Foundation Course

Fundamentals of English

1st Section 2nd Section

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 Foundation Of English

First Section – Basic Level

 1. Letters

There are 26 letters in English language. These are also called

alphabet.

English Alphabet

Capital Letters Small Letters

A, B, C, D…Z a, b, c, d…z
Letters
 English Alphabet

Vowels (स्वर) Consonants (व्यंजन)

a, e, i, o, u Except a, e, i, o, u
द With Consonant Sounding Words
The
दद With Vowel Sounding Words
e.g. In the morning In the evening
 2. Word
A letter or a group of letters which makes a complete meaning is
called a Word.

A letter Group of letters

A&I Mobile, Cap, etc.

Letters Words Words

 Words
I A

Go Do My By So Am

Air Car Cab Ear Eat Kid

Love Hate Cool Gold Busy Near

Tasty Table Water Virus Zebra Video

 3. Sentence
A word or a group of words which makes a complete message is called a
Sentence.

A word Group of words

Go, come, etc. I am learning English.

Words Sentences Sentence

 4. Creation of Sentence

Sentence = Subject + Verb

a. Birds fly. b. Dogs bark.

Sentence
 Sentence

Verb Object
Subject
Complement
Compulsory
Optional

e.g. i. She eats vegetables.

ii. She is vegetarian.

 What is a Subject?

The word or a group of words which is being talked about

in a sentence is called a Subject.
e.g.
1. I phone is costly. 6. Birds chirp in the trees.
2. Rani has a beautiful scooty. 7. Air has oxygen.
3. Ramesh sells mangoes. 8. Smoking is injurious to health.
4. Dogs are innocent.
5. The brother of Seema lives in Mumbai.
Subject
 What is a Verb?
The word or group of words which show action, possession or link
is called a Verb.
e.g. e.g.
Ravi drives a car. My pen writes poems.

Ravi has a license. My pen has blue ink.

Ravi is a driver. My pen is costly.

 She is a cricketer. Ravi has a novel.

The teacher teaches the students. The child waters the plants.
 What is an Object?

A. The word or group of words which receives the effect of an action.

e.g. 1. Rani cooks paneer in the kitchen.

2. Sumit teaches the students in the morning.

3. My brother is speaking English fluently.
4. I will scold the naughty children tomorrow.
 Doer & Receiver

Punished

The teacher punished the student in the class yesterday.

 What is an Object?

B. The word or group of words over which the possession is shown.

e.g.
1. Rohan has a flat.
2. Sumit has a lot of books.
3. She has a car.
 Possession

Teena has a scooty while Krish has a car.

 What is a Complement?

The word or group of words which completes Subject and Object.

Complement

Subjective Objective
Complement Complement
 Subjective Complement
e.g.
1. Rohit is a businessman. 3. I am late.
2. You are dishonest. 4. Amit is clever.

Objective Complement
1. The public of Delhi elected Kejriwal CM of Delhi.
2. The teacher appointed Tina monitor of the class.
3. The committee made him President of the society.
 Five Forms of Verb
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5

Go Went Gone Going Goes

Tense Translation
V1/V5 Present Indefinite Tense ( Subject यह Action वर्तमान में करर्ा है )
V2 Past Indefinite Tense (Subject ने यह Action Past ककया था)
V4 Continuous (Subject यह Action कर रहा है /था)
V3 Perfect (Subject ने यह Action समाप्र् कर ददया है /था)
Shall/Will+V1 Future Indefinite Tense (Subject यह Action Future मे करे गा)
Shall/Will+be+V4 Future Continuous Tense (Subject यह Action Future कर रहा होगा)
Shall/Will+have+V3 Future Perfect Tense (Subject ने यह Action Future मे समाप्र् कर ददया होगा)
 Time and Tense Chart
State & Time Present Past Future

Aff: V1/V5 Aff: V2

Indefinite Shall/Will + V1
Neg:do/does+ not+V1 Neg: did+not+V1

Continuous Is/Am/Are+V4 Was/were + V4 Shall/Will + be + V4

Perfect Has/Have +V3 Had + V3 Shall/Will + have + V3

Shall/Will + have +
Perfect Conti. Has/Have+been + V4 Had + been+V4
been + V4
 Examples
V1 Birds chirp early morning. पक्षी प्रातः चहचहाते हैं।
V1 We help each other. हम एक-दस
ू रे की मदद करते हैं।
V5 She rides a bike fast. वह बाइक तेज़ चलाती है ।
V5 My brother speaks English. मेरा भाई अंग्रेज़ी बोलता है ।
V2 We went to Shimla last year. हम पपछले साल शिमला गए थे।
V2 Someone stole my money. ककसी ने मेरे पैसे चुरा शलए थे।
V4 They are singing songs. वे गाना गा रहे हैं।
V4 You are telling a lie. तम
ु झठ
ू बोल रहे हो।
V3 I have taken dinner. मैं डिनर कर चक
ु ा हूूँ। / मैंने डिनर कर शलया है ।
V3 She has moped the floor. उसने फिश पर पौंछा लगा ददया है ।
 Examples
Has/have + been + V4 She has been learning English for 3 months.
वह 3 महीने से अंग्रेज़ी सीख रही है ।

had + been + V4 He had been living here since childhood.

वह यहााँ बचपन से रह रहा था।

Shall/Will + V1 We shall pay the room rent on Monday.

हम सोमवार को मकान का ककराया दें गे।

Shall/Will + be + V4 He will be sleeping at this time tomorrow.

वह कल इस समय सो रहा होगा।

Shall/Will + have + V3 He will have repaired my mobile by 7pm.

वह 7 बजे र्क मेरा मोबाईल ठीक कर चुका होगा।

Shall/Will + have + been + V4 She will have been cooking food for an hour.
वह एक घंटे से खाना पका रही होगी।
 Verb

Main Verb Helping Verb

It tells about subject It helps Main Verb
Do Action (काम)
Have Possession (माललकाना हक़) Primary Auxiliary Modal Auxiliary
Be Link (होना/बनना) It shows Mood
It shows Time
Features Shall, Will, Can,
Present Past Could, May, Might,
Would, Should, Must,
Five Forms Hindi Meaning Do Do/Does Did Need, Dare, Used to,
Have Has/Have Had Ought to, etc.
Be Is/Am/Are Was/Were
 Types of Verb
There are only 3 types of Main Verb and 4 types of
Helping Verb in English language.

Main Verbs: Do, Have, Be

Helping Verbs: Do, Have, Be, Modals
Do (Action/Time)
Subject + Verb Have (Possession/Time)
Be (Link/Time)
 Uses of types of Verbs

Be

e.g. Sheetal is a teacher. (Present Simple Tense)

MV

Sheetal is teaching Science. (Present Continuous Tense)

HV MV
 Be V1 V2 V3 V4 V5

Main Verb: Linking Verb: 5 Forms: Be/Are Was/Were Been Being Is/Am

Present Is/Am/Are
Helping Verb: Time
Past Was/Were

e.g.
Animals are innocent. (Present Simple Tense)

The dogs are barking in the street. (Present Continuous Tense)

 Present
Amit is my best friend. She is typing a message.
I am busy today. I am scrolling reels at the moment.
My neighbours are greedy. They are smoking cigarettes.
You are a hypocrite. We are attending English class.
This man is a sniper. My family is having dinner.
Past
I was annoyed with you. I was reading a book at night.
We were criminals earlier. We were talking on phone.
She was famous on Instagram. She was watching a movie.
My father was superstitious. It was raining heavily.
We were punctual earlier. They were working in the bank.
 Uses of types of Verbs

Have

Rahul has a car. (Present Simple Tense)

MV

Rahul has repaired a car. (Present Perfect Tense)

HV MV
 Have V1 V2 V3 V4 V5

Main Verb: Possession: 5 Forms: Have Had Had Having Has

Present Has/Have
Helping Verb: Time
Past Had

e.g.
She has a lot of books. (Present Simple Tense)

He haas set up a grocery shop . (Present Perfect Tense)

 Present
I have a dangerous dog. I have typed a message.
She has a red carpet. India has won the championship.
They have a garden of roses. They have launched a new car.
He has a big LED TV. Ram has received the parcel.
My school has a play ground. She has watched this movie.
Past
He had a restaurant in Delhi. I had already finished the project.
We had a successful business. We had visited the zoo.
I had a wonderful childhood. She had taught him.
My room had a blue carpet. We had faced much difficulty.
She had a red saree. They had learnt 1000 verbs.
 Uses of types of Verbs

Do
I do this type of work. (Present Indefinite Tense)
MV
I do not do this type of work. (Present Indefinite Tense)
HV MV

We learn English. (Present Indefinite Tense)

MV
We do not learn Tamil. (Present Indefinite Tense)
HV MV
 Do V1 V2 V3 V4 V5

Main Verb: Action: 5 Forms: Do Did Done Doing Does

Go Went Gone Going Goes

Present Do/Does
Helping Verb: Time
Past Did
e.g.
She goes on a hill station every year. (Present Indefinite Tense)

She does not drive a car. (Present Indefinite Tense)

 Present
I do hard work. I do not do hard work.
She does a petty job. He does not do a petty job.
They water the plants. They do not water the plants.
He lives in Indore. She does not live in Indore.
My school has a play ground. My school does not have a library.
Past
I did hard work. I did not do hard work.
She did a petty job. He did not do a petty job.
They watered the plants. They did not water the plants.
He lived in Indore. She did not live in Indore.
My school had a play ground. My school did not have a library.
 Future Tense

Future Indefinite Tense

Shall/Will + V1

i. The teacher will give a quiz tomorrow.

ii. The students will read a new book next week.
iii. He will study for his test tonight.
iv. The teacher will explain the new topic.
 Future Tense

Future Continuous Tense

Shall/Will + be + V4

i. The teacher will be explaining the new topic.

ii. We will be learning about history next week.
iii. She will be preparing for her exams.
iv. They will be solving math problems tomorrow.
 Future Tense

Future Perfect Tense

Shall/Will + have + V3

i. She will have completed her assignments by tomorrow.

ii. The students will have read the entire book by Friday.
iii. She will have written her essay by the deadline.
iv. The students will have submitted their homework
by the end of the day.
 Future Tense

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Shall/Will + have + been + V4

i. She will have been completing her assignments for two hours.

ii. The students will have been reading the book since morning.

iii. She will have been writing her essay for long.
 Translation Practice

1. Anwar has a red bike. He purchased it last year. Today, he

decided to race with his friends. They will enjoy a lot.

2. Nisha is a chef. She loves to cook. Today, she has decided to cook
rice and curry because her friends are coming to see her.
 Translation Practice
3. Mridul is a hardworking gardener. He has a small garden. He
planted colorful flowers last week. Now everyday, he waters
them and now he is very happy.

4. Meena is a storyteller. She has many story books. Yesterday, she

read a ghost story to recite her friends. They listen to her stories
with big smiles.
 Translation Practice

5. Tomorrow, Monika will go to the park. She will be playing with

her friends in the morning. By the time her parents arrive, she will

have completed all her pending tasks. By next week, she will have

been visiting the park regularly.

 Forms of Verb
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5

Do:- Do Did Done Doing Does Action

Come Came Come Coming Comes
Eat Ate Eaten Eating Eats

Have:- Have Had Had Having Has Possession

Be:- Be/Are Was/Were Been Being Is/Am Link

Plural Verb Singular Verb
 Important Concepts of Using Verbs

+ing V4 Go+ing = Going

1. V1 (Do)
+s/es V5 Go+es = Goes

2. Noun + s/es =Plural 3. Verb + s/es = Singular

e.g. Pen + s = Pens e.g. Learn + s = Learns
Plural Singular
Boy + s = Boys Teach + es = Teaches
 Choose Correct Form of Verb
1. He _______ (go) to work at 8am.
2. He and she _______ (watch) TV every evening.
3. The dogs _______ (bark) loudly at night.
4. My brother _______ (play) basketball on weekends.
5. She _______ (do) her homework every day.
6. The teacher _______ (not teach) Math and Science.
7 My friend _______ (wish) for a new bike.
8. We _______ (try) to read a new book every month.
9. The birds _______ (fly) high in the sky.
10. She _______ (not miss) her family a lot.
 Choose Correct Form of Verb
11. John _______ (catch) the bus every morning.
12. Everyone _______ (fix) her hair before school.
13. The cats _______ (chase) mice in the garden.
14. He _______ (not finish) his work on time.
15. The phone _______ (ring) frequently at the office.
16. They _______ (push) the door to open it.
17. The child _______ (cry) when he is hungry.
18. He _______ (not mix) the ingredients carefully.
19. The sun _______ (shine) brightly in the sky.
20. She _______ (dress) stylishly for the party.
 4. es o, ss, ch, x, sh and z
e.g. Goes, crosses, catches, fixes, washes and buzzes.

S With remaining Nouns and Verbs:

e.g. Speaks, learns, chairs, cups. etc.

Noun e.g. Sumit lives in Delhi.

5. Subject
Pronoun He is a very rich man.
 6. Singular Verbs Does, Is, Am, Was, Has, etc.
Plural Verbs Do, Are, Were, Have, etc.
e.g. 1. Ramit does not run a grocery shop.

2. Ramit and Sumit do not drive a car fast.

No Singular & Plural V2, Did, Had and Modal Auxiliary

e.g. 1. Shahrukh came to school late.

2. We did not compromise.

3. She had a luxury flat in Mumbai.

4. I can solve this knotty sum easily.
7. A Singular Verb is used with a Singular Subject.
Singular Subject + Singular Verb
e.g. i. Ram learns English here.
SS SV

ii. He is repairing mobiles now a days.

SS SV

iii. Sumit has a lot of knowledge.

SS SV
 8. A plural verb is used with a plural subject.

Plural Subject + Plural Verb

e.g.
i. Ram and Rohan live in Nasik.
PS PV

ii. He and she are singing songs.

PS PV

iii. My parents have several novels.

PS PV
 9.1. With I & You Plural Verb is used: -

I & You + Plural Verb

e.g. i. I work hard to learn English.

SS PV

ii. I have no money.

SS PV

iii. You are one of my best friends.

SS PV

iv. You do not pay the room rent on time.

SS/PS PV
9.2. But in two cases Singular Verb is used with ‘I’

am (Singular Verb)
I
was (Singular Verb)

e.g. i. I am a manager in the HDFC Bank.

SS SV

ii. I was absent yesterday.

SS SV
 Note: Imagination = Any Subject + V2
e.g. i. Would that I was/were a government employee.

ii. I wish he was/were my bestie.

iii. I wish my father has/had a lot of property.

iv. If she drives/drove a car fast, she would meet with an accident.
 Practice Test
1. It is the girl who often (a)/ get first position (b)/ in the singing competition.
(c)/ No error (d)

2. This is the man who always steal/steals money.

3. We do/does not allow the students to make a noise.

4. He do/does not tell a lie to anyone.

5. Ram and his brother usually visit/visits my shop.

6. He and she seldom talk/talks to each other.

7. She has/have a hybrid car.

8. They has/have crossed the river safely.

9. Reena was/were absent yesterday.

10. Aman and Pooja was/were not working together.

11. I want/wants to get a government job.

12. I do/does not know how to drive a car.

13. I has/have a flat in Delhi.

14. You is/are one of my best friends.

15. You has/have not sent me any sms.

16. Would that my father was/were alive today.

All the best!