to back with

lukewarm water and baby wash or baby wipes every after defecation and
urination.
14.

I pat dry my newborn with a clean towel before putting on a fresh diaper.
15.

I apply ointment or cream for rashes on my newborn’s bottom if rashes

occur.

D. Practices on Danger Signs of Newborns

Statements 4 3 2 1
I monitor my newborn for danger signs and seek medical help for signs such as:
1.

Poor appetite
2.

Involuntary contraction of the muscles (convulsion)

3.

Difficulty in breathing
4.

Severe chest indrawing

5.

Absence of spontaneous movement

6.

Hot to touch (body)

7.

Cold to touch (body)

8.

Yellowish color of the eyes, palms, and soles.

9.

Abdominal distension
10.

Diarrhea/loose bowel movement

11.

Vomiting
12.

Excessive crying
13.

Red umbilicus with discharging pus

E. Immunization Practices
Statements 4 3 2 1
1.

I submit my newborn to vaccination within 24 hours at birth with BCG

vaccine.
2.

I submit my newborn to vaccination within 24 hours at birth with Hepa B

vaccine.

90
3.

I comply with the immunization schedule due for newborns as

recommended by the Department of Health.
4.

I bring my newborn to our health care facility or health center for his/her
scheduled immunization.
5.

I inquire about vaccination side effects to prepare for possible

interventions.
6.

I monitor my newborn after immunization for possible side effects of the

vaccine such as fever and rashes.
7.

I seek immediate medical attention if the anticipated side effects of

vaccination/immunization wrsen.

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 Set B Survey Questionnaire
(Bisaya)
Pagsusi sa mga Pamaagi sa Pag-atiman sa Anak na Puya
Kini ang mga pangutana nga nagasusi mahitungod sa mga pamaagi sa pag atiman sa usa ka
inahan ngadto sa iyang anak nga puya. Among ipasalig nga ang tanan nimong mga tubag
magpabilin nga kompidensyal o sekreto. Ang imong partisipasyon hingpit nga boluntaryo. Amo
ikaw nga gi awhag sa paggahin ug panahon sa pagtubag ug pagkompleto niini nga mga
pangutana. Salamat sa imong kooperasyon.
Direksyon: E-tsek [✓] ang kahon nga mag presentar sa imong tubag.
Ngalan (optional): ____________________________________
Edad:
( ) <20
( ) 21-25
( ) 26-30
( ) 31-35
( ) >35
Edukasyonal na Pagkabot:
( ) Undergraduate sa Highschool
( ) Graduate sa Highschool
( ) Undergraduate sa College
( ) Graduate sa College
Abot na Kwarta Tagabulan:
( ) ₱12,082 and ₱24,164
( ) ₱24,164 and ₱48,328
( ) ₱48,328 and ₱84,574
( ) ₱84,574 and ₱144,984
( ) ₱144,984 and ₱241,640
( ) ₱241,640
Maternal Parity: ( )permiro ( ) kadaghan nanganak

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 Direksyon: Kini nga mga pahayag naghulagway sa imong mga pamaagi sa pagatiman
isip osa ka inahan sa anak nga puya. Alang sa matag pahayag, palihog sa pag-tsek [✓] sa
blangko nga kahon ubos sa numero nga nagtimailhan sa imong kasayuran.
Legend:
4 – Gibuhat Sige 2 – Ginabuhat
3 – Panalagsa Gibuhat 1 – Dili Ginabuhat
A. Mga Pamaagi sa Pagpasuso/Padidi sa Puya
Statements 4 3 2 1
11.

Gipadidi nako akong puya sulod sa usa ka oras gikan pag anak.
12.

Gihugasan nako akong kamot gamit ang sabon sa dili pa nako ipadidi akong
puya.
13.

‘Pure breastfeeding,’ o walay gihatag nga lain pagkaon (pre-lacteal feeds) sa

unang unom ka bulan sa pagkatawo sa akong puya.
14.

Gipadidi nako akong puya kada pangayo og totoy o didi.

15.

Akong gi limpyohan ang akong mga atngal sa dili pa ko magpadidi sa akong

puya.
16.

Gisigurado nako nga komportable ko kong magpadidi ko sa akong puya.

17.

Gisuportaan nako ang liog, abaga, og likod sa akong puya inig padidi.
18.

Gisugdan nakog padidi akong puya sa totoy nga ulahing gididian niya sa
ming aging padidi aron mamintinar o mapadayon ang produksyon sa gatas sa
duha ka suso.
19.

Mga 10-15 minutos ang akong pagpadidi sa akong puya kada totoy (tuo-wala
o wala-tuo).
20.

Akong gipadug-ab akong puya taga human og didi.

B. Mga Pamaagi Para Mamintinar Ang Normal na Temperatura sa Lawas sa Puya

Statements 4 3 2 1
12.

Gibantayan nako ang temperatura sa akong puya gamit ang thermometer.

13.

Gikaligo nako akong puya sa inadlaw nga tubig (warm water).

14.

Gipasagdaan nako ang mga lapot-lapot sa lawas (vernix caseosa) sa akong

puya hangtod sa natural nga mawala kini.
15.

Gikaligo nako akong puya sulod sa lima o pulo ka minutos (5-10 mins).

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16.

Gipauga dayun nako akong puya paghuman kaligo gikan sa iyang ulo
hangtod tiil.
17.

Gibutang nako akong puya sa sakto nga temperatura nga kwarto.

18.

Gipasuot nako akong puya og sanina nga sakto sa baga ug giputos og lampin.
19.

Gipasuot nako akong puya og kalo (bonnet).

20.

Gipasuot nako akong puya og medyas.

21.

Gibuhat nako ang pagpakontak sa panit sa akong puya ngadto sa panit sa

akong dughan (kangaroo care/skin-to-skin contact)
22.

Wala nako gibutang akong puya sa tugnaw o init kaayo nga kwarto o lugar sa
balay.

C. Pag-atiman sa Paglimpyo o Pagligo sa Lawas sa Puya

Statements 4 3 2 1
Pag-atiman sa pusod
16.

Wala nako tabuni ang pusod sa akong puya.

17.

Akong gimintinar nga limpyo ug uga ang pusod sa akong puya.

18.

Manghugas ko og kamot gamit ang sabon ug tubig kada manglimpyo ko sa

pusod sa akong puya.
19.

Akong gilimpyohan ang pusod sa akong puya gamit ang inadlaw nga tubig
(warm water).
20.

Limpyo nga panapton ang gigamit nako sa pagpa-uga sa pusod sa akong

puya.
Pagligo
21.

Manghugas ko sa akong mga kamot gamit ang sabon ug tubig sa dili pa

magligo sa akong puya.
22.

Kada-adlaw nako giligo akong puya.

23.

Mild nga sabon o baby wash akong gigamit pagligo sa akong puya.
24.

Gilimpyohan nako ang mga mata sa akong puya gikan sa kilid sa ilong
padulong sa dunggan (inner canthus ngadto sa outer canthus).
Pag-atiman sa lampin/dayaper
25.

Gagamit ko og bayaper sa akong puya.

26.

Manghugas ko sa akoang mga kamot gamit ang sabon sa dili pa ug

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 pagkahuman mag ilis og lampin/dayaper.
27.

Giilisan nako ang dayaper sa akong puya kada 2-3 ka oras o kung
kinahanglan.
28.

Gilimpyuhan nako ang kinatawo ug lubot sa akong puya gamit ang inadlaw
nga tubig (warm water) ug baby wash o baby wipes kada human ug ihi ug
libang.
29.

Paugahon nako ang akong puya gamit ang limpyo nga panapton sa dili pa
suotan og bag o nga dayaper.
30.

Butangan nako og ointment o cream nga para sa rashes ang akong puya kung
aduna siyay rashes.

D. Pag ila sa mga Timailhan sa Pagkapeligro sa Puya

Statements 4 3 2 1
Gibantayan nako ang akong puya sa mga senyales nga siya mamiligro nga angay nako
mangita og tabang. Kini nga mga senyales naglakip sa:
14.

Dili ganahan mototoy/modidi

15.

Nagkombulsyon
16.

Naglisod sa ginhawa
17.

Naglupyak ang dughan apan sa pagginhawa

18.

Dili mo lihok bisag gamata

19.

Init hikapon ang lawas

20.

Bugnaw hikapon ang lawas

21.

Gadalag nga kolor sa mga mata, palad, ug lapalapa

22.

Gabutod ang tiyan

23.

Gakalibanga
24.

Gakasuka
25.

Sobrang paghilak
26.

Gapula nga pusod nga naay dala nana

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 E. Pagsunod sa Immunisasyon/Bakuna alang sa Puya
Statements 4 3 2 1
8.

Gipabakunahan nako akong puya 24 ka oras human sa pag-ank og BCG nga

bakuna.
9.

Gipabakunahan nako akong puya 24 ka oras human sa pag-anak og Hepa B

nga bakuna.
10.

Gisunod nako ang saktong skedyul sa imunisasyon nga gi rekomenda sa

Department of Health (DOH) alang sa puya
11.

Gidala nako akong puya sa clinic o health center para bakunahan base sa
skedyul nga bakuna.
12.

Naga susi ko sa mga posibleng epekto (side effects) sa bakuna sa akong puya
para maka prepara ko sa unsay angay buhaton.
13.

Gibantayan nako akong puya sa mga posible nga epekto sa bakuna sama sa
hilanat o rashes.
14.

Gidala nako sa clinic o health center akong puya kung sobra sa akong
gidahom nga mga posibleng epekto sa bakuna ang iyang masinati.

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 Appendix D

Reliability testing results

Set A Survey Questionnaire

A. Objective

Reliability Statistic
Cronbach’s N of Items
Alpa
0.860 10

B. Content
Reliability Statistic
Cronbach’s N of Items
Alpa
0.941 10

C. Speaker
Reliability Statistic
Cronbach’s N of Items
Alpa
0.867 10

D. Overall
Reliability Statistic
Cronbach’s N of Items
Alpa
0.804 10

97
Set B Survey Questionnaire

A. Breastfeeding Practices
Reliability Statistic
Cronbach’s N of Items
Alpa
0.716 10

B. Thermoregulation Practices
Reliability Statistic
Cronbach’s N of Items
Alpa
0.735 11

C. Hygienic Care Practices

Reliability Statistic
Cronbach’s N of Items
Alpa
0.722 15

D. Identification of Danger Signs of Newborn

Reliability Statistic
Cronbach’s N of Items
Alpa
0.841 13

E. Immunization Practice
Reliability Statistic
Cronbach’s N of Items
Alpa
0.790 7

98
 Researcher’s Profile

Name: Mary Justine A. Obial

Address: 50th District Gomez Street,
Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental
Email: maryjustine.obial@lsu.edu.ph

Personal Background
Birthday: December 10, 2002
Age: 22
Sex: Female
Status: Single
Height: 4'11
Weight: 58 kg
Name of Father: Jonesen C. Obial
Name of Mother: Melania A. Obial

Educational Attainment
Elementary: Lanipao Central School (2010-2015)
Junior High School: Christ the King College de Maranding Inc. (2015-2019)
Senior High School: Christ the King College de Maranding Inc. (2019-2021)
College: La Salle University Ozamiz City

Seminar Attended

 THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH: A PATHWAY TO KNOWLEDGE

PROGRAM AND INNOVATION.(December 7, 2024)

99
Name: Venus G. Perocho
Address: P-3 Brgy. Carmen Annex, Ozamis City
Email: venus.perocho@lsu.edu.ph

Personal Background
Birthday: January 17, 1996
Age: 29 y.o
Sex: Female
Height: 5’1
Weight: 54 kg
Name of Father: Jose C. Perocho
Name of Mother: Catherine A. Perocho
Educational Attainment
Elementary: Aloran Central School (2004-2010)
High school: St. Matthew’s High School (2010-2013)
Alternative Learning System: Aloran Central School (2015-2016)
College: La Salle University Ozamiz City

Seminar Attended:

 SYMPOSIUM: PATIENT SAFETY - MEDICATION WITHOUT HARM (May 18,

2024)

 THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH: A PATHWAY TO KNOWLEDGE

PROGRAM AND INNOVATION. (December 7, 2024)

 LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES, PROFESSIONAL GROWTH AND PATIENT CARE

SEMINAR (December 7, 2024)

Achievements/Organizations:

 Philippine Bisayan Society of Nevada (PBSN), in collaboration with Aloran Charity

Foundation (ACF),
Philippine Medical Association of Nevada (PMAN) and in cooperation with the
Municipal Government Officials and Rural Health Units of Aloran Municipal and
Oroquieta City. ( June 12-15, 2024 )

 Aloran Medical Mission (Philippine Bisayan Society of Nevada (PBSN), in

collaboration with Aloran Charity Foundation (ACF),Philippine Medical Association of
Nevada (PMAN) and in cooperation with the Municipal Government Officials and Rural
Health Units of Aloran, Panaon, Plaridel and Oroquieta City Government officials.
( January 22-25, 2025 )

100
Name: Althea Allea D. Quijano
Address: Solinog Purok 2, Calamba Misamis Occiddental
Email: altheaallea.quijano@lsu.edu.ph

Personal Background

Birthday: August 27, 2003

Age: 21
Sex: Female
Height: 4'11
Weight: 41 kg
Name of Father : Ruel R. Quijano
Name of Mother: Joriza D. Quijano

Educational Attainment

Elementary: Calamba Central School (2009-2013)

Sacred Heart College Inc Elementary School (2013-2015)
Junior High School: Sacred Heart College Inc High School (2015-2017)
Baliangao School Of Fisheries (2017-2019)
Senior High School: Saint Vincent's College Inc.(2020-2022)
College: La Salle University Ozamiz City

Seminar Attended:

 SYMPOSIUM: PATIENT SAFETY - MEDICATION WITHOUT HARM (May 18,

2024)

 LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES, PROFESSIONAL GROWTH AND PATIENT CARE

SEMINAR (December 7, 2024)

101
Name: Tracy Kate C. Rolona
Address: Block 2 Lot 20 Emerald Mediatrix, Bagakay Ozamiz
City
Email: tracykate.rolona@lsu.edu.ph

Personal Background

Birthday: November 12, 2003

Age: 21
Sex: Female
Height: 4'11
Weight: 65 kg
Name of Father : Victor B. Rolona
Name of Mother: Ebarjilius C Rolona

Educational Attainment

Elementary: La Salle University Integrated School

Junior High School: La Salle University Integrated School
Senior High School: La Salle University Lycee
College: La Salle University

Seminar Attended:

 THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH: A PATHWAY TO KNOWLEDGE

PROGRAM AND INNOVATION. (December 7, 2024)

Name: Immaculate L. Salcedo

102
Address: Mansabay Bajo,Lopez Jaena Miss. Occ.
Email: immaculate.salcedo@lsu.edu.ph

Personal Background

Birthday: December 7, 2003

Age: 21
Sex: Female
Height: 5'3
Weight: 71 kg
Name of Father: Jimmy Q. Salcedo
Name of Mother: Aniver L. Salcedo

Educational Attainment

Elementary: Lopez Jaena Central School (2010-2016)

Junior High School: Saint Francis Xavier High School (2016-2020)
Senior High School: Saint Francis Xavier High School (2020-2022)
College: La Salle University -Ozamiz

Seminar Attended

 SYMPOSIUM: PATIENT SAFETY - MEDICATION WITHOUT HARM

(May 18, 2024)

 THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH: A PATHWAY TO KNOWLEDGE

PROGRAM AND INNOVATION. (December 7, 2024)

103