T
Ihermodymamie
dias
ha bhaneh &1 phuy tek whu
bettween heot auud
Wi tte Hrlaitnkhip
WoHK Lalled Tetm0 &uraTu e
ypesrbyktaun
Oepu bqktasm, maH aud nengy Canbe
exchouNged beween Swale
ondSykem
(2)Lod y t : Oly enuay L a n be.
exhaagd bitwean- Swta
ND caML be iKchANAe
SyMem
Clodsyte 1oLakd_yhre
Dokymamie Shol
Tha dqinite Valueh b PrassuHe (P), Nolumel
CLnd Termpettatute(T) a qar at Ony hme
epeceids the ThertmodynamitStafa
Ctate Natu able
Whiem datemime tha
h vai able
unmo dynarmi behavidwL O O Lytem
a caldd stae varuiablut
and
y hi ytean ik a q a , ttlen P,V
To
VOuabler. NO matkeM h0 W a q a heA che
a pakteula equ ibuum Srat
lyper b1 theHmodynamuPhoteM 6
ULsttherrmal prote% T khe temporahwta
y t a m d o e WE
Choung e dwung
0
a prlo w * t e n
doer mtt ohahge uumq
t p HoCLM iN
LoUed *ArObau PHO Cess,
P
ochorie pHocese T, ti Volume dotk
h
UEhange dwumq a pOUM hhenm
PMOes iLalUed TyoUhoric poceMr.
4) Adiabahe procul 3 Tmo haat entem
OM aveN e Syttem ung daapMocess
t e eeDHto ess r Lallad AolkbahtepLe Less.
Isobau
PA
iGtunmal
Adiabahe
onK dAne by h e ga
t o n e by q a = F = PA
PA
dw- Fx da =
pA d
Total nOHKdbne=|dw d
NoHkdne by g a = tVe
PAdL
totkoleby
dv NoM Kdne tn qa -
VL
NonK dtneby qrtaph
7o Pv grLOLph , woHkddnis AHaa UmdeL
Vo lum aUr
T //
vo
W= tV
/
V
W:+L W -V
volummnd
NG-n-Lyeie and yoie pHoteSs
Syem (9ar) doen m &E MetwML to imihal
rade i.Lfrna glate yytem
ir di4terunt
HOm th iniHal tate.
Cg.o) ewTn toi4
inuhial shote
Da-L
WONK odHne P-
in.A4alc PHOCz
M N
NoMK 4oMpHouss ABL =
+Arua ABcNMA
NotK ort p CDA =-
A Hea tNMAD
Torad WorK Ata ABCNMA +(Aruaa
N MA D
AMua b Loop ADeDA
WoMK dOne im y cuc pHOLESS
1M- Cloak dise
and Anhi elbeKwis diteshio
n
Anh-ooeKwise= -V
&Fimd NoHKdbne pHaALWra,P = 2_V MOmm
Volume. Vto vN
Ca)v- )-v, e) y-vd) yv
Sol.
N- Pdw
2N dv
V
pHsswup-T*: tind
4
Valu
WoK d d n i o n No luhe,Vtov
)-n VI -h*k*E-
(d)Nonebz thuse
C)-v
T-Vnk7 TR
V N2 N
P-4
2t1 V,
V
-2t1 V,
nRvV
n'
nR CAws
V
PrusswuP= T*. Fimol nieltK Arne
0TL Tevp .T, to T
(amRT2 b)nk[T,- I,)-nK (T-T.)
(anRT,
( ) N.O.T
W P dv
PN RT
T nR
n R
r.nR dT
T
T
ON n )
nRdT
dv= KAT
T T
-nR[--{11)
oZeno Law df hetmo dymoamie
Wo booiek on yeen thak a in dheHmal
Lg ui Lib ttium wi th a i n d body ara 1m
hettmal cquuubtuium nilh eath' bhert.
mtMnal tnvg
Sul b IaKinehe and potnkia
Called t s 1mteermo u e q
FiLst La 4 Thstnodunamic
h h a enerLg uppued to a Sytem
i equal to nimutease m dh ndermal
nengy AU) b i Syster pluur H
WonRdeue by ha Syr
I WoHKdonby qak =+ve
( WoHK dbnR-0mga -Ve
(im) tleat addrd to HSyshem Ave
(iv) Heat ost by Sytem=-Ve
4U+ (v) AU = t l e , 1nCHAaR 1M
mhuHnal e n 4 t
Vi U, =-V2 outraNe
Da-
P
TIPplicalion binst Lar "lhenmboumamie
O Kelaion betwLLn Cp%Cy
CusiduHL mouy O1 a m idual ak. Suppo
n
+hat qas ir hmated od Lon
tant vo ume o
a t t h empeHot ww imHalefs by A
= C,AT
.OLum 1x L8nkrant, W= O
AJeto pinst Laww
7D CAT =4 0 + 0
7Cy 40
uppohe mow molek B a UuhLaled
at owtant pHussut So that fr
ncruoM by Samu amend 4T
emp.
Hu PA V
' PN nRT
.PAV nRAT
AU W
= 4U+ nkaAT
ALDO = mcpAT 47
4U+ nKAT
4T mAT
AU
-+ RAT AU
naT naT
Cy +R
pCytR
-CyR
BoiLing
n phouss Suppo a iguid O
T Contau
m aMs m V a p e w i s e at
Th
Prustwe p. TtN Volume in Ihe iquid
i Vy
Shake ir 1n Nap6-wL Sate
.
Vzaed
nthaexpas ion
Lek w ind h e WotKdbe.
0tetnal ueHL
Cund tthe Unong i n k e
VL
Pdv Pdv
Let, pecifre atur hut 6 Vapeurisationi
= mLy
AUt w
mLy 4U+ P(V,- Va)
AU =
my P-Y)
Melhinq prous
Nhen o Solid change into iquid shake,
th tennal eLHgy murLaseh. thitr l a n
be talulated juomfinst lau terromodyna-
Spcii latuk heat bffuion
S0, Hhat Hguidott melhn pHoteM
mL
mce dwunq mlHna pMo ces, thu haunge
im Youme Av) i Very m a l ansl a n
be Contid1ted a Zerto .
',NE PAV Px0 ="0
PT.O
Ae to fiHst Law,
AUt h
mL = AV+ O
AU = mL|
)IsstiH TnaM prLOtesS A TeHmodurmam
Proca W i h takerplau at com Faut
.
t. l y Pand y buntE T.
Le-wrhoi2KT Cwrront
PV MRT = =
P wranPV, - Pv]1
T
T
P
Haar keserWo ift
toHL iohe tmalpro uSs
T h yun du Sh&ud haw Conduchngwalb
iThL qa hdiuld be Compussed oH
al&wed to expand owl.
NOHK d0ne owlimq Sote Hmal pHLoLeS
NeKno0n tha
= nRI dv
V
RT
P nRT P =n
N
nRT.dv = T AogeV
N
= nRT Loge
VI
hkTelogn N
TLog.
l we ue tu on mula 4otL 9m than
w2.903RTLogo VI
qaN COmhan oM gm,
M
NN 2 303 VT Loq L
P.T:O
Fort Sattinnalprotes&
PVfV
T
V P
N 2-303 m RT Aog VI
=
2303 nRT og (P
NOTE FAiAotetma eypancio eP
Cemkau gatwitt hawe to-Supplied
Ci For iothanmal expausien (temp. Lenslaid)|
qa n amtut hia eg wal to OHK
d e n b y h a qa Wu haNe to Supplied
pplied
m t extLmmal SduM Leim 0HdeLto
main tain cons han temp. otal
eXpand S0, W t V
0twN
w
W tV hen = + V
( Fon ind het1mal ompHssi0N a,
anmbuut bj heal eaual t o WoK doas
COmp HSSdU W -N
AU+ hN
W WW- VeHeat 4low Dut)
m intthermal pro cuss , tenpetatwa
CAhangin intermal energa (AU0)
= AU + w
0+ w
= 2303 nRTADg
V
2.30 3 nkT Lo9
AdiabatpHote 9S
+oKele pl in Such a
a a v e dh iyAde
hoatr enten/ O
OurumgtheP HoLe &S 1 PV and ohange
Pt
Tsothema
Co
, adiabarie
ISulahnG >
Nall
toLAdiabahapHOLess,
hawe imSulahina
( i )T yundet ShBuld
Walu.
hould be Lompre &Sed
o
Thu g a
Very quiok.
albwed +o expand
Applicahen b finsd aur to adiabalie pH0teL
heat exdhange
We KmnN ha-
nttan
i n adiabahu DHOUSL.
AUE W
= AU W
A U -W
W= tve, Fom
AU= -Ve
0 11 duniakeA )
(epaiwiom .e.
AU=+Ve
-Ve dta N
(CorpreSsiom) (i.in Ciean)
P-1
E D{ nn adiabalt PHOtesS
Ne hawe ntted abbve that im an adi abai
PHOeM wnlike i bHenmal case, T wiu varu
A WekA a p A V. TheettHA adiabahte
PHOes S oHA idial qa i not diserubed
1m he terim dz PV=nRT alome becausc al
thrue skate voasuablkr P anAT) chounge
duouing dipMOtLIS.oind hen tthes
chengtr a r ralaked,
We ne ed a Second Lguahb1- .
PV,' =
Pv Herte-,P
P omskant|
PV XN = Llant
7
0msta
- COnrmE
T
Y-
Tx )
T, v, V- T, V
Fruom),
T RT Y LomshnF
P
T (nR) T
PY-I
Comerant
TxT C0wr han
P
p-
Y-
P = 0ran
WOHK b u dwung AdiabakiePHOusS
V Y
P. d =
|Kvdv KV
V
-Y+
FoH adi albaki PHOusS,
PV K Cwrtant -
P = k K K - 7
1-Y
-
.
K
1-T
Sy - -
= Y-I
-
KV, KV,X V
(P-P,V,)
W (P,P,V.)
W
-
RTRT
MM
W (T-T2
FoL 1 qttamL
L
M
PV nRT
PV M
RTK
M
NOTE PHHOLLSS PV=
Ldnrant=>p =ConVsfan
aolabah L PHo L s ,
Fot
P N = Lbmst
CUrra
P
>adi
P olecreaserfask aNV
imCrtearer im a m aiabak4
SS
i o t e H mol PHDLLS
6ttenmad v Aduabalt pROCe
T P,
IO
adi
Adi
V
V
9thAHnal Pr0tus AdiabaiL PHO
eonPXakwta_Hemaim No uat added on
Ctsreun (AT=0 ). Hamoved (A=0)
ITh hanaar ocur )The hanger 0lu
Suddeny
4iTue Syeon i )The syktem- i
+uMm ally conduwtra thetmalli nrulotad
+o h Surdtndimg. 4H0mHes uULDUndin
iv No chang in t e ) Tun ix hang
nteHnal eteMgu
Sytemi
Specte haatbecbm eh)Spetipiu hut become
Z O
Atanptmt 0nadiabki
TRNmal t n v , Cepe in CAULNe slope i mote
s s han the SUope 0FLAnL StOpe IS0RurmmalCwwa
A oliocbaic Cwwe.
RENERSI BLE IRREVERSIBLE PROCES
I.Kewem SblLpHoeeseAny PHOCLS Which Lan
bemadr to pHoteed in evense dination ho
ttar i Pamek thrnaugh exacty +h Same
tate ar im R di tett pHOLest ln- a l
aN pectr ir Callo a TveHSi b l pro tess.
P CondAt 8- 04 HwLHSibla
Proce ee
Th pHouss Should dake
Pla at eytruny ste
Yate.
)Th Syktem shauld
b i Hom Hiton
2r veHSibla pHotes
A PHouss that canntt- be maol +o pHo Ceed
i t h HWLHse dine chíon I CaA
irowsesibl pHo cesg. Tn a iroteveHsiLl
Los amd cammot e rteCoveMed back
EKomptl, i) DiKolvimg tLuga[Salt im Watu
th A iUCVenSiLteprroLess.
P-10
Limd eridu 81 4iHst lau o thutm0dymam ich
U T inst Lou doek mot imdieara te dirucion
trtair e b4 hiat.
teM anyhung
C)Te 4iust law doek ntt
utt comdithonr under wich 'hea
Canb LOnveHted into WotLK.
h
The 4inst Lau doe not telu Why
Cemnot be Convemted
Whole ozhcaE eLHay
9mto N0HK LOn Hni@- ul
Matwallyfotm a b hof
teat4tw
Cold body; "heat Nil neveH t
bodut0 a
a cold body +o a hot body
ithe o oH
ENTROPY
ik a measwt 07 t t ditoHdu
Entopy
A yhoteo.
P2-12
nthopPY ir a Measw &1 hdur mueh emergy
ON hea i
um-avauLalbleot Lom veHSi8imto
Ueul woHK when a Syrtem at Kebvin
ttimmpeHakwu. uoliqolh a HveHSible
PROtesS by abSotbimg ou ambunt ot heat
Its imcHLON 1HOPYL AS.
AS=S>
