1 Lifting Lug Load Capacity Vs Crack length Calculation

Sample Calculation
Thickness of Lug (t) = 20 mm
Width of Lug (W) = 400 mm
Radius of Circular Section (R) = 100 mm
Diameter of Hole ( Dh) = 60 mm
Diameter of Pin ( Dp) = 57 mm
Distance from centre of hole to Welding (h)= 80 mm
Area of Cross Section = 20 x 400 = 8000
Length of Crack ( a ) = 4.5 mm
Distance from centre of hole to edge of crack = (Dh / 2 + a) =
Temperature (T) = 15 oC
Fracture Toughness ( k1c) = (60 + 0.2 T) Mpa. Sqrt(m)
For -140 < T < 150
K1c = 63 oC

Check For Geometry

We =R- Dh/2 = 100 - 60/ 2 = 70 mm
We =R- Dh/2 = 100 - 60/ 2 = 70 mm
We =R- Dh/2 = 100 - 60/ 2 = 70 mm

By Yeild Theory
Yeild Strength of Plate = 345 MPa
Effective width of plate = 400 - 60- 2 x4.5 = 331
Tensile Load capacity = 0.9 x 345 x 331 x 20/1000 =

By Fracture Theory
K1c = Fd . s. Sqrt( p. a)
Fd = 0.5 x (3 - d) [ 1 + 1.243 x (1 - d) 3 ]
Where, d= a / (Dh / 2 + a)
d= 4.5 / (60/ 2 + 4.5) = 0.13

Fd = 0.5 x (3 -0.13) [ 1 + 1.243 x (1 -0.13)^3 ]

= 2.61

s= Load (P) = P / 8000 = 0.0001

Area

K1c = Fd . s. Sqrt( p. a)
63 = 2.61 x 0.000125P x sqrt(3.1416 x 0.0045)
 Load ( P) = 1624 kN

Temp = 30 Degree Celcius Fracture Theory

Load (P)
Length of Fracture (kN) -
Crack ( a ) Temperatu Toughness Fracture
(mm) (Dh / 2 + a) re (T) oC ( k1c) d = a / (Dh / 2 + a) Fd Theory
1 31 30 66 0.032 3.157 2984
1.5 31.5 30 66 0.048 3.059 2514
2 32 30 66 0.063 2.97 2243
2.5 32.5 30 66 0.077 2.89 2062
3 33 30 66 0.091 2.812 1934
3.5 33.5 30 66 0.104 2.743 1836
4 34 30 66 0.118 2.67 1764
5 35 30 66 0.143 2.546 1655
5.8 35.8 30 66 0.162 2.457 1592
7 37 30 66 0.189 2.337 1524
8 38 30 66 0.211 2.246 1483
9 39 30 66 0.231 2.167 1449
10 40 30 66 0.25 2.096 1421

Temp = 15 Degree Celcius Fracture Theory

Load (P)
Length of Fracture (kN) -
Crack ( a ) Temperatu Toughness Fracture
(mm) (Dh / 2 + a) re (T) oC ( k1c) d = a / (Dh / 2 + a) Fd Theory
1 31 15 63 0.032 3.157 2848
1.5 31.5 15 63 0.048 3.059 2400
2 32 15 63 0.063 2.97 2141
2.5 32.5 15 63 0.077 2.89 1968
3 33 15 63 0.091 2.812 1846
3.5 33.5 15 63 0.104 2.743 1752
4 34 15 63 0.118 2.67 1684
4.5 34.5 15 63 0.13 2.61 1624
6 36 15 63 0.167 2.434 1508
7 37 15 63 0.189 2.337 1454
8 38 15 63 0.211 2.246 1415
9 39 15 63 0.231 2.167 1383
10 40 15 63 0.25 2.096 1357
Temp = Zero Degree Celcius Fracture Theory
Load (P)
Length of Fracture (kN) -
Crack ( a ) Temperatu Toughness Fracture
(mm) (Dh / 2 + a) re (T) oC ( k1c) d = a / (Dh / 2 + a) Fd Theory
1 31 0 60 0.032 3.157 2713
1.5 31.5 0 60 0.048 3.059 2286
2 32 0 60 0.063 2.97 2039
2.5 32.5 0 60 0.077 2.89 1874
3 33 0 60 0.091 2.812 1758
3.5 33.5 0 60 0.104 2.743 1669
3.7 33.7 0 60 0.11 2.711 1642
5 35 0 60 0.143 2.546 1504
6 36 0 60 0.167 2.434 1436
7 37 0 60 0.189 2.337 1385
8 38 0 60 0.211 2.246 1348
9 39 0 60 0.231 2.167 1317
10 40 0 60 0.25 2.096 1292

Temp = -15 Degree Celcius Fracture Theory

Load (P)
Length of Fracture (kN) -
Crack ( a ) Temperatu Toughness Fracture
(mm) (Dh / 2 + a) re (T) oC ( k1c) d = a / (Dh / 2 + a) Fd Theory
1 31 -15 57 0.032 3.157 2577
1.5 31.5 -15 57 0.048 3.059 2172
2 32 -15 57 0.063 2.97 1937
2.5 32.5 -15 57 0.077 2.89 1780
3 33 -15 57 0.091 2.812 1670
3.1 33.1 -15 57 0.094 2.796 1653
4 34 -15 57 0.118 2.67 1524
5 35 -15 57 0.143 2.546 1429
6 36 -15 57 0.167 2.434 1365
7 37 -15 57 0.189 2.337 1316
8 38 -15 57 0.211 2.246 1281
9 39 -15 57 0.231 2.167 1251
10 40 -15 57 0.25 2.096 1227

Temp = -30 Degree Celcius Fracture Theory

 Load (P)
Length of Fracture (kN) -
Crack ( a ) Temperatu Toughness Fracture
(mm) (Dh / 2 + a) re (T) oC ( k1c) d = a / (Dh / 2 + a) Fd Theory
1 31 -30 54 0.032 3.157 2441
1.5 31.5 -30 54 0.048 3.059 2057
2 32 -30 54 0.063 2.97 1835
2.5 32.5 -30 54 0.077 2.89 1687
2.6 32.6 -30 54 0.08 2.873 1664
3.5 33.5 -30 54 0.104 2.743 1502
4 34 -30 54 0.118 2.67 1443
5 35 -30 54 0.143 2.546 1354
6 36 -30 54 0.167 2.434 1293
7 37 -30 54 0.189 2.337 1247
8 38 -30 54 0.211 2.246 1213
9 39 -30 54 0.231 2.167 1186
10 40 -30 54 0.25 2.096 1163

Temp = -45 Degree Celcius Fracture Theory

Load (P)
Length of Fracture (kN) -
Crack ( a ) Temperatu Toughness Fracture
(mm) (Dh / 2 + a) re (T) oC ( k1c) d = a / (Dh / 2 + a) Fd Theory
1 31 -45 51 0.032 3.157 2306
1.5 31.5 -45 51 0.048 3.059 1943
2 32 -45 51 0.063 2.97 1733
2.15 32.15 -45 51 0.067 2.947 1685
3 33 -45 51 0.091 2.812 1495
3.5 33.5 -45 51 0.104 2.743 1418
4 34 -45 51 0.118 2.67 1363
5 35 -45 51 0.143 2.546 1279
6 36 -45 51 0.167 2.434 1221
7 37 -45 51 0.189 2.337 1177
8 38 -45 51 0.211 2.246 1146
9 39 -45 51 0.231 2.167 1120
10 40 -45 51 0.25 2.096 1098
 Kawish Shaikh P.Eng. UofC

> Dh/4 ; Hence OK

LOAD (P)

Crack
Length (a)

100
mm
< 1.5xDh ; NOT OK

100 mm
mm2
Both side of Hole 60 mm
Dia. hole
200
35 mm mm

Mpa. Sqrt(m) (60 for Steel WT Caterary 4)

> Dh/2 ; Hence OK

< 5t ; Hence OK
> 2t ; Hence OK

mm
2056 kN

Crack Lenth (a) Vs Tensile Load (P)

 Yeild
Fracture Theory Theory

Load (P)
Stress in Effective (kN) -
the Net width of Yeild Yeild
Section Plate (mm) Theory Stress (s) Crack Le
490 338 2099 345 Net Section will Yeild before Fracture 3500
415 337 2093 345 Net Section will Yeild before Fracture
3000

Load (kN)
371 336 2087 345 Net Section will Yeild before Fracture
342 335 2080 345 Net Section will Fracture 2500
322 334 2074 345 Net Section will Fracture
306 333 2068 345 Net Section will Fracture 2000
295 332 2062 345 Net Section will Fracture
279 330 2049 345 Net Section will Fracture 1500
269 328.4 2039 345 Net Section will Fracture
1000
260 326 2024 345 Net Section will Fracture
254 324 2012 345 Net Section will Fracture
500
250 322 2000 345 Net Section will Fracture
247 320 1987 345 Net Section will Fracture
0
0 2

Yeild
Fracture Theory Theory

Load (P)
Crack L
Stress in Effective (kN) - 3000
the Net width of Yeild Yeild
Section Plate (mm) Theory Stress (s)

Load (kN)
468 338 2099 345 Net Section will Yeild before Fracture 2500
396 337 2093 345 Net Section will Yeild before Fracture
354 336 2087 345 Net Section will Yeild before Fracture 2000
326 335 2080 345 Net Section will Fracture
307 334 2074 345 Net Section will Fracture 1500
292 333 2068 345 Net Section will Fracture
282 332 2062 345 Net Section will Fracture 1000
273 331 2056 345 Net Section will Fracture
255 328 2037 345 Net Section will Fracture 500
248 326 2024 345 Net Section will Fracture
243 324 2012 345 Net Section will Fracture 0
0 2
239 322 2000 345 Net Section will Fracture
236 320 1987 345 Net Section will Fracture
 Yeild
Fracture Theory Theory
Load (P)
Stress in Effective (kN) -
the Net width of Yeild Yeild Crack L
Section Plate (mm) Theory Stress (s) 3000
446 338 2099 345 Net Section will Yeild before Fracture

Load (kN)
377 337 2093 345 Net Section will Yeild before Fracture 2500
337 336 2087 345 Net Section will Fracture
311 335 2080 345 Net Section will Fracture 2000
292 334 2074 345 Net Section will Fracture
278 333 2068 345 Net Section will Fracture 1500
274 332.6 2065 345 Net Section will Fracture
253 330 2049 345 Net Section will Fracture 1000
243 328 2037 345 Net Section will Fracture
236 326 2024 345 Net Section will Fracture 500
231 324 2012 345 Net Section will Fracture
227 322 2000 345 Net Section will Fracture 0
0 2
224 320 1987 345 Net Section will Fracture

Yeild
Fracture Theory Theory

Load (P)
Stress in Effective (kN) - Crack L
3000
the Net width of Yeild Yeild
Section Plate (mm) Theory Stress (s)

Load (kN)
424 338 2099 345 Net Section will Yeild before Fracture 2500
358 337 2093 345 Net Section will Yeild before Fracture
320 336 2087 345 Net Section will Fracture 2000
295 335 2080 345 Net Section will Fracture
278 334 2074 345 Net Section will Fracture 1500
275 333.8 2073 345 Net Section will Fracture
255 332 2062 345 Net Section will Fracture 1000
241 330 2049 345 Net Section will Fracture
231 328 2037 345 Net Section will Fracture 500
224 326 2024 345 Net Section will Fracture
220 324 2012 345 Net Section will Fracture 0
0 2
216 322 2000 345 Net Section will Fracture
213 320 1987 345 Net Section will Fracture

Yeild
Fracture Theory Theory

Crack L
3000
(kN)

2500
 Load (P)
Stress in Effective (kN) - Crack L
3000
the Net width of Yeild Yeild
Section Plate (mm) Theory Stress (s)

Load (kN)
401 338 2099 345 Net Section will Yeild before Fracture 2500
339 337 2093 345 Net Section will Fracture
303 336 2087 345 Net Section will Fracture 2000
280 335 2080 345 Net Section will Fracture
276 334.8 2079 345 Net Section will Fracture 1500
251 333 2068 345 Net Section will Fracture
242 332 2062 345 Net Section will Fracture 1000
228 330 2049 345 Net Section will Fracture
219 328 2037 345 Net Section will Fracture 500
212 326 2024 345 Net Section will Fracture
208 324 2012 345 Net Section will Fracture 0
0 2
205 322 2000 345 Net Section will Fracture
202 320 1987 345 Net Section will Fracture

Yeild
Fracture Theory Theory
Load (P)
Stress in Effective (kN) - Crack L
the Net width of Yeild Yeild 2500
Section Plate (mm) Theory Stress (s)

Load (kN)
379 338 2099 345 Net Section will Yeild before Fracture
2000
320 337 2093 345 Net Section will Fracture
287 336 2087 345 Net Section will Fracture
279 335.7 2085 345 Net Section will Fracture 1500
249 334 2074 345 Net Section will Fracture
237 333 2068 345 Net Section will Fracture 1000
228 332 2062 345 Net Section will Fracture
215 330 2049 345 Net Section will Fracture
500
207 328 2037 345 Net Section will Fracture
201 326 2024 345 Net Section will Fracture
196 324 2012 345 Net Section will Fracture 0
0 2
193 322 2000 345 Net Section will Fracture
191 320 1987 345 Net Section will Fracture
 Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for 30 oC
3500

3000
Load (kN)

2500
Load (P) (kN) - Fracture
2000 Theory
Load (P) (kN) -Yeild
1500 Theory

1000

500

0
0 2 4 a (mm)
6 8 10 12

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for 15 oC

3000
Load (kN)

2500

Crac
2000 3500
Load (P) (kN) - Fracture
Theory
Load (kN)

1500 3000
Load (P) (kN) -Yeild
Theory
2500
1000
2000
500
1500

0 1000
0 2 4 a (mm)
6 8 10 12
500

0
0 2
 0
0 2

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for 0 oC

3000
Load (kN)

2500

2000
Load (P) (kN) - Fracture
Theory
1500 Load (P) (kN) -Yeild
Theory
1000

500

0
0 2 4 a (mm)
6 8 10 12

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for -15 oC

3000
Load (kN)

2500

2000
Load (P) (kN) - Fracture
Theory
1500 Load (P) (kN) -Yeild
Theory
1000

500

0
0 2 4 a (mm)
6 8 10 12

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for -30 oC

3000
(kN)

2500
 Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for -30 oC
3000
Load (kN)

2500

2000
Load (P) (kN) - Fracture
Theory
1500 Load (P) (kN) -Yeild
Theory
1000

500

0
0 2 4 a (mm)
6 8 10 12

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for -45 oC

2500
Load (kN)

2000

1500 Load (P) (kN) - Fracture

Theory
Load (P) (kN) -Yeild
Theory
1000

500

0
0 2 4 a (mm)
6 8 10 12
 Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN)
3500

Temp = 30 Degree
Load (kN)

3000
Celcius
2500 Temp = 15 Degree
Celcius
2000
Temp = Zero Degree
Celcius
1500
Temp = -15 Degree
1000 Celcius
Temp = -45 Degree
500 Celcius

0 Load (P) (kN) -Yeild

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Theory
a (mm)
 Celcius

0 Load (P) (kN) -Yeild

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Theory
a (mm)
 1 Lifting Lug Load Capacity Vs Crack length Calculation
Sample Calculation
Thickness of Lug (t) = 20 mm
Width of Lug (W) = 200 mm
Radius of Circular Section (R) = 100 mm
Diameter of Hole ( Dh) = 60 mm
Diameter of Pin ( Dp) = 57 mm
Distance from centre of hole to Welding (h)= 100 mm
Area of Cross Section = 20 x 200 = 4000
Length of Crack ( a ) = 4.5 mm
Distance from centre of hole to edge of crack = (Dh / 2 + a) =
Temperature (T) = 15 oC
Fracture Toughness ( k1c) = (40 + 0.2 T) Mpa. Sqrt(m)
For -140 < T < 150
K1c = 43 oC

Check For Geometry

We =R- Dh/2 = 100 - 60/ 2 = 70 mm
We =R- Dh/2 = 100 - 60/ 2 = 70 mm
We =R- Dh/2 = 100 - 60/ 2 = 70 mm

By Yeild Theory
Yeild Strength of Plate = 345 MPa
Effective width of plate = 200 - 60- 2 x4.5 = 131
Tensile Load capacity = 0.9 x 345 x 131 x 20/1000 =

By Fracture Theory
K1c = Fd . s. Sqrt( p. a)
Fd = 0.5 x (3 - d) [ 1 + 1.243 x (1 - d) 3 ]
Where, d= a / (Dh / 2 + a)
d= 4.5 / (60/ 2 + 4.5) = 0.13

Fd = 0.5 x (3 -0.13) [ 1 + 1.243 x (1 -0.13)^3 ]

= 2.61

s= Load (P) = P / 4000 = 0.0003

Area

K1c = Fd . s. Sqrt( p. a)
43 = 2.61 x 0.00025P x sqrt(3.1416 x 0.0045)
 Load ( P) = 554 kN

Temp = 30 Degree Celcius Fracture Theory

Load (P)
Length of Fracture (kN) -
Crack ( a ) Temperatu Toughness Fracture
(mm) (Dh / 2 + a) re (T) oC ( k1c) d = a / (Dh / 2 + a) Fd Theory
1 31 30 46 0.032 3.157 1040
1.5 31.5 30 46 0.048 3.059 876
2 32 30 46 0.063 2.97 782
2.5 32.5 30 46 0.077 2.89 718
3 33 30 46 0.091 2.812 674
3.5 33.5 30 46 0.104 2.743 640
4 34 30 46 0.118 2.67 615
5 35 30 46 0.143 2.546 577
5.8 35.8 30 46 0.162 2.457 555
7 37 30 46 0.189 2.337 531
8 38 30 46 0.211 2.246 517
9 39 30 46 0.231 2.167 505
10 40 30 46 0.25 2.096 495

Temp = 15 Degree Celcius Fracture Theory

Load (P)
Length of Fracture (kN) -
Crack ( a ) Temperatu Toughness Fracture
(mm) (Dh / 2 + a) re (T) oC ( k1c) d = a / (Dh / 2 + a) Fd Theory
1 31 15 43 0.032 3.157 972
1.5 31.5 15 43 0.048 3.059 819
2 32 15 43 0.063 2.97 731
2.5 32.5 15 43 0.077 2.89 672
3 33 15 43 0.091 2.812 630
3.5 33.5 15 43 0.104 2.743 598
4 34 15 43 0.118 2.67 575
4.5 34.5 15 43 0.13 2.61 554
6 36 15 43 0.167 2.434 515
7 37 15 43 0.189 2.337 496
8 38 15 43 0.211 2.246 483
9 39 15 43 0.231 2.167 472
10 40 15 43 0.25 2.096 463
Temp = Zero Degree Celcius Fracture Theory
Load (P)
Length of Fracture (kN) -
Crack ( a ) Temperatu Toughness Fracture
(mm) (Dh / 2 + a) re (T) oC ( k1c) d = a / (Dh / 2 + a) Fd Theory
1 31 0 40 0.032 3.157 904
1.5 31.5 0 40 0.048 3.059 762
2 32 0 40 0.063 2.97 680
2.5 32.5 0 40 0.077 2.89 625
3 33 0 40 0.091 2.812 586
3.5 33.5 0 40 0.104 2.743 556
3.7 33.7 0 40 0.11 2.711 547
5 35 0 40 0.143 2.546 501
6 36 0 40 0.167 2.434 479
7 37 0 40 0.189 2.337 462
8 38 0 40 0.211 2.246 449
9 39 0 40 0.231 2.167 439
10 40 0 40 0.25 2.096 431

Temp = -15 Degree Celcius Fracture Theory

Load (P)
Length of Fracture (kN) -
Crack ( a ) Temperatu Toughness Fracture
(mm) (Dh / 2 + a) re (T) oC ( k1c) d = a / (Dh / 2 + a) Fd Theory
1 31 -15 37 0.032 3.157 836
1.5 31.5 -15 37 0.048 3.059 705
2 32 -15 37 0.063 2.97 629
2.5 32.5 -15 37 0.077 2.89 578
3 33 -15 37 0.091 2.812 542
3.1 33.1 -15 37 0.094 2.796 536
4 34 -15 37 0.118 2.67 494
5 35 -15 37 0.143 2.546 464
6 36 -15 37 0.167 2.434 443
7 37 -15 37 0.189 2.337 427
8 38 -15 37 0.211 2.246 416
9 39 -15 37 0.231 2.167 406
10 40 -15 37 0.25 2.096 398

Temp = -30 Degree Celcius Fracture Theory

 Load (P)
Length of Fracture (kN) -
Crack ( a ) Temperatu Toughness Fracture
(mm) (Dh / 2 + a) re (T) oC ( k1c) d = a / (Dh / 2 + a) Fd Theory
1 31 -30 34 0.032 3.157 769
1.5 31.5 -30 34 0.048 3.059 648
2 32 -30 34 0.063 2.97 578
2.5 32.5 -30 34 0.077 2.89 531
2.6 32.6 -30 34 0.08 2.873 524
3.5 33.5 -30 34 0.104 2.743 473
4 34 -30 34 0.118 2.67 454
5 35 -30 34 0.143 2.546 426
6 36 -30 34 0.167 2.434 407
7 37 -30 34 0.189 2.337 392
8 38 -30 34 0.211 2.246 382
9 39 -30 34 0.231 2.167 373
10 40 -30 34 0.25 2.096 366

Temp = -45 Degree Celcius Fracture Theory

Load (P)
Length of Fracture (kN) -
Crack ( a ) Temperatu Toughness Fracture
(mm) (Dh / 2 + a) re (T) oC ( k1c) d = a / (Dh / 2 + a) Fd Theory
1 31 -45 31 0.032 3.157 701
1.5 31.5 -45 31 0.048 3.059 591
2 32 -45 31 0.063 2.97 527
2.15 32.15 -45 31 0.067 2.947 512
3 33 -45 31 0.091 2.812 454
3.5 33.5 -45 31 0.104 2.743 431
4 34 -45 31 0.118 2.67 414
5 35 -45 31 0.143 2.546 389
6 36 -45 31 0.167 2.434 371
7 37 -45 31 0.189 2.337 358
8 38 -45 31 0.211 2.246 348
9 39 -45 31 0.231 2.167 340
10 40 -45 31 0.25 2.096 334
 Kawish Shaikh P.Eng. UofC

> Dh/4 ; Hence OK

LOAD (P)

Crack
Length (a)

100
mm
> 1.5xDh ; Hence OK

100 mm
mm2
Both side of Hole 60 mm
Dia. hole
200
35 mm mm

Mpa. Sqrt(m) (40 for Steel W 350)

> Dh/2 ; Hence OK

< 5t ; Hence OK
> 2t ; Hence OK

mm
814 kN

Crack Lenth (a) Vs Tensile Load (P)

 Yeild
Fracture Theory Theory

Load (P)
Stress in Effective (kN) -
the Net width of Yeild Yeild
Section Plate (mm) Theory Stress (s) Crack Le
419 138 857 345 Net Section will Yeild before Fracture 1200
355 137 851 345 Net Section will Yeild before Fracture

Load (kN)
319 136 845 345 Net Section will Fracture 1000
296 135 838 345 Net Section will Fracture
279 134 832 345 Net Section will Fracture 800
267 133 826 345 Net Section will Fracture
259 132 820 345 Net Section will Fracture 600
246 130 807 345 Net Section will Fracture
240 128.4 797 345 Net Section will Fracture 400
234 126 782 345 Net Section will Fracture
232 124 770 345 Net Section will Fracture 200
230 122 758 345 Net Section will Fracture
229 120 745 345 Net Section will Fracture
0
0 2

Yeild
Fracture Theory Theory

Load (P)
Crack L
Stress in Effective (kN) - 1200
the Net width of Yeild Yeild
Section Plate (mm) Theory Stress (s)

Load (kN)
391 138 857 345 Net Section will Yeild before Fracture 1000
332 137 851 345 Net Section will Fracture
298 136 845 345 Net Section will Fracture 800
276 135 838 345 Net Section will Fracture
261 134 832 345 Net Section will Fracture 600
250 133 826 345 Net Section will Fracture
242 132 820 345 Net Section will Fracture 400
235 131 814 345 Net Section will Fracture
223 128 795 345 Net Section will Fracture 200
219 126 782 345 Net Section will Fracture
216 124 770 345 Net Section will Fracture 0
0 2
215 122 758 345 Net Section will Fracture
214 120 745 345 Net Section will Fracture
 Yeild
Fracture Theory Theory
Load (P)
Stress in Effective (kN) -
the Net width of Yeild Yeild Crack L
Section Plate (mm) Theory Stress (s) 1000
364 138 857 345 Net Section will Yeild before Fracture 900

Load (kN)
309 137 851 345 Net Section will Fracture 800
278 136 845 345 Net Section will Fracture
700
257 135 838 345 Net Section will Fracture
243 134 832 345 Net Section will Fracture 600
232 133 826 345 Net Section will Fracture 500
229 132.6 823 345 Net Section will Fracture 400
214 130 807 345 Net Section will Fracture 300
208 128 795 345 Net Section will Fracture
200
204 126 782 345 Net Section will Fracture
201 124 770 345 Net Section will Fracture 100
200 122 758 345 Net Section will Fracture 0
0 2
199 120 745 345 Net Section will Fracture

Yeild
Fracture Theory Theory

Load (P)
Stress in Effective (kN) - Crack L
900
the Net width of Yeild Yeild
Section Plate (mm) Theory Stress (s) 800

Load (kN)
337 138 857 345 Net Section will Fracture
700
286 137 851 345 Net Section will Fracture
257 136 845 345 Net Section will Fracture 600
238 135 838 345 Net Section will Fracture 500
225 134 832 345 Net Section will Fracture
400
223 133.8 831 345 Net Section will Fracture
208 132 820 345 Net Section will Fracture 300
198 130 807 345 Net Section will Fracture 200
192 128 795 345 Net Section will Fracture
188 126 782 345 Net Section will Fracture 100
186 124 770 345 Net Section will Fracture 0
0 2
185 122 758 345 Net Section will Fracture
184 120 745 345 Net Section will Fracture

Yeild
Fracture Theory Theory

Crack L
900

800
(kN)
 Load (P)
Stress in Effective (kN) - Crack L
900
the Net width of Yeild Yeild
Section Plate (mm) Theory Stress (s) 800

Load (kN)
309 138 857 345 Net Section will Fracture
700
263 137 851 345 Net Section will Fracture
236 136 845 345 Net Section will Fracture 600
219 135 838 345 Net Section will Fracture 500
216 134.8 837 345 Net Section will Fracture
400
198 133 826 345 Net Section will Fracture
191 132 820 345 Net Section will Fracture 300
182 130 807 345 Net Section will Fracture 200
177 128 795 345 Net Section will Fracture
100
173 126 782 345 Net Section will Fracture
171 124 770 345 Net Section will Fracture 0
0 2
170 122 758 345 Net Section will Fracture
169 120 745 345 Net Section will Fracture

Yeild
Fracture Theory Theory
Load (P)
Stress in Effective (kN) - Crack L
900
the Net width of Yeild Yeild
Section Plate (mm) Theory Stress (s) 800

Load (kN)
282 138 857 345 Net Section will Fracture
700
239 137 851 345 Net Section will Fracture
215 136 845 345 Net Section will Fracture 600
210 135.7 843 345 Net Section will Fracture 500
188 134 832 345 Net Section will Fracture
180 133 826 345 Net Section will Fracture 400
174 132 820 345 Net Section will Fracture 300
166 130 807 345 Net Section will Fracture
200
161 128 795 345 Net Section will Fracture
158 126 782 345 Net Section will Fracture 100
156 124 770 345 Net Section will Fracture 0
0 2
155 122 758 345 Net Section will Fracture
155 120 745 345 Net Section will Fracture
 Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for 30 oC
1200
Load (kN)

1000

800
Load (P) (kN) - Fracture
Theory
600 Load (P) (kN) -Yeild
Theory
400

200

0
0 2 4 a (mm)
6 8 10 12

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for 15 oC

1200
Load (kN)

1000

Crac
800 1200
Load (P) (kN) - Fracture
Theory
Load (kN)

600 Load (P) (kN) -Yeild 1000

Theory
400 800

200 600

400
0
0 2 4 a (mm)
6 8 10 12
200

0
0 2
 0
0 2

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for 0 oC

1000
900
Load (kN)

800
700
600 Load (P) (kN) - Fracture
Theory
500 Load (P) (kN) -Yeild
Theory
400
300
200
100
0
0 2 4 a (mm)
6 8 10 12

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for -15 oC

900

800
Load (kN)

700

600
Load (P) (kN) - Fracture
500 Theory
Load (P) (kN) -Yeild
400 Theory
300

200

100

0
0 2 4 a (mm)
6 8 10 12

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for -30 oC

900

800
(kN)
 Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for -30 oC
900

800
Load (kN)

700

600
Load (P) (kN) - Fracture
500 Theory
Load (P) (kN) -Yeild
400 Theory
300

200

100

0
0 2 4 a (mm)
6 8 10 12

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for -45 oC

900

800
Load (kN)

700

600
Load (P) (kN) - Fracture
500 Theory
Load (P) (kN) -Yeild
400 Theory
300

200

100

0
0 2 4 a (mm)
6 8 10 12
 Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN)
1200

Temp = 30 Degree
Load (kN)

1000 Celcius
Temp = 15 Degree
800 Celcius

600 Temp = Zero Degree

Celcius

400 Temp = -15 Degree

Celcius

200 Temp = -45 Degree

Celcius

0 Load (P) (kN) -Yeild

Theory
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
a (mm)
 Celcius

0 Load (P) (kN) -Yeild

Theory
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
a (mm)