WATER Sousces , saypus ef aaapuai their ee t “umpua ties amd i trpraey and duteeminalion 1 Soller draules aes : “COMMU, Amalysls and davakment +f wahir fer clemestic . bts at Jetson, Nomar! chou [Lieection w . Mutod cLisporal pen fo wie ted for Ae voblom , oh H20 “pretios & weuoaS suroutas on he plant vasth way 4 tah surface aunounded by H20 "However 847: of tk dodeed tr sxean (Saline 0) * Hand pooh oo 0.8% of weld Latin sources ou serefuel rd duran vastivilies. Sources of He0 + Watyy wa Avurced yom vowlous matured sand akifrdel sources ‘ndushing f — ox ~ o (ay 4 walce 3 Uiveu, Laks Maroy, Resauovis (2) Ground Wativ =” Agquifeu ond Wells @) Vrdipitatign > Rain, snow shut & hol (9 Oceans = detination of ceawalir sy Matting de > Glades ad viet-aep+ (0 Conduuotion Mais hue on air Collected through wathals Like der how (2) Waker Rep > Reuuing Headed unileuader i ee Ce. ‘al Asie abrags 2 Dams ond waher cakchmand sytten . (8) Upndewrourd stoveg, 2 Cuter & bonds — — « satan pa papePp Pp» Se 4 Ie Ge en pucwdler Gsher aids ay, plidi + Aolted ortids thal (8 Auspartel, Aol Se ead glee (0) Aonte 4 Dirsolved b) Nee fenke & undiclved Ps ism ( Mivmorganire * Te rae opal ) c) (a) © ) wal dnanged in ph of HA basic . ot eaten walker. = tater > Ca*?, Mg?) Nat, KY wit ctlienide ide ake 7 “Peosphate, SN anionde nl one Bitarbonater mi SOfpaee ee + Raekerda, view , preboxoa, & algae hee Unanniral Contamninank + Srelushsol palatal , pestiades , eile plurmacudicals , woutheld chemivat Orjance wadler + Quemposting plant & animal wotodal indding- Auumnic & palate acids Tabidity Usudinus comed pasties Jin suspension ushich vam tndude both orgarte & inowyante motter. Tats 2 Odour Compounds! Unemaited toast apeet ye tasks oF twull 4 wokes .Svuh uo gee pd A compunds . wr election \aiyproduada » Heoy retlals + Towle eluents Ske Lead marcy , arene ¢ cadmium sbich cam accumulate in woter through snodaval poms ev Industral afivitiy, ——wTere se ae ~~ ‘ tHardness 4, woti * | Wodir suhich dow nel pprodua, Lather with soap deemed ay Hoard waler saproed 2 » Hardie 10 wally “sumed + ¥ Me salb Uke bicaddonater, vurkenstus, Lulphate , chloride ete. sHordwidler id ie dus to presnas minerals ike Ca and Ms . Pray ae vet dneved or atperitid by sedimuntation or fiaetion. swshn haved wilur macs with Sooh fives ard“ pessipiiol? » 2 Cig Hyg 'LOON 0 + Cat, Ca (G9 HygC00). Lt Noe 2 Calle WOND + My S04 — (Cn Has 0), g 1 t Masog a eeu and sehen out withot \ Poduating lather, / “Types of Hardness Tenjorony Hordiness Permanent Hardness Yompossany Hordners iu dur to gt duu do the present Whe freaunce a bi- carbonates “d unaides of suifaia FI er val dum and Trognesivm. colitivn ag Maqmesiva ( Goi, mts) ( Ca, Mg, Calico), —— Cota! + ol+ Wnt Co(n Wh + taf 0H), > & Cath) Heo ‘“ean be umowed by vamniot be Atmoved doy bol Ling “Hordnens -vernovel 2s Harder verovel zs hep enperuive am tor removed dratil Lome Waller se. fechniques to prenipitole insoluble ke Lime sosla process, talib, corhonote , lL oO fon-e wesin Wwe osmosis ete. Aegur ol Hardnens + “wu unit le whith Novdines Su anally, enprened krown 02 dlegree of Hordn (a Woy equdalent> bez (dO, 4 S DON uy empresed in tery precipidol . Rruotuble Wave wolector werkt 100 & enaily Gquivalurt of Lebengt oh subclones Co) x Rorsial er of fotos) #2 ening havdned CdD; Tekundeal eqyivalint of arden] xc 2 Produuing substorme Rquivalunt of _ [etvength +, atone: aust coming (ery, it) ) X% 100 Cos, eae [oon eyuivalont ied | hr hardness] X 9. Proauusing bos Unik 4 Hardnews 5 = - sleek port Cad, present pes raiiiionn (UP 7 qSoskte we wengre : | : my {a= mo oh mg of ods preaudt in pu Sibre of Waker SEL & m0: of eginndat park ceAPs present 90,000 rer of walt + FF ww of Gprobind put of COs predenk por Deno port | 4 r r ’Wrelation * 4 ppm = dg/uit = OM Fr = 0-0F CL 4° f= 1D ppm = 10m | Lit = oF Ce Aedemination of Hardmes + (Numerical) ee sch = N43 ppm = IB mg/g = 143 F4a 4 Bue A water sample contains the fovawing (i) CoftCDs), = gos mg/L Wil Mg (110s) a = 95 y/x - (i) Casog = serg/2 Mg (ete) = IS mg [4 » Bi eng eC joog / 4 d poomarect } aa ppm Ca dard xte ( temporary leat ardun of w (temporary 2 Sal" Sop: Degee | ~tlavdness —~ tp Fg mah Hondo |e Set wohl | Me” Qi i “4 “f Hardnes | wali factor = Ca(Hs)y 203 162. 203 X00 Hvasryle 162 Ma (e0s)e 95 4g | a5 % 100s 6 svg /h 4G + Casog 136 136 nex 160 =loo %/) oe x aa iz + Mg (Ue) 5S go De 95x 1 = [oOo fg, * Cad . u) Nd. K 1% = Joo m/h 2 * Cotutaion of al rota, Hovdnes? | frosts plication {oxtor Ca(H ts), + rags) | 7 lias £65) mglA = 190 wg ([I- ‘ ‘ (Peemanint hardness = Made + Casoq + Cada loo + loo + 100 300 wa/A. Toll = 300+ 190 > 4909/4. in | mg [tik = Ors ‘1 "te = 10 ppm = lomg /ait = “4'y = \+--3 ppm i 143mg /t (Ge= (43 rpm Uprm > 490 ppm X 0-07 UNS y 496 ¢p X O21 = 49 “hy 0-07 cl, o-4°ck aie ee erties eensBojer houbles % at Yaed ah thdustvies & powes" atotion to queer Hem. stear Unvesion of wala snty steam in boiler , He discalve and stuporded acids ave pol Vemoved , + AU Hu impuritien ave clpositien An form >, cuohe A shurslge within the boiler ond causes boilex troubles . . i Sty betley — Proble 4}, hod water divectly pee — Problim = a7 ty ov “(Caustic rtm wrt Hard addering. wating on fim fh Bote Reiley wall Oh boiler (Stup4e) M1 | 7 {1 oy (one)St uae | SCALE *Sopt, Joose B sti + + hard deposily- mye AP y y rn] smon- adhount duposilg Aut | * sh vey founly be ier 4 woaily removed . Svafoe of boiler 2 diffu to a ¥ y {| 1 { Temove . . osmed by aubstonce Jake + hormud Aubstonis 1 ke Cac. , Mga , MgS0y 1% 900s du) CasOg , Mg (oH )2 7 A(HWs), . formed ak vorposralively ' formed by usrepoarsttively, heated COLDER, upootiens eh, boiler postion of boiler. gal fhicenes tok less dangerous | > a 1 olbe chonas 8{ explosion . 4 + vemoved by Mow-dnwn - can't be removed by blow down | operation. opention . troblem vowed sv bolle y Sule and di pour wondustes 4, Asa A therefore prevent ef\utive tooruler of, heatt to water. ® On Fru undition pexuive deak UB vequived to Inuvieary fuct Unruunption | Renova. Beale fornaatien van bs pruvenked by inane tveakment Hack involve addition of chamfual Ye the botler woles either te ppt Ye cook fonning impurities Vn dng ch sludge as that Ey tun bt vend ved ‘y blow down muhod ov to vmvet hom ith Solube cowepourd + @ SLotgen Treatment | No, [Nou (P0:)¢) + of CaS0u _- No, [ean (P02) F | So |uble oO Nes Ceoatum meta tune jhowphats) B) thotphabe Yrestmunt Bcatl, + {2Na,P0, | — CaP). b + Uo CL MagSy + INa,POYy — 9 | POW) + SMO, S04 a bdr + Yormelion oan wa sleam su abled Leng) uypivony LG ay v a hcgh Ho levat ymorhing yoo! + Casal by ——— prneres of foom on surfort bial aeoun velodly 5 @ Foor + Sormation sh able foorn | bubble above surface of woder which chen't wreak wasily wa called fooming . ‘Shere Aubble orried over by steam leading to enusive prrning © Cd uy tow Jel af Heo an boiler SS prewuu of club tmporitien Uke abkals raukal & otf Tk sheen peducien vii se te op reModuantone of jong + acto Aradaied af column vant be fudged» * beiler prema con't be _ maininned «, + discolved alk in woler vasned by web steam vray danwoge Yuible Bade or modune port. feevention et fomag © “By addition of anti- {oo oy chereol ke cautery oll, yollio aud, prdbctic palyarncels + rerwouing 6 from beller witit by adding. vempounds Re wale! aluntnate "T L > jy av_wy~neaxwxtaywv () Cust trnbllamest + tre phunemenwn in wllch Ure makeusl of 2 boiler ewe brite duu to ccoumoti on + couatte Substances. ois Yype of Wovosion thot un vonaeeh due ty Jugh vrrcentoods on 4 Lodivm Vy daoeside (UoOH) * comsed by te forination 4 ityequlor crave en Phe bailey well experd a high teal ends auch as faints § beads + dperatocl an couutic envionment * Guuphible motuialr such ar carbon eed “Poskiculey chanical sheer Like concantvalrd hy drovide + Tents shear around the osivetol Wels Preuentin e+ Caustic SunbriWumnunt * Manoginy deengY © patentiol + Arveiding the vse of ableal? Ww Pae havdnett Q stro jwet —* Udbing Na P03 tne beac! 4 NaH lds a4 taphening agent ,Walia “ofb, 4 Waly "feening Milhud ( Extunad) | > Lima Soda _saplite fun cnsbane ereerere rato 10 yearkion gnho duution ~ ple ue jou Holk & told tome p' Codfonet Process enchan gt caharidh gn l anne A Numerivod Types a frivdple ~ doug 6 Um Soda ver Me chemical one oP fainutple. & Liu-soda provess inve ; “he ey all the chante hard et sala by odditivn wuld easily be vor | gy Hur prmcens - woter te be vemiount of Lime a0H) 2 sofpered Gy Ae cana 60 Lee (Ma, Wz) . ba 107. for quick usrpluhion Wu veagied mmcy he wel 16 Yorchion of Line & hoda ess fermanent taletiom bardaess Fenrwves als prutel 2 saber na ni ‘ fore ‘ine’ abvsatnunt ave ! calum nimnavid “by toda ‘hawrdnesd Salve 7) et fren ond dluminivm colts , ee ee ee ee el lhl hl kl klk kkk kkk 8y ia) Constituent Ca(tco,), Bomp Yerdnes) ) ; Volts), > La(OH),, 9 Caldg LH Ha [Need Ml , a ea carton 1 4 : ‘ a Mg (Hea) + CaloH Sas Ma (ow), + Canon ' me ) CAH) (0H), |Fes manent Hardnes * AAS Ca- perrmansecl hongdns 11 : alana serneveof ty Soda, Sy Ma" (my ty /Mg$0u) Le _ MoH), + Catt | caso, ey fot Cat* + Na, Ww, eee ce.) poner. Wels] 2° incu : Neap:- @) HOO, (None) Permanent hordness - eo HO, —-+ Colon), Fo Na,C0¢ [earT=3} a . theo fairies) M ye 2261) lolecisla iS ©. CO, + cacom, ————-* Cates Hoo © 7 (Hey/ H04) at 4 dH, 0 2 HT + €@ (ok), ——> & = (Car Yas0u) oe “tr a s fed LE: Ge + No,w, ————> Catal F+ 20a ( ‘rfoluble) CMQAS0y / Mau) D 0), | ALCO), Co CoH), Bat? Al.Con), +t CAs0g. « 2CrWs + Need 31. - ee Need geal? + wa, cy a oa c c@ Fe, $04 Felon, + Caseg Fesog + Ca (Ohh Eek) i gutenel ie YS OH), —R2H.0 402 _ ap Feo + C4809 ert [Neel LFS Case + MO2ls aN 6 called Pg cat ) Ca yO Ca" » cat + Ca(OH, > ACM aie ed » ~ a me Nol 02 ( sodium meta lw inact) J feet J 0H om Mats +210 — = 4 (Mp TN Bad) Sodas a Gus Collate a quantity +f dime 4 odor raquitad for selec sap) situ 9| alin. oe Hu following per sibs Ua (Heo3) 7 4-2 @ (Hw) = tng fw Catoy = 153 i MySoy = ino (4) MgCl = 3:0 “ Nah = 4.3m ~~~ ~~~ s5 7a eDOEGCCESAProcess t- Calol himeSoda tore Het hime-Soda Procesy & + Deve at Roem ‘Jemperatine «Rum au alow and fake tows to complete . + frecipitoby iu firvly divided , wot coily act , wok eaully fidtered. prherelove Co are neducl A tum* Sodium Mundninake QNoAUe) , + Yom ater dt Longe . Ruidual Hardness 50 40 60 ppm . Ui are orwwnud toy ) ) > > > . J 2 » ~ ~~ ~ “e S dinowed gas to, ee + Pore near the os ae + Fost 2 takes onlig 1S rinule of wake (4 eet 1506 tenp by steam) + WULt pruiptrate wsagulonky nod reded . So gp pa Deere RK a + Small and ur pak \S to 307y~m + Wd Feniporc nordnen ave ! de “remavedcv poe, hyd cated! me & soda ash wed to wemove m \asrdness fre water. ( (iy aoe c Hydwritsel Lime & 4 ey, = uid to vernove, bemporary drasrdiness of w ) Anas insoluble pet r Co(HC03)o + Cal0H)2 ———? Bla Ws) + &heO ‘ « Ma (HU). + 2 CaloH), ——— MOH). L + Mad T 2H20 ‘ salt & = olan tute! FO Yemove pemanst hardin esa (m sium SOA e ‘rrpasilies only ) from water ‘ Ma Ch (a (0H)}2 ———" Mg (0H)2 J + Cade : e Mgs04 tf ta (0M), ———— Ma(onr L + Cas0g 2 Vrposhia ome snot wernoved by * i) Soda Ach & S\, linu method , : Sodium vaabonab. (Nort) iv used to Fernove pommonert a Avardness a wot whith Laud ky Mg S04 & MgCle wr (allo oe Co 60g ~ Cad, tt Nar, Cod, Vt @ Nace ~« (a 804 + No; os) + Nor S0q ~ Math + No, Mg. + @Nact ~ MgS04 + Neco, Mgco,) & No2S0 | 9 3 dy ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~po ee Thy amount a} Linu - Sodo requisecl ao we sofenhg Hy hard. Wale can be caleutattcl by > ' ' ' Lime Peat Leora: 42% Lemp horde ' ees Hugudrmen 100 Mend . 4 Ws equa ~~ ™ Srda Lo hor’ + 0 106 avdnexs Cf leans rr — waco, + Mgt + Mgso4 In ssequisernen { \o0 4 Lath a “ 9 3 ss aa equ | a 4Ladle & Pree dimenvional siticate + Creek word “Deane of store ine better Deter, | “Leolitr ane wiraral Heat howe ® adipose chloe. ha dum was ory ee tee ee a Sucdish Tnsrolo gist Axel Pedavk” ol i ann al mine upon a rapidly hiding a Stones began do dane ve he water evo poritel mg the k woolk wtih rears Aton thot beth, He called : his wnattrial teolite . gubel (Hod walker Aolurtion IC (ai) Principle xustila swathed is bared on He vonvenion of 2 ¥Vve ipeitl) jews drongs into. “ve foru & VS ea hongeal reli, rorvetteal into psitive ions y . egtivey Jreuged verolclcx E (ea lL yp Godiva » Gory owe athwhed — Cabrium 2 maqremn ion,’ wali displace Sedivnn lena -prhith aanoalits — Tu apporatiu wv mack ob uy cur mand, sruidt af when eeollb gall kept shaw wile rent fncide Hu appardtivs treough posses Hhvough and tus chemical fon in enahongs . some time Keo i exhouratil te all Wa" fery ont paplactel by Lat ev Met nv therefore will rok used ber Soften the weiter, Hed ine nd vical readallte vessel several becls let tha xn takenati, bind wey changed hlosile. ten vy ‘ Bonet ‘gra in ty water . udhaidh au displaced by tes Cvatrac) Codium Coble t+ No, Odl0,- 4 S70, » H20 Sodium itt Howlemits * Gana), , Als At Si) Si0,05, 0. (O Ca (Ho, a vb) Mg(HOs), + Naz(e)——> Mg (2e) -- 2Van Or, € eo ing (0 Gasog + No. (%) ——> Ca(ze) + Oey (a) MgC : )° Cau, enhourld welts con be x valid lay treating it with “Ppa sf eolthe hire colulen (107 Nac ution) Ate come Shine Leolike 2 vonveitdal into cateium 4 tlle ond Ut Loom codium ene thot it gph enhousteal to uu the pa ere nodwoler ia steep id tad af udaiwned) pl the bod, my Dine woler oe 40% Noh satuiyn + Na, (Ze) ———> Ca(ze) + 2a, ities0 Ga(xe) + 3M ————+ May (e) + Cade (Exrausbg “719 27 ete ehrba Limitations + -can'+ Aumove He travdnexs of Turbid Waotor | : Advantogu * nmrointemn J A * tan be operoks a . Litilge Didn'r form eae gp Fe oS r PUTT Tee eee eI ESSty Huis proven cahons and avons ov vomplitdy removed by, posuirg tmpur water Inf tuo diffrent elumns » Fist ewluin contain sulphuric vacld veatn with oudic gmup : ee Thu column 2 Known as cation cachange ea Oe covions tte 26y—eke: cation wats abe Not ete i uses seuond column — uevtain rein with basle gy? ~ WRF oH" , St iit known os fia enchanas wean be ih evdhangus onion uke UT, soi ete Jon vachange resi > v aa x s ’ 1 1 ‘ : up ike ( aA 7 Rewn ~SQH + Nat > sesh ‘s0;Not + H? O Rein ~SOH + Car? > (vem 30s), Ca + aut O Rusin GH a (seth 305), Mag 7 au? yeste — NRO UT > Yan wefu™ t OH” Ronroval of nt Pons from the asst column and orf Ten from tee eevond aluma ead fo eee Reprtion udleun both dae slurs oe ercuutidl thon ful ea (alum ote baal with ai ucke sulphuric anid or HOt (ger Wt iow) ond aquest Naot! gure on tora) weal : Co Hey our do weqpautedvasthod 2- ( Ly-fontzation muted ) F Lon ethonys 0 Cation exchenge patina ( &- Leopropalins divingh Dens eae a eee elem ; eric | Soe* So. a Oa et Oe Ve \ ot 2 ae | ~ SosH™ Sout | — HW —Uu, — W— — WH — tH, ‘NMe, OH” Gh -— cH Hy UL NMe 04” ar ann Meson se OFT(vesth -S0), a + aH Yeas ~ S05) Hg it} —— PIReath~ SOY + RHI Rew St FQea. Shani formaldehyde w Abguudivingl benz > earthen s- Ca®t > & Ca + aut (0 arut | Mg” “4 aH? Oo” >» ra t 0H” 4 20H + ww BRAT + e) RoW + 4) ROH + SQA > 2,90, Antoural stad Collening of wales ot u q Conditioning Bois ' - [4 Colloidal Conditioning Crow prem baller) pitti ped, % Phoephate ipodeinrs ae fle aie scale ) moat aKa $e Seon pe “In High prasune boiler, tee mohion can be ausided ay Phosphate conditioning . ‘by 99 Bind fo phosphake” which suads with ordre of unto and ming rang soc be Ht slodiy Cateium & ae ch com berg 4c removed by “hiow don sporotion 3 Cac, yy Nox PO [Sodium ] CosP ou) | 6a3 Carbonate Cone itiontng 2 (mga Ne Faenmet acetate y “Sn low prosove boler, scale fomonen can bo avoided day ¥ carbon ate tonditioniry. I Bn. y y CoS0q + Na, CO; CoL0z) + Na,SOy 7 Fncoluale , Se Calgon Conditions *- b Resa (Sodium henarnsta ohosphale) olo known 4 Calgon Usd in lov psessure boiles. = Na, [Nou (POs) J —_—= Naw + [bouts Ove] Calgon LQCgsdy —* Nayhy Op : Cay Og” + ANA, $y 5 Run wilh Sodium mela alurainits ( NoAL 02) Rep ON Oe te Oe cee ALLOA), + OOH