PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT REJVI AHMED BHUIYA LECTURER DEPT. OF CROP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE ,UNIVERSITY OF RAJSHAHI is participation? . Participation has quite different connotation for different people (Van den Ben, 1998) such as: 1. Co-operations of farmers in the executions of the extension program by attending extension meetings, demonstratingnew method on their farms, asking questions to their extension agentsetc. 2. Organization of the implementation of extension activities by framers groups, such as extension meeting where an extension agent give a lecture, organizing workers and demonstrations, publishing a farm paper in which extension agents and researchers write for farmers etc. 3. Providing information, which is necessary for planning an effective extension program. 4. Farms or their representative participate in organization of extension services in decision-making on goals target groups, messages and methods and in evaluation of a Definition of participation ‘The term participation has different meaning for different people. The terms has been used to build local capacity and self reliance, but also to justify the extension of control of the state, It has been used to develop power and decision making away from extemal agencies, but also to justify external decisions (Prelly ela, 1995). Participation of the people involved in development programs is often seen as a way of make these programs more successful, ‘especially for solving problems of poor people (van den, Ban, 1998).What és participatory rural appraisal Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a way of enabling local people to analyze their living conditions to share the outcomes and to plan their activities. It is a way of learning with and from communities in order to investigate, analyze and evaluate constraints and opportunities for throughout the world, The major emphasis is on active participation of communities in the process of] problem identification prioritization and solution secking. Outsiders have a role as conveyors, catalysts and facilitators. It is “handing over he stick to the in sider” in methods and action, RRA and PRA Concepts Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) is still essentially extractive or cliciting in nature. Analysis and utilization of the results remain largely in the hands of outside cxperts. BRA could therefore be paraphrased as a way of generating and applying new participatory data gathering and analyzing instruments for outsiders. PRA is a way of thinking and behaving that demands a reversal of roles. It stresses that those actually affected should assume an active role in conducting and analyzing their own living conditions and evaluation the result. Priority is attached to having the outsiders cam from the residents of the village or urban “neighborhood in which the study is being performed and on being performed and on jointly perceiving the local living situation the basis for co-operative planning and action.Characteristics of PRA 1. Triangular is done in respect of (a) common of tram ( men, women, insiders and outsiders), (b) sources of information, and (c) mix of techniques. 2. Bis flexible and it believes in informality 3, Ie uses multi-disciplinary team having different skills and backgrounds 4. It is learning and problem solving tool. 5. It works in the community. 6. Itencourages group participation and discussion 7. Group members collect information process it. 8. It analyses data on the spot. 9. The information is not hidden but transparent. 10. Itis subject to revision by eliciting comments/ suggestions.Differing Focuses of RRA and PRA (DSE: 1993) Parameters RRA PRA Developed in Late 19708'1980s Late 1980s'1990s Key resource Local people's knowledge Local people's} (analytical) Main innovations Change of behavior and atindes Mode Extractive Facilitating “Mode of instruments Verbal (interview; discussion) Viswal (particpatery] diagramming) Ideal objectives Learning from insiders by outsiders Empowerment of local people Outsiders role Investigator Initiator and Catalyst Insider's role Respondent Presenter, analyst and planner Amodel For participatory intervention For interaction ‘Who demands Donor organization Insiders (ideally)Participatory Technology Development (PTD) 1. Rtrefers to combining knowledge and rescarch capacities of local communities aid of research and development (R & D) organizations in an interactive leaming process. It involves identifying, generation, testing and adapting new techniques and practices. The ultimate aim is to strengthen the experimental and technology management capacities of the local people. It is the process of combining the indigenous knowledge and research capacities of the local farming communities with that of research and development (R&D) institutions in an interactive way, in order to identify, generate, test and apply new techniques and practices and (o strengthen the existing experimental and technology management capacities to the farmers; often known as “People-Centered Technology Development” (Reijntjes, Haverkort and Watcrs-Baycr, 1992). :PAGE [2 sion Programme Peoples’ Participation in Agricultural Exten Peoples’ Participation pation in Agricultural Extensi : Concept of Peoples’ participation in extensi ee e ion work; objectives, positi Negative factors of Peoples’ Participation. ” ae Questions: ™ = © Write down the Concept of peoples’ participation. © Define participation, State the classification of participation. (16, 17) © State the factors which affect the participation in extension work. (16) © Describe the Positive and negative features of people’s participation (15) © State the blocks to participation. © Why people's participation need in extension program? © Write down the levels of Participation. Peoples' Participation in Agricultural Extension Programme © Write down the Concept of peoples' participation. Concept of people's participation > People's participation is of crucial important for the success of an extension program. There is a great principle that the higher the participation, the * greater the effectiveness of the extension worker. In a democratic setup nothing can be imposed on the people, voluntary participation has to be encouraged and obtained, People's participation in the planning, implementation and evaluation of programs is desirable because they can provide information on which can improve this programs and it iinproves opportunities for collective decision making. It also increases people's power to influence their own decisions. Clear decisions should be the goal of peoples that their representatives. Similarly extension agents are expected to contribute positively to this decision-making process, including ways in which the People's Representative are chosen, Participation cannot be achieved in an extension organisation with an authoritarian style of leadership: People's participation may be defined as the process of giving priority to local people's perspective in identifying and analyzing their problems and opportunities and improving the situation through their self-mobilization The focus is on the insides i.e local peoples perspective rather than one outsiders change agent development administrators perspective. People’s participation is contrary to “I know what they require “type of bureaucratic approach. ‘People’s participation is a crucial importance for the sticcess of extension Programme. Nothing should be imposed on the people voluntary participation alorphathe@gmail.com The Sixteenth SERED EE FEE ENSPace|3 ‘Agricultural Extension ‘Peoples Participation ia Agricultural Extension Programme of the peoples have to be encouraged and obtain participation in Planning and implementation of programs is important because through the process people learn to change their Behaviour for their own development. > People's participation is of crucial importance for the success of an extension programme. Nothing can be imposed on the people, voluntary participation of the people have to be encouraged and obtained. Participation in planning and implementation of programmes is important, because through this process people learn to change their behaviour for their own development. © What is participation? Participation Participation has quite different connotations for different peoples 1. (Cooperationjof farmers in the execution of the extension programme by “attending extension meeting, demonstrating new method on their farms asking questions'to their extension agents etc. 2. — Organization of the implementation of extension activities by farmers groups, such as extension meeting where an extension agent give a lecture, organising workers and demonstrations, publishing a Farm paper in which extension agent and researcher write for farmers etc. 3. © Providing information, which is necessary for planning an effective extension program. 4. Farmers or their representatives participate in organisation of the extension service in decision making on goals, target groups, message and methods and in evolution of activities. Participation The term participation has different meaning for different people, The term has been used to build local capacity and self-reliance, but also to justify the extension of control of the state. It has been used to develop power and decision making away from external Agencies but also to justify external decisions. (Pretty elat, 1995) ; Participation of the people involved in developinent programme is often seen as a way of make these programmes more successful, especially for solving problems of peoples people's. (Vab deb Ban, 1998). Participation may be defined as the process of giving priority to local people's perspective in identifying and analysing their problems and opportunities and improving the situation through their self mobilisation.(Ray,2003) So, participation can be defined as a mental and emotional involvement pf a person to make contribution to the decision making process, specially ommatters in which personal involvement of the person exist, assuming that he/she shares the responsibility for them. alor.phathe@gmail.com ‘The Sixteenth 3 8 IE IO IIIFact ors of people particinaer he participation in extension work. (16) ‘actors influencing participati i participat: idee programmes. ation of people in agricultural and rural development 1 3. pie advantages of the progeam for the members of the family A ‘ost and Labour involved in relation'to the return 5. Timelines of the recommendation in relation to operation 6. Ease or difficulty with which the change can be made Z Consistency of the proposed action in relation to be previous programs 9. Encouragement by neighbour-and other who are respected in the society. Advantages/ Pace |4 Peoples’ Paticipation in Agriculural Eatensio Programine © State the factors which affect t : Be extent of personal interest -one feels in the program extent to which a program is based on the felt needs of the people Confidence of the people in the extension agents and the organisation © Describe the positive and negative features of people’s participation (15) 1. Participation a ble to use of knowledge, experience and reSources of the local peopl 2. Participation is a learning process through which people can develop their capabilities. : 5 3. It helps in individual aind collec "4. Programmes involving participation of the people are more likely to be sustained after outside funding and support aré reduced'or withdrawn. 5. Participation by the poorer elements prevent the ‘benefits by wealthier sections of the community. 6. e ated, as lack of participation may develop in the people a feeling of isolation and neglect, and ultimately. generate frustration and dissidence amongst them. Limitations/ 1. Participation may lead to a delayed start ee progress in the initial stage of the field work, thereby delaying the achievement of physical as well ‘as financial targets. An increased requirement of materials and human resources to support participation maybe a more costly method of implementing development program. Since participation is a process, once it is initiated the process has to be allowed to take'its own course and hence may not move along the expected lines, . \ Since participation is a empowering process, the people or communities are empowered to make decisions donors governments and other players havePeoples Partcipstion in Agricultural Extension to relinguish power and control. Reliquishing power and control is not | easy. 5. In participation process, a lot of expectation of the people are generated. Increase expectation due to involvement of the local people, however, may not always be realised. Limitations of People's Participation 1, It is a time consuming process. 2. It requires capability and patience of the extension agents to make people Participate. + Programmes which are technically feasible, economically profitable, socially acceptable, and environmentally safe and sustainable are likely to ensure People's participation. \ \<@ Why people's participation need in extension program? People's participation need in extension program ‘There are several reasons why it is desirable for farmers to participate in decision regarding the extension program 1. They have informatioiwhich is cricial for planning a successful extension Program including their goals) situation, knowledge and éxperience with Technologies and with Extension and or the social structuire of their society. | 2. They will be more jnotivated in the extension program if they share | responsibility for it. 3. In democratic society it is Generally Accepted that the people involved: have the right to participate in decisio’ about the goals they hope to achieve 4. Many Agricultural Development problem as soil erosion controls sustainable, livelihood improvement and achievement of a sustainable farming, system can.no longer-be solved individual decision making. Participation of the targét group is collective decision is required. 5. Participation makes it possible'to achieve more piofotind change in ways people think. There will be less change in their way of thinking and acting and these changes will be short lived if they follow Recommendation of their extension agent of obediently, than when responsibility far decision is shared. © State the classification of participation. (16, 17) © Write down the levels of Participation Levels of Participation There may be séveral levels of participation by the people. Following Pretly (1994), these are—TEER Peoples’ Particig i i Mtns ented Enso ES Agricultural Extension Pepi paren atn. e€ ei . is a undatery pastels rng to happen or has aeady management without listening to peice Y an administration or project shared belongs-only to exten oa The information being ce tionnaire sumone aa Pred y erative researches using to influence eee a es. eople do not have the Opportunity checked for accuracy. ings of the researches are neither shared nor 3. Participation by consultation. People participate by being consulted, and external agents listen to views, These external agents define both problems and solutions and may modify these in the Jight of people's responses. Such a consultative process does not concede any share in decision making, and professionals are under no obligation to accept people's views. : 4. Participation for material incentive. People participate by providing some on-farm facilities like land, labour, irrigation etc, in lieu of certain external inputs like seeds, fertilizer, pesticides and even cash incentives ete. If these are for on-fatri trials, there is less of involvement ‘and sharing of knowledge by the people. The people may not prolong the activities when the Incentives end. : 5. Functional participation. People may also participate by forming groups to meet predetermined objectives related to a project, which can involve the development or promotion of externally initiated ‘social organization. ‘The instructions tend'to be dependent on external ‘initiators and facilitators, but the groups may gradually become self-dependent. 6. Interactive participation. People participate in-joint analysis, which leads to action plans and the formation of new local institutions or strengthening of existing ones. It tends to involve interdisciplinary methodologies that seek multiple perspectives and make use of systemic and structured learning processes. These groups take control over local decisions, and so people have stake in maintaining structures or practices. Example, joint management of forests by professionals and local forest users. 1. Self-mobilization. . People participate by taking initiative independent of external institution to change systems. ‘They develop contact with external institutions for resources and technical advice they need, but retain’control over how resources are used. ‘Such self-initiated mobilization and collective action may or may not challenge existing inequitable distribution of wealth and power.ae ee RE e Blocks to participation Each person may have one or more block that prevent his participation. The important ones may be given as follows 1. Fear: A member may feel that others in the group are smarter than him and that his participation mat'leave him open to ridicule __ 2+ “Insecurity: perhaps other in the group may not like him. He may say, the wrong thing or his cloths may look shabby. 3. Lack of knowledge: some members may lack of knowledge about the objectives of the group. ~4. Lack of time: somebody's name may be on the membership list but he may not have timc to attend meeting . Lack of skill: one may feel that others have more training and experience than he has and so does not participate. Vested interest: A member may have more ivealth'and thus he may not Participate in the group ‘meeting which is going to decide to have more taxes one big owners. ~7.° Group values: one May belong to a different (political) group and his participation in a meeting may.put him in an awkward situation. a reli © Why failed of an extension programme. Factors to be considered to ensure people's participation in extension Program/reasons for failure of an extension programme There may be many reasons for which a program may fail. It is necessary for the extension personnel to be aware of the important ones so that necessary precautions should be taken to prevent them. These are- a it: Lack of cominitment by any or all concerned i.e. the participant, extension agents and Organisation may Jead to failure of a program. : cs 2. i can not be effective . unless the goal are clear (people understand them),’attainable (can be accomplished) and actionable (can be put to practice] 3. Failed to develop and implemented strategies: Without a'sound strategy i.e. a synthesis of objectives goals and action plan program are likely to go astray. Moreover, unless the’strategy is implemented the program remains only a'statement of wishes and hopes. 4.” Failure to program planning as a rational process: Program planning is a special exercise in rationality! Going through the step without reasoning for keeping the step§ may adversely affected the program, 5. Excessive Reliance'on experience: Experience is essential but it can bea substitute for current scientific information, Excessive dependence on experience may make a development programme ineffective. 6. Failure to identify the limiting factors: In spite of everything appearing alright, there may be one or two limiting factor which may adversely affect the program. : 5 7 less the extension finctionaty gets adequate support from the organisation and has a clear delegation of authority to take decision, the program may fall through. 9.4."Sere rae L Agricultural Extension . PAGE [8 Peoples Participation in Agricultural Extension Programme 8. ‘¢: A program implies something new, It means change. Unless the human mind is available to change, the program may get stuck up. :figrieuiturel Extension Clueation Pace [at vamme Planning Exlension Prog, A SAMPLE OF A CALENDAR OF Wo! RK Based on the Plan of Work i ; Presented earlier, a number of Calendar of Work can be rrepared. On quarterly basis, for example, four Calendar of Works can be prepered fom at Plan of Work. Below appears a Calendar of Work showing in detail the orsreron phase. ame of the programme : Increasing Production of Winter Vegetables ear of planning : 2017-18 Farget groups : Small and marginal farmers of the Upazila Place / Location: Paba Upazila under Rajshahi district Activity 1 : Method demonstration on low-cost compost preparation technique in the homesteadl SI. | Works tobe done | Quantifiable | Specific | Specific |Budget] Personnel No. a0 indicators | location | _ time responsible| [Selection of farmers andSelection of 5 [Allover the [I-15 July, No cost BAAOs place men andS = [Upazila 17 : omen farmer rOUps [Preparation of training [Preparation of 3 [pazila 15-30 July, No cost [EO b. |module raining modulesHead = [17 quarter [Preparation of training [Preparation of3 Upazila {1530 July, (fi. ABO jy, |materials and ip charts on fi 17 f,000 * arrangement of logistics ompost uarters reparation [ining ofSkA0s on [rainingof20VpasiaPI-i5 "Jp, KO, AAO, #. [compost preparation SAAOs Prsining fugust'17 [oo99 EO entre b [Training of the selected firaining of 10 [Upazila {i531 jf. BO/AABO js. [farmers on compost farmer groups raining [August 17 100,000 [preparation ntre ILay out and Betting 30 elected I-15 fp, BAO J [demonstration setup [demonstrations farms sep'17. bo, 00 First field day [TO field days Farms of 0-30 Sep. ffi. BAAO and e selected 17 0,000 fal the farmers fficers This Calendar of Work shows the specific responsibilities of all the Upazila level extension personnel from I July to 30 September 2017 for the Upazila level extension personnel earlier. However, both Plan of Work and Calendar of Work may also be Prepared on the activities of only one person. Who is /are to Prepare Plan of Work and Calendar of Work In all kinds of advanced planning, itis expected that the respective personnel themselves, Prepares the Plan of Work and Calendar of Work, This may however later require formal approval of the concerned authority. Itis expected that the extension workers would themselves prepare own Plan of Work. The extension workers in doing so would consult with the concerned officers and then collectively decide who will do what works with whom and when. alor.phathe@gmailcom The Sixteenth‘Agricultural Extgnsion Education Exlgnsion Programme Planning © Describe different types of partnership program (13) Types of partnership program A partnership is a relationship with an entity where both exter and the learner/partner may be benefited by it A partnership program is a program developed on the basis of partnership. n organisation It is of two type- 1.-Collaborative partnership program In collaborative partnership program partnership policies will be approved by the extension Foundation board of direct and implemented by the staff Collaborative partnership program characters. 1. Partner will have no control of content unless agreed upon in a memorandum of agreement/ understanding between extension organisation and the partner Partners may be a member of a collaborative partnership program and will 2. enjoy the rights and responsibilities of the program 3. Partners must be in aggeement with extension mission, vision, values and guiding principles 4. Partners should related to the content they are partnering. 5. Partners contributing content and expertise must agree to the partner agreement 6. _ Individuals from partnering entity must agree to the contributor licence to contribute content/expertise 7. Allcontent and/or expertise from partner will be peer-received, copy edited and undergo the publishing process and as other collaborative partnership program contribution. 8. Partners may not advertise, promote or sell product Partners must have a privacy policy that is clearly posted anid link on their home page 2. Supportive partnership program In supportive partnership program will be approved by the extension Foundation broad of directioan and implemented by the supportive members. Supportive partnership program characters- 1. Partners have no control of content Partners must be in agreement with extension mission, vision, values and 2 guiding principles 3. Partners should include to the content they are partnering 4. Sight partner agreement written by extension organisation will be, created ‘an agreed upon by the organisation and partners when seemed necessary 5. Partners may be listed in the the partner organisation page with their name only 6. Content may more reference to partner's product but may not enforce or promote partner or product. The Sixteenth