Hand Held Ultrasonic Flow Meter

CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 PREFACE ........................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 FEATURES.......................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 FLOW MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE ........................................................................................ 3
1.4 PART IDENTIFICATION ......................................................................................................... 5
1.5 APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................................... 7
1.6 DATA INTEGRITY AND BUILT IN TIME KEEPER ........................................................................ 7
1.7 PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION.................................................................................................. 7
1.8 SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................................................................. 7
2.0 MEASUREMENT...................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 BUILT IN BATTERY .............................................................................................................. 8
2.2 POWER ON ........................................................................................................................ 8
2.3 KEYPAD ............................................................................................................................. 9
2.4 MENU W INDOWS .............................................................................................................. 10
2.5 MENU W INDOW LIST ......................................................................................................... 11
2.6 STEPS TO CONFIGURE PARAMETERS ................................................................................. 11
2.7 TRANSDUCER MOUNTING ALLOCATION .............................................................................. 13
2.8 TRANSDUCER INSTALLATION ............................................................................................. 14
2.8.1 Transducer Spacing...................................................................................................... 15
2.8.2 V Method Installation..................................................................................................... 15
2.8.3 Z Method Installation..................................................................................................... 15
2.8.4 W Method Installation.................................................................................................... 15
2.9 INSTALLATION TESTING ..................................................................................................... 15
2.9.1 Signal Strength ............................................................................................................. 16
2.9.2 Signal Quality................................................................................................................ 16
2.9.3 Total Transit Time and Delta Time ................................................................................ 16
2.9.4 Transit Time Ratio......................................................................................................... 17
3.0 HOW TO CHECK AND SETUP ............................................................................................. 17
3.1 HOW TO CHECK THE INSTRUMENT WORKS PROPERLY.......................................................... 17
3.2 HOW TO CHECK THE LIQUID FLOW DIRECTION ..................................................................... 17
3.3 HOW TO CHANGE THE UNIT READINGS ................................................................................ 17
3.4 HOW TO SELECT A FLOW RATE .......................................................................................... 17
3.5 HOW TO USE THE TOTALISER MULTIPLIER ........................................................................... 18
3.6 HOW TO SET THE TOTALISER FUNCTIONS ........................................................................... 18
3.7 HOW TO RESET TOTALISERS.............................................................................................. 18
3.8 HOW TO RESTORE THE FACTORY DEFAULTS ....................................................................... 18
3.9 HOW TO USE THE DAMPER TO STABILISE THE FLOW RATE .................................................... 18
3.10 HOW USE THE ZERO CUT OFF FUNCTION ............................................................................ 18
3.11 HOW TO SET A ZERO POINT ............................................................................................... 19
3.12 HOW TO CHANGE THE FLOW RATE SCALE FACTOR .............................................................. 19
3.13 HOW TO SET AND LOCK THE PASSWORD............................................................................. 19
3.14 HOW TO USE THE INBUILT DATA LOGGER ............................................................................ 19
3.15 HOW TO USE THE FREQUENCY OUTPUT ............................................................................. 20
3.16 HOW TO USE THE TOTALISER PULSE OUTPUT ..................................................................... 20
3.17 HOW TO PRODUCE AN ALARM SIGNAL ................................................................................. 20
3.18 HOW TO USE THE BUILT IN BUZZER .................................................................................... 21
3.19 HOW TO USE THE OCT PULSE OUTPUT .............................................................................. 21
3.20 HOW TO SET THE BUILT IN CALENDER ................................................................................ 21
3.21 HOW TO ADJUST THE LCD CONTRAST ................................................................................ 21
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 3.22 HOW TO USE THE RS232 SERIAL INTERFACE ...................................................................... 21
3.23 HOW TO VIEW THE TOTALISERS ......................................................................................... 21
3.24 HOW TO USE THE WORKING TIMER ..................................................................................... 22
3.25 HOW TO USE THE MANUAL TOTALISER ................................................................................ 22
3.26 HOW TO CHECK THE SERIAL NUMBER ................................................................................ 22
3.27 HOW TO CHECK THE BATTERY LIFE .................................................................................... 22
3.28 HOW TO CHARGE THE BATTERY ......................................................................................... 22
4.0 MENU WINDOW DETAILS.................................................................................................... 22
5.0 TROUBLE SHOOTING.......................................................................................................... 28
5.1 POWER-ON ERRORS ......................................................................................................... 28
5.2 W ORKING STATUS ERRORS ............................................................................................... 28
5.3 OTHER PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS .................................................................................. 29
6.0 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL........................................................................................... 30
6.1 RS232 CONNECTOR PIN-OUT .......................................................................................... 30
6.2 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL ............................................................................................ 30
6.2.1 Basic Commands......................................................................................................... 30
6.2.2 Protocol Prefix Usage .................................................................................................. 32
6.3 THE M COMMAND AND THE ASCII CODES.......................................................................... 33
7.0 WARRANTY AND SERVICE................................................................................................. 34
7.1 W ARRANTY ...................................................................................................................... 34
7.2 SERVICE .......................................................................................................................... 34
8.0 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................ 35
8.1 BATTERY MAINTENANCE AND REPLACEMENT ..................................................................... 35
8.2 PIPE SIZE TABLES ............................................................................................................ 35
8.2.1 Standard Pipe size charts for Copper............................................................................ 35
8.2.2 Standard Pipe size charts for PVC ................................................................................ 37
8.2.3 Standard Pipe size charts for Steel pipe ....................................................................... 38
8.2.4 Standard Pipe Size Charts for Cast Iron Pipe............................................................... 48
8.2.5 Standard Pipe size charts for Ductile Iron Pipe ............................................................ 49
8.3 SOUND SPEED TABLES ..................................................................................................... 50
8.3.1 Sound Speed data of solids .......................................................................................... 50
8.3.2 Sound Speed in Water .................................................................................................. 52
8.3.3 Sound Speed in Liquids ............................................................................................... 53

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 Hand Held Ultrasonic Flow Meter

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preface

The hand held flow meter is a battery-powered ultrasonic flow meter with the capability of a
full-size flow meter. It is carefully designed for portability and ease of use.

The hand held flow meter is based on clamp-on transit-time flow measurement principle. It
measures the flow rate of liquid in a pipe from outside of the pipe by using a pair of ultrasonic
transducers. In general, the liquid should be full in the pipe, and should contain very little
particles or bubbles. Examples of applicable liquids are: water (hot water, chill water, city
water, sea water, etc.), sewage, oil (crude oil, lubricating oil, diesel oil, fuel oil, etc.), chemicals
(alcohol, acids, etc.), waste, beverage and liquid food, solvents and other liquids.

Due to the nature of clamp-on technique, the transducer installation is simple and no special
skills or tools are required. Besides, there is no pressure drop, no moving parts, no leaks and
no contamination.

The hand held flow meter utilizes our proprietary technologies such as advanced signal
processing, low-voltage transmitting, small signal receiving with self-adapting, and etc. It also
incorporates the latest surface-mounting semiconductors and mini PCB design techniques.
The built-in rechargeable Ni-H battery can work continuously for more than 10 hours without
recharge.

The hand held flow meter has also a built-in data-logger, which allows storage of 2,000 lines of
data. The stored information can be downloaded to a PC through its RS232 connection port.
The hand held flow meter also provides digital output such as frequency output or pulsed
totaliser output.

1.2 Features

• ±0.5% of linearity • Wide pipe size range

• ±0.2% of repeatability • 100 Pico-second time measurement
• ±1% of accuracy at velocity above resolution
0.6ft/s. • 0.5 second totalizing period
• ±0.5% when on-site calibration is • Built-in data-logger
available • Clam-on transducer. Easy to install and to
• Bi-directional measurement maintain
• 4 flow totalizers • Light weight, portable. Main unit 1.2lbs.
• Proprietary low-voltage transmission • Also able to be used for long-term deployment
technology

1.3 Flow Measurement Principle

The hand held flow meter is designed to measure the velocity of liquid within a closed conduit.
It uses the well-know transit-time technology. The transducers are a non-contacting, clamp-on
type. They do not block the flow, thus no pressure drop. They are easy to install and remove.

The hand held flow meter utilizes a pair of transducers that function as both ultrasonic
transmitter and receiver. The transducers are clamped on the outside of a closed pipe at a
specific distance from each other. The transducers can be mounted in V-method where the

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sound transverses the pipe twice, or W-method where the sound transverses the pipe four
times, or in Z-method where the transducers are mounted on opposite sides of the pipe and
the sound crosses the pipe once. The selection of the mounting methods depends on pipe and
liquid characteristics.

The hand held flow meter operates by alternately transmitting and receiving a frequency-
modulated burst of sound energy between the two transducers and measuring the transit time
that it takes for sound to travel between the two transducers. The difference in the transit time
measured is directly and exactly related to the velocity of the liquid in the pipe, as shown in the
following figure.

FIGURE 1: TRANSIT TIME FLOW MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE

Where
θ is the angle between the sound path and the flow direction

M is the number of times the sound traverses the flow

D is the pipe diameter

Tup is the time for the beam travelling from upstream the transducer to the downstream
transducer

Tdown is the time for the beam travelling from the downstream transducer to the
upstream transducer

∆T = Tup – Tdown

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1.4 Part Identification

FIGURE 2: TOP PANEL AND FRONT VIEW

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Figure 3: Transducers and cables

Transducers:

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1.5 Applications

The hand held flow meter flow meter can be applied to a wide range of pipe flow
measurements. The pipe size ranges 0.5”-240” (15mm-6000mm). A variety of liquid
applications can be accommodated: ultra-pure liquids, potable water, oil, chemicals, raw
sewage, reclaimed water, cooling water, river water, sea water, plant effluent, etc. Because
the transducers are non-contacting and have no moving parts, the flow meter will not be
affected by flow pressure or liquid properties. Standard transducers are rated to 100ºC.
Higher temperatures can be accommodated. For further information, please consult the
manufacturer for assistance.

1.6 Data Integrity and Built in Time Keeper

All user-entered configuration values are stored in the built-in non-volatile flash memory that
can retain the data for over 100 years, even when the power is lost or turned off. Password
protection is provided to avoid inadvertent configuration changes or totalizer resets.

A time-keeper is integrated in the flow meter. It works as the time base for flow totalizing. The
time-keeper remains operating as long as the battery’s terminal voltage is over 1.5V. In case
of battery failure, the time-keeper will not keep running and the time data will lost. The user
must re-enter proper time values after the battery failure is recovered. Improper time values
will affect the totalizers as well as many other functions.

1.7 Product Identification

Each set of the hand held flow meter series flow meter has a unique product identification
number or ESN written into the software that can only be modified with a special tool by the
manufacturer. In case of any hardware failure, please provide this number which is located on
menu window M61 when contacting the manufacturer.

1.8 Specifications

Linearity 0.5%
Repeatability 0.2%
Accuracy ±1% of reading at rates>0.6 ft/s. ±0.5% with on-site calibration
Response Time 0-999 seconds, user-configurable
Velocity ±0.03 ~ ±105 ft/s (±0.01 ~ ±30 m/s), bi-directional
Pipe Size 0.5” ~ 240” (15 ~ 6,000mm)
Meter, Feet, Cubic Meter, Liter, Cubic Feet, USA Gallon, Imperial Gallon,
Rate Units Oil Barrel, USA Liquid Barrel, Imperial Liquid Barrel, Million USA Gallons.
User configurable.
Totaliser 7-digit totals for net, positive and negative flow
Liquid Types Virtually all liquids

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Security Setup lockout. Access code needed for unlocking
Display 4x16 English letters
Communication RS-232C, baud-rate: from 75 to 115,200 bps. Protocol made by the
Interface manufacturer. User protocols can be made on enquiry.
Transducers Model M1 for standard, other 3 models for optional
Transducer
Standard 2x30’ (10m), optional 2x1,500’ (500m)
Cable
3 AAA Ni-H built-in batteries. When fully charged it will last over 10 hours
Power Supply of operation.
100V-240VAC for the charger
Data Logger Built-in data logger can store over 2,000 lines of data
Manual Totalizer 7-digit press-key-to-go totalizer for calibration
Housing Material ABS. Aluminum alloy protective case
Case Size 3.9"x2.6"x0.8" (100x66x20mm)
Handset Weight 1.2 lbs (514g) with batteries

2.0 MEASUREMENT

2.1 Built in Battery

The instrument can operate either from the built-in Ni-H rechargeable battery, which will last
over 10 hours of continuous operation when fully charged, or from an external AC/power
supply from the battery charger.

The battery charging circuit employs both constant-current and constant-voltage charging
methods. It has a characteristic of fast charging at the beginning and very slow charging when
the battery approaches to full charge. Generally, when the green LED is on, the battery is
nearly 95% charged, and when the red LED is off, the battery is nearly 98% charged.

Since the charging current becomes tapered when the battery charging is nearly completed,
i.e. the charging current becomes smaller and smaller, therefore, there should be no over-
charging problem. This also means the charging progress can last very long. The charger can
be connected to the handset all the time when an around-the-clock measurement is required.

When fully charged, the terminal voltage reaches around 4.25V. The terminal voltage is
displayed on window M07. When the battery is nearly consumed, the battery voltage drops to
below 3V. The approximate remaining working time is indicated in this window as well.
Notice that the battery remaining working time is estimated based on the current battery
voltage. It may have some errors, especially when the terminal voltage is in the range from
3.70 to -3.90 volts.
For Battery maintenance and replacement, please refer to Appendix A.

2.2 Power On

Press ON key to turn on the power and press OFF to turn off the power.
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Once the flow meter is turned on, it will run a self-diagnostic program, checking first the
hardware and then the software integrity. If there is any abnormality, corresponding error
messages will be displayed.

Generally, there should be no display of error messages, and the flow meter will go to the
most commonly used Menu Window #01 (short for M01) to display the Velocity, Flow Rate,
Positive Totaliser, Signal Strength and Signal Quality, based on the pipe parameters
configured last time by the user or by the initial program.

The flow measurement program always operates in the background of the user interface. This
means that the flow measurement will keep running regardless of any user menu window
browsing or viewing. Only when the user enters new pipe parameters will the flow meter
change measurement to reflect the new parameter changes.

When new pipe parameters are entered or when the power is turned on, the flow meter will
enter into a self-adjusting mode to adjust the gain of the receiving circuits so that the signal
strength will be within a proper range. By this step, the flow meter finds the best receiving
signals. The user will see the progress by the number 1, 2, or 3, located on the lower right
corner of the LCD display.

When the user adjusts the position of the installed transducers, the flow meter will re-adjust
the signal gain automatically.

Any user-entered configuration value will be stored in the NVRAM (non-volatile memory), until
it is modified by the user.

2.3 Keypad

The keypad of the flow meter has 16+2 keys.

Keys 0 ~ 9 and . are keys to enter numbers.

Key ▲/+ is the going UP key when the user wants to go to the
upper menu window. It also works as + key when entering
numbers.

Key ▼/- is the going DOWN key when the user wants to go to the
lower menu window. It also works as the ‘–‘ key when entering
numbers.

Key ◄ is the backspace key when the user wants go left or

wants to backspace the left character that is located to the left of
the cursor.

Key ENT is the ENTER key for any input or selections.

Key MENU is the key for the direct menu window jump over. Whenever the user wants to
proceed to a certain menu window, the user can press this key followed by a 2-digit number.

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The MENU key is shortened as the ‘M’ key hereafter when referring to menu windows.

The ON key is for the power on.

The OFF key is for the power off.

2.4 Menu Windows

The user interface of this flow meter comprises about 100 different menu windows that are
numbered by M00, M01, M02 … M99.

There are two methods to get into certain menu window:

(1) Direct jump in. The user can press the MENU key followed by a 2-digit number. For
example, the menu window M11 is for setting up pipe outer diameter. Pressing MENU 1 1
will display the M11 menu window immediately.

(2) Press ▲/+ or ▼/- key. Each time of the ▲/+ key pressing will lead to the lower-numbered
menu window. For example, if the current window is on M12, the display will go to window
M11 after the ▲/+ key is pressed once.

There are three different types of menu windows:

(1) Menu windows for number entering, e.g., M11 for setting up pipe outer diameter.

(2) Menu windows for option selection, e.g., M14 for the selection of pipe materials.

(3) Results display windows, e.g., window M00 for displaying Velocity, Flow Rate, etc.

For number entering windows, the user can directly press the digit keys if the user wants to
modify the value. For example, if the current window is on M11, and the user wants to enter
219.2345 as the pipe outer diameter, then, the flowing keys should be pressed: 2 1 9 . 2
3 4 5 ENT.

For option selection windows, the user should first press the ENT key to get into option
selection mode. Then, use ▲/+ , ▼/- , or digit key to select the right option. Consequently,
press the ENT to make the selection.

For example, assume your pipe material is stainless steel and you are currently on menu
window M14 which is for the selection of pipe materials (if you are on a different window, you
need press MENU 1 4 first in order to enter into the M14 window.) You need to press the
ENT key to get into the option selection mode. Then, either press the ▲/+ and ▼/- keys to
make the cursor on the line that displays “1. Stainless Steel”, or press the 1 key directly. At
the end, press ENT again to make the selection.

Generally, the ENT key must be pressed to get into the option selection mode for option
modifications. If the “Locked M47 Open’ message is indicated on the lowest line of the LCD
display, it means that the modification operation is locked out. In such cases, the user should
go to M47 to have the instrument unlocked before any further modification can be made.

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2.5 Menu Window List

M00~M09 windows for the display of the instantaneous flow rate, net totalizer value, positive
totalizer value, negative totalizer value, instantaneous flow velocity, date time, battery voltage
and estimated working hours for the battery.

M10~M29 windows for entering system parameters, such as pipe outer diameter, pipe wall
thickness, liquid type, transducer type / model, transducer installation method, etc. Transducer
installation spacing is also displayed on one of the windows.

M30~M38 windows for flow rate unit selection and totalizer configuration. User can use these
windows to select flow rate unit, such as cubic meter or liter, as well as to turn on / off each
totalizer, or to zero the totalizers.

M40~M49 windows for setting response time, zeroing / calibrating the system and changing
password.
M50~M53 windows for setting up the built-in logger.

M60-M78 windows for setting up time-keeper and displaying software version, system serial
number ESN and alarms.

M82 window for viewing data totalizer.

M90~M94 windows for displaying diagnostic data. Those data are very useful when doing a
more accurate measurement.

M97~M99 are not windows but commands for window copy output and pipe parameter output.

M+0~M+8 windows for some additional functions, including a scientific calculator, display of
the total working time, and display of the time and the flow rate when the device is turned on
and turned off.

Other menu windows such as M88 have no functions, or functions were cancelled because
they are not applied to this version of the software.

The major reason why the menu windows are arranged in the above way is to make this
version be compatible with previous versions. This will make life easier for the former version
users.

2.6 Steps to Configure Parameters

In order to make the hand held flow meter work properly, the user must follow the following
steps to configure the system parameters:

1. Pipe size and pipe wall thickness

2. For standard pipe, please refer to Appendix 8.2 for outer diameter and wall thickness data.
For non-standard pipe, the user has to measure these two parameters.
3. Pipe materials
For non-standard pipe material, the sound speed of the material must be entered. Please
refer to Appendix 8.3 for sound speed data.
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4. For standard pipe materials and standard liquids, the sound speed values have already
been programmed into the flow meter, therefore there is no need to enter them again.
5. Liner material, its sound speed and liner thickness, if there is any liner.
6. Liquid type (for non-standard liquid, the sound speed of the liquid should be entered.)
7. Transducer type.
8. Transducer mounting methods (the V-method and Z-method are the common methods)
9. Check the transducer distance displayed on window M25 and install the transducers
accordingly.

Example: For standard (commonly used) pipe materials and standard (commonly measured)
liquids, the parameter configuration steps are as following:

(1) Press keys MENU 1 1 to enter into M11 window. Input the pipe outer diameter through
the keypad and press ENT key.

(2) Press key ▼/- to enter into M12 window. Input the pipe thickness through the keypad and
press ENT key.

(3) Press key ▼/- to enter into M14 window. Press ENT key to get into the option selection
mode. Use keys ▲/+ and ▼/- to scroll up and down to the proper pipe material, and then
press ENT key.

(4) Press key ▼/- to enter into M16 window. Press ENT key to get into the option selection
mode. Use keys ▲/+ and ▼/- to scroll up and down to the proper liner material, and then
press ENT key. Select “No Liner”, if there is no liner.

(5) Press key ▼/- to enter into M20 window. Press ENT key to get into the option selection
mode. Use keys ▲/+ and ▼/- to scroll up and down to the proper liquid, and then press ENT
key.

(6) Press key ▼/- to enter into M23 window. Press ENT key to get into the option selection
mode. Use keys ▲/+ and ▼/- to scroll up and down to the proper transducer type, and then
press ENT key.

(7) Press key ▼/- to enter into M24 window. Press ENT key to get into the option selection
mode. Use keys ▲/+ and ▼/- to scroll up and down to the proper transducer mounting
method, and then press ENT key.

(8) Press key ▼/- to enter into M25 window. The transducer installation distance will be
displayed on the window. Based on this distance, install the transducers on the pipe now. After
installation is completed, press ENT key to go to M01 window to check if the measurement
result is good.

The first-time users may need some time to get familiar with the operation. However, the user
friendly interface of the instrument makes the operation quite easy and simple. You will soon
find that it is actually very quick to configure the instrument with very little key pressing, since
the interface allows the user to go to the desired operation directly without any extra steps.

The following tips will facilitate the operation of this instrument.

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(1) When the current window is one between M00 to M09, pressing a number key x will enter
into the M0x window directly. For example, if the current window display is M01, pressing 7
leads to window M07.

(2) When the current window is one between M00 to M09, pressing ENT key will lead to
window M90 for displaying diagnostic data. Press ENT key again to return to the previous
window. Press the . key to go to window M11.

When the current window is M25, pressing ENT key will lead to window M01.

2.7 Transducer Mounting Allocation

The first step in the installation process is to select an optimal location for installing the
transducers in order to make the measurement reliable and accurate. A basic knowledge
about the piping and its plumbing system would be advisable.
An optimal location would be defined as a long straight pipe line full of liquid that is to be
measured. The piping can be in vertical or horizontal position. The following table shows
examples of optimal locations.

Principles to select an optimal location:

1. The straight pipe should be long enough to eliminate irregular-flow-induced error.

Typically, the length of the straight pipe should be 15 times of the pipe diameter. The
longer the better.
The transducers should be installed at a pipe section where the length of the straight pipe
at upstream side is at least 10D and at downstream side is at least 5D. Besides, the
transducer installation site should be at least 30D away from the pump. Here D stands for
pipe outer diameter. Refer to the following table for more details.
2. Make sure that the pipe is completely full of liquid.
3. Make sure that the temperature on the location does not exceed the range for the
transducers. Generally speaking, the closer to the room temperature, the better.
4. Select a relatively new straight pipe line if it is possible. Old pipe tends to have corrosions
and depositions, which could affect the results. If you have to work on an old pipe, we
recommend you to treat the corrosions and depositions as if they are part of the pipe wall
or as part of the liner. For example, you can add an extra value to the pipe wall thickness
parameter or the liner thickness parameter to take into account the deposition.
5. Some pipes may have a kind of plastic liner which creates a certain amount of gaps
between liner and the inner pipe wall. These gaps could prevent ultrasonic waves from
direct travelling. Such conditions will make the measurement very difficult. Whenever
possible, try to avoid this kind of pipes. If you have to work on this kind of pipe, try our
plug-in transducers that are installed permanently on the pipe by drilling holes on the pipe
while liquid is running inside.

FIGURE 5: PIPE CONFIGURATION AND TRANSDUCER PLACEMENT

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2.8
Transducer Installation

The transducers used by the ultrasonic flow meter are made of piezoelectric crystals both for
transmitting and receiving ultrasonic signals through the wall of liquid piping system. The
measurement is realized by measuring the travelling time difference of the ultrasonic signals.
Since the difference is very small, the spacing and the alignment of the transducers are critical
factors to the accuracy of the measurement and the performance of the system. Meticulous
care should be taken for the installation of the transducers.

Steps to the installation of the transducers:

(1) Locate an optimal position where the straight pipe length is sufficient (see the previous
section), and where pipes are in a favourable condition, e.g., newer pipes with no rust and
ease of operation.
(2) Clean any dust and rust on the spot where the transducers are to be installed. For a better
result, polishing the pipe outer surface with a sander is strongly recommended.
(3) Apply adequate ultrasonic couplant (grease, gel or Vaseline)* on to the transducer
transmitting surface as well as to the installation spot on the pipe
surface. Make sure there is no gap between the transducer
transmitting surface and the pipe surface.

Extra care should be taken to avoid any sand or dust particles left
between the pipe surface and the transducer surface.

Horizontally lined pipes could have gas bubbles inside the upper
part of the pipe. Therefor, it is recommended to install the
transducers horizontally by the side of the pipe.

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There are three ways to mount the transducers on the pipe: by magnetic force, by clamp-on
fixture and by hand. If the pipe material is metal, the magnetic force will hold the transducer
handle and press it against the pipe(for S-Type only) if you just need a quick measurement, or
you may use or a metal strip or the provided clamp fixture to install the transducers (See the
Figure 6.)

*Note: It is recommended to use the Conductive Gel product from Livingstone, as the
ultrasonic couplant for safety considerations. Other couplants, such as grease, gel, and
Vaseline, can be used as alternatives, but at your own risk.

2.8.1 Transducer Spacing

The spacing value shown on menu window M25 refers to the distance of inner spacing
between the two transducers (see the following figure). The actual distance of the two
transducers should be as close as possible to this spacing value.

2.8.2 V Method Installation

V-method installation is the most widely used

method for daily measurement with pipe inner
diameters ranging from 20 millimetres to 300
millimetres. It is also called reflective method.

2.8.3 Z Method Installation

Z-method is commonly used when the pipe diameter

is between 100 millimetres and 500 millimetres.
This method is the most direct for signal transfer and
can therefore provide better results than V method
on many applications.

2.8.4 W Method Installation

W-method is usually used on plastic pipes with a

diameter from 10 millimetres to 100 millimetres.
This method can be effective on smaller pipes that
have internal deposits.

2.9 Installation Testing

After completion of the transducer installation, the user should check the following items: the
receiving signal strength, the signal quality Q value, the delta time (traveling time difference
between the upstream and the downstream signals), the estimated liquid sound speed, the

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transit time ratio, and etc. As such, one can be sure that the flowmeter is working properly and
the results are reliable and accurate.

2.9.1 Signal Strength

Signal strength indicates the amplitude of receiving ultrasonic signals by a 3-digit number.
[000] means there is no signal detected and [999] refers to the maximum signal strength that
can be received.

Although the instrument works well when the signal strength ranges from 500 to 999, stronger
signal strength should be pursued, because a stronger signal means a better result. The
following methods are recommended to obtain strong signals:

(1) If the current location is not good enough for a stable and reliable flow reading, or if the
signal strength is lower than 700, relocate to a more favorable location.

(2) Try to polish the outer surface of the pipe, and apply more couplant to increase the signal
strength.

(3) Tenderly adjust the position of the two transducers, both vertically and horizontally, while
checking the signal strength. Stop at the position where the signal strength reaches to
maximum. Then, check the transducer spacing to make sure it is the same as or very close to
what window M25 shows.

2.9.2 Signal Quality

Signal quality is indicated as the Q value in the instrument. A higher Q value would mean a
higher Signal to Noise Ratio (short for SNR), and accordingly a higher degree of accuracy able
to be achieved. Under normal pipe condition, the Q value is in the range of 60-90, the higher
the better.
Causes for a lower Q value could be:

1. Interference from other instruments and devices nearby, such as a power frequency
transverter which could cause strong interference. Try to relocate the flow meter to a new
place where the interference can be reduced.
2. Bad sonic coupling between the transducers and the pipe. Try to polish the pipe surface
again, clean the surface and apply more couplant, etc.
3. The selected pipe section is difficult to conduct the measurement. Relocate to a more
favourable pipe line.

2.9.3 Total Transit Time and Delta Time

The total transit time (or travelling time) and the delta time are displayed on menu window
M93. They are the primary data for the instrument to calculate the flow rate. Therefore, the
measured flow rate will vary as the total transit time and delta time vary.

The total transit time should remain stable or vary in a very small range.

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The delta time normally varies less than 20%. If the variation exceeds 20% in either positive or
negative direction, there could be certain kinds of problems with the transducer installation.
The user should check the installation for sure.

2.9.4 Transit Time Ratio

This ratio is usually used to check whether the transducer installation is good and whether the
entered pipe parameters are in consistency with their actual values. If the pipe parameters are
correct and the transducers are installed properly, the transit time ratio should be in the range
of 100±3. If this range is exceeded, the user should check:

1. If the entered pipe parameters are correct?

2. If the actual spacing of the transducers is the same as or close to what shown on window
M25?
3. If the transducer are installed properly in the right direction?
4. If the mounting location is good, if the pipe has changed shape, or if the pipe is too old
(i.e., too much corrosion or deposition inside the pipe)?
5. If there is any interference source inside of the pipe?
6. If there are other aspects which do not meet the measurement requirements as
recommended before

3.0 HOW TO CHECK AND SETUP

3.1 How to check the instrument works properly

Generally speaking, when ‘R’ is displayed in the lower right corner of the LCD display, the
instrument is working properly.

If an ‘H’ flashes instead, the received signal could be poor. Please refer to the chapter on
diagnosis for more information.

If an ‘I’ is displayed, it means that there is no signal detected.

If a ‘J’ is displayed, it means that the hardware of this instrument could be out of order. Refer
to the chapter on diagnosis.
3.2 How to check the liquid flow direction

Check the flow rate display. If the value is POSITIVE, the direction of the flow will be from the
RED transducer to the BLUE transducer; if the value is NEGATIVE, the direction will be from
the BLUE transducer to the RED transducer.

3.3 How to change the unit readings

Use menu window M30 for the selection of units systems, either English or in Metric.

3.4 How to select a flow rate

Use menu window M31 to select the flow rate unit as well as the corresponding time unit.

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3.5 How to use the totaliser multiplier

Use window M33 to select a proper multiplying factor for the totaliser multiplier. Make sure that
the rate of the totaliser pulse is not too fast, neither too slow. A speed of several pulses per
minute is preferable.

If the totaliser multiplying factor is too small, the output pulse will be very fast and there could
be a loss of pulses. The designed minimum pulse period is 500 milliseconds.

If the totaliser multiplying factor is too large, the output pulse will be very slow, which might be
a problem if the master device requires fast response.

3.6 How to set the totaliser functions

The flow meter has three totaliser functions, generally you will only need the Pos totaliser set
as most pipes will have flow in one direction only.

Use M34, M35 and M36 to turn on or turn off the POS, NEG, or NET totaliser, respectively.

3.7 How to reset totalisers

Use M37 to reset the flow rate totalisers.

3.8 How to restore the factory defaults

Go to window M37. Press . key followed by the backspace key ◄

This operation will erase all the parameters entered by the user and setup the instrument with
factory default values.

3.9 How to use the damper to stabilise the flow rate

The damper acts as a filter for a stable reading. If ‘0’ is entered in window M40, that means
there is no damping. A bigger number brings a more stable effect. But bigger damper numbers
will prevent the instrument from acting quickly.

Numbers of 0 to 10 are commonly used for the damper value.

3.10 How use the zero cut off function

The number displayed in window M41 is called the zero-cut-off value. When the absolute
value of the measured flow rate is less than the zero-cut-off value, the measured flow rate will
be replaced with ‘0’. This is to avoid any invalid accumulation when the actual flow is below the
zero-cut-off value.

The zero-cut-off operation does not affect the flow measurement when the actual flow is
greater than the zero-cut-off value.

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3.11 How to set a zero point

When the flow in a pipe is absolutely stopped, the flow meter could still give a small non-zero
flow rate reading. In order to make the measurement accurate, it is necessary to remove this
“zero point” reading.

Window M42 allows us to take care of this issue. At first, the user should make sure that the
liquid in the pipe is totally stopped (no velocity). Then, go to window M42 and press the ENT
key to start the zero point setup function.

3.12 How to change the flow rate scale factor

A scale factor (SF) is the ratio between the ‘actual flow rate’ and the flow rate measured by the
flow meter. It can be determined by calibration with a standard flow calibration equipment. To
change the SF, press M45, then the ENT key, enter the new SF, and press ENT again.

3.13 How to set and lock the password

The password lock provides a means of preventing inadvertent configuration changes or

totalizer resets.

When the system is locked, the user can still browse menu windows, but cannot make any
modifications on the windows.

The password locking / unlocking is done in window M47. The system can be locked without a
password or with a password consisted of 1 to 4 digits.

For no-password locking / unlocking, just press ENT key in window M47.

CAUTION!

If the password is forgotten, after being locked no further access will be allowed, please write
down the password and store in a safe location.

3.14 How to use the inbuilt data logger

The built-in data logger has a space of 24K bytes of memory, which will hold about 2000 lines
of data.
Use M50 to turn on the logger and to select the items that are going to be logged.
Use M51 to set up the starting time, time interval, and the duration each logging lasts.

Use M52 to select the data storage direction. Data can be stored in a logger buffer or directed
to the RS-232C interface without being stored into the logger buffer.

Use M53 to view the data in the logger buffer.

User needs to go to window M52 to clear the logging data remained in the RS-232C interface
and in the logger buffer.

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3.15 How to use the Frequency Output

The flowmeter will produce a pulse output with every unit of liquid flow. This pulse could be
used by an external pulse counter to accumulate the flow rate.

Refer to section 3.4 and 3.5 for the setup of the totalizer units and multiplier.

The totalizer pulse output can only be connected to OCT devices or BUZZER hardware
devices.

For example, assume that the POS totalizer pulse output is needed, and every pulse
represents 0.1cubic meter of liquid flow. Assume also that the pulse output is connected to an
internal Buzzer. With every 0.1 cubic meter of flow, we need the BUZZER to beep for a while.
In order to achieve this, the following steps must be performed:

• Select the Cubic Meter (m3) unit in window M32.

• Select the Multiplier factor as ‘2. X0.1’ in window M33.
• Select the output option ‘9. POS INT Pulse’ in window M77. (INT stands for totalized )

3.16 How to use the totaliser Pulse output

The flowmeter will produce a pulse output with every unit of liquid flow. This pulse could be
used by an external pulse counter to accumulate the flow rate.

Refer to section 3.4 and 3.5 for the setup of the totalizer units and multiplier.

The totalizer pulse output can only be connected to OCT devices or BUZZER hardware
devices.

For example, assume that the POS totalizer pulse output is needed, and every pulse
represents 0.1cubic meter of liquid flow. Assume also that the pulse output is connected to an
internal Buzzer. With every 0.1 cubic meter of flow, we need the BUZZER to beep for a while.
In order to achieve this, the following steps must be performed:
(1) Select the Cubic Meter (m3) unit in window M32.
(2) Select the Multiplier factor as ‘2. X0.1’ in window M33.
(3) Select the output option ‘9. POS INT Pulse’ in window M77. (INT stands for totalized )

3.17 How to produce an alarm signal

There are 2 types of hardware alarm signals that are available with this instrument. One is the
Buzzer, and the other is the OCT output.

The triggering sources of the alarming events for both the Buzzer and the OCT output could
be:

(1) There is no receiving signal

(2) The signal received is too weak.
(3) The flowmeter is not in normal measurement modes.
(4) The flow direction is changed.
(5) Overflow occurs at the Frequency Output
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(6) The flow is out of the specified range.

There are two alarms in this instrument, #1 alarm and #2 alarm. They can be configured in
windows M73, M74, M75 and M76.

For example, assume we need the Buzzer to start beeping when the flow rate is less than 300
m3/h and greater than 2000m3/h. The following setup steps would be recommended.

(1) Enter flow rate lower limit 300 in M73 for #1 alarm,
(2) Enter flow rate upper limit 2000 in M74 for #1 alarm,
(3) Select item ‘6. Alarm #1’ in M77.

3.18 How to use the built in Buzzer

The built-in buzzer is user-configurable. It can be used as an alarm. Use M77 for setups.

3.19 How to use the OCT Pulse output

The OCT output is on/off type. It is user-configurable. For example, you can set the OCT
output to be a pulse signal for flow accumulation.
Use M77 for the setup.
Notice that the Frequency Output shares the same OCT hardware.

The OCT output is wired to pin 6 (for positive) and pin 5 (for ground) of the RS-232 connector.
Refer to section 6.1 for more details.

3.20 How to set the built in Calender

No modification on the built-in calendar will be needed in most cases. The calendar consumes
insignificant amount of power. Modification will be needed only when the battery is totally
exhausted, or when the replacement of the batteries takes a long time so that the original
clock data get lost.

Press the ENT key in M61 for Modification. Use the dot key to skip over these digits that need
no modification.

3.21 How to adjust the LCD contrast

Use M70 to adjust the LCD contrast. The adjusted results will be stored in the EEPROM so
that the MASTER ERASE (factory default restoration) will make no effect on the contrast.

3.22 How to use the RS232 serial interface

Use M62 for the setup of the RS-232C serial interface.

3.23 How to view the totalisers

Use M82 to view the daily totaliser, the monthly totaliser and the yearly totaliser.

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3.24 How to use the working timer

Use the working timer to check the time that has passed with a certain kind of operation. For
example, use it as a timer to show how long a fully-charged battery will last.

In window M72, press ENT key and select YES to reset the working timer.

3.25 How to use the manual totaliser

Use M82 to view the daily totaliser, the monthly totaliser and the yearly totaliser.

3.26 How to check the Serial number

Every set of the flow meters utilizes a unique ESN to identify the meter. The ESN is an 8-digit
number that provides the information of version and manufacturing date.

The user can also employ the ESN for instrumentation management.

The ESN is displayed in window M61.

Use M+1 to view the total working time since the instrument was shipped out of the
manufacturer.

Use M+4 to view the total number of times the instrument has been turned on and off since the
instrument was shipped out of the manufacturer.

3.27 How to check the battery life

Use M07 to check how long the battery will last. Also please refer to section 2.1 for further
details.

3.28 How to charge the battery

Refer to section 2.1

4.0 MENU WINDOW DETAILS

Menu
Function
window No.
Display POS (positive), NEG (negative) and NET (net) totalizer values.
M00
Display signal strength, signal quality and working status
Display POS totalizer, instantaneous flow rate, velocity, signal strength,
M01
signal quality and working status
M02 Display NEG totalizer, instantaneous flow rate, velocity, signal strength,
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 signal quality and working status
Display NET totalizer, instantaneous flow rate, velocity, signal strength,
M03
signal quality and working status
Display date and time, instantaneous flow rate, signal strength, signal quality
M04
and working status
Display date and time, velocity, signal strength, signal quality and working
M05
status
M06 Display the wave shape of the receiving signal
M07 Display the battery terminal voltage and its estimated lasting time
M08 Display all of the detailed working status, signal strength, signal quality
Display today’s total NET flow, velocity, signal strength, signal quality and
M09
working status
M10 Window for entering the outer perimeter of the pipe
Window for entering the outer diameter of the pipe
M11
Valid range: 0 to 6000mm.
M12 Window for entering pipe wall thickness
Window for entering the inner diameter of the pipe. If pipe outer diameter and
M13 wall thickness are entered correctly, the inner diameter will be calculated
automatically, thus no need to change anything in this window.
Window for selecting pipe material
Standard pipe materials (no need to enter the material sound speed) include:
M14 (0) carbon steel (1) stainless steel (2) cast iron (3) ductile iron
(4) copper (5) PVC (6) aluminum (7) asbestos
(8) fiberglass
M15 Window for entering the sound speed of non-standard pipe materials
Window for selecting the liner material. Select none for pipes without any
liner.
Standard liner materials (no need to enter liner sound speed) include:
M16
(1) Tar Epoxy (2) Rubber (3) Mortar (4) Polypropylene
(5) Polystryol (6)Polystyrene (7) Polyester (8) Polyethylene
(9) Ebonite (10) Teflon
M17 Window for entering the sound speed of non-standard liner materials
M18 Window for entering the liner thickness, if there is a liner
M19 Window for entering the roughness coefficient of the pipe inner surface
Window for selecting fluid type
For standard liquids (no need to enter liquid sound speed) include:
(0) Water (1) Sea Water (2) Kerosene (3) Gasoline
M20
(4) Fuel oil (5) Crude Oil (6) Propane at -45C (7) Butane at 0C
(8)Other liquids (9) Diesel Oil (10)Caster Oil (11)Peanut Oil
(12) #90 Gasoline (13) #93 Gasoline (14) Alcohol (15) Hot water at 125C
M21 Window for entering the sound speed of non-standard liquids
M22 Window for entering the viscosity of non-standard liquids
M23 Window for selecting transducer type
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 There are 14 different types of transducers for selection.
If the π type spool-piece transducers are used, the user needs to configure
the 3 transducer parameters.
Otherwise, the user needs to configure the 4 transducer parameters.
Window for selecting the transducer mounting methods
M24 Four methods can be selected:
(0) V-method (1) Z-method (2) N-method (3) W-method
M25 Display the transducer mounting spacing or distance
Entry to store the pipe parameters into the internal NVRAM (non-volatile
M26
memory)
M27 Entry to read the previously saved pipe parameters
Entry to determine whether or not to keep the last correct value when poor
M28
signal condition occurs. YES is the factory default
Window to set the threshold below which the receiving signal is defined as
M29
poor. Valid number: from 000 to 999. 0 is the factory default
Window for selecting unit system. ‘Metric’ is the factory default. The
M30 conversion from English to Metric or vice versa will not affect the unit for
totalisers.
Window for selecting flow rate unit system.
Flow rate can be in
0. Cubic meter short for (m3)
1. Liter (l)
2. USA gallon (gal)
3. Imperial Gallon (igl)
M31 4. Million USA gallon (mgl)
5. Cubic feet (cf)
6. USA liquid barrel (bal)
7. Imperial liquid barrel (ib)
8. Oil barrel (ob)
The flow unit in terms of time can be per day, per hour, per minute or per
second. So there are 36 different flow rate units in total for selection.
M32 Window for selecting the totalisers’ unit
Window for setting the totaliser multiplying factor
M33
The multiplying factor ranges from 0.001 to 10000
M34 Turn on or turn off the NET totaliser
M35 Turn on or turn off the POS totaliser
M36 Turn on or turn off the NEG totaliser
(1) Totaliser reset
(2) Restore the factory default settings. Press the dot key followed by the
M37
backspace key. Attention, it is recommended to make notes on the
parameters before doing the restoration.
Manual totaliser used for calibration. Press any key to start and press the key
M38
again to stop the totaliser.
M39 Language selection, Chinese or English.
M40 Flow rate damper setup. The damping parameter ranges from 0 to 999

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 seconds.
0 means there is no damping. Factory default is 10 seconds.
M41 Zero flow rate (or low flow rate) cut-off to avoid invalid accumulation.
Zero point setup. Make sure the liquid in the pipe is not running while doing
M42
this setup.
M43 Clear the zero point value, and restore the factory default zero point.
M44 Set up a flow bias. Generally this value should be 0.
Flow rate scale factor. The factory default is ‘1’.
M45
Keep this value as ‘1’ when no calibration has been made.
Network address identification number (IDN). Any integer can be entered
except 13(0DH, carriage return), 10 (0AH, line feeding), 42 (2AH), 38, 65535.
M46
Every set of the instrument in a network environment should have a unique
IDN. Please refer to the chapter for communications.
M47 System lock to avoid modification of the system parameters
M48 Not used
M49 Window for network communication test
Window to set up the schedule-based data saving. Select the items to be
M50
saved.
M51 Window to set up the schedule for the schedule-based data saving
Data output direction control.
If ‘To RS-232’ is selected, all the data will be directed to the RS-232 interface
M52 If ‘To buffer ‘ is selected, the data will be stored into the built-in logger
memory
Allow user to clear data buffer
Logger buffer viewer. It functions as a file editor. Use Dot, backspace UP and
DN keys to browse the buffer.
M53
If the logger is ON, the viewer will automatically refresh once new data are
stored
M54 Not used
M55 Nod used
M56 Not used
M57 Not used
M58 Not used
M59 Not used
99 years calendar. Press ENT for modification. Use the dot key to skip the
M60
digits that need no modification.
Display Version information and Electronic Serial Number (ESN) that are
M61 unique for each flow meter.
The user can use the ESN for instrumentation management
M62 RS-232 setup. Baud rate can be 75 to 115,200 bps
M63 Not used

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M64 Not used
M65 Not used
M66 Not used
Window to set up the frequency range (lower limit and upper limit) for the
M67
frequency output. Valid values: 0Hz-9999Hz. Factory default is 1-1001 Hz
Window to set up the minimum flow rate which corresponds to the lower
M68
frequency limit of the frequency output
Window to set up the maximum flow rate which corresponds to the upper
M69
frequency limit of the frequency output
LCD display backlight control. The entered value indicates how many
M70
seconds the backlight will be on with every key pressing.
LCD contrast control. The LCD will become darker when a small value is
M71
entered.
M72 Working timer. It can be reset by pressing ENT key, and then select YES.
Alarm #1 lower threshold setup. Below this threshold the #1 Alarm will be
M73 triggered. There are two alarming methods. User must select the alarming
output items from window M78 or M77
M74 Alarm #1 upper threshold setup
M75 Alarm #2 lower threshold setup
M76 Alarm #2 upper threshold setup
Buzzer setup.
M77 If a proper input source is selected, the buzzer will beep when the trigger
event occurs
OCT (Open Collector Output) setup
M78 By selecting a proper triggering source, the OCT circuit will close when the
trigger event occurs
M79 Not used
M80 Not Used
M81 Not used
M82 Setup for daily totaliser, monthly totaliser and yearly totaliser
M83 Not used
M84 Not used
M85 Not used
M86 Not used
M87 Select transducer power between 1-10 (default 10)
M88 Not used
M89 Not used
Display signal strength, signal quality and transit time ratio (upper right
M90
corner).
M91 Display the transit time ratio. The ratio value should be in the range of
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 100±3% if the entered pipe parameters are correct and the transducers are
properly installed. Otherwise, the pipe parameters and the transducer
installation should be checked.
Display the estimated sound speed of the fluid in the pipe. If this value has
an obvious difference with the actual fluid sound speed, the user is
M92
recommended to check if the pipe parameters are correct and if the
transducer installation is good.
Display the total transit time and delta time (transit time difference between
M93
upstream and downstream travelling)
Display the Reynolds number and the pipe factor used by the flow rate
M94
measurement program. Note, the pipe factor is rarely used.
M95 Not used
M96 Not used
Command to store the pipe parameters either in the built-in data logger or to
M97
the RS-232C serial interface
Command to store the diagnostic information either in the built-in data logger
M98
or to the RS-232C serial interface
Command to copy the current display either to the built-in data logger or to
M99
the RS-232C serial interface
View the last 64 records of power on and off events. The recorded
M+0 information include the date and time as well as the corresponding flow rate
when the power on or off occurs
M+1 Display the total working time of the instrument
M+2 Display the last power-off date and time
M+3 Display the last power-off flow rate
M+4 Display the total number of times the flowmeter has been powered on and off
A scientific calculator for the convenience of field applications.
M+5 All the values are in single accuracy.
All the mathematic operators are selected from a list.
M+6 Not used
M+7 Not used
M+8 Not used
M+9 Not used
M-0 Entry to hardware adjusting windows. Valid for the manufacturer only.

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5.0 TROUBLE SHOOTING

5.1 Power-on errors

When powered on, the ultrasonic flowmeter automatically starts the self-diagnosis process to
find if there are any hardware and software problems. If a problem is identified, an error
message will be displayed. The following table shows the possible error messages, the
corresponding causes and their solutions.
Error message Causes Solutions
ROM Testing Error (1)Reboot the system
Problem with the software
Data Testing Error (2)Contact the manufacturer.
When this message is displayed,
Data Storing Error User-entered parameters get lost. press ENT key to restore the
default configuration.
System Clock Problem with the system clock or (1)Power on again
Slow or Fast Error the crystal oscillator. (2)Contact the manufacturer
Initialize the calendar in menu
Date Time Error Problem with the system calendar
window M61
Reboot repetitively Hardware problems Contact the manufacturer

5.2 Working Status errors

The ultrasonic flow meter will show an Error Code (a single letter like I, R, etc.) in the lower
right corner on menu windows M00, M01, M02, M03, M90 and M08. When any abnormal Error
Code shows, counter-measures should be taken.

Message
Error
displayed on Causes Solutions
code
window M08
R System Normal No error
(1)Unable to receive
signals
(2)Transducers installed
improperly
(1) Adjust measuring location
(3)Loosen contact or not
(2)Polish the pipe surface and
enough couplant between
clean the spot
I No Signal trasducer and pipe outer
(3)Make sure the couplant is
surface.
enough
(4)Pipe liners are too thick
(4)Check the transducer cables
or the deposition inside of
the pipe is too thick.
(5)Transducer cables are
not properly connected
J Hardware Error Hardware problem Contact the manufacturer
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 (1)Poor signal detected
(2)Transducers installed
improperly (1)Adjust measuring location
(3)Too much fouling (2)Polish the pipe surface and
(corrosion, deposition, clean the spot
H PoorSig Detected
etc.) (3)Make sure the couplant is
(4)The pipe liner is too enough
thick. (4)Check the transducer cables
(5)Problem with
transducer cables
The actual frequency for Check the values entered in
the Frequency Output is window M66, M67, M68 and
Q Frequ OutputOver
out of the range specified M69, and use a larger value in
by the user M69
System RAM
(1) Temporary problems
Error
with RAM, RTC (1) Turn on the power again
F Date Time Error
(2) Permanent problems (2) contact the manufacturer
CPU or IRQ Error
with hardware
ROM Parity Error
Instrument is in the
1 progress of adjusting the
2 Adjusting Gain gain for the signal, and No need for action
3 the number indicates the
progressive steps
Relocate the meter to where the
No liquid inside the pipe
K Empty pipe pipe is full of liquid
Incorrect setup in M29
Enter 0 in M29

5.3 Other Problems and Solutions

Q: Why the instrument displays 0.0000 flow rate while the liquid in the pipe is actually flowing?
The signal strength is checked to be good (the working status is “R”) and the signal quality Q
has a satisfactory value.

A: The problem is likely to be caused by the incorrect “Zero Point” setting. The user may have
conducted the “Zero Point” setup while the flow was not standstill. To solve this problem, use
the ‘Reset Zero’ function in menu window M43 to clear the zero point.

Q: The displayed flow rate is much lower or much higher than the actual flow rate in the pipe
under normal working conditions. Why?

A:The entered offset value might be wrong. Enter ‘0’ offset in window M44.
Incorrect transducer installation. Re-install the transducers carefully.
The ‘Zero Point’ is wrong. Go to window M42 and redo the “Zero Point” setup. Make sure that
the flow inside the pipe is standstill. No velocity is allowed during this setup process.

Q: Why the battery can not work as long as the time indicated on M07?

A:The battery may have come to the end of its service life. Replace it with a new one.
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New battery is not compatible with the battery estimating software. The software needs to be
upgraded. Please contact the manufacturer.
The battery has not been fully charged.
There is indeed a time difference between the actual working time and the estimated one,
especially when the terminal voltage is in the range from 3.70 to 3.90 volts. Therefore, the
estimated working time is for reference only

6.0 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

The ultrasonic flow meter integrates a standard RS-232C communication interface and a
complete set of communication protocol.

6.1 RS232 Connector Pin-Out

Pin 1 For battery recharge positive input

2 RXD
3 TXD
4 Not used
5 GND
6 OCT Output
7 Not used
8 For battery recharge negative input
9 Ring input for connecting a modern

6.2 Communication Protocol

The protocol is comprised of a set of basic commands that are strings in ASCII format, ending
with a carriage (CR) and line feed (LF). Commonly used commands are listed in the following
table.

6.2.1 Basic Commands

Command Function Data Format

DQD(CR) 1 Return flow rate per day ±d.ddddddE±dd(CR)（LF）2
DQH(CR) Return flow rate per hour ±d.ddddddE±dd(CR)（LF）
DQM(CR) Return flow rate per minute ±d.ddddddE±dd(CR)（LF）
DQS(CR) Return flow rate per second ±d.ddddddE±dd(CR)（LF）
DV(CR) Return instantaneous flow velocity ±d.ddddddE±dd(CR)（LF）
DI+(CR) Return POS totaliser ±dddddddE±d(CR)（LF）3
DI-(CR) Return NEG totaliser ±dddddddE±d(CR)（LF）
DIN(CR) Return NET totaliser ±dddddddE±d(CR)（LF）
DIE(CR) Return Caloric Totaliser Value ±dddddddE±d(CR)（LF）
DID(CR) Return Identification Number (IDN) ddddd(CR)（LF）
E(CR) Return Instantaneous Caloric Value ±d.ddddddE±dd(CR)（LF）
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 UP:dd.d,DN:dd.d,
DL(CR) Return signal strength and signal quality
Q=dd(CR)(LF)
Return the percentage of analogue output
DS(CR) ±d.ddddddE±dd(CR)（LF）
A0.
4
DC(CR) Return the present error code
DA(CR) OCT or RELAY alarm signal TR:s, RL:s(CR)(LF) 5
DT(CR) Return the current date and time yy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss(CR)(LF)
M@(CR)**** Send a key value as if a key is pressed M@(CR) )(LF) 6
LCD(CR) Return the current display contents
C1(CR) OCT close
C0(CR) OCT open
R1(CR) RELAY close
R0(CR) RELAY open
Force the FO output to output a frequency
FOdddd(CR) Fdddd(CR)(LF)
of dddd Hz
Output current a at the current loop output
Aoa(CR) A0a(CR)(LF) 7
terminal
BA1(CR) Return current value of AI1 (0-20mA) ±d.ddddddE±dd(CR)（LF）
BA2(CR) Return current value of AI2 (0-20mA) ±d.ddddddE±dd(CR)（LF）
BA3(CR) Return current value of AI3 (0-20mA) ±d.ddddddE±dd(CR)（LF）
BA4(CR) Return current value of AI4 (0-20mA) ±d.ddddddE±dd(CR)（LF）
AI1(CR) Return temperature/pressure value of AI1 ±d.ddddddE±dd(CR)（LF）
AI2(CR) Return temperature/pressure value of AI2 ±d.ddddddE±dd(CR)（LF）
AI3(CR) Return temperature/pressure value of AI3 ±d.ddddddE±dd(CR)（LF）
AI4(CR) Return temperature/pressure value of AI4 ±d.ddddddE±dd(CR)（LF）
Return the electronic serial number (ESN)
ESN(CR) dddddddt(CR)(LF) 8
of the flow meter
Prefix of an IDN-addressing-based
Ｗ networking command. The IDN address is 9

a word, ranging 0-65534.

Prefix of an IDN-addressing-based
9
N networking command. The IDN address
here is a single byte value, ranging 00-255.
P Prefix of any command with checksum
Command binder to make a longer
&
command by combining up to 6 commands
RING(CR)(LF) Handshaking Request from a MODEM ATA(CR)（LF）
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 Acknowledgement from a MODEM No action
OK(CR)
Handshaking Request from a Flow meter AT(CR)（LF）
Please contact the
GA(CR) A Command for GSM messaging 10
manufacturer for detail
GB(CR) B Command for GSM messaging 10
GC(CR) C Command for GSM messaging
DUMP 11 Return the print buffer content In ASCII string format
DUMP0 Clear the whole print buffer In ASCII string format
In ASCII string Format (24KB
DUMP1(CR) Return the whole print buffer content
long)

Notes:
1. (CR) stands for Carriage Return. Its ASCII code is 0DH. (LF) strands for Line Feed. Its
ASCII code is 0AH.
2. “d” stands for a digit number of 0~9. 0 is expressed as +0.000000E+00.
3. “d” stands for a digit number of 0~9. The number before “E” is integer.
4. Working status code, 1-6 letters. Refer to Table 5.2 for error code.
5. “s” is “ON”, “OFF” or “UD’”. For instance, “TR:ON, RL:UD” means that the OCT is in
closed state and RELAY is not used.
6. @ stands for key value. For instance, value 30H means key “0”, command “M4” is
equivalent to press key “4”.
7. “a” stands for current value, a digit number of 0~20. For instance, A02.34, A00.2
8. “dddddddt” stands for 8-digit electronic serial number. “t” stands for flow meter type.
9. If there are more than one flow meters in a network, all the basic commands must be
prefixed with N or W. Otherwise, multiple flow meters may reply to the same request.
10. Adding a GSM module to the flow meter allows the user to check flow meter flow rate and
other parameters from a cell phone.
11. Used for visiting the printer buffer content.

6.2.2 Protocol Prefix Usage

(1) Prefix P
The prefix P can be added before any command in the above table to have the returning data
followed with two bytes of CRC check sum, which is the adding sum of the original character
string.
Take command DI+(CR) (Return POS Totaliser Value) as an example. The binary data for
DI+(CR) is 44H, 49H, 2BH and 0DH. Assume the return value of this command is
+1234567E+0m3(CR)(LF) ( the string in hexadecimal is 2BH, 31H, 32H, 33H, 34H, 35H, 36H,
37H, 45H, 2BH, 30H, 6DH, 33H, 20H, 0DH, 0AH).
Then, the P-prefixed command, PDI+(CR), would return +1234567E+0m3!F7(CR)(LF). The ‘!’
acts as the starter of the check sum (F7) which is obtained by adding up the string, 2BH+
31H+ 32H+ 33H+ 34H+ 35H+ 36H+ 37H+ 45H+ 2BH+ 30H+ 6DH+ 33H+ 20H = (2) F7H.
Please note that it is allowed to not have data entry or to have SPACES (20H) character
before the ‘!’ character.
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(2) Prefix W
The prefix W is used for networking commands. The format of a networking command is:
W + IDN address string + basic command.
The IDN address should have a value between 0 and 65534, except 13(0DH), 10 (0AH),
42(2AH,*), 38(26H, &).
For example, if you want to visit the instantaneous flow velocity of device IDN=12345, the
following command should be sent to this device: W12345DV(CR). The corresponding binary
code is 57H, 31H, 32H, 33H, 34H, 35H, 44H, 56H, 0DH.
(3) Prefix N
The prefix N is a single byte IDN network address, not recommended in a new design.
(4) Command binder &
The & command binder or connector can connect up to 6 basic commands to form a longer
command so that it will make the programming much easier.
For example, assume we want device IDN=4321 to return the flow rate, velocity and POS
totaliser value simultaneously. The combined command would be W4321DQD&DV&DI+(CR),
and the result would be:
+1.234567E+12m3/d(CR)
+3.1235926E+00m/s(CR)
+1234567E+0m3(CR)

6.3 The M command and the ASCII Codes

The protocol provides the capability of virtual key-pressing. A remote RS-232C terminal can
send an ‘M’ command along with a key code to simulate the scenario that the key is pressed
through the keypad of the flow meter. This functionality allows the user to operate the flow
meter in the office far away from the testing site.
For example, the command “M1” is sent to the flow meter through the RS-232C link, the flow
meter will treat the command as if the user has pressed the 1 key through the keypad.
The ASCII codes and corresponding key values of the keypad keys are listed in the following
table.

Hexadecima
Decimal ASCII Hexadecimal Decimal ASCII
Key l Key
Key code Code Key code Key code Code
Key code
0 30H 48 0 8 38H 56 8
1 31H 49 1 9 39H 57 9
2 32H 50 2 . 3AH 58 :
3 33H 51 3 ◄ 3BH,0BH 59 ;
4 34H 52 4 MENU 3CH,0CH 60 <

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 5 35H 53 5 ENT 3DH,0DH 61 =
6 36H 54 6 ▲/+ 3EH 62 >
7 37H 55 7 ▼/- 3FH 63 ?

7.0 WARRANTY AND SERVICE

7.1 Warranty

The products manufactured by our company are warranted to be free from defects in materials
and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of shipment to the original purchaser.
Our obligation should be limited to restoring the meter to normal operation or replacing the
meter, at our company’s choice, and shall be conditioned upon receiving written notice of any
alleged defect within 10 days after its discovery. It will determine if the return of the meter is
necessary. If it is , the user should be responsible for the one-way shipping fee from the
customer to the manufacturer.

Our company is not liable to any defects or damage attributable to miss usage, improper
installation,out-of-spec operating conditions, replacement of unauthorized parts and acts of
nature.Besides, fuses and batteries are not part of this warranty.

7.2 Service

For operational problems, please contact the technical support department by telephone, fax,
email or internet. In most cases, problems could be solved immediately.
For any hardware failure of the instrument, we recommend our customers to send back the
instrument for service. Please contact the technical support department with the model
number and serial number of the unit before sending the unit back to us.
Take notice that the cost for repairing can only be determined after receipt and inspection of
the instrument. A quotation will be sent to the customer before proceeding with the service.
Important Notice for Product Return
Before returning the instrument for warranty repair or service, please read the following
carefully:
1. If the return item has been exposed to nuclear or other radioactive environment, or has
been in contact with hazardous material which could pose any danger to our personnel, the
unit cannot be serviced.
2. If the return item has been exposed to or in contact with dangerous materials, but has been
certified as hazard-free device by a recognized organization, you are required to supply the
certification for the service.
3. If the return item does not have a Return Material Authorization associated, it will be sent
back without any service conducted.

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8.0 APPENDIX

8.1 Battery Maintenance and Replacement

The battery is Ni-H rechargeable battery. Therefore, it is recommended to discharge the

battery by leaving the instrument ON (it will automatically turn OFF after a few minutes) every
3 months. Recharge the battery again to its full extend with the supplied AC adapter.
Generally, when the green LED is on, the battery is nearly 95% charged, and when the red
LED is off, the battery is nearly 98% charged.

When the battery is unable to power the instrument for 2 to 3 hours after it is fully recharged,
this usually indicates that the battery is near its product life and needs to be replaced. Please
consult the manufacturer for replacing the battery pack.

8.2 Pipe Size Tables

8.2.1 Standard Pipe size charts for Copper

Classification: Copper tube is classified into four different specification types based on wall
thickness for a specific outside diameter. The tables provided below are for reference sizing
based on application:

EN 1057 - TYPE Y (PREVIOUSLY BS 2871 TABLE Y)

Nom. Dia. Nom. Wall Max. Working Pressures*

Size
(Outside) Thickness Half Hard Hard Annealed
mm mm mm bar+ bar+ bar+
6 6 0.8 188 223 144
8 8 0.8 136 161 105
10 10 0.8 106 126 82
12 12 0.8 87 104 67
15 15 1.0 87 104 67
18 18 1.0 72 85 55
22 22 1.2 69 84 53
28 28 1.2 55 65 42
35 35 1.5 54 65 41
42 42 1.5 45 54 34
54 54 2.0 47 56 36
66.7 66.7 2.0 37 45 28
76.1 76.1 2.0 33 39 25
108 108 2.5 29 34 22
+
*Based on designated temper at 65°C 1 bar = 0.1N/mm² = 105 N/m²

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Usage: Underground works and heavy duty requirements ADDED
including hot and cold water supply, gas reticulation, TOUGHNESS &
sanitary plumbing, heating and general engineering. DURABILITY

EN 1057 - TYPE X (PREVIOUSLY BS 2871 TABLE X)

Nom. Dia. Nom. Wall Max. Working Pressures*
Size
(Outside) Thickness Half Hard Hard Annealed
mm mm mm bar+ bar+ bar+
6 6 0.6 133 161 102
8 8 0.6 97 118 75
10 10 0.6 77 93 59
12 12 0.6 63 76 48
15 15 0.7 58 71 45
18 18 0.8 56 67 43
22 22 0.9 51 62 39
28 28 0.9 40 48 31
35 35 1.2 42 51 33
42 42 1.2 35 43 27
54 54 1.2 27 33 21
66.7 66.7 1.2 20 27 17
76.1 76.1 1.5 24 29 18
108 108 1.5 17 20 13
133 133 1.5 14 17 10
159 159 2.0 15 18 12
+
*Based on designated temper at 65°C 1 bar = 0.1N/mm² = 105 N/m²
Usage: Above ground services including drinking water ECONOMICAL
supply, hot and cold water systems, sanitation, central AND
heating and other general purpose applications. STRONG

EN 1057 - TYPE Z (PREVIOUSLY BS 2871 TABLE X)

Nom. Dia. Nom. Wall
Size Max. Working Pressures*
(Outside) Thickness
mm mm mm bar+
6 6 0.5 113
8 8 0.5 98
10 10 0.5 78
12 12 0.5 64
15 15 0.5 50

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 18 18 0.6 50
22 22 0.6 41
28 28 0.6 32
35 35 0.7 30
42 42 0.8 28
54 54 0.9 25
66.7 66.7 1.0 20
76.1 76.3 1.2 19
108 108 1.2 17
133 133 1.5 16
159 159.5 1.5 15
+
*Based on material in hard drawn condition at 65°C 1 bar = 0.1N/mm² = 105 N/m²
Usage: Above ground services including drinking water LOW COST
supply, hot and cold water systems, sanitation, central UTILITY
heating and other general purpose applications. RANGE

8.2.2 Standard Pipe size charts for PVC

PN 6 PN 9
PN 12 PN 18
Wall Wall
PIPE Wall Wall Conver
Thicknes I/D Thicknes I/D I/D I/D
(mm O/D Thickness Thickness t to
s (mm) s (mm) (mm) (mm)
) Min (mm) Min (mm) inches
Min (mm) Min (mm)
Max (mm) Max (mm)
Max (mm) Max (mm)

15 21.20 21.50 - - - - - - - - - 1.40 1.70 18.25 -

20 26.60 26.90 - - - - - - 1.40 1.70 23.65 1.70 2.10 22.95 -

1.4 1.7
25 33.40 33.70 - - - 30.45 1.70 2.10 29.75 2.50 3.00 28.05 -
0 0

1.7 2.1
32 42.10 42.40 - - - 38.45 2.20 2.60 37.45 3.20 3.70 35.35 -
0 0

1.4 1.7 1.9 2.3

40 48.10 48.40 45.15 44.05 2.50 3.00 42.75 3.60 4.20 40.45 -
0 0 0 0

1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8

50 60.20 60.50 56.75 55.15 3.10 3.60 53.65 4.60- 5.30 50.45 -
0 0 0 0

65 75.20 75.50 - - - - - - 3.90 4.50 66.95 - - - -

2.4 2.8 3.5 4.1

80 88.70 89.10 83.70 81.30 4.60 5.30 79.00 - - - -
0 0 0 0

114.1 114.5 3.0 3.5 107.8 4.5 5.2 104.6 101.7

100 5.90 6.70 - - - 4"
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

125 140.0 140.4 - - - 5.5 6.3 128.4 7.20 8.10 124.9 - - - 5"

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 0 0 0 0 0 0

160.0 160.5 4.2 4.2 151.2 6.3 7.1 146.8 142.6 12.0 13.6 134.6
150 8.30 9.30 6"
0 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 0 5

200.0 200.5 7.1 8.0 185.1

175 - - - - - - - - - -
0 0 0 0 5

177.1 177.6 10.3 157.8

177 - - - - - - 9.20 - - - 7 1/4"
0 0 0 5

225.0 225.6 5.4 6.1 213.8 7.9 8.9 208.5 10.5 11.7 203.1
200 - - - 8"
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

250.0 250.7 11.6 13.0 225.7

225 - - - - - - - - - 9"
0 0 0 0 5

280.0 288.8 13.0 14.5 252.9

250 - - - - - - - - - 10"
0 0 0 0 0

315.0 315.9 14.7 16.3 284.4

300 - - - - - - - - - 12"
0 0 0 0 5

8.2.3 Standard Pipe size charts for Steel pipe

Table A1: Standard ANSI Pipe Size Data for Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel Pipe

ANSI B 36.10 ANSI B 36.10 ANSI B 36.19

Nominal Outer Wall
Pipe Size Diameter Thickness Carbon Steel Carbon Steel Stainless Steel
(in) (in) (in) Wall Schedule Schedule
Thickness Number Number
0.049 - - 10S

1/8 0.405 0.068 STD 40 40S

0.095 XS 80 80S

0.065 - - 10S

1/4 0.540 0.088 STD 40 40S

0.119 XS 80 80S

0.065 - - 10S

3/8 0.675 0.091 STD 40 40S

0.126 XS 80 80S
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 0.065 - - 5S

0.083 - - 10S

0.109 STD 40 40S

1/2 0.840
0.147 XS 80 80S

0.187 - 160 -

0.294 XXS - -

Table A1: (Continued) Standard ANSI Pipe Size Data for Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel
Pipe

ANSI B 36.10 ANSI B 36.10 ANSI B 36.19

Nominal Outer Wall
Pipe Size Diameter Thickness Carbon Steel Carbon Steel Stainless Steel
(in) (in) (in) Wall Schedule Schedule
Thickness Number Number
0.065 - - 5S
0.083 - - 10S
0.113 STD 40 40S
3/4 1.050
0.154 XS 80 80S
0.218 - 160 -
0.308 XXS - -
0.065 - - 5S
0.109 - - 10S
0.133 STD 40 40S
1 1.315
0.179 XS 80 80S
0.250 - 160 -
0.358 XXS - -
0.065 - - 5S
0.109 - - 10S
0.140 STD 40 40S
11/4 1.660
0.191 XS 80 80S
0.250 - 160 -
0.382 XXS - -
11/2 1.900 0.065 - - 5S
0.109 - - 10S

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 0.145 STD 40 40S
0.200 XS 80 80S
0.281 - 160 -
0.400 XXS - -

0.065 － － 5S
0.109 － － 10S
0.154 STD 40 40S
2 2.375
0.218 XS 80 80S
0.344 － 160 －
0.436 XXS － －
Table A1: (Continued) Standard ANSI Pipe Size Data for Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel
Pipe

Wall ANSI B 36.10 ANSI B 36.10 ANSI B 36.19

Nominal Outer
Thicknes Carbon Steel Carbon Steel Stainless Steel
Pipe Size Diameter
s
(in) (in) Wall Schedule Schedule
(in)
Thickness Number Number
0.083 － － 5S
0.120 － － 10S
0.203 STD 40 40S
2 1／2 2.875
0.276 XS 80 80S
0.375 － 160 －
0.552 XXS － －
0.083 － － 5S
0.120 － － 10S
0.216 STD 40 40S
3 3.500
0.300 XS 80 80S
0.438 － 160 －
0.600 XXS － －
0.083 - － 5S
0.120 - － 10S
3 1／2 4.000 0.226 STD 40 40S
0.318 XS 80 80S
0.636 XXS － －
4 4.500 0.083 - － 5S
0.120 - － 10S
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 0.237 STD 40 40S
0.337 XS 80 80S
0.438 - 120 －
0.531 - 160 －
0.674 XXS － －
0.109 - － 5S
0.134 - － 10S
0.258 STD 40 40S
5 5.536 0.375 XS 80 80S
0.500 - 120 －
0.625 - 160 －
0.750 XXS － －

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Table A1: (Continued) Standard ANSI Pipe Size Data for Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel

ANSI B 36.10 ANSI B 36.10 ANSI B 36.19

Nominal Outer Wall
Pipe Size Diameter Thickness Carbon Steel Carbon Steel Stainless Steel
(in) (in) (in) Wall Schedule Schedule
Thickness Number Number
0.109 - - 5S
0.134 - - 10S
0.280 STD 40 40S
6 6.625 0.432 XS 80 80S
0.562 - 120 -
0.719 - 160 -
0.864 XXS - -
0.109 - - 5S
0.148 - - 10S
0.250 - 20 -
0.277 - 30 -
0.322 STD 40 40S
0.406 - 60 -
8 8.625
0.500 XS 80 80S
0.594 - 100 -
0.719 - 120 -
0.812 - 140 -
0.875 XXS - -
0.906 - 160 -
0.134 - - 5S
0.165 - - 10S
0.250 - 20 -
0.307 - 30 -
0.365 STD 40 40S
10 10.750 0.500 XS 60 80S
0.594 - 80 -
0.719 - 100 -
0.844 - 120 -
1.000 XXS 140 -
Pipe

Table A1: (Continued) Standard ANSI Pipe Size Data for Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel
Pipe

ANSI B 36.10 ANSI B 36.10 ANSI B 36.19

Nominal Outer Wall
Pipe Size Diameter Thickness Carbon Steel Carbon Steel Stainless Steel
(in) (in) (in) Wall Schedule Schedule
Thickness Number Number
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 0.156 - - 5S
0.180 - - 10S
0.250 - 20 -
0.330 - 30 -
0.375 STD - 40S
0.406 - 40 -
12 12.750 0.500 XS - 80S
0.562 - 60 -
0.688 - 80 -
0.844 - 100 -
1.000 XXS 120 -
1.125 - 140 -
1.312 - 160 -
0.156 - - 5S
0.188 - - 10S
0.250 - 10 -
0.312 - 20 -
0.375 STD 30 -
0.438 - 40 -
0.500 XS - -
14 14.000
0.594 - 60 -
0.625 XXS - -
0.750 - 80 -
0.938 - 100 -
1.094 - 120 -
1.250 - 140 -
1.406 - 160 -

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Table A1: (Continued) Standard ANSI Pipe Size Data for Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel
Pipe

Nominal ANSI B 36.10 ANSI B 36.10 ANSI B 36.19

Outer Wall
Pipe Carbon Steel Carbon Steel Stainless Steel
Diameter Thickness
Size
(in) (in) Wall Schedule Schedule
(in)
Thickness Number Number
0.165 - - 5S
0.188 - - 10S
0.250 - 10 -
0.312 - 20 -
0.375 STD 30 -
0.500 XS 40 -
16 16.000
0.656 - 60 -
0.844 - 80 -
1.031 - 100 -
1.219 - 120 -
1.439 - 140 -
1.549- - 160 -
0.165 - - 5S
0.188 - - 10S
0.250 - 10 -
0.312 - 20 -
0.375 STD - -
0.438 - 30 -
0.500 XS - -
18 18.000
0.562 - 40 -
0.750 - 60 -
0.938 - 80 -
1.156 - 100 -
1.375 - 120 -
1.562 - 140 -
1.781 - 160 -

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Table A1: (Continued) Standard ANSI Pipe Size Data for Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel
Pipe

ANSI B 36.10 ANSI B 36.10 ANSI B 36.19

Nominal Outer Wall
Pipe Size Diameter Thickness Carbon Steel Carbon Steel Stainless Steel
(in) (in) (in) Wall Schedule Schedule
Thickness Number Number
0.188 - - 5S

0.218 - - 10S

0.250 - 10 -

0.375 STD 20 -

0.500 XS 30 -

0.594 - 40 -
20 20.000
0.812 - 60 -

1.031 - 80 -

1.281 - 100 -

1.500 - 120 -

1.750 - 140 -

1.969 - 160 -

0.188 - - 5S

0.218 - - 10S

0.250 - 10 -

0.375 STD 20 -

0.500 - 40 -

22 22.000 0.875 - 60 -

1.125 - 80 -

1.375 - 100 -

1.625 - 120 -

1.875 - 140 -

2.215 - 160 -

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 ANSI B 36.10 ANSI B 36.10 ANSI B 36.19
Nominal Outer Wall
Pipe Size Diameter Thickness Carbon Steel Carbon Steel Stainless Steel
(in) (in) (in) Wall Schedule Schedule
Thickness Number Number
0.218 - - 5S
0.250 - - 10S
0.375 - 10 -
0.500 STD 20 -
0.562 XS - -
0.688 - 30 -
24 24.000
0.969 - 60 -
1.219 - 80 -
1.531 - 100 -
1.812 - 120 -
2.062 - 140 -
2.344 - 160 -
0.312 - 10
26 26.000 0.375 STD -
0.500 XS 20
0.312 - 10
0.375 STD -
28 28.000
0.500 XS 20
0.625 - 30
0.250 - - 5S

0.312 - 10 10S

0.375 STD - -
30 30.000
0.500 XS 20 -

0.625 - 30 -

0.750 - 40 -
Table A1: (Continued) Standard ANSI Pipe Size Data for Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel

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Table A1: (Continued) Standard ANSI Pipe Size Data for Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel
Pipe
ANSI B 36.10 ANSI B 36.10 ANSI B 36.19
Nominal Outer Wall
Pipe Size Diameter Thickness Carbon Steel Carbon Steel Stainless Steel
(in) (in) (in) Wall Schedule Schedule
Thickness Number Number
0.312 - 10 -

0.375 STD - -

32 32.000 0.500 XS 20 -

0.625 - 30 -

0.688 - 40 -

0.344 - 10 10S

0.375 STD - -

34 34.000 0.500 XS 20 -

0.625 - 30 -

0.688 - 40 -

0.312 - 10 10S

0.375 STD - -

36 36.000 0.500 XS 20 -

0.625 - 30 -

0.750 - 40 -

0.375 STD - -

0.500 XS 20 -
42 42.000
0.625 - 30 -

0.750 - 40 -

0.375 STD - -
48 48.000
0.500 XS - -

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8.2.4 Standard Pipe Size Charts for Cast Iron Pipe

Table A2: Standard Classes of Cast Iron Pipe

Class A Class B Class C Class D

Nominal
Outer Wall Outer Wall Outer Wall Outer Wall
Pipe Size
Diameter Thickness Diameter Thickness Diameter Thickness Diameter Thickness
(in.)
(in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.)
3 3.80 0.39 3.96 0.42 3.96 0.45 3.96 0.48
4 4.80 0.42 5.00 0.45 5.00 0.48 5.00 0.52
6 6.90 0.44 7.10 0.48 7.10 0.51 7.10 0.55
8 9.05 0.46 9.05 0.51 9.30 0.56 9.30 0.60
10 11.10 0.50 11.10 0.57 11.40 0.62 11.40 0.68
12 13.20 0.54 13.20 0.62 13.50 0.68 13.50 0.75
14 15.30 0.57 15.30 0.66 15.65 0.74 15.65 0.82
16 7.40 0.60 17.40 0.70 17.80 0.80 17.80 0.89
18 19.50 0.64 19.50 0.75 19.92 0.87 19.92 0.96
20 21.60 0.67 21.60 0.80 22.06 0.92 22.06 1.03
24 25.80 0.76 25.80 0.89 26.32 1.05 26.32 1.16
30 31.74 0.88 32.00 1.03 32.40 1.20 32.74 1.37
32 37.96 0.99 38.30 1.15 38.70 1.36 39.16 1.58
42 44.20 1.10 44.50 1.28 45.10 1.54 45.58 1.78
48 50.50 1.26 50.80 1.42 51.40 1.71 51.98 1.99
54 56.66 1.35 57.10 1.55 57.80 1.90 58.40 2.23
60 62.80 1.39 63.40 1.67 64.20 2.00 64.82 2.38
72 75.34 1.62 76.00 1.95 76.88 2.39
84 87.54 1.72 88.54 2.22

Table A2: (Continued) Standard Classes of Cast Iron Pipe

Nominal Class E Class F Class G Class H

Pipe Size Outer Wall Outer Wall Outer Wall Outer Wall Thickness
Diameter Thickness Diameter Thickness Diameter Thickness Diameter (in.)
(in.)
(in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.)
3
4
6 7.22 0.58 7.22 0.61 7.38 0.65 7.38 0.69
8 9.42 0.66 9.42 0.66 9.60 0.75 9.60 0.80
10 11.60 0.74 11.60 0.80 11.84 0.86 11.84 0.92
12 13.78 0.82 13.78 0.89 14.08 0.97 14.08 1.04
14 15.98 0.90 15.98 0.99 16.32 1.07 16.32 1.16
16 18.16 0.90 18.16 1.08 18.54 1.18 18.54 1.27
18 20.34 1.07 20.34 1.17 20.78 1.28 20.78 1.39

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 20 22.54 1.15 22.54 1.27 23.02 1.39 23.02 1.51
24 26.90 1.31 26.90 1.45 27.76 1.75 27.76 1.88
30 33.10 1.55 33.46 1.73
32 39.60 1.80 40.04 2.02
8.2.5 Standard Pipe size charts for Ductile Iron Pipe

Table A3 Standard Classes of Ductile Iron Pipe

Nominal Outer Pipe Wall Thickness (in)

Pipe Size Diameter
Class Class Class Class Class Class Class
(in) (in)
50 51 52 53 54 55 56
3 3.96 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.43 0.37 0.40

4 4.80 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.38 0.41

6 6.90 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.43

8 9.05 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.45

10 11.10 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.38 0.44 0.47

12 13.20 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.43 0.46 0.49

14 15.30 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.51

16 17.40 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.43 0.46 0.49 0.52

18 19.50 0.35 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.47 0.50 0.53

20 21.60 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.51 0.54

24 25.80 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.47 0.50 0.53 0.56

30 32.00 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.63

32 38.30 0.58 0.63 0.68 0.73

42 44.50 0.65 0.71 0.77 0.83

48 50.80 0.72 0.79 0.86 0.93

54 57.10 0.81 0.89 0.97 1.05

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8.3 Sound Speed Tables

8.3.1 Sound Speed data of solids

Table A4: Sound Speed data of solids

Sound Speed Sound Speed

（25(d)）
Shear Wave（ ） （25(d)）
Long. Wave（ ）
Material
m/s ft/s mm/us in/us
Steel, 1% Carbon, hardened 3,150 10,335 5.88 0.2315
Carbon Steel 3,230 10,598 5.89 0.2319
Mild Steel 3,235 10,614 5.89 0.2319
Steel,1% Carbon 3,220 10,565
302 Stainless Steel 3,120 10,236 5.690 0.224
303 Stainless Steel 3,120 10,236 5.640 0.222
304 Stainless Steel 3,141 10,306 5.920 0.233
304L Stainless Steel 3,070 10,073 5.790 0.228
316 Stainless Steel 3,272 10,735 5.720 0.225
347 Stainless Steel 3,095 10,512 5.720 0.225
Aluminum 3,100 10,171 6.32 0.2488
Aluminum（rolled） 3,040 9,974
Copper 2,260 7,415 4.66 0.1835
Copper（annealed） 2,235 7,628
Copper（rolled） 2,270 7,448
CuNi（70%Cu 30%Ni） 2,540 8,334 5.03 0.1980
CuNi（90%Cu 10%Ni） 2,060 6,759 4.01 0.1579
Brass（Naval） 2,120 6,923 4.43 0.1744
Gold（hard-drawn） 1,200 3,937 3.24 0.1276
Inconel 3,020 9,909 5.82 0.2291
Iron（electrolytic） 3,240 10,630 5.90 0.2323

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Table A4: (Continued) Sound Speed data of solids

Sound Speed* Sound Speed*

（25(d)）
Shear Wave（ ） （25(d)）
Long.Wave（ ）
Material
m/s ft/s mm/us in/us

Iron（Armco） 3,240 10,630 5.90 0.2323

Ductile Iron 3,000 9,843

Cast Iron 2,500 8,203 4.55 0.1791

Monel 2,720 8,924 5.35 0.2106

Nickel 2,960 9,712 5.63 0.2217

Tin,rolled 1,670 5,479 3.32 0.1307

Tintanium 3,125 10,253 6.10 0.2402

Tungsten,annealed 2,890 9,482 5.18 0.2039

Tungsten,drawn 2,640 8,661

Tungsten,carbide 3,980 13,058

Zinc,rolled 2,440 8,005 4.17 0.1642

Glass,Pyrex 3,280 10,761 5.61 0.2209

Glass,heavy silicate flint 2,380 7,808

Glass,Iight borate crown 2,840 9,318 5.26 0.2071

Nylon 1,150 3,772 2.40 0.0945

Nylon,6-6 1,070 3,510

Polyethylene（LD） 2.31 0.0909

Polyethylene（LD） 540 1,772 1.94 0.0764

PVC,CPVC 1,060 3,477 2.40 0.0945

Acrylic 1,430 4,690 2.73 0.1075

Asbestos Cement 2.20 0.0866

Tar Epoxy 2.00 0.0787

Mortar 2.50 0.0984

Rubber 1.90 0.00748

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8.3.2 Sound Speed in Water

Table A5: Sound Speed in Water at atmosphere pressure. Unit T (Deg C) V (m/s)

T V T V T V T V

0 1402.3 25 1496.6 50 1542.5 75 1555.1

1 1407.3 26 1499.2 51 1543.5 76 1555.0

2 1412.2 27 1501.8 52 1544.6 77 1554.9

3 1416.9 28 1504.3 53 1545.5 78 1554.8

4 1421.6 29 1506.7 54 1546.4 79 1554.6

5 1426.1 30 1509.0 55 1547.3 80 1554.4

6 1430.5 31 1511.3 56 1548.1 81 1554.2

7 1434.8 32 1513.5 57 1548.9 82 1553.9

8 1439.1 33 1515.7 58 1549.6 83 1553.6

9 1443.2 34 1517.7 59 1550.3 84 1553.2

10 1447.2 35 1519.7 60 1550.9 85 1552.8

11 1451.1 36 1521.7 61 1551.5 86 1552.4

12 1454.9 37 1523.5 62 1552.0 87 1552.0

13 1458.7 38 1525.3 63 1552.5 88 1551.5

14 1462.3 39 1527.1 64 1553.0 89 1551.0

15 1465.8 40 1528.8 65 1553.4 90 1550.4

16 1469.3 41 1530.4 66 1553.7 91 1549.8

17 1472.7 42 1532.0 67 1554.0 92 1549.2

18 1476.0 43 1533.5 68 1554.3 93 1548.5

19 1479.1 44 1534.9 69 1554.5 94 1547.5

20 1482.3 45 1536.3 70 1554.7 95 1547.1

21 1485.3 46 1537.7 71 1554.9 96 1546.3

22 1488.2 47 1538.9 72 1555.0 97 1545.6

23 1491.1 48 1540.2 73 1555.0 98 1544.7

24 1493.9 49 1541.3 74 1555.1 99 1543.9

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8.3.3 Sound Speed in Liquids

Table A6: Sound Speed in Liquids

All data given at 25º C (77º F) unless otherwise noted.

Chemical Kinematic
Substance Specific Sound Speed v/ºC
-6
Formula Viscosity×10
Gravity
2 2
m/s ft/s m/s/ºC m /s ft /s

1.082
Acetic anhydride(22) (CH3CO)2O 1,180 3,871.4 2.5 0.769 8.274
(20 ºC)

1.082
Acetic acid,anhydride(22) (CH3CO)2O 1,180 3,871.4 2.5 0.769 8.274
(20 ºC)

Acetic acid,nitrile C2H3 N 0.783 1,290 4,232.3 4.1 0.441 4.745

Acetic acid,ethyl ester(33) C4H8 O2 0.901 1,085 3,559.7 4.4 0.467 5.025

Acetic acid,methyl ester C3H6O2 0.934 1,211 3,973.1 0.407 4.379

Acetone C3H6O 0.791 1,174 3,851.7 4.5 0.399 4.293

Acetonitrile C2H3N 0.783 1,290 4,232.3 4.1 0.441 4.745

Acetonylacetone C6H10O2 0.729 1,399 4,589.9 3.6

Acetylen dichloride C2H2CL2 1.26 1,015 3,330.1 3.8 0.400 4.304

Acetylen tetrabromide(47) C2H2Br4 2.966 1,027 3,369.4

1.156 12.438
Acetylen tetrachloride(47) C2H2CL4 1.595 1,147 3,763.1
(15 ºC) (59ºF)

Alcohol C2H6O 0.789 1,207 3,960 4.0 1.396 15.02

Alkazene-13 C15H24 0.86 1,317 4,320.9 3.9

Alkazene-25 C10H12CL2 1.20 1,307 4.288.1 3.4

2-Amino-ethanol C2H7NO 1.018 1,724 5,656.2 3.4

0.999 4.394 47.279

2-Aminotolidine(46) C7H9N 1,618 5,308.4
(20 ºC) (20 ºC) (68ºF)

0.999 1.863 20.045

4-Aminotolidine(46) C7H9N 1,480 4,855.6
(45 ºC) (50 ºC) (122ºF)

1,729
5,672.6 0.292 3.141
Ammonia(35) NH3 0.771 (-33 ºC) 6.68
(-27ºF) (-33 º C) (-27ºF)
(d)

962.6 3158.2
Amorphous Polyolefin 0.98 26,600 286.000
(190 º C) (374ºF)
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t-Amyl alcohol C5H12O 0.81 1,204 3,950.1 4.374 47.064

Aminobenzene(41) C6H5NO2 1.022 1,639 5,377.3 4.0 3.63 39.058

Aniline(41) C6H5NO2 1.022 1,639 5,377.3 4.0 3.63 39.058

1.400 853 2798.6

Argon(45) Ar
(-188 ºC) (-188 ºC) (-306ºF)

Table A6: (Continued) Sound Speed in Liquids

All data given at 25ºC (77 º F) unless otherwise noted.

Chemical Kinematic
Substance Specific Sound Speed v/ºC -6
Formula Viscosity×10
Gravity 2 2
m/s ft/s m/s/ºC m /s ft /s
0.992 10.673
Azine C6H5N 0.982 1,415 4,642.4 4.1
(20ºC) (68ºF)
Benzene(29,40,41) C6H6 0.879 1,306 4,284.8 4.65 0.711 7.65

Benzol(29,40,41) C6H6 0.879 1,306 4,284.8 4.65 0.711 7.65

Bromine(21) Br2 2.928 889 2,916.7 3.0 0.323 3.475

1,170 3,838.6
Bromo-benzene(46) C6H5Br 1.522 0.693 7.456
(20ºC) (68ºF)
1.276 1,019 3,343.2 0.49 5.272
1-Bromo-butane(46) C4H9Br
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68ºF) (15ºC) (59ºF)
1.460 900 2,952.8
Bromo-ethane(46) C2H5Br 0.275 2.959
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68ºF)
2.89
Bromoform(46,47) CHBr3 918 3,011.8 3.1 0.654 7.037
(20ºC)
0.601 1,085 3,559.7
n-Butane(2) C4H10 5.8
(0ºC) (-5ºC) (23ºF)
2-Butanol C4H10O 0.81 1,240 4,068.2 3.3 3.239 34.851

Sec-Butylalcohol C4H10O 0.81 1,240 4,068.2 3.3 3.239 34.851

1.276 1,019 3,343.2 0.49 5.272
n-Butyl bromide(46) C4H9Br
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68ºF) (15ºC) (59ºF)
0.529 5.692
n-Butyl chloride(22,46) C4H9CL 0.887 1,140 3,740.2 4.57
(15ºC) (59ºF)
Tert Butyl chloride C4H9CL 0.84 984 3,228.3 4.2 0.646 6.95

Butyl oleate C22H42O2 1,404 4,606.3 3.0

2,3 Butylene glycol C4H10O2 1.019 1,484 4,808.8 1.51

2,237.7 7,341.5 1.355cp 14.579
Cadmium(7) CD
(400ºC) (752ºF) (440ºC) (824ºF)
0.791
Carbinol(40,41) CH4O 1,076 3,530.2 2.92 0.695 7.478
(20ºC)

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Carbitol C6H14O3 0.988 1,458 4,783.5
1.101 839 2,752.6 0.137 1.474
Carbon dioxide(26) CO2 7.71
(-37ºC) (-37ºC) (-35ºF) (-37ºC) (-35ºF)
1.261
Carbon disulphide CS2 1,149 3,769.7 0.278 2.991
(22ºC)

Table A6: (Continued) Sound Speed in Liquids

All data given at 25ºC (77 º F) unless otherwise noted.

Chemical Kinematic
Substance Sound Speed v/ºC -6
Formula Specific Viscosity×10
Gravity 2 2
m/s ft/s m/s/ºC m /s ft /s

Carbon tetrachloride 1.595

CCL4 929 3038.1 2.48 0.607 6.531
(33,35,47) (20ºC)
Carbon tetrafluoride(14) 1.75 875.2 2,871.5
CF4 6.61
(Freon 14) (-150ºC) (-150ºC) (-238ºF)
0.773
Cetane(23) C16H34 1,338 4,389.8 3.71 4.32 46.483
(20ºC)

Chloro-benezene C6H5CL 1.106 1,273 4,176.5 3.6 0.722 7.768

0.529 5.692
1-Chloro-butane(22,46) C4H9CL 0.887 1,140 3,740.2 4.57
(15ºC) (59ºF)
Chloro-diFluoromethane 1.491 893.9 2,932.7
CHCLF2 4.79
(3)(Freon 22) (-69ºC) (-50ºC) (-58ºF)

Chloroform(47) CHCL3 1.489 979 3,211.9 3.4 0.55 5.918

1-Chloro-propane(47) C3H7CL 0.892 1,058 3,471.1 0.378 4.067

Chlorotrifluoromethane 724 2,375.3

CCLF3 5.26
(5) (-82ºC) (-116ºF)

Cinnamaldehyde C9H8O 1.112 1,554 5,098.4 3.2

Cinnamic aldehyde C9H8O 1.112 1,554 5,098.4 3.2

Colamine C2H7NO 1.018 1,724 5,656.2 3.4

1.047 1,541 5,055.8 4.29 46.16

o-Cresol(46) C7H8O
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68ºF) (40ºC) (104ºF)
1.034 1,500 4,923.1 5.979 64.334
m-Cresol(46) C7H8O
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68ºF) (40ºC) (104ºF)

Cyanomethane C2H3N 0.783 1,290 4,232.3 4.1 0.441 4.745

0.779 1.31 14.095

Cyclohexane(15) C6H12 1,248 4,094.5 5.41
(20ºC) (17ºC) (63ºF)
0.071 0.764
Cyclohexanol C6H12O 0.962 1,454 4,770.3 3.6
(17(d)) (63ºF)

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Cyclohexanone C6H10O 0.948 1,423 4,668.6 4.0

1.26 13.55
Decane(46) C10H20 0.730 1,252 4,107.6
(20ºC) (68ºF)

1-Decene(27) C10H20 0.746 1,235 4,051.8 4.0

n-Decene(27) C10H20 0.746 1,235 4,051.8 4.0

Diacetyl C4H6O 0.99 1,236 4,055.1 4.6

Table A6: (Continued) Sound Speed in Liquids

All data given at 25ºC (77 º F) unless otherwise noted.

Chemical Kinematic
Substance Sound Speed v/ºC -6
Formula Specific Viscosity×10
Gravity 2 2
m/s ft/s m/s/ºC m /s ft /s

8.5
Diamylamine C10H23N 1.256 4,120.7 3.9
(68°F)
0.79
1,2Dibromo-ethane(47) C2H4Br2 2.18 995 3,264.4
(20ºC)
trans-1,2-Dibromoethene
C2H2Br2 2.231 935 3,067.6
(47)

Diburtylphthalate C8H22O4 1,408 4,619.4

Dichloro-t-butylalcohol C4H8Cl2O 1,304 4,278.2 3.8

2,3Dichlorodioxane C2H6Cl2O2 1,391 4,563.6 3.7

Dichloeodifluoromethane 1.516
CCl2F2 774.1 2,539.7 4.24
(3)(Freon12) (40ºC)

1,2Dichloro ethane(47) C2H2Cl2 1.253 1,193 3,914 0.61 6.563

cis1,2-Dichloro-ethene
CHCl2F 1.284 1,061 3,481
(3,47)
trans1,2-Dichloro-ethene
C4Cl2F6 1.257 1,010 3,313.6
(3,47)
Dichloro-fluoromethane 1.426 891 2,923.2
C4H8Cl2 3.97
(3)(Freon21) (0ºC) (0ºC) (32°F)
1-2-Dichlorohexafluoro-
CClF2-CClF2 1.654 669 2,914.9
cyclobutane(47)

1-3-Dichloro-isobutane C4H10O 1.14 1,220 4,002.6 3.4

Dichloro methane(3) C4H10O3 1.327 1,070 3,510.5 3.94 0.31 3.335

1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2 665.3 2,182.7

C6H14O3 1.455 3.73
tetra fluoromethane (-10ºC) (14°F)

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Diethyl ether C4H9NO 0.713 985 3,231.6 4.87 0.311 3.346

Diethylene glycol C4H8(NF2)2 1.116 1,586 5,203.4 2.4

Diethylene glycol
C4H9(NF2)2 0.988 1,458 4,783.5
Monoethyl ether

Diethylenmide oxide C3H6(NF2)2 1.00 1,442 4,731 3.8

1,2-bis(DiFluoramino)
C10H23N 1.216 1,000 3,280.8
butane(43)
1,2-bis(DiFluoramino)-
C2H4Br2 1.213 900 2,952.8
2-methylpropane(43)
1,2-bis(DiFluoramino)
C2H2Br2 1.265 960 3,149.6
propane(43)

Table A6: (Continued) Sound Speed in Liquids

All data given at 25ºC (77 º F) unless otherwise noted.

Chemical Kinematic
Substance Specific Sound Speed v/ºC -6
Formula Viscosity×10
Gravity 2 2
m/s ft/s m/s/ºC m /s ft /s

2,2-bis(Difluoromino
C3H6(NF2)2 1.254 890 2920
propane(43)

2,2-Dihydroxydiethyl ether C4H10O3 1.116 1,586 5,2034 2.4

Dihydroxyethane C2H6O2 1.113 1,658 5,439.6 2.1

0.868 1,343 4,406.2 0.749 8.059
1,3-Dimethyl-benzene(46) C8H10
(15ºC) (20ºC) (68°F) (15ºC) (59°F)
1,2-Dimethyl-benzene 0.897 0.903 9.716
C8H10 1,331.5 4,368.4 4.1
(29,46) (20ºC) (20ºC) (68°F)
1,334 4,376.6
1,4-Dimethyl-benzene(46) C8H10 0.662 7.123
(20ºC) (68°F)
2,2Dimethyl-butane 0.649
C6H14 1,079 3,540
(29,33) (20ºC)
Dimethyl ketone C3H6O 0.791 1,174 3,851.7 4.5 0.399 4.293
Dimethylpentane(47) C7H16 0.674 1,063 3,487.5
Dimethylphthalate C8H10O4 1.2 1,463 4,799.9
Diiodo-methane CH2l2 3.235 980 3,215.2
Dioxane C4H8O2 1.033 1,376 4,514.4
Dodecane(23) Cl2H26 0.749 1,279 4,196.2 3.85 1.80 19.368
1,2Ethanediol C2H6O2 1.113 1,658 5,439.6 2.1
Ethanenitrile C2H3N 0.783 1,290 4,232.3 0.441 4.745
Ethanoic anhydride(22) (CH3CO)2O 1.082 1,180 3,871.4 0.769 8.274
Ethanol C2H6O 0.789 1,207 3,690 4.0 1.39 14.956
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 1,338
Ethanol amide C2HNO 1.018 5,656.2 3.4
(20ºC)
900
Ethoxyethane C4H100 0.713 3,231.6 4.87 0.311 3.346
(20ºC)
876
Ethyl acetate(33) C4H8O2 0.901 3,559.7 4.4 0.489 5.263
(20ºC)
Ethyl alcohol C2H6O 0.789 890 3,960 4.0 1.396 15.020

0.867 4,389.8 0.797 8.575

Ethyl benzene(46) C8H10 1,586
(20ºC) (68°F) (17ºC) (63°F)

1.456 2,952.8 0.275 2.959

Ethyl Bromide(46) C2H5Br 1,658
(20ºC) (68°F) (20ºC) (68°F)

1.950 1,343 2874

Ethyliodide(46) C2H5l 0.29 3.12
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68°F)

Table A6: (Continued) Sound Speed in Liquids

All data given at 25ºC (77 º F) unless otherwise noted.

Chemical Kinematic
Substance Specific Sound Speed v/ºC -6
Formula Viscosity×10
Gravity 2 2
m/s ft/s m/s/ºC m /s ft /s

Ether C4H10O 0.713 985 3231.6 4.87 0.311 3.346

Ethyl ether C4H10O 0.713 985 3231.6 4.87 0.311 3.346

Ethylene bromide(47) C2H4Br2 2.18 995 3264.4 0.79 8.5

Ethylene chloride(47) C2H4Cl2 1.253 1,193 3914 0.61 6.563

17.208 185.158
Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 1.113 1,658 5439.6 2.1
(20ºC) (68°F)

d-Fenochone C10H16O 0.974 1,320 4330.7 0.22 2.367

d-2-Fenechanone C10H16O 0.974 1,320 4330.7 0.22 2.367

0.545 403 1322.2

Fluorine F 11.31
(-143ºC) (-143(d)) (-225°F)
1.024 0.584 6.283
Fluoro-benzene(46) C6H5F 1,189 3900.9
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68°F)
Formaldehyde,methylester C2H4O2 0.974 1,127 3697.5 4.02
1.134
Formamide CH3NO 1,622 5321.5 2.2 2.91 31.311
(20ºC)
1.134
Formic acid,amide CH3NO 1,622 5321.5 2.91 31.311
(20ºC)
Freon R12 774.2 2540

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Furfural C5H4O2 1.157 1,444 4737.5 3.7

Furfuryl alcohol C5H6O2 1.135 1,450 4757.5 3.4

Fural C5H4O2 1.157 1,444 4737.5 3.7

2-Furaldehyde C5H4O2 1.157 1,444 4737.5 3.7

2-Furancarboxaldehyde C5H4O2 1.157 1,444 4737.5 3.7

2-Furyl-Methanol C5H6O2 1.135 1,450 4757.2 3.4

2,870 9416
GAllium Ga 6.095
(30ºC) (86°F)
Glycerin C3H8O3 1.26 1,904 6246.7 2.2 757.1

Glycerol C3H8O3 1.26 1,904 6246.7 2.2 757.1

Glycol C2H6O2 1.113 1658 5439.6 2.1 8,081.836

50%Glycol/50%h2O 1,578 5,177 8,081.836

Table A6: (Continued) Sound Speed in Liquids

All data given at 25ºC (77 º F) unless otherwise noted.

Chemical Kinematic
Substance Sound Speed v/ºC
Formula Specific Viscosity×10
-6

Gravity 2 2
m/s ft/s m/s/ºC m /s ft /s
0.125 183 600.4
Helium(45) He4 0.025 269
(-269ºC) (-269ºC) (-452°F)
0.684 0.598 6.434
Heptane(22,23) C7H16 1,131 3,710.6 4.25
(209ºC) (209ºC) (68°F)
0.684
n-Heptane(29,33) C7H16 1,180 3,871.3 4.0
(20ºC)
Hexachloro-
C5Cl6 1.7180 1,150 3,773
Cyclopentadiene(47)
0.773 4.32 46.483
Hexadecane(23) C16H34 1,338 4,389.8 3.71
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68°F)
70.69 760.882
Hexalin C6H12O 0.962 1,454 4,770.3 3.6
(17ºC) (63°F)

Hexane(16,22,23) C6H14 0.659 1,112 3,648.3 2.71 0.446 4.798

0.649
n-Hexane(29,33) C6H14 1,079 3,540 4.53
(20ºC)
2,5Hexanedione C6H10O2 0.729 1,399 4,589.9 3.6

n-Hexanol C6H14O 0.819 1,300 4,265.1 3.8

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 1.31 14.095
Hexahydrobenzene(15) C6H12 0.779 1,248 4,094.5 5.41
(179ºC) (63°F)
Hexahydrophenol C6H12O 0.962 1,454 4,770.3
1.31 14.095
Hexamethylene(15) C6H12 0.779 1,248 4,094.5
(17ºC) (63°F)
0.071 1,187 3,894.4 0.003 0.032
Hydrogen(45) H2
(-256ºC) (-256ºC) (-429°F) (-256ºC) (-429°F)
1.047 1.541 5,055.8 4.29 46.16
2-Hydroxy-toluene(46) C7H8O
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68°F) (40ºC) (104°F)
1.034 1,500 4,921.3 5.979 64.334
3-Hydroxy-toluene(46) C6H5l
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68°F) (40ºC) (104°F)
1,114 3,654.9
lodo-benzene(46) C2H5l 1.823 0.954
(20(d)) (68°F)
1.950 876 2,874
lodo-ethane(46) CH3l 0.29 3.12
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68°F)
2.28
lodo-methane C6H12O 978 3,208.7 0.211 2.27
(20ºC)
1,180 3,871.4
isobutylacetate(22) He4 4.85
(27ºC) (81°F)

Table A6: (Continued) Sound Speed in Liquids

All data given at 25ºC (77 º F) unless otherwise noted.

Chemical Kinematic
Substance Specific Sound Speed v/ºC -6
Formula Viscosity×10
Gravity 2 2
m/s ft/s m/s/ºC m /s ft /s
0.81
lsobutanol C4H10O 1,212 3,976.4
(20ºC)

lso-Butane 1,219.8 4002

0.62
lsopentane(36) C5H12 980 3,215.2 4.8 0.34 3.658
(20ºC)
0.758 1,170 3,838.6
lsopropano(46) C3H8O 2.718 29.245
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68°F)
0.758 1,170 3,838.6
Lsopropyl alcohol(46) C3H8O 2.718 29.245
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68°F)

Kerosene 0.81 1,324 4,343.8 3.6

Ketohexamethylene C6H10O 0.948 1,423 4,668.6 4.0

2,485 8,152.9
Lithium fluoride(42) LiF 1.29
(900ºC) (1652°F)
1,449 4,753.9
Mercury(45) Hg 13.594 0.114 1.226
(24ºC) (75°F)

Mesityloxide C6H16O 0.85 1,310 4,297.9

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 0.162 405 1,328.7
Methane(25,28,38,39) CH4 17.5
(-89ºC) (-89ºC) (-128°F)
0.791
Methano(40,41) CH4O 1,076 3,530.2 2.92 0.695 7.748
(20ºC)

Methyl acetate C3H6O2 0.934 1,211 3,973.1 0.407 4.379

0.999 4.394 47.279

o-Methyaniline(46) C7H9N 1,618 5,308.4
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68°F)
0.966 1.863 20.095
4-Methyaniline(46) C7H9N 1,480 4,855.6
(45(d)) (50ºC) (122°F)
0.791
Methyl alcohol(40,44) CH4O 1,076 3,530.2 2.92 0.695 7.478
(20(d))
1,328 4,357
Methyl benzene(16,52) C7H8 0.867 4.27 0.644 7.144
(20ºC) (68°F)
0.62
2-Methyl-butane(36) C5H12 980 3,215.2 0.34 3.658
(20ºC)

Methy carbinol C2H6O 0.789 1,207 3,960 4.0 1.396

0.902 9.705
Methy-chloroform(47) C2H3Cl3 1.33 985 3,231.6
(20ºC) (68°F)

Methyl-cyanide C2H3N 0.783 1,290 4,232.3 0.441 4.745

3-Methyl cyclohexanol C7H14O 0.92 1,400 4,593.2

Table A6: (Continued) Sound Speed in Liquids

All data given at 25ºC (77 º F) unless otherwise noted.

Chemical Kinematic
Substance Sound Speed v/ºC
Formula Specific Viscosity×10
-6

Gravity 2 2
m/s ft/s m/s/ºC m /s ft /s

Oil,Diesel 0.80 1,250 4,101

Oil,FueiAA gravity 0.99 1,485 4,872 3.7

Oil(Lubricating x200) 1,530 5,019.9

Oil(Oive) 0.912 1,431 4,694.9 2.75 100 1,076.36

Oil(peanut) 0.936 1,458 4,783.5

Oil(Sperm) 0.88 1,440 4,724.2

1,509 4,951
Oil,6
(22ºC) (72°F)
2,2-Oxydiethanol CH10O3 1.116 1,586 5,203.4 2.4
1.155 952 3,123.4
Oxygen(45) O2 0.173 1.861
(-186ºC) (-186ºC) (-303°F)

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Pentachloro-ethane(47) C2HCl5 1.687 1,082 3,549.4

pentalin(47) C2HCl5 1.687 1,082 3,549.4

0.626
Pentane(36) C5H12 1,020 3,346.5 0.363 3.905
(20ºC)
n-pentane(47) C5H12 0.557 1,006 3,300.5 0.41 4.413

Perchlorocyclopentadiene(47) C5Cl6 1.718 1,150 3,773

Perchloro-ethylene(47) C2Cl4 1.632 1,036 3,399

Perfluoro-1-Hepten(47) C7F14 1.67 583 1,912.7

Perfluoro-n-Hexane(47) C6H14 1.672 508 1,666.7

Phene(29,40,41) C6H6 0.879 1,306 4,284.8 4.65 0.711 7.65

b-Phenyl acrolein C9H8O 1.112 1,554 5,098.4 3.2

Phenylamine(41) C6H5NO2 1.022 1,639 5,377.3 4.0 3.63 39.058

1,170 3,838.6
Phenyl bromide(46) C6H5Br 1.522 0.693 7.465
(20ºC) (68°F)
Phenyl chloride C6H5Cl 1.106 1,273 4,176.5 3.6 0.722 7.768
1,114 3,654.9 0.954 10.265
Phenyl iodide(46) C6H5l 1.823
(20ºC) (68°F) (15ºC) (59°F)
0.867 1,328 4,357
Phenyl methane(16,52) C7H8 4.27 0.644 6.929
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68°F)
3-Phenylpropenal C9H8O 1.112 1,554 5,098.4 3.2
Table A6: (Continued) Sound Speed in Liquids

All data given at 25ºC (77 º F) unless otherwise noted.

Chemical Kinematic
Substance Sound Speed v/ºC -6
Formula Specific Viscosity×10
Gravity 2 2
m/s ft/s m/s/ºC m /s ft /s

1,125 3,691
Phthalardione C8H4O3
(152ºC) (306°F)
1,125 3,691
Phthalic acid,anhydride C8H4O3
(152ºC) (306°F)
1,125 3,691
Phthalicanhydride C8H4O3
(152ºC) (306°F)

Pimelicketone C6H10O 0.948 1,423 4,668.6 4.0

Plexiglas,Lucite,Acrylic 2,651 8,698

1,099.8 3,608.4
PolyterpeneResin 0.77 39,000 419,500
(190ºC) (374°F)

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 1,169 3,835.3 715CP 7.693
Potassium bromide(42) KBr 0.71
(900ºC) (1652°F) (900ºC) (1652°F)
1,792 5,879.3
Potassium fluoride(42) KF 1.03
(900ºC) (1652°F)
958 3,231.6
Potassium iodide(42) Kl 0.64
(900ºC) (1652°F)
1.859 1,740.1 5,709 1.19 12.804
Potassium nitrate(48) KNO3 1.1
(352ºC) (352ºC) (666°F) (327ºC) (621°F)
Propane(2,13) 0.585 1,003 3,290.6
C3H8 5.7
(-45°to-130 ) (-45ºC) (-45ºC) (-46°F)

1,2,3-Propanetriol C3H8O3 1.26 1,904 6,246.7 2.2 000757

0.78 1,222 4,009.2

1-Propanol(46) C3H8O
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68°F)
0.785 1,170 3,838.6
2-Propanol(46) C3H8O 2.718 29.245
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68°F)

2-Propanone C3H6O 0.791 1,174 3,851.7 4.5 0.399 4.293

0.563 963 3,159.4

Propene(17,18,35) C3H6 6.32
(-13ºC) (-13ºC) (9°F)
1,280 4,199
N-propyl-acetate(22) C5H10O2 4.63
(2ºC) (36°F)
0.78 1,222 4,009.2
n-propyl-alcohol C3H8O 2.549 27.427
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68°F)

propylchloride(47) C3H7Cl 0.892 1,058 3,471.1 0.378 4.067

0.536 963 3,159.4

propylene(17,18,35) C3H6 6.32
(-13ºC) (-13ºC) (9°F)

Table A6: (Continued) Sound Speed in Liquids

All data given at 25ºC (77 º F) unless otherwise noted.

Chemical Kinematic
Substance Sound Speed v/ºC -6
Formula Specific Viscosity×10
Gravity 2 2
m/s ft/s m/s/ºC m /s ft /s

0.992 10.673
Pyridne C6H5N 0.982 1,415 4,642.4 4.1
(20 ) (68°F)
828.3 2,717.5
Refrigerant11(3,4) CCl3F 1.49 3.56
(0ºC) (32°F)
1.516 774.1 2,539.7
Refrigerant12(3) CCl2F2 4.24
(-40ºC) (-40ºC) (-40°F)
1.75 875.24 2,871.5
Refrigerant14(14) CF4 6.61
(-150ºC) (-150ºC) (-238°F)
1.426 891 2,923.2
Refrigerant21(3) CHCl2F 3.97
(0ºC) (0ºC) (32°F)
1.491 893.9 2,932.7
Refrigerant22(3) CHClF2 4.79
(-69ºC) (50ºC) (122°F)
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 783.7 2,571.2
Refrigerant113(3) CCl2F-CClF2 1.563 3.44
(0ºC) (32°F)
665.3 2,182.7
Refrigerant114(3) CClF2-CClF2 1.455 3.73
(-10ºC) (14°F)
656.4 2,153.5
Refrigerant115(3) C2ClF5 4.42
(-50ºC) (-58°F)
1.62 574 1,883.2
RefrigerantC318(3) C4F8 3.88
(-20ºC) (-10ºC) (41°F)
1,072 3,517.1
Selenium(8) Se 0.68
(250ºC) (482°F)

Silicone(30cp) 0.993 990 3,248 30 322.8

2,082 6,830.7
Sodiumfluoride(42) NaF 0.877 1.32
(1000ºC) (1832°F)
1.884 1,763.3 5,785.1 1.37 14.74
Sodiumfluoride(48) NaNO3 0.74
(336ºC) (336ºC) (637°F) (336ºC) (637 ºF)
1.805 1,876.8 6,157.5
Sodiumfluoride(48) NaNO2
(292ºC) (292ºC) (558°F)

Solvesso#3 0.877 1,370 4,494.8 3.7

Spiritofwine C2H6O 0.789 1,207 3,960 4.0 1.397 15.02

1,177 3,861.5
Sulfur(7,8,10) S -1.13
(250ºC) (482°F)

SulfueicAcid(1) H2SO4 1.841 1,257.6 4,126 1.43 11.16 120.081

991 3,251.3
Tellurium(7) Te 0.73
(450ºC) (842°F)
Table A6: (Continued) Sound Speed in Liquids

All data given at 25ºC (77 º F) unless otherwise noted.

Chemical Kinematic
Substance Sound Speed v/ºC -6
Formula Specific Viscosity×10
Gravity 2 2
m/s ft/s m/s/ºC m /s ft /s

1,1,2,2-Tetrabromo-
C2H2Br4 2.966 1,027 3,369.4
ethane(47)
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro- 1.156 12.438
C2H2Cl4 1.595 1,147 3,763.4
ethane(67) (15ºC) (59°F)
1.553 1,170 3,838.6
Tetrachloroethane(46) C2H2Cl4 1.19 12.804
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68°F)

Tetrachloro-ethene(47) C2Cl4 1.632 1,036 3,399

Tetrachlor-Methane 1.595
CCl4 926 3,038.1 0.607 6.531
(33,47) (20ºC)
0.763 1,331 4,366.8 2.86 30.773
Tetradecane(46) C14H3O
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68°F) (20ºC) (68°F)

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 Tetraethylene glycol C8H18O5 1.123 1,568 5,203.4 3.0

Tetrafluoro-methane(14) 1.75 875.24 2,871.5

CF4 6.61
(Freon14) (-150ºC) (-150ºC) (-238°F)

Tetrahydro-1,4-isoxazine C4H9NO 1.000 1,442 4,731 3.8

0.867 1,328 4,357

Toluene(16,52) C7H8 4.27 0.644 6.929
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68°F)
0.999 4.394 47.279
o-Toluidine(46) C7H9N 1,618 5,308.4
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68°F)
0.966 1.863 20.053
p-Toluidine(46) C7H9N 1,480 4,855.6
(45ºC) (50ºC) (122°F)

Toluol C7H8 0.866 1,308 4,291.3 4.2 0.58 6.24

2.89
Tribromo-methane(46,47) CHBr3 918 3,011.8 0.645 7.037
(20ºC)
1,1,1-Trichloro- 0.902 9.705
C2H3Cl3 1.33 985 3,231.6
ethane(47) (20ºC) (68°F)

Trichloro-ethene(47) C2HCl3 1.464 1,028 3,372.7

Trichloro-fluoromethaen 828.3 2,171.5

CCl3F 1.49 3.56
(3)(Freon11) (0ºC) (32°F)

Trichloro-methane(47) CHCl3 1.489 979 3,211.9 3.4 0.55 5.918

1,1,2-Trichloro- CCl2F- 783.7 2,571.2

1.563
1,2,22-Trifluoro-Etham CClF2 (0ºC) (32°F)

Triethyl-amine(33) C6H15N 0.726 1,123 3,684.4 4.47

Triethyleneglycol C6H14O4 1.123 1,608 5,275.6 3.8

Table A6: (Continued) Sound Speed in Liquids

All data given at 25ºC (77ºF) unless otherwise noted.

Chemical Kinematic
Substance Sound Speed v/ºC -6
Formula Specific Viscosity×10
Gravity 2 2
m/s ft/s m/s/ºC m /s ft /s

1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-
C2HClBrF3 1.869 693 2,273.6
Chloro-2-Bromo-Ethane
1,2,2-Trifluorotrichloro- 783.7 2,571.2
CCl2-CClF2 1.563 3.44
ethane(Freon113) (0ºC) (32°F)
d-1,3,3-
C10H16O 0.947 1,320 4,330.7 0.22 2.367
Trimethylnorcamphor
1,610 5,282.2
Trinitrotoluene(43) C7H5(NO2)3 1.64
(81ºC) (178°F)

Turpentine 0.88 1,255 4,117.5 1.4 15.064

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Unisis800 0.87 1,346 4,416 1.00

Water,distilled(49,50)
H2O 0.996 1,498 4,914.7 -2.4 0.695 10.76
Water,sea

WoodAlcihol(40,41) D2O 1,400 4,593 -2.4

Xenon(45) 1.025 1,531 5,023 2.92 1.00 10.76

0.791
m-Xylene(46) CH4O 1,076 3,530.2 0.695 7.478
(20ºC)
630 2,067
o-Xylene(29,46 Xe
(-109ºC) (-164°F)
0.868 1,343 4,406.2 0.749 8.059
P-xylene(46) C8H10
(15ºC) (20ºC) (68°F) (15ºC) (59°F)
0.897 0.903 9.716
Xylenehexafluoride C8H10 1,331.5 4,368.4 4.1
(20ºC) (20ºC) (68°F)
1,334 4,376.6
Zinc(7) C8H10 0.662 7.123
(20ºC) (68°F)
1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-Chloro-
C8H4F6 1.37 879 2,883.9 0.613 6.595
2-Bromo-Ethane
1,2,2-Trifluorotrichloro- 3,298 10,820.2
Zn
ethane(Freon113) (450ºC) (842°F)

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