Dạng 4.

Bị động với câu tường thuật

Một số động từ tường thuật: say, believe, think, consider, report, know, expect,
understand, allege, acknowledge, estimate, rumor, explain, assume, presume,
suppose, announce…

S1 (people/they…) + V1 (say, belive, expect) + That+ S2 + V2 + O2

Có 2 cách viết lại câu bị động tường thuật :

People say that the strike will end soon.
(1) It is said that the strike will end soon. ( quá dễ ít thi)
(2) The strike is said to end soon. ( phức tạp hơn hay thi.

Cách viết(2) - đưa S2 lên đầu có thể có 1 trong 4 dạng sau:

(1)To + V2-inf
(2)To be + V2-ing
S2 + tobe+ V1pp (3)To have + V2pp
(said/believed/expected…) + (4)To have been + V2-
ing

1.Dùng (1) khi V2 chia ở tương lai đơn hoặc cùng thì (hiện tại đơn/quá khứ đơn)
với V1
Vd:
People expect that the strike will end soon.
The strike is expected to end soon.
People said that he was a dedicated worker.
He was said to be a dedicated worker.

2.Dùng (2) khi V2 đuợc chia ở thì hiện tại tiếp diễn, hoặc tương lai tiếp diễn
Vd:
They think that the terrorists are hiding in the mountain.
The terrorists are thought to be hiding in the mountain.

3.Dùng (3) khi V2 được chia ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành, quá khứ hoàn thành, hoặc
quá khứ đơn và V1 chia ở hiện tại đơn( hoặc quá khứ đơn):
Vd:
People say that he escaped to a neutral country.
He is said to have escaped to a neutral country.
People think that she has made progress in her studies.
She is thought to have made progress in her studies.

Dùng (4) khi V2 được chia ở thì hiện tại/quá khứ/tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn:
Vd:
People say that he has been playing football since he was 5.
He is said to have been playing football since he was 5.

Lưu ý:
Be supposed to + V-inf có thể được dùng khi nói về trách nhiệm, bổn phận ai đó
phải làm gì hoặc một kế hoạch sự sắp xếp nhưng không xảy ra như mong đợi.

● She is supposed to make tea at 8 o’clock

● The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late.
● You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn't you do it?

Danh sách các liên từ kết hợp phổ biến:

- for (vì, cho)
- and (và)
- nor (không)
- but (nhưng)
- or (hoặc)
- yet (nhưng)
E.g:
- You and I have the same bag: Bạn và tôi có chiếc túi giống nhau
- I like this phone but I don't have enough money to buy it : Tôi thích chiếc điện
thoại này nhưng tôi không có đủ tiền mua nó.
2. Các tương liên từ mà bạn hay gặp:
- either...or (hoặc cái này hoặc cái kia)

- neither...nor (không cái này cũng không cái kia)

- not only...but also (không những…mà còn)

- both...and (cả cái này và cái kia)

- no sooner … than (ngay khi…thì…)

E.g:
- I like neither pork nor lamb: Tôi không thích thịt lợn và thịt bò.
- He not only handsome but also gentle: Anh ấy không chỉ đẹp trai mà còn hiền
lành.
3. Liên từ phụ thuộc
Các liên từ phụ thuộc bạn hay gặp:
- as long as (miễn là)

- as soon as (ngay khi)

- in order that (để)

- so (bởi vậy)

- if (nếu)

- even if (kể cả nếu)

- unless (trừ khi)

- until (cho đến khi)

- when (khi)

- where (ở đâu)

- whether (có khi)

- while (trong khi)

- Because ( Bởi vì)
E.g:
- Nobody could hear her because she spoke too quietly: Không ai có thể nghe
được bởi vì cô ấy nói quá nhanh
- I leave the party because my dad call me : Tôi rời khỏi bữa tiệc bởi bố tôi gọi cho
tôi.
Lưu ý: Liên từ và giới từ
Bạn sẽ thấy một số liên từ phụ thuộc và giới từ giống nhau như:
● Because - Because of
● While - During
● Although - Despite/ Despite of
Vậy làm thế nào để phân biệt và điền đúng loại từ? Các bạn hãy nhớ đến cách
dùng của liên từ và giới từ. Bạn sẽ thấy:
- Liên từ + cụm từ/mệnh đề
- Giới từ + một danh từ hoặc ngữ danh từ.
Một ví dụ như sau:
- They go home during the rain. (Họ về nhà suốt lúc mưa.) - the rain là mạo từ +
danh từ
- They go home while it rain. (Họ về nhà trong khi trời mưa.)- it rain : mệnh đề

Exercise 1: Chọn đáp án đúng nhất điền vào chỗ trống ở mỗi câu sau.
1. He got wet_______ he forgot his umbrella.
A. because of B. because C. but D. and
2. He stops working _______ heavy raining.
A. in spite of B. although C. despite D. because of
3. They have a lot of difficulties in their life _______ their poverty.
A. in spite of B. although C. because D. because of
4. Tom wakes his parents up_______ playing the guitar very softly.
A. because B. in spite of C. because of D. although
5. Nobody could hear her_______ she spoke too quietly.
A. although B. because C. because of D. in spite of
6. We decided to leave early _______the party was boring.
A. although B. despite C. because D. because of
7. Many people believe him__________ he often tells a lie.
A. because B. in spite of C. although D. because of
8. _______she was very hard working; she hardly earned enough to feed her
family.
A. In spite of B. Because C. Because of D. Although
9. _______her absence from class yesterday, she couldn’t understand the lesson.
A. Although B. In spite of C. Because of D. Because
10. ______her poorness, she feels happy.
A. Although B. Because C. If D. In spite of
Exercise 3: Mỗi câu sau chứa một lỗi sai, hãy tìm và sửa chúng.
1. Because of feeling very tired, John couldn’t sleep.
2. Though Tom was ill, he couldn’t take part in his little sister’s birthday party.
3. Before she was washing the dishes, her parents came home.
4. “Bring an umbrella with you although it rains”, my mom told me.
5. I had to wait for him in front of his house because of 9 p.m.
6. That was the reason when they didn’t want to come back to their hometown.
7. I am sure they are going to succeed so their difficulties.

1. Tom doesn't lie to his friends. Paul doesn't either. (neither ...nor)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
2. He's betrayed your trust. He's betrayed your love for him. (not only ... but also)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
3. He felt disappointed. He felt misunderstood. (both ...and)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
4. She will have to study hard. She will have to concentrate to do well on the
exam. (not only ... but also)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
5. We could fly. We could go by train. (both ...and)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
6. The speaker will not confirm the story. The speaker will not deny the story.
(neither ...nor)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
7. Pneumonia is a dangerous disease. Small pox is a dangerous illness. (not only ...
but also)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
8. The teacher gave Nam a good book. Nam’s parents gave him a good book.
(both ...and)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
9. Fred loves traveling. Jane wants to go around the world. (either ...or)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
0. It might rain tomorrow. It might snow tomorrow. (both ...and)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
11. Smoking isn't good for your heart. Drinking isn't good for your health.
(neither ...nor)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
12. Young people normally like only music but also sports. (both ...and)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
13. The chickens haven’t been fed. The pigs haven’t been fed, either
(neither ...nor)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
14. Dan came from Thailand and Chow came from Thailand. (both ...and)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
15. She carried me in her arms and she lulled me to sleep. (not only ... but also)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
16. Mary went to London and Kate did, too. (both ...and)
....................................................................................................................................
......................
17. You were mad. You were drunk. (either ...or)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
18. My mother likes tea. And my father does, too. (both ...and)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
19. Richard and John didn't keep her secret. (neither ...nor)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
20. The underground is quick . It is also cheap. (not only ... but also)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
21. You can find this book in the library or in a second-hand book shop
(either ...or)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
22. The boy is intelligent . He is hardworking, too. (both ...and)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................
23. He didn’t want coffee. He didn’t want tea, either. (neither ...nor)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...........
24. Mary has both toothache and headache. (not only ... but also)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...........
25. Helen likes cats. Mary likes cats. (both ...and)
....................................................................................................................................
.......................

TAG QUESTION
Exercise 1: Complete the following tag questions:
1. Lan enjoys watching TV after dinner, _____?
2. Tam didn’t go to school yesterday, _____?
3. They’ll buy a new computer, _____?
4. She can drink lots of tomato juice every day, _____?
5. She may not come to class today, _____?
6. We should follow the traffic rules strictly, _____?
7. Your mother has read these fairy tales for you many times, _____?
8. He seldom visits you, _____?
9. You’ve never been in Italy, _____?
10. That’s Bob, _____?
11. No-one died in the accident, _____?
12. I’m supposed to be here, _____?
13. Nothing is wrong, _____?
14. Nobody called the phone, _____?
15. Everything is okay, _____?
16. Everyone took a rest, _____?
17. Going swimming in the summer is never boring, _____?
18. Let’s dance together, _____?
19. Don’t talk in class, _____?
20. Sit down, _____?
21. This picture is yours, _____?
22. Hoa never comes to school late, _____?
23. You took some photos on the beach, _____?
24. He hardly ever makes a mistake, _____?
25. We must communicate with you by means of e-mail or chatting, _____?
26. Nobody liked the play, _____?
27. She’d saved money if she bought fresh food, _____?
28. The area was evacuated at once, _____
29. She’s very funny. She’s got a great sense of humor, _____?
30. It never works very well, _____?

CLEFT SENTENCE

1. I can’t stand the noise.

=> It’s ……………………………… (the noise)

2. I was most unhappy with the service.

=> What………………………….. (to be unhappy with)

3. Peter didn’t pay for the wedding ring, Hanna did.

=> It …………………………………..……….. (Hanna

=> It ………………………………………….. (Peter )

4. Did you choose the furniture?

=> Was…………………………………………. (you)

5. He’s always late. It really annoys me.

=> What………………………..……………. (to annoy)

6. bought it because it was a bargain.

=> It was …………………………………….. (to be a bargain)

 7. The waiter’s attitude made things worse.

=> It………………………..………………(waiter’s attitude)

2. I can’t stand the noise.

=> It’s …………………… (the noise)
3. David didn’t pay for the wedding ring, Anna did.
=> It ………………………………….. (David)
=> It ………………………………….. (Anna)
4. He’s always late. It really annoys me.
=> What………………………………. (to annoy)
5. Did you choose the furniture?
=> Was………………………………. (you)
6. The waiter’a attitude made things worse.
=> It……………………………………(waiter’s attitude)
7. I love autumn because of the colour of the leaves.
=> What ……………………………….. (autumn)
8. Her terrible accent annoyed me most.
=> What ………………………………… (to annoy
9. I bought it because it was a bargain.
=> It was ……………………………….. (to be a bargain)
10. In the end Martha went to the police.
=> What …………………………………. (go to the police)

Lý thuyết
1. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách dùng hiện tại phân từ V_ing (Present
participle phrases)

Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động (active), ta dùng cụm hiện
tại phân từ (V_ing) thay cho mệnh đề đó.

*Bỏ đại từ quan hệ và động từ “to be”:

Ví dụ: The girl who is wearing glasses is my cousin.

→ The girl wearing glasses is my cousin. (Cô gái mang kính chính là em họ của
tôi.)

*Bỏ đại từ quan hệ, đưa động từ chính về nguyên mẫu và thêm đuôi “-ing”:

Ví dụ: The girl who wore glasses is my cousin.

→ The girl wearing glasses is my cousin. (Cô gái mang kính chính là em họ của
tôi.)

2. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách dùng quá khứ phân từ V3/ed (Past
participle phrases)

- Nu ng t trong mnh quan h th b ng (passive) ta dùng cm quá kh phân t (past participle phrase)

- Ta b i t quan h (relative pronouns), ng t to be, nhng vn gi quá kh phân t V3/ed.

Ví d: The book which was published by AC magazine is the best-seller of this month.

The book published by AC magazine is the best-seller of this month.

(Quyn sách c xut bn bi tp chí AC chính là sn phm bán chy nht tháng này.)

3. Rút gn mnh quan h bng “to infinitive”

*Khi danh t ng trc có các ch sau ây b ngha: the only, the first, the second,…, the last, so sánh nh

Ví d: He was the last man who left the room

He was the last man to leave the room. (Anh ta là ngi cui cùng ri phòng.)

*ng t là have/ had

Ví d: I had some exercises that I need to do.

I had some exercises to do. (Tôi có mt s bài tp cn phi làm.)

* u câu có Here (be), There (be):

Ví d: Here is the form that you must fill in.

Here is the form for you to fill in. (ây là mu bn in thông tin vào.)

4. Rút gn mnh quan h bng cách s dng cm danh t

i vi mnh quan h không xác nh có th c rút gn bng cách dùng cm danh t có dng: Relative Pronoun

Cách làm: b i t quan h nh who ,which và b luôn c be.

Ví d: Taylor, who is a popular singer, has just split up with her boyfriend.

Taylor, a popular singer, has just split up with her boyfriend. (Taylor, mt ca s ni ting, va mi chia

1. Do you know the woman who is coming towards us?

2. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country.

3. The children who attend that school receive a good education.

4. The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood.

5. Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page.

6. They live in the house that was built in 1890.

7. The papers that are on the table belong to Patrica.

8. The man who is talking to the policeman is my uncle.

9. The number of students who have been counted is quite high.

10. George is the man who was chosen to represent the committee at the
convention.

1. I don’t like him playing in the street. I wish we had a garden that he could play
in.

2. He simply loves parties. He is always the firstwho comesand the last who leaves.

3. The last personwho leaves the roommust turn off the lights.

4. The first manwho was interviewedwas entirely unsuitable.

5. I’ve got a bottle of wine but I haven’t got anythingthat I could open it with.

1. We had a river in which we could swim.

2. Here are some accounts that you must check.

3. The last student that was interviewed was Tom.

4. We visited Hanoi, which is the capital of VN.

5. My father, who is a pilot, often goes abroad.

Dùng cấu trúc rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ viết lại các câu sau

1. The man who is standing there is a clown.

2. The envelop which lies on the table has no stamp on it.

3. Benzene, which was discovered by Faraday, became the starting point in the
manufacture of many dyes, perfumes and explosives.

4. My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house.

5. The student don't know how to do exercise which were given by the teacher
yesterday.

6. The diagrams which were made by young Faraday were sent to Sir Humphry
Davy at the end of 1812.

7. The gentleman who lives next door to me is a well-known orator.

8. All the astronauts who are orbiting the earth in space capsules are weightless.

9. All students don't hand in their papers will fail in the exam.

10. I saw many houses that were destroyed by the storm.