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American Prisoners of War in German Death
Concentration and Slave Labor Camps Germany s Lethal
Policy in the Second World War 1st Edition Daniel B.
Drooz Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Daniel B. Drooz
ISBN(s): 9780773466579, 0773466576
Edition: 1st
File Details: PDF, 19.74 MB
Year: 2004
Language: english
 AMERICA; PRISONERS OF NAR
IN GE ' AN DEATH, CONCENTRATION,
AND SLAV: LABOR CAMPS
Germanys Lethal Policy in the Second World War

Daniel B. Drooz

Studies in American History

Volume 51

The Edwin Mellen Press

Lewiston*Queenston*Lampeter
 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Drooz, Daniel B.
American prisoners of war in German death, concentration, and slave labor camps :
Germany's lethal policy in the Second World War / Daniel B. Drooz.
p. cm. -- (Studies in American history ; 51)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7734-6657-6 (hc)
1. World War, 1939-1945--Prisoners and prisons, German. 2. Prisoners of war--United
States. 3. World War, 1939-1945--Concentration camps—Germany. 4. Concentration
camp inmates--Germany. 5. Concentration camp inmates—United States. 6. World War,
1939-1945--Conscript labor--Germany. 7. World War, 1939-1945--Atrocities--Germany.
I. Title. II. Studies in American history (Edwin Mellen Press) ; 51.

D805.G3D765 2004
940.541243'092273—dc22
2003059917

This is volume 51 in the continuing series

Studies in American History
Volume 51 ISBN 0-7734-6657-6
SAH Series ISBN 0-88946-099-X

A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.

Copyright 2004 Daniel B. Drooz

All rights reserved. For information contact

The Edwin Mellen Press The Edwin Mellen Press

Box 450 Box 67
Lewiston, New York Queenston, Ontario
USA 14092-0450 CANADA LOS ILO

The Edwin Mellen Press, Ltd.

Lampeter, Ceredigion, Wales
UNITED KINGDOM SA48 8LT

Printed in the United States of America

 Dedication

I would like to thank John Malarkey, Stephen Zatuchni and Patricia

Wadley for their continuing concern and help throughout the writing process. I
also offer my special thanks to Andrei and Angela Drooz and Marjorie Bell-
Chambers for their guidance and assistance.
Milo Gibbon and William Smith, reference librarians at Wilmington
College get special mention for the unstinting help they gave. The archivists at
NARA were of invaluable assistance. It could not have been done without the
assistance of Clydie Morgan and everyone at American Ex-POWs.
Arthur Kinnis deserves special mention for his help and for allowing me to
use information he and others gathered about their own experience in
Buchenwald, 168 Jump in to Hell
To the 16 men who survived the camps and shared their experiences with
me, I hope I have done justice to your memories and the memory of those who
did not make it from then until this day.
CONTENTS

Glossary
Preface iv
Introduction
Chapter One Truth Reported Ignored and Lost 1
Chapter Two German Policy 7
Chapter Three Interviews 17
Bagioni 20
Bowen and Hasten 23
Daub 28
Fellman 33
Swaek 38
Acevedo 41
Powell 46
Milne 51
Landis 53
Lamar 55
Coulson 56
Don Jurgs 60
Letter detailing Stalag IX-A (NC0s) 61
Gerald Walters 62
Stevens 66
Mitchell 71
Mitchell Documents 75
Chapter Four German Record in Treaty/Law 81
Chapter Five German Security Services 83
Chapter Six German POW Laws 85
Chapter Seven German Commissar Order 89
Chapter Eight The Commando Order 93
Chapter Nine Enforcing Policy POW in Germany 97
DUCAL and Nacht und Nebel
Chapter Ten Kugel Order 101
Chapter Eleven Air Terrorist Lynch Justice 107
Chapter Twelve POW Diet 111
Chapter Thirteen Murder With Intent 113

Primary Reference Materials

Appendix A List of POW Camps 125
Maps of POW Camps
Appendix B List of Concentration Camps and Sub camps 131
Maps of Concentration and Slave Labor Camps
Appendix C 1929 Geneva Accord on POWs 173
Appendix D Original Draft Gag Order 197
Fellman signed Gag Order
Report to the 79th Congress
Report of Parliament
Appendix E German Regulations on POWs 225
Appendix F Commando Order 229
Appendix G Nacht und Nebel 231
Appendix H Air Terrorist / Lynch Justice 253
Appendix I Affidavits: Crimes Against POWs 279
Appendix J Liberation of US POWs in Dachau 303
Post Action Report and Letter Home 309
Appendix K German Order to Slaughter all POWs 317
Selected Bibliography 324
Index 330
GLOSSARY

Abwehr Military Intelligence under Canaris

Allies Those countries fighting against the Axis powers.

Britain, France, USA, Canada, USSR etc.

Amt Mil Army intelligence organization that succeeded the Abwehr

Appell Roll call— also used as punishment in concentration/labor

camps

Axis Alliance between Germany, Italy and Japan.

DIKAL Acronym: Not to be transferred or removed. Hold in place

while a death warrant is issued

Gestapo Geheime Staatspolizei - the German Secret State Police.

IMT International Military Tribunal.

IRC International Red Cross.

Kriegsmarine German Navy.

11

Kripo Kriminalpolizei-German criminal police dept.

Kugel Erlass Bullet Order, a death warrant.

Luftwaffe German Air Force.

Nacht und Nebel Night and Fog— "Disappear someone and all record of
them."

NCA Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression.

OFLAG Offizier-Lager German POW camp for officers.

OKH Oberkommando des Heeres - High Command-Land Forces.

OKL Oberkommando der Luftwaffe - High Command Air Force.

OKM Oberkommando der Kriegsmarine —High Command Navy

OKW Oberkommando der Wehrmacht - High Command -

Armed Forces- usurped the powers of the OKH in.
1941

RSHA Reichssicherheitshauptamt - Reich Security Main

Office, coordinated all intelligence and operations
of KRIPO, GESTAPO and civil police.

SD Sicherheitsdienst - Security Department - The Nazi

Party security service, intelligence gathering and
counter-espionage of the RSHA.

SOE Special Operations Executive — British organization

responsible for partisan operations and deep penetration.
 111

SS Schutzstaffel - Protection Units–The principal elite

organization of the Nazi party. It consisted of the
Allgemeine (General) SS and Waffen (Armed) SS, that
formed military divisions as part of the Army

STALAG Soldiers Camp- POW camp for sergeants and lower

STALAG LUFT Luftwaffe run POW camp for captured Allied Aircrew.

Kommando For the Germans this meant a labor detail- "Arbeit

Kommando."

Commando-- For the British it meant an elite independently

operating combat unit.

KommandoBefehl Commando Order—Order by Hitler and signed by Jodi and

Keitel to kill British Commandos, Special Operations
Executives (SOEs), American Office of Strategic Services
members (OSS) and Paratroops, more than seven miles
beyond their own lines, without quarter.
iv

Preface

The history of World War II has been explored and written about by many people.
Some wrote about personal experiences, some chronicled the history of groups,
some explored the consequences of actions taken during or after the war. There
are, however, areas that have been ignored and the story of the Allied Prisoners in
Buchenwald, Auschwitz, Sachsenhausen and other death, concentration and slave
labor camps such as Berga is one of the stories that has not, until now, been
written.

Dr. Drooz' work explores a little known part of prisoner of war history; the
experiences of US prisoners of war who were placed in the death camps. Their
story is not only a story of horror and betrayal but also a story of courage and
perseverance. It is a story that transcends most histories of European prisoner of
war camps and can only be rivaled in horrors by the experiences of some of the
men who were prisoners of the Japanese.

But the men who were the prisoners of the Japanese were at least accorded the
decency of being recognized as men who went through unspeakable horrors. Not
so the men who were in German death camps. The US government denied, at the
time, and still does today, that there were ever US prisoners in Nazi death,
concentration and slave labor camps

What made Berga so horrid, more horrible that the run of the mill German prison
camp? It was a concentration camp It would be easy to describe Berga as a prison
camp for American Jewish prisoners, but the truth is two thirds of the American
POWs enslaved in Berga were non-Jews.
 Dr. Drooz has written a comprehensive account of what happened to the
American POWs who were condemned to the horror of the camps.
The field of Oral History is a relatively new branch of academics. But it is
one of the most effective tools. Often the telling of personal experiences is used
as a source of material, rather than the history itself. Drooz allows the men to tell
their own stories and the reality of what they went through underscores the horror
that the US government visited on the survivors.
The failure and obstinate refusal of the US government to admit that US
POWs were held in German concentration camps is only one more burden upon
these men who have already given more than most. Drooz examines and exposes
the perfidy of the government.
In war the average soldier is as much a weapon as the gun or plane that is
used against the enemy. In return for giving up many of their civil rights, in
return for agreeing to fight and go wherever they are sent, the US government
promises to feed, clothe, equip, train, pay and transport them. It is, in fact, a
contract. That contract covers men when they are POWs. They are still under
military orders and as such they are still soldiers. They have orders which cover
their imprisonment, tacit admission by the government that the contract is still in
effect. Prisoners are, even in prison camps, still fighting. Their very presence
requires that the enemy must expend precious war time resources to guard,
transport, clothe and feed an enemy. The US and the German governments were
both signatories of the Geneva accords on the treatment of prisoners and both
recognized that there were only certain acceptable levels of behavior with regard
to the treatment of POWs. These levels were ignored in the concentration camps.
vi

When the US government refused to recognize that there had even been
any US POWs in any concentration camp, they failed to recognize the sacrifice of
the men who were there and the hundreds who died in the camps. Some were
there because they were Jewish, some were there because they refused to allow
their fellow prisoners to be singled out, some were there for other reasons, but all
suffered and many died, some were injured but all suffered and many continue to
suffer today.
Dr. Drooz also examines the German record and uncovers a trail of
evidence demonstrating it was German policy to kill as many POWs as possible.
3.2-3.7 million register Soviet POWs were killed, British Commandos were killed
after surrendering. Canadian an US paratroops were killed after laying down their
arms. Allied aircrews were killed systematically in death camps or lynched by
German mobs. Allied POWs died in death marches lasting months as Germany
attempted to destroy the evidence of its crimes or escape advancing allied forces.
This history is an examination of an important and neglected historical
record. It is a very strong and accurate depiction of a part of the history of World
War II that has heretofore been ignored and dismissed by the United States
Government.
Patricia Wadley, Ph.D.
Historian for American Ex-Prisoners of War
viii

INTRODUCTION

For more than half a century the US government has denied that American
Prisoners of War were held in German concentration, death and slave labor camps
during the Second World War. The US officially said, "No Americans, military
or civilian, were in any concentration, death or slave labor camps." The basis for
this fiction is in the SPECIAL REPORT TO THE 79th CONGRESS, written in
April/May, 1945 by a bi-partisan congressional committee that toured three death
and concentration camps immediately after their liberation. The report made this
claim twice on pages four and 13. It was, along with the RAMPS (Returned
American Military Personnel) report, concerning the number and fate of
American POWs held by Germany the first major cover-ups by the US
government at the end of the Second World War. Because the American people
believed in their government's honesty, they accepted unquestioningly what was
officially said and disbelieved the victims and their own Allies whose soldiers
suffered the same fate as POWs in Germany. A great many of British, as well as
some American POWs, died as slave laborers at IG Farben's Buna Works at
Auschwitz (arguably owned by John D. Rockefeller who held the Buna patent for
IG Farben during the war). There were no national security reasons for the cover
up. The only reason that comes to mind was to protect Rockefeller and other
American Industrialists (Henry Ford being another prime example) whose war
time behavior was very questionable and the use of Allied POWs as slaves in their
German enterprises would have caused political havoc in post war America.
 ix

GI's in German hands were starved, tortured, executed, and used as

experimental test subjects in German pseudo-science. American POWs suffered
alongside civilian men, women and children, political prisoners and fellow Allied
POWs in the camps. Washington actively attempted to suppress what happened to
thousands of its sons. The US still refuses to admit that POWs were in death,
concentration and slave labor camps despite the recognition of this by other Allied
nations, the German records, and the American post war judicial (Nuremberg)
record.
According to Dachau camp records, there were 12 American POWs in
Dachau the day it was liberated. The day Dora (Nordhausen) was freed one
American prisoner was on the camp roll. There were at least seven Americans in
Buchenwald (Nazi Aggression and Conspiracy, Vol. IV Documents 2222 PS and
2176 PS).
The German records document that American POWs were held in the
following concentration and death camps: Dachau, Bergen-Belsen, Auschwitz,
Buchenwald, Berga, Sachsenhausen, Mauthausen, Gross Rosen, Nordhausen
(main camp), Dora, Aachen, Flossenberg, Fossoli and Natzweiler. Captured
American Paratroopers were sent to a series of slave labor camps, designated by
the suffix "11" that were apparently designed to kill them through overwork and
starvation.
I interviewed 16 former POW survivors of the camps between October
1999 and summer, 2001 for this book. Most of the interviews were part of my
doctoral dissertation. I was able to locate two additional survivors through
correspondence with historians Jack Higgins and Tom Ensminger. The additional
interviews are part of this text. So too is the addition of an after action report by
the first American officer to enter liberated Dachau and a letter to his family
describing the event in personal terms (appendix J). In addition to the 16
American survivors of concentration and death camps interviewed for this book, I
spoke with former POWs from Stalag IX-B and IV-B and several former inmates
of Stalag XVII-C (Stalag 17of motion picture fame). They agreed that despite the
film having been written by two veterans of Stalag XVII-C, there were numerous
"flaws and poetic liberties" taken in the film. The most frequent remark was, "We
never thought of women. We were too obsessed with food. We were always
hungry." I spoke with these prisoners to get an idea of what the baseline for the
life of a POW was. I tried to learn what was normal in an abnormal world.
There were no survivors in two known groups of American aircrew held at
Sachsenhausen concentration camp. At Flossenberg concentration camp a group
of between 60 and 80 American and British POW pilots were executed in March
1943 (affidavit document number 1932 Willi Feiler, Report #18, testimony File
20 April, 1945, 000.5). No Americans survived German "medical experiments" at
Flossenberg (ibid). But there were witnesses to their murders (ibid). As I write,
there is one known living survivor (of three known survivors) of a transport group
of 700 captured American combat engineers taken to a sub-camp of Dachau. The
three escaped after overhearing an SS commander tell junior officers the
American POWs were not to be transferred to any other camp. A DIKAL (hold in
place) Order had been issued for the 700 POWs and the German camp officers
were awaiting death warrants for the Americans. The DIKAL Order was the
standard preliminary step to execution.
Of the 352 GIs taken to Berga am Elster, a Buchenwald sub-camp, more
than 70 died of starvation, disease, beatings, sepsis and murder in the camp. At
least 100 more American POWs died during the death march as the German camp
guards tried to escape and to simultaneously "dispose" of the evidence of their
crimes at Berga -- the American and other Allied POWs and concentration camp
prisoners.
 xi

The reason I chose to write about this topic was to give back a bit of
history officially denied. It is for the men who did not live to tell their stories and
for the men who told their stories and were not believed.
And it is for those who tried to silence them, and those who tried to
suppress exactly what German POW policy really was all about. Like war, it was
about killing your enemies. And the Germans slaughtered millions of POWs.
According to the IRC more than half of the allied POWs, except for the British
and American prisoners, died in POW camps. Many prisoners who were not
registered with the IRC, were murdered by their captors either in the field after
surrendering, or after interrogation in the DULAG. At least several hundred
Americans perished anonymously in the death camps: Sachsenhausen, Auschwitz,
Bergen Belsen, Chelmno, Buchenwald, Sobibor and Mauthausen. Americans,
Canadians, Dutch, Danes, Norwegians, French, Belgians, Australians, New
Zealanders, Czechoslovakians, Greeks, Yugoslays, Mexicans (who fought in the
US Army), Poles and Soviets more than any other nation were simply slaughtered
in their hundreds in the field. The German government legalized killing POWs.
The average death rate among all German held and IRC registered POWs was
more than 50%. The US ignored this and tried to silence American POWs who
survived the camps. That was reason enough to write this book.
No American general history book mentions Americans or Allied POWs
in the death camps. But documents from the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials
included in the published versions of the International Military Tribunal (IMT)
report and the US Government Printing Office's 1947 publication, The Nazi
Aggression and Conspiracy (NAC) mention American and other Allied POWs in
death camps. Nevertheless the official position of the US Government remains "it
did not happen." The Special Report to the 79" Congress said so on pages four
and 13.
The only English language reference to POWs in concentration camps in
general histories is in British historian Sir Martin Gilbert's Atlas of World War.
xii

Two. He mentions that Anglo-American POWs were in the camps.

More importantly Mauthausen it says Lt. Commander Jack Lang USN greeted
Mauthausen's liberators and testified against Mauthausen guards and doctors.
Academically, there are three Ph.D. dissertations concerning POWs.
One, For You the War Is Over, is fairly general and does not touch on POWs sent
to concentration camps. The author is aware of the problem, but he separates it
from his thesis. A second is very general and covers no new ground. The third
dissertation, One is Too Many, is concerned with the disappearance of 23,500
American POWs into the Soviet Union following the War. The Returned
American Military Personnel (RAMPs) document never settled on a number of
US freed POWs that is close to the number the Germans said they held.
Patricia Wadley, at Texas Christian University demonstrated in her
dissertation that the correct number of living POWs at the end of the war was the
German census figure. She also determined that the formerly missing US POWs
were taken hostage by the USSR to exchange for Ukrainian and other Soviet
POWs (Vlasov's Army and others) who turned against their homelands and were
captured fighting in the Waffen SS or other German volunteer units held by the
US. The Americans refused to repatriate the Ukrainian Nazis and other traitors to
Russia, even though Roosevelt had agreed to return them to the USSR. According
to Wadley's dissertation, One is Too Many, the RAMPs document simply
adjusted the number of US POWs downward and the number of missing and
presumed killed in action upward with each edition.
A 1949 master's thesis by a former POW, Ben Goldman, at the University
of Detroit, gave some insight into life as a prisoner of war in Germany. While it
touched on the segregation of Jewish POWs, it did not discuss POWs in
concentration camps.
The Theory and Practice of Hell written by Eugen Kogon and a group of
academic survivors of Buchenwald gave an excellent account of that
concentration camp. Kogon mentioned American soldiers in the camp. Some, like
the group of 168 Allied airmen, were there for a few months and survived
(Kogon, pp. 223). The Prisoners' Committee, a secret resistance organization of
long term prisoners, saved a few Allied POWs. Still, as Kogon noted, too many
died in that concentration camp.
Mitchell Bard's Forgotten Victims: A History of Americans in
Concentration Camps broke ground debunking the fiction perpetrated by the
Special Report to the 79' Congress. Bard wrote in some detail about the US
POWs who were slave laborers at the Buchenwald sub-camp Berga am Elster. J.
Ray Clark also mentioned that US POWs were sent to death camps in Journey to
Hell.
Canadian Ex-POWs published an account of the 86 Canadian, British
Commonwealth prisoners and 82 American POWs sent to Buchenwald
concentration camp in the summer of 1944. Arthur Kinnis and other members of
this group did yeomen's work documenting their experiences in 168 Jump into
Hell. The CBC-TV produced a documentary on Allied POWs in concentration
camps (The Lucky Ones, Canadian Film Board, 1994). Another documentary has
been produced for PBS on the Berga POWs.
Claire Swedberg wrote about US POWs in camps designed to kill
prisoners through starvation and over work. In Work Commando 311/1 she told
about a slave labor group made up of POWs from American paratroop units.
Swedberg may not have realized that she had uncovered just the tip of an iceberg.
Donald Watt's short biography STOKER, the story of an Australian soldier
who literally stoked the furnaces at Auschwitz, is one of the most graphic
accounts of life in a concentration camp.
Colin Burgess' Destination Buchenwald gives a good account of the 168
Allied airmen sent to Buchenwald in 1944. Burgess also noted that at liberation,
seven Australian troops were in Auschwitz, two were in Dachau, eight were in
Buchenwald, six were in Theresienstadt, one in Lublin, one in Stutthoff and two
in Flossenberg. These were all known survivors of those camps and sub-camps. It
xiv
can be assumed that if Australian POWs were in these camps, POWs from other
Allied nations were in them too. Canadian, Australian, British, Danish, Dutch,
French, Belgian, Yugoslav, and Soviet war records all clearly report that their
men held by Germany were incarcerated in concentration, death camps and slave
labor kornmandos. Two US POWs were known to have been in Auschwitz. There
are reports of others there.
Prisoners of the Nazis by Harry Spiller claims, "over 600 American
prisoners of war were found in the Gestapo concentration camps of Buchenwald
and Dachau at the end of the war" (Spiller pp 3). But he offers no documentation.
Paul Berben, in his book, DACHAU, said there were eleven American
POWs in Dachau on April 26th, 1945. (He missed one in the clinic or one of the
OSS men who was hidden by the International Prisoners Committee). The OSS
record says there were six US POWs in the camp at liberation (The New York
Times of May 1, 1945). But they may have been referring only to their own (OSS)
men in the camp.
Evelyn LeChene's book Mauthausen reported eight Americans in that
camp at liberation. LeChene noted that repatriation reports by GIs coming home
indicated that 30 Americans survived Buchenwald beyond the 82 American
airmen in the group of 168 who were in that camp in August 1944.
Ray Weiss, writing in the Fort Myers Press on May 1, 1983, reported the
deaths of at least 70 GIs held in Berga, a sub-camp of Buchenwald. But Weiss
also wrote that no more than 90-125 of the US POWs sent to Berga survived. This
was due to casualties incurred during the forced march when the Berga camp was
abandoned as the Soviet Army approached.
According to the American census, an American POW was still in the
Dachau clinic a week after the committee left (Berben). The British Parliamentary
delegation counted eleven American POWs in Dachau at the same time as the
American committee was there (Berben, Dachau).
Other documents randomly have
different content
 Scene 3. Landscape and wood front. Enter Sally with pail, L.,
female attire.

Sally. (Looking about.) Now didn’t I wool that sargeant. I’ll bet he
hain’t got brains enough for a mule. It takes seven hundred er them
fellers to know as much as a Yankee. When he was stealin’ the
chickens at that deserted house, I told him it warn’t fair to steal my
chickens, when I was givin’ his men coffee. Gorry, won’t they sleep
some! Now Hez. he has learned ter steal chickens since he come
down here. You jest wait and see me break him er that when I get
him back to Pordunk! Now I should like to see a man of mine stealin’
chickens, or runnin’ after other wimen! Now wouldn’t there be the
handsomest fuss Pordunk ever looked at! (Looking about.) I guess
them fellers are snorin’ by this time. (Exit R., cautiously.)
 Scene 4. Room covering whole stage. Door at R. centre. Large
box, R. U. E. Hezekiah and Barney disc. rear centre, chained to a ring
in the floor.

Hezekiah. I’ll bet ye tew dollars that feller come to the

conclewshun that he must er stole my gun from a whole regiment.
Barney. And the grayback thafe at the table, that twitted me about
the guard-house.
Hezekiah. Guess he thought he was goin’ through a fullin’ mill.
Barney. The blackguard! (Very sober.)
Hezekiah. ’Drather give fifty dollars than ter had yer hit the old
General.
Barney. How the divil should I know he was a general, without the
two brass things on ’im?
Hezekiah. All them fellers az has ritin’ tools and tables in their
tents, is generals.
Barney. Didn’t the sargeant tell me I was never to know one er
thim without the two brass things on him?
Hezekiah. It don’t make no difference, now ye bin gone and done
it.
Barney. Didn’t he begin it, twittin’ me about the guard-house, the
thafe!
Hezekiah. He was only callin’ the guard for help.
Barney. The blackguard! Whin he was as big as I! And he called
thim three spalpeens a coort, when it takes more than two dozen to
make one er thim any day. (Door opens R., rebel soldier enters and
reads from a paper.)
Soldier. The General commanding orders that the two union
prisoners, O’Flanagan and Goferum, convicted of spying in the
confederate camp, be notified that they are to be shot at daylight. Per
order General commanding. (Exit soldier, R. Barney and Hez. look
at each other a moment in silence.)
Barney. He will do that?
Hezekiah. That’s the kind of hairpin he is.
 Barney. The blackguard!
Hezekiah. Wal, I guess I’ve airn’t the powder and shot. If my old
shooter hain’t tapped a hundred and fifty er them critters, you can
jest hope ter holler.
Barney. I will get some lawyer to appeal that coort.
Hezekiah. You get out!
Barney. That was no coort. The constitution of Ameriky says
nothing about a coort like that.
Hezekiah. It don’t make no difference. The shootin’ will come.
They don’t care for constitewshuns down here.
Barney. I’ll have that thafe tried for murder if he does that. And I’ll
tell him that to his face, too. I don’t care who any man is that will do
an illagal thing like that.
Hezekiah. They don’t stop for law down here.
Barney. The more the shame for ’em. He will have the contimpt er
the wurruld upon ’im.
Hezekiah. It wouldn’t do no good. They’ll bury you at daylight.
(Short silence.)
Barney. And there ain’t niver a praste to be had in this haythen
country at all.
Hezekiah. Ye don’t need none. If I hain’t licked rebels enough ter
get ter heaven without a priest, they can jest kick me out.
Barney. Havn’t I done that same meself?
Hezekiah. So ye have, Barney, and this ain’t yer own country,
neither. If they don’t give ye two harps to my one, it ain’t doin’ the
fair thing by ye.
Barney. Divil a bit do I care for a harp, if I can get out er this.
(Door opens, and Sally appears with two carbines in her hands;
hesitates a moment.)
Hezekiah. Now let me die.
Barney. ’Pon my word.
Hezekiah. Come here, and let me see if you ain’t a ghost. (Sally
lays carbines behind the box and rushes to embrace Hez.)
Barney. Give us a taste er that.
 Hezekiah. You git out. There ain’t enough ter go round. (Sally
tries to unfasten irons.)
Barney. Oh don’t you spread yourself. I have one er thim. (Turns
away.)
Sal. (hunting round for axe.) Hain’t ye got no axe, Hez.?
Hezekiah. ’Taint no use, Sal. Them irons can’t be broke.
Sally. You git out, Hez. You jest show me where they keep the axe.
Hezekiah. They don’t leave no axes round here. If ye had one, ye’d
get up such a noise, old Hood and the whole coop would be down
here whoopin’.
Sally. I got the whole caboodle asleep with opium.
Hezekiah. ’Taint no use, Sal. That Keele Brightly said we was
spies, and we’re goin ter get shot at daylight. (Sally speechless with
astonishment.)
Barney. The thafe. (Sally drops on her knees sobbing.)
Sally. Oh what shall I do?
Hezekiah. I know how’ yer heart is, Sal, but ye can’t do us no
good. Jest git out as fast as ye can, and save yourself.
Barney. And tell Gineral Halcom about it, and divil a bit but he
will bat that spalpeen in the mornin’.
Sally. (Springing to her feet and wiping eyes.) I have it. (Dashes
for the door.) I know what I’ll do.
Hezekiah. Say, Sal. (She turns back.) Perhaps I shan’t never see ye
again. (Sally falls on his breast sobbing.) Tell mother she ain’t got
nothin’ to be ashamed on about me, except I’m rough, and can’t talk
so fine as some folks. Now she is cheated out of her part er the farm,
and the old man is so mean. I don’t know what she will do. I’ve sent
her all my wages and bounty.
Sally. Keep yer upper lip solid, Hez.; cos if yer lost to yer mother,
she can have a home with me as long as she lives. Good bye. I got to
get ye out, and I ain’t no time to lose. (Dashes out at R. door.)
Barney. ’Pon my word, that gal will knock the hell’s blazes out er
thim spalpeens, or I’m a thafe and a liar.
Hezekiah. Ain’t she a rusher?
 Barney. ’Pon me word she is. Yer a lucky boy to have a gal like
that.
Hezekiah. Makes me sick, cos it’s all goin’ for nothin’. (Makes a
bad face, as if to cry.)
Barney. Ah-r, don’t be doin’ that. Thim blackguards will be sayin’
yer a Yankee coward.
Hezekiah. The man that can’t grind out some grief at leavin’ a gal
like that, ain’t got brains enough to know what he’s losin’.
Barney. Indade! Isn’t Biddy Maloney as fine a gal as she, barrin’
the fitin’? (Door opens at R., and Keele Brightly enters, followed by
D’Arneaux and guard, one of whom proceeds to iron D’A. to the
same ring with Hez. and Barney.)
Brightly. (Looking about and at prisoners.) As incomprehensible
as ever. The guard drugged and disarmed, and the prisoners
unmolested. Corporal, place a guard of twenty men around this
building, and you have my orders to shoot any person, man or
woman, approaching it without authority. I have placed a barrel of
powder beneath, with a fuse attached, leading out under the door. If
the Yankees attack us before daybreak, fire the fuse, or kill the
prisoners, and join your regiment at once. (Guard leaves with
Corporal, R. Brightly lingers to see all is secure, then leaves R.)
Hezekiah. (To Barney.) Bet ye tew dollars this old machine is
about gin out. They’re killin’ their own.
Barney. (To Hez.) Is he a Gineral? (D’A. hangs head.)
Hezekiah. (To D’A.) Say! Yer couldn’t tell a feller who’s gittin’
licked outside, could ye? (D’A. gives them no attention.)
Barney. (To D’A.) You don’t be talkin’?
Hezekiah. (To D’A.) Talk is cheap, and I thought I’d give ye a
chance on what ye had the most on.
Barney. Shoot thim at daylight, sez he. (Makes a bad face as if
about to cry.)
Hezekiah. Don’t be blubberin’, Barney.
Barney. Don’t you see the daylight is comin’ through thim cracks
there?
Hezekiah. Let her come. It ain’t goin’ to last long. (A board lifts up
at L. and Zina crawls up through.)
 D’A. Zina!
Hezekiah. Now let me die!
Barney. ’Pon my word! (Zina motions quiet.)
Zina. The guard! Master D’Arneaux, how are you here?
D’A. A victim of the falsehood of your master.
Zina. How?
D’A. Convicted of treason by false testimony, and sentenced to die
at sunrise.
Zina. Oh this is so cowardly and unjust to you, who have been so
brave and kind. Oh what shall I do?
D’A. You can do nothing, Zina.
Zina. I will go to the General and say it is not true.
D’A. You are but a poor slave girl. It would avail nothing. Zina,
through economy and speculations, I have become possessed of five
thousand dollars in gold. It is all buried beneath the roots of the old
cotton-wood that stands by the grave of our Nelly. No one but my
mother knows this. If, by the fortunes of war, I should fall, it would
keep my mother from want. If, when peace and independence come,
and I should live, to buy your freedom, when I had determined to
offer you my heart, hand, and the honor of a soldier.
Zina. Oh you would not throw yourself away on a poor slave! You
do not know what you say!
D’A. This has been the nurtured ambition of my heart, since, with
all your native goodness, I saw your generous devotion to my
helpless old mother.
Zina. How can you love a poor, degraded slave girl, who has
nothing to offer but these miserable rags, and the memory that she
came of the hated race, so despised by all the world. (Falls on her
knees, covers face.)
D’A. As God loves goodness in the human heart—as manhood
admires the noble, unselfish woman, though her covering be
undeserving rags—as the heart plays captive to the most generous
impulses of nature—as the honor of a soldier reaches out to grasp its
ideal, so do I offer my tribute of love. Zina, all these dreams of the
future die with me when the sun rises over the eastern hills. Go out
from here. Avoid the guard. Find the money, and fly with my mother,
where you can be free. Save my mother from want, and I am content.
Waste no time, or you too may be lost.
Zina. Oh I cannot be so cowardly as to leave you now! (Rising.)
D’A. Why did you come here, where there is nothing but danger?
Zina. (Pointing to Hez. and Barney.) To save these who have been
so good and kind to me. When my master had turned me away to
starve, these men gave me their own food and blankets when the
storm was cold and pitiless. (Shot R. Zina goes to R. door to listen.)
D’A. (To Hez. and Bar.) My hand, good fellows. One often sees
that to admire in an enemy. (Shake all, Hez. grudgingly. Zina looks
around the room and discovers the carbines, places them on the
box.)
Barney. When I was first lookin’ at ye, didn’t I be knowin’ ye was
no blackguard.
D’A. When the other world begins to lift its shadows to light us to
the other side, the animosities of this life should be forgotten.
Hezekiah. (To D’A.) Give me your hand again. I allus said I’d
never shake with a rebel, but I’ll take it all back.
D’A. Zina, before I die, there is a secret in your history the
excitement of the hour had well nigh caused me to forget. It came to
me by accident. You were not born a slave!
Z. Then who am I?
D’A. A lost child of the Halcoms!
Zina. (Falling on her knees and covering her face.) My brave,
noble brother!
D’A. While confined, previous to my trial, I overheard
conversation between Brightly and one of his ruffian comrades,
detailing your history and a plan for your destruction. The reason—
slavery is abrogated, and you are one of the Halcoms. Seventeen
years since, Brightly was the leader of a band of Regulators, raised to
protect the planters from the abolitionists, who were running off
their help. I was a member of that company, though a mere boy. An
old political grudge had existed between Brightly and your father for
many years. On a dark December night, backed by a crowd of
selected desperadoes, he murdered your father when he was without
means of defence, outraged and killed your mother,—then fired the
house.
Zina. (Shuddering.) My poor mother! (Sobbing.)
D’A. Some of those men are now standing guard around this
building. You were then a helpless infant in the cradle. Old Milly, the
nurse, escaped with you to the wood. Two days after you were both
kidnapped by Brightly, taken to his plantation in Alabama, where he
raised you as a slave. At the time of the murder, your brother Frank,
at the age of 12 years, was educating in the free schools of New
England. During the last 15 years he has not ceased to search for the
murderer of his family. He has no knowledge that you have been
saved from the burning home. Within the last three years, Brightly
has repeatedly tried to sell you to cotton planters on the coast. Only
my vigilance and the color of your skin have prevented it. It was
Brightly’s hand that sent the bullet after your life, on the night of
your brother’s escape. If you are found here, your life is lost. Go now.
Day is breaking. God bless you. Remember my mother. (Distant
rapid firing.)
Zina. (Springing to her feet and listening,) Hark! My brother is
coming!
D’A. Escape while you can. Quick, or you will be lost!
Zina. (Flings off turban.) I will defend you until his sword shall
save us!
D’A. You cannot, you are a weak girl! (Zina bars the door and
slings carbine on belt.)
Zina. So I can fight and die with you! (Rebs. attack the door
furiously. Zina holds it.)
D’A. This building is mined and you will be blown to atoms. (Zina
holds the door.)
Zina. I have filled the powder with water!
D’A. You will be killed. Conceal yourself beneath the floor. (Rebs.
knock holes in middle of door with an axe.)
Hezekiah. Yes, go, Zina. God bless yer brave little heart.
Barney. Please go, little girl, ye can’t do us no good! (Heavy,
increasing firing R. Blows on the door rapid and continuous. She
holds it.)
 D’A. You cannot defend us! (Zina seizes carbine and, springing
back, exclaims:)
Zina. I am a Halcom! This rifle shall avenge my mother’s life.
(Confederates smash the door until they knock it to pieces. Then the
door breaks down and a crowd of rebels rush through, 5 rapid shots
from Zina and they retreat to outside, 3 men fall. She drops the old
and seizes another carbine as Brightly urges them back. Five more
shots throw them into a crowding confusion at the door, when she
stops firing from unloading. Brightly and six soldiers rush to left
front. Zina draws knife to defend prisoners.)
Brightly. (As he and soldiers dash to L.) Kill the prisoners.
(Soldiers spring forward to bayonet them and are met by Zina.)
Zina. Who strikes the helpless is a coward! (Soldiers hesitate, with
bayonets at her breast.)
Brightly. You shall be food for my dogs!
Zina. Coward! Thief! Assassin of my mother!
Brightly. So you bite the hand that fed you to life!
Zina. My hands have earned your bread and mine!
Brightly. (To soldiers.) Kill her! (Halcom dashes in R. followed
by soldiers, who cover rebs.)
Halcom. Throw down your arms! (Rebels drop arms and Zina
rushes into her brother’s arms saying:)
Zina. My brother!
Halcom. I have long suspected this. My mother’s face lives in this
girl and in my memory seventeen years since as she begged for mercy
from a man who never felt it.
Brightly. I am a prisoner of war.
Halcom. We have met, sir, for the last time. You shall fight women
and helpless prisoners no longer.
Brightly. Then have done with your preaching and come on!
(Drops sword and draws knife.)
Halcom. I will not keep you waiting long! You shall fight for your
life this time like an honorable man!
Brightly. (To reb. soldiers) The psalm of a traitor who has
stabbed his country in the back!
 Halcom. (To prisoners and Union soldiers.) If this man passes my
hands safely he shall go free! (Taking advantage while Halcom is
speaking to the Union prisoners, Brightly rushes forward to stab
him in the back, treacherously. Zina catches his purpose, drops on
one knee, knocks his hand up and drives her knife to the hilt in the
ruffian’s heart. Brightly staggers back and falls. Zina springs up,
aghast at the result, then drops knife, covering her face, says:—)
Zina. My poor mother! (Drops on her knees, then face, sobbing
until curtain falls.)

THE END.
 TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. The stage directions were inconsistently formatted. Some
were italicized and some not. Also some were in
parentheses and some in square brackets. (As if the
typesetter ran out of parentheses or italics
occassionally.) They were all altered to parentheses and
italics.
2. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in
spelling.
3. Retained anachronistic, non-standard, and uncertain
spellings as printed.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZINA: THE SLAVE
GIRL; OR, WHICH THE TRAITOR? ***

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