Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology

5th Edition by Eric Whaites, Nicholas Drage

ISBN 0702051683 9780702051685 download

https://ebookball.com/product/essentials-of-dental-radiography-
and-radiology-5th-edition-by-eric-whaites-nicholas-drage-
isbn-0702051683-9780702051685-5514/

Download more ebook instantly today - Get yours now at ebookball.com

 Get Your Digital Files Instantly: PDF, ePub, MOBI and More
Quick Digital Downloads: PDF, ePub, MOBI and Other Formats

Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology 5th edition by Eric

Whaites, Nicholas Drage 9780702058707 070205870X

https://ebookball.com/product/essentials-of-dental-radiography-
and-radiology-5th-edition-by-eric-whaites-nicholas-
drage-9780702058707-070205870x-1658/

Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology 5th Edition by Nicholas

Drage,Eric Whaites 9780702058707 070205870X

https://ebookball.com/product/essentials-of-dental-radiography-
and-radiology-5th-edition-by-nicholas-drage-eric-
whaites-9780702058707-070205870x-5946/

Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology 5th Edition by Nicholas

Drage,Eric Whaites 9780702058707 070205870X

https://ebookball.com/product/essentials-of-dental-radiography-
and-radiology-5th-edition-by-nicholas-drage-eric-
whaites-9780702058707-070205870x-5944/

Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology 5th Edition by Eric

Whaites, Nicholas Drage ISBN 0702045993 9780702045998

https://ebookball.com/product/essentials-of-dental-radiography-
and-radiology-5th-edition-by-eric-whaites-nicholas-drage-
isbn-0702045993-9780702045998-6944/
Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology 6th Edition by Eric
Whaites, Nicholas Drage ISBN 07020768809780702076886

https://ebookball.com/product/essentials-of-dental-radiography-
and-radiology-6th-edition-by-eric-whaites-nicholas-drage-
isbn-07020768809780702076886-5486/

Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology 6th Edition by Eric

Whaites,Nicholas Drage 9780702076893 0702076899

https://ebookball.com/product/essentials-of-dental-radiography-
and-radiology-6th-edition-by-eric-whaites-nicholas-
drage-9780702076893-0702076899-6068/

Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology 3rd Edition by Eric

Whaites ISBN 044307027X 9780443070273

https://ebookball.com/product/essentials-of-dental-radiography-
and-radiology-3rd-edition-by-eric-whaites-
isbn-044307027x-9780443070273-6946/

Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology 4th Edition by Eric

Whaites ISBN 044310168X 9780443101687

https://ebookball.com/product/essentials-of-dental-radiography-
and-radiology-4th-edition-by-eric-whaites-
isbn-044310168x-9780443101687-6942/

Radiography and Radiology for Dental Care Professionals 2nd Edition by

Eric Whaites ISBN 0702030406 9780702030406

https://ebookball.com/product/radiography-and-radiology-for-
dental-care-professionals-2nd-edition-by-eric-whaites-
isbn-0702030406-9780702030406-6878/
Essentials of Dental
Radiography and Radiology

FIFTH EDITION

Eric Whaites, MSc BDS(Hons)

FDSRCS(Edin) FDSRCS(Eng) FRCR
DDRRCR
Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant in Dental and Maxillofacial
Radiology, Head of the Unit of Dental and Maxillofacial Radiological
Imaging, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's, King's College
and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK

Nicholas Drage, BDS(Hons)

FDSRCS(Eng) FDSRCPS(Glas)
DDRRCR
Consultant and Honorary Senior Lecturer in Dental and Maxillofacial
Radiology, University Dental Hospital, Cardiff and Vale University Health
Board, Cardiff, UK
Illustrator: Antbits
Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Dedication

Copyright

Preface

Acknowledgements

List of colour plates

Additional online material

Part 1: Introduction

Chapter 1: The radiographic image

Introduction

Nature of the radiographic image

 Quality of the radiographic image

Perception of the radiographic image

Common types of dental radiographs

Part 2: Radiation physics, equipment and radiation

protection

Chapter 2: The production, properties and interactions of X-rays

Introduction

Atomic structure

X-ray production

Interaction of X-rays with matter

Chapter 3: Dental X-ray generating equipment

Ideal requirements

Main components of the tubehead

Main components of the control panel

Circuitry and tube voltage

Other X-ray generating apparatus

Chapter 4: Image receptors

Radiographic film

Digital receptors
Chapter 5: Image processing
Chemical processing

Computer digital processing

Chapter 6: Radiation dose, dosimetry and dose limitation

Dose units

Dose limits

Dose rate

Dose limitation

Chapter 7: The biological effects associated with X-rays, risk and

practical radiation protection
Radiation-induced tissue damage

Classification of the biological effects

Practical radiation protection

Footnote

Part 3: Radiography

Chapter 8: Dental radiography – general patient considerations

including control of infection
General guidelines on patient care

Specific requirements when X-raying children and patients with disabilities

Control of infection
 Footnote

Chapter 9: Periapical radiography

Main indications

Ideal positioning requirements

Radiographic techniques

Positioning difficulties often encountered in periapical radiography

Chapter 10: Bitewing radiography

Main indications

Ideal technique requirements

Positioning techniques

Resultant radiographs

Chapter 11: Occlusal radiography

Terminology and classification

Chapter 12: Oblique lateral radiography

Introduction

Terminology

Main indications

Equipment required

Basic technique principles

Positioning examples for various oblique lateral radiographs

Bimolar technique
Chapter 13: Skull and maxillofacial radiography
Equipment, patient positioning and projections

Chapter 14: Cephalometric radiography

Main indications

Equipment

Main radiographic projections

Cephalometric posteroanterior of the jaws (PA jaws)

Chapter 15: Tomography and panoramic radiography

Introduction

Tomographic theory

Panoramic tomography

Selection criteria

Equipment

Technique and positioning

Footnote

Chapter 16: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)

Main indications

Equipment and theory

Technique and positioning

Footnote
Chapter 17: The quality of radiographic images and quality
assurance
Introduction

Film-based image quality

Practical factors influencing film-based image quality

Typical film faults

Patient preparation and positioning (radiographic technique) errors (Fig. 17.6)

Quality assurance in dental radiology

Digital image quality

Practical factors influencing digital image quality

Typical digital image faults

Quality control procedures for digital radiography

Footnote

Chapter 18: Alternative and specialized imaging modalities

Introduction

Contrast studies

Radioisotope imaging

Computed tomography (CT)

Ultrasound

Magnetic resonance (MR)

Part 4: Radiology
Chapter 19: Introduction to radiological interpretation
Essential requirements for interpretation

Conclusion

Chapter 20: Dental caries and the assessment of restorations

Introduction

Classification of caries

Diagnosis and detection of caries

Other important radiographic appearances

Limitations of radiographic detection of caries

Radiographic assessment of restorations

Limitations of the radiographic image

Suggested guidelines for interpreting bitewing images

Chapter 21: The periapical tissues

Introduction

Normal radiographic appearances

Radiographic appearances of periapical inflammatory changes

Other important causes of periapical radiolucency

Suggested guidelines for interpreting periapical images

Chapter 22: The periodontal tissues and periodontal disease

Introduction

Selection criteria
 Radiographic features of healthy periodontium

Classification of periodontal disease

Radiographic features of periodontal disease and the assessment of bone

loss and furcation involvement

Evaluation of treatment measures

Limitations of radiographic diagnosis

Chapter 23: Implant assessment

Introduction

Main indications

Treatment planning considerations

Radiographic examination

Postoperative evaluation and follow-up

Footnote

Chapter 24: Developmental abnormalities

Introduction

Classification of developmental abnormalities

Typical radiographic appearances of the more common and important

developmental abnormalities

Radiographic assessment of mandibular third molars

Radiographic assessment of unerupted maxillary canines

Chapter 25: Radiological differential diagnosis – describing a lesion

Introduction
 Detailed description of a lesion

Footnote

Chapter 26: Differential diagnosis of radiolucent lesions of the jaws

Introduction

Step-by-step guide

Typical radiographic features of cysts

Typical radiographic features of tumours and tumour-like lesions

Typical radiographic features of bone-related lesions

Footnote

Chapter 27: Differential diagnosis of lesions of variable radiopacity

in the jaws
Typical radiographic features of abnormalities of the teeth

Typical radiographic features of conditions of variable opacity affecting bone

Summary

Typical radiographic features of soft tissue calcifications

Typical radiographic features of foreign bodies

Chapter 28: Bone diseases of radiological importance

Introduction

Developmental or genetic disorders

Infective or inflammatory conditions

Hormone-related diseases

Blood dyscrasias
 Diseases of unknown cause

Chapter 29: Trauma to the teeth and facial skeleton

Introduction

Injuries to the teeth and their supporting structures

Skeletal fractures

Fractures of the mandible

Fractures of the middle third of the facial skeleton

Other fractures and injuries

Chapter 30: The temporomandibular joint

Introduction

Normal anatomy

Investigations

Main pathological conditions affecting the TMJ

Footnote

Chapter 31: The maxillary antra

Introduction

Normal anatomy

Normal appearance of the antra on conventional radiographs

Antral disease

Investigation and appearance of disease within the antra

Other paranasal air sinuses

Chapter 32: The salivary glands
Salivary gland disorders

Investigations

Bibliography and suggested reading

Index
Dedication

To our families
Copyright

© 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on
how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher's
permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such
as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing
Agency, can be found at our website:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are
protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be
noted herein).
First edition 1992
Second edition 1996
Third edition 2002
Fourth edition 2007
Fifth edition 2013
ISBN 9780702045998
eBook ISBN 9780702051685

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of
Congress
Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As

new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in
research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may
become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own

experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information,
methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using
such information or methods they should be mindful of their own
safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have
a professional responsibility.

With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified,

readers are advised to check the most current information provided
(i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each
product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or
formula, the method and duration of administration, and
contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on
their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make
diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each
individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors,
contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or
damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability,
negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any
methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material
herein.
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Preface
It is now 20 years since the first edition of Essentials was published
and I felt that the time was right for the injection of new ideas and to
bring on board a co-author. I am delighted that my friend and
colleague for many years, Nicholas Drage, accepted both the offer
and the challenge.
Together we have gone through, revised and updated every
chapter. Now that Cone Beam CT is established as the imaging
modality of choice in certain clinical situations, this section has been
expanded and numerous new examples of advanced imaging have
been added throughout. We have also replaced some of the
conventional images with new and better examples.
A major change has been the establishment of a website linked to
the book. This has allowed us the opportunity to remove the detailed
UK legislative details (only relevant to UK dentists) from the book.
We can now update this information, as and when necessary, and
readers from outside the UK are spared unnecessary and irrelevant
details. More importantly the linked website has given us the
opportunity to include on-line self-assessment questions based on
each chapter. We hope this innovation will provide a useful
additional teaching and learning resource for students and
practitioners.
The aims and objectives of this book remain the same, namely to
provide a basic and practical account of what we consider to be the
essential subject matter of both dental radiography and radiology
required by undergraduate and postgraduate dental students. As in
previous editions some things have inevitably had to be omitted, or
sometimes, over-simplified. It therefore remains first and foremost a
teaching manual, rather than a comprehensive reference book. We
hope the content remains sufficiently broad, detailed and up-to-date
to satisfy the requirements of most undergraduate and postgraduate
examinations. Students are encouraged to build on the information
acquired here by using the excellent and more comprehensive
textbooks already available.
Once again, we hope that the result is a clear, logical and easily
understandable text, that continues to make a positive contribution
to the challenging task of teaching and learning dental radiology.
EW
London 2013
Acknowledgements
As with previous editions, this edition has only been possible thanks
to the enormous amount of help and encouragement that we have
received from our families, friends and colleagues (now too
numerous to mention them all by name) in both London and Cardiff.
Over the years many people have contributed their help and
advice for which we are very grateful, but none more so than
Professor Rod Cawson who died in the summer of 2007. Without his
help and involvement the first Essentials manuscript would never
have been completed. Sadly, for the first time, there is no Foreword
written by him in this edition. However, his unfailing support and
encouragement will never be forgotten.
For this edition we would like to thank in particular Chris
Greenall and Tim Huckstep from the Dental Radiology Department
in Cardiff Dental Hospital and Christie Lennox from the Dental
Illustration Unit in Cardiff University for their help in producing
many of the new radiographic images. We would also like to thank
Wil Evans for his help with the section on radiation dose and Arnold
Rust for his help with the section on dosemeters.
We are also grateful to the Health Protection Agency (formerly the
National Radiological Protection Board) for their permission to again
reproduce parts of the 2001 Guidance Notes (that now appear in the
on-line section on the book) and to reproduce parts of their specific
guidance on the use of CBCT. We are also grateful to Professor Keith
Horner and the Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK) for their
permission to reproduce sections from their 2013 Selection Criteria
booklet and to Professor Horner and SEDENTEX CT project for their
permission to reproduce some material from their 2011 guidelines
on the clinical use of CBCT.
Special thanks to the team at Elsevier including Alison Taylor,
Caroline Jones, Barbara Simmons, Richard Tibbetts and Jim
Chiazzese for all their help and advice with project – both the book
itself and the on-line resource.
Finally, the most special thanks of all to our wives Catriona and
Anji and our children Stuart, Felicity and Claudia, and Karisma and
Jaimini for their love, encouragement and understanding throughout
the production of this edition.
EW
London 2013
ND
Cardiff 2013
List of colour plates
Fig. 9.6 A A selection of film packet and digital phosphor plate
holders designed for the paralleling technique. Note how some
manufacturers use colour coding to identify holders for different
parts of the mouth. B Holders incorporating additional rectangular
collimation – the Masel Precision all-in-one metal holder and the
Rinn XCP holder with the metal collimator attached to the locator
ring. C Blue anterior and yellow posterior Rinn XCP-DS solid-state
digital sensor holders. D Green/yellow anterior and red/yellow
posterior Hawe–Neos holders suitable for film packets and digital
phosphor plates. (See p. 88)
Fig. 9.7 A The anterior Rinn XCP holder suitable for imaging the
maxillary incisors and canines. B Diagram showing the four small
image receptors required to image the right and left maxillary
incisors and canines. C The anterior Rinn XCP holder suitable for
imaging the mandibular incisors and canines. D Diagram showing
the three small image receptors required to image the right and left
mandibular incisors and canines. (See p. 88)
Fig. 9.8 A The posterior Rinn XCP holder assembled for imaging
the RIGHT maxillary premolars and molars. B The posterior Rinn
XCP holder assembled for imaging the LEFT maxillary premolars
and molars. C Diagram showing the two large image receptors
required to image the right and left premolars and molars in each
quadrant. D The posterior Rinn XCP holder assembled for imaging
the RIGHT mandibular premolars and molars. E The posterior Rinn
XCP holder assembled for imaging the LEFT mandibular premolars
and molars. (See p. 89)
Fig. 9.38 Specially designed image receptor holders and beam-
aiming devices for use during endodontics. A Rinn Endoray(r)
suitable for film packets and digital phosphor plates (green) and
solid-state digital sensors (white). B Anterior Planmeca solid-state
digital sensor holder. Note the modified designs of the biteblocks
(arrowed) to accommodate the handles of the endodontic
instruments. Colour coding of instruments by some manufacturers is
now used to facilitate clinical use. C Diagram of the Rinn Endoray(r)
in place. (See p. 112)
Fig. 10.5 Bitewing image receptor holders with beam-aiming
devices. A A selection of horizontal bitewing holders set up using a
film packet as the image receptor – note the red colour coding for the
Rinn XCP System. B The Hawe–Neos Kwikbite horizontal holder set
up using a digital phosphor plate. C Vertical bitewing holders – the
red Rinn XCP holder and the yellow Hawe–Neos Parobite holder set
up using film packets. D The red Rinn XCP-DS horizontal bitewing
solid-state digital sensor holder. E The Planmeca horizontal bitewing
holder designed specifically for use with their dixi2 solid-state
digital sensors. (See p. 121)
Fig. 23.4 Examples of pre-implant assessment CBCT images of the
mandible. A Axial, panoramic and a series of cross-sectional images
(or transaxial) images. B Example of an implant planning software
program being used to plan the placement of implants in the lower
right and left canine regions. Using the software the ideal position of
the implants can be planned in three dimensions. The software is
then used to design a drill guide, so the implant fixtures can be
placed at the proposed sites ((c) Materialise Dental NV-SimPlant(r)). C
The tooth-borne drill guide constructed to place implants in the
lower canine regions. (Kindly provided by Dr Matthew Thomas.)
(See p. 297)
Additional online material
Besides the wealth of information found within Essentials of Dental
Radiography and Radiology 5E, the authors have created a unique
website – www.whaitesessentialsdentalradiography.com – to
accompany the volume. This site contains two separate sections:
(1) A summary of the UK ionising radiation legislation and guidance
on good practice for all dental practitioners as well as a summary of
the latest guidance in relation to the use of Cone Beam CT (CBCT)
equipment
(2) Self assessment questions and answers. Questions have been
specially prepared for each of the 32 chapters to enable students to
assess their own knowledge and understanding. These include a
mixture of multiple choice questions and multiple response
questions, drag and drop identification of radiological anatomy as
well as new examples of various pathological conditions to enable
practice of diagnostic skills.
To access the site, go to
www.whaitesessentialsdentalradiography.com and follow the
simple log-on instructions shown.
PA R T 1
Introduction
OUTLINE
Chapter 1: The radiographic image
CHAPTER 1
The radiographic image
Introduction
The use of X-rays is an integral part of clinical dentistry, with some form of
radiographic examination necessary on the majority of patients. As a
result, radiographs are often referred to as the clinician's main diagnostic
aid.
The range of knowledge of dental radiography and radiology thus
required can be divided conveniently into four main sections:
• Basic physics and equipment – the production of X-rays, their properties
and interactions which result in the formation of the radiographic image
• Radiation protection – the protection of patients and dental staff from the
harmful effects of X-rays
• Radiography – the techniques involved in producing the various
radiographic images
• Radiology – the interpretation of these radiographic images.
Understanding the radiographic image is central to the entire subject.
This chapter provides an introduction to the nature of this image and to
some of the factors that affect its quality and perception.
Nature of the radiographic image
Traditionally the image was produced by the X-rays passing through an
object (the patient) and interacting with the photographic emulsion on a
film, which resulted in blackening of the film. Film is gradually being
replaced by a variety of digital sensors with the image being created in a
computer. Those parts of the digital sensor that have been hit by X-rays
appear black in the computer-generated image. The extent to which the
emulsion or the computer-generated image is blackened depends on the
number of X-rays reaching the film or the sensor (either device can be
referred to as an image receptor), which in turn depends on the density of
the object.
However the final image is captured, it can be described as a two-
dimensional picture made up of a variety of black, white and grey
superimposed shadows and is thus sometimes referred to as a shadowgraph
(see Fig. 1.1).
 FIG. 1.1 A typical dental radiograph. The image shows the various
black, grey and white radiographic shadows. The metallic amalgam
fillings have totally stopped the X-ray beam so they appear white or
radiopaque.

Understanding the nature of the shadowgraph and interpreting the

information contained within it requires a knowledge of:
• The radiographic shadows
• The three-dimensional anatomical tissues
• The limitations imposed by a two-dimensional picture and
superimposition.

The radiographic shadows

The amount the X-ray beam is stopped (attenuated) by an object
determines the radiodensity of the shadows:
• The white or radiopaque shadows on a film represent the various dense
structures within the object which have totally stopped the X-ray beam.
• The black or radiolucent shadows represent areas where the X-ray beam
has passed through the object and has not been stopped at all.
• The grey shadows represent areas where the X-ray beam has been
stopped to a varying degree.
 The final shadow density of any object is thus affected by:
• The specific type of material of which the object is made
• The thickness or density of the material
• The shape of the object
• The intensity of the X-ray beam used
• The position of the object in relation to the X-ray beam and image
receptor
• The sensitivity and type of image receptor.
The effect of different materials, different thicknesses/densities, different
shapes and different X-ray beam intensities on the radiographic image
shadows are shown in Figs 1.2–1.5.
 FIG. 1.2 (i) Front view and (ii) plan view of various cylinders of
similar shape but made of different materials: A plaster of Paris, B
hollow plastic, C metal, D wood. (iii) Radiographs of the cylinders
show how objects of the same shape, but of different materials,
produce different radiographic images.
 FIG. 1.3 (i) Front view of four apparently similar cylinders made
from plaster of Paris. (ii) Plan view shows the cylinders have varying
internal designs and thicknesses. (iii) Radiographs of the apparently
similar cylinders show how objects of similar shape and material, but
of different densities, produce different radiographic images.
FIG. 1.4 (i) Front view of five apparently similar cylinders made
from plaster of Paris. (ii) Plan view shows the objects are in fact
different shapes. (iii) Radiographs show how objects of different
shape, but made of the same material, produce different
radiographic images.
 FIG. 1.5 (i) Front view and (ii) plan view of four cylinders made
from plaster of Paris but of different diameters. (iii) Four radiographs
using different intensity X-ray beams show how increasing the
intensity of the X-ray beam causes greater penetration of the object
with less attenuation, hence the less radiopaque (white) shadows of
the object that are produced, particularly of the smallest cylinder.
The three-dimensional anatomical tissues
The shape, density and thickness of the patient's tissues, principally the
hard tissues, must also affect the radiographic image. Therefore, when
viewing two-dimensional radiographic images, the three-dimensional
anatomy responsible for the image must be considered (see Fig. 1.6). A
sound anatomical knowledge is obviously a prerequisite for radiological
interpretation (see Ch. 19).
Other documents randomly have
different content
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.61%
accurate

RANNEY RANSOM 181 States district attorney for Ohio, and

in 1859 was defeated as the Democratic candidate for governor. In
1862 he was again elected a judge of the supreme court, but in
1804 resigned, and resumed practice in Cleveland. RANNEY,
"William, artist, b. in Middletown, ( '.urn.. 9 May, 1813 ; d. in West
Hoboken, N. J.. 18 No\., 1857. The name that was given him at
baptism was William Tylee, but he never used the latter. At the age
of thirteen he was taken to Fayetteville, N. C., by his uncle, where he
was apprenticed to a tinsmith, but seven years later he was .-t
inlying drawing in Brooklyn. When the Texan struggle began, Ranney
enlisted, and during the campaign became acquainted with many
trappers and guides of the west. After his return home he devoted
himself mainly to portraying their life and habits. Among his works
are " Boone's First View of Kentucky," " On the Wing," " Washington
on his Mission to the Indian?" (1847), " Duck-Shooting," which is in
the Corcoran gallery, Washington, '• The Sleigh-Ride," and " The
Trapper's Last Shot." Many of these have been engraved. He was a
frequent exhibitor at the National academy, of which he was elected
an associate in 1850. RANSIER, Alonzo Jacob, politician, b. in
Charleston, S. C., 3 Jan., 1836; d. there, 17 Aug., 1882. He was the
son of free colored people, and, having obtained by himself some
education, was employed, when sixteen years of age, as a
shippingclerk by a merchant of Charleston. In October, 1865, he took
part in a convention of the friends of equal rights in Charleston, and
was deputed to present to congress the memorial that was adopted.
He was elected a member of the Constitutional convention of 1868,
was an elector on the Grant and Colfax presidential ticket, and was
sent .to the legislature in the following year. He was also chosen
chairman of the Republican state central committee, filling that office
till 1872, and in 1870 was elected lieutenant-governor of South
Carolina by a large majority. He was president of the convention
from the southern states that was held at Columbia. S. C., in 1871,
and was a vice-president of the Republican national convention at
Philadelphia in 1872. In that year he was elected a representative in
congress, and served from 1 Dec., 1873, till 3 March, 1875. When
the Democratic party reached power in South Carolina in 1877, he
lust his official posts, and afterward suffered great poverty, being
employed from that time till his death as a street-laborer. RANSOM.
George Maroellns. naval officer, b. in Springfield. Otsego co., N. Y..
18 Jan., 1820. He was educated in the common schools of New York
and Ohio, entered the navy as a midshipman on 25 July, 1839,
studied at the" naval school in Philadelphia, became a passed
midshipman on 2 July, 1845, a master on 28 June. 1853. and a
lieutenant on 21 Feb., 1854. He served on the coast of Africa in
1856-'7, was commissioned lieutenant - commander on 16 July,
1862, and, in command of the steam gun-boat "Kineo," of the
Western Gulf blockading squadron, had several engagements with
the enemy in March and April. 1862. He passed the forts "Jackson
and St. Philip in Farragut's fleet, engaged the ram " Manassas." and
in May, 1862, a field-battery at Grand Gulf. He performed effective
service in shelling Gen. John C. Breckinridge's army at Baton Rouge,
5 Aug., 1862, and engaged a I uittery and a force of guerillas on 4
Oct. He was promoted commander on 2 Jan.. 1863, and served with
the North Atlantic blockading squadron in command of the steamer "
Grand Gulf " in 1864, and captured three steamers off Wilmington.
He was commissioned captain on 2 March, 1870, and commodore on
28 March, 1877, and was retired. 18 June, 1882. RANSOM, Matt
Whitaker, senator, b. in Warren county, N. C., 8 Oct., 1826. He was
graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1847, and admitted
to the bar the same year, and was presidential elector on the Whig
ticket in 1852. For the subsequent three years he was state
attorney-general, and then, joining the Democratic party, was a
member of the legislature in 1858, and in 1861 one of the three
North Carolina commissioners to the Confederate congress in
Montgomery, Ala. He did his utmost to avert the war, but, on the
secession of his state, volunteered as a private in the Confederate
service, and was at once appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 1st
North Carolina infantry, with which he marched to the seat of war in
Virginia. He was chosen colonel of the 35th North Carolina infantry
in 1862, participated with his regiment in all the important battles of
the Army of Northern Virginia, was severely wounded in the seven
days' fight around Richmond, and was promoted brigadier - general
in 1863 and major-general in 1865, but the fall of the Confederacy
prevented the receipt of the latter commission. He resumed his
profession in 1866, exerted a pacific influence in the politics of his
state, was elected to the U. S. senate as a Democrat in 1872, and
has served successively by reelection until March, 18115. — His
brother, Robert, soldier, b. in North Carolina about 1830 ; d. in
Newberne, N. C., 14 Jan., 1892. He was graduated at the U. S.
military academy, and assigned to the 1st dragoons. He was
promoted 1st lieutenant in the 1st cavalry, 3 March, 1855, and
captain, 31 Jan., 1861, but resigned, 24 May, 1861, and was
appointed captain of cavalry in the Confederate army in June. He
was made colonel of the 9th North Carolina cavalry soon afterward,
became brigadiergeneral. 6 March, 1862, and major-general, 26
May, 1863. He commanded a brigade and the defences near Kinston,
N. C., in 1862, and the Department of Richmond from 35 April till 13
June, 1864. He also commanded the sub-district. No. 2, of the
department that included South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida in
November, 1864. RANSOM, Truman Bishop, soldier, b. in Woodstock,
Vt., in 1802 ; d. near the city of Mexico, 13 Sept., 1847. He was early
left an orphan, entered Capt. Alden Partridge's military academy
soon after its opening, taught in several of the schools that Capt.
Partridge established subsequently, and on the incorporation of
Norwich university in 1835 became vice-president and professor of
natural philosophy and engineering. He was also instructor in
mathematics in the U. S. navy, did much to reorganize the Vermont
militia, in which he was major-general in 1837-'44, and in 1844
succeeded Capt. Pail ridge as president of the university. He was an
unsuccessful Democratic candidate for congress in 1840, and for
lieutenant-governor in 1846. Gen. Ransom volunteered for the
Mexican war. was appointed majoi of the 9th U. S. infantry on 16
Feb., 1847, and colonel on 16 March. He fell at the head of his
regiment while storming the works at ( 'hapultepec. — His son.
Thomas Edward (ireenfleld, soldier, b. in Norwich, Vt., 29 Nov., 1834
: d. near Rome, 29 Oct., 1864, was educated at Norwich university,
learned civil engineering, and in 1851 removed to Illinois, where he
engaged in business. He was elected major and then lieutenant-
colonel of the llth Illinois, and was wounded while leading a charge
at Charlestown, Mo., 20 Aug.. isiil. He participated in the capture of
Fort Henry, and
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.09%
accurate

182 RANSONNIER RAXTOUL led his regiment in the assault

upon Fort Donel•ion where he was again severely wounded, yet
would not leave the field till the battle was ended. He was promoted
colonel for his bravery and skill. At Shiloh he was in the hottest part
of the battle, and, though wounded in the head early in the action,
remained with his command through the day. He served aschief of
staff to i leu. John A. McClernand and inspector-general of the Arm y
of the Tennessee, and Milisequently on the staff of Gen. Grant, and
in January, 1863. was made a brigadier-general, his commission
dating from 29 Nov.. ls(i'! He distinguished himself at Vicksburg, and
was at the, head of a division in the Red River campaign, taking
command of the corps when Ceil. McClernand fell ill. In the battle of
Sabine Cross-Roads he received a wound in the knee, from which he
never recovered. He commanded a division,- and later the 17th
corps, in the operations about Atlanta, and, though attacked with
sickness, directed the movements of his troops in the pursuit of Gen.
John B. Hood's army until he sank under the disease. Gen. Ransom
was buried in Hose Hill cemetery, Chicago. He was brevetted major-
general on 1 Sept., 1864. Both Grant and Sherman pronounced
Ransom to be among the ablest volunteer generals in their
commands. A Grand army post in St. Louis was named in his honor,
and a tribute to his memory was delivered at Chicago on Decoration-
day, 1886, by Gen. William T. Sherman. See "Sketches of Illinois
Officers," by James Grant Wilson (Chicago, 1862). RANSONNIER,
Jean Jacques (ran-son-yay). clergyman, b. in the county of Burgundy
in 1600 ; d. in '1640. He finished his studies in Malines, entered the
Society of Jesus in 1619, and at his own request was sent to
Paraguay in 1625. After laboring successfully among the Indians for
several years, he visited the tribe of the Itatines in 1632, converted
them, and became their legislator as well as their apostle. He spent
the remainder of his life among them. His letters were published
under the title " Littera? Aumue 1626 et 1627, provincia^
Paraguariae. Societatis Jesu" (Antwerp, 1836). Pinelo asserts that
Ransonnier's letters were merely translations from the manuscript of
an Italian missionary. RANTOUL, Robert, reformer, b. in Salem,
Mass., 23 Nov.. 1778; d. in Beverly, Mass., 24 Oct., 1858. His father,
Robert, a native of Kinrossshire, Scotland, was descended from an
ancient family prominent in the ecclesiastical and literary annals of
Scotland, came to America at the age «f sixteen, and settled in
Salem. The son became ;i druggist at Beverly in 1796. He sat in the
legislature from 1809 till 1820, in the state senate from 1821 till
1823, and in the house of reptvseniai i\.-, again till 1833. He was a
member of the State constitutional conventions of 1820 and 1853.
After taking part in the militia and coast-guard set-vice of 1812-'15,
he became a member of the Masachusetts peace society. He
enlisted, as early as 1803, in movements to suppress the common
use of ardent spirits, and became a life member of the
Massachusetts state temperance society at its inception in 1812.
While in the legislature he raised a question as to the expediency of
capital punishments, prompted by the hanging for arson on Salem
neck, in 1821, of a lad of seventeen, and the continued agitation of
this question by himself and his son has done much to ameliorate
the criminal legislation of the country. He was a pioneer in the liberal
religious movements of the first years of the nineteenth century, and
when these took form, in 1819, in Dr. William E. Channing's
Baltimore sermon he became a pronounced Unitarian, and soon
after conducted a correspondence on the subject of popular beliefs
with Rammohun Roy, of Calcutta. In 1810 he took part in
establishing at Beverly a charity-school which was the first Snnday-
scnool in America. His sister, Polly, was the mother of Dr. Andrew P.
Peabodv. He was an active member of the Massachusetts historical
society. — His son, Robert, statesman, b. in Beverly, Ma>-.. 13 Aug.,
1805 ; d. in Washington. D. C., "7 Aug., 1852. was graduated at
Harvard in 1826, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1829, and
began practice in Salem, but transferred his practice in 1830 to
South Reading, Mass. In 1832 lie removed to Gloucester. He was
elected to the legislat mv in 1834, serving four years, and assuming
at once a position as a leader of the Jacksonian Democracy, in which
interest he established at Gloucester a weekly journal. In the
legislature he formed a friendship with John G. Whittier, who wrote a
poem in his memory. He sat upon the first commission to revise the
laws of Massachusetts, and was an active member of the judiciary
committee. He interested himself in the establishment of lyceums. In
1836-'8 he represented the state in the first board of directors of the
Western railroad, and in 1837 became a member of the
Massachusetts board of education. In 1839 he established himself in
Boston, and in 1840 he appeared in defence of the Journeymen
bootmakers' organization, inilieied for a conspiracy to raise wages,
and procured their discharge on the ground that a combination of
individuals to effect, by means not unlawful, that which each might
legalIv do, was not a criminal conspiracy_. He defended in Rhode
Island two persons indicted for complii n \ in the Dorr rebellion of
1842. Daniel YV, l^i. r \u ing the opposing counsel. He was
appointed I". S. district attorney for Massachusetts in 1S45. ami held
that office till 1849, when he resigned, lie delivered in April. 1s">n.
at Coiieord the address in commemoration of the outbreak of lie Iu
\olution. In 1850 he was the organizer and a corporator of the
Illinois Central railroad. Daniel Wel>-tir having withdrawn from the
senate in Iv'iii. ,,n being appointed -enviary of slate, ,-nnl having
been succeeded by Robert C. Wiutlirop. Mr. 1,'antoul was elected.
MTV ing nine days. He \\a- ehuM-n ii- an opponent of the extension
of shivery liy a
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.77%
accurate

RAI'AELJE RAPP 183 coalition of Democrats and Free-soilers

to the National house of representatives, and served from 1 Dee.,
1851, till his death. In 1852 he was refused a seat in the National
Democratic convention on the ground that he and his constituents
were disfranchised by their attitude toward slavery. He was an
advocate of various reforms, and delivered leeturesand speeches on
the subject of educational advancement, several of which were
published, and while a member of the Massachusetts legislature
prepared a report in favor of the abolition of the death-penalty that
was long quoted by the opponents of capital punishment. He took a
prominent part in the agitation against the fugitiveslave law. As
counsel in 1851 for Thomas Simms, the first escaped slave delivered
up by Massachusetts, he took the ground that slavery was a state
institution, and that the general government had no power to return
fugitives from justice, or runaway apprentices or slaves, but that
such extradition was a matter for arrangement between the states.
He lent his voice and pen to the movement against the use of
stimulants, but protested against prohibitory legislation as an
invasion of private rights. After leaving the legislature, where the
variety of his learning, the power of his eloquence, and his ardent
convictions against the protection of native industry and other
enlargements of the sphere of government, and in favor of
educational and moral reforms had attracted attention, he became a
favorite lecturer and political speaker throughout New England, New
York. Pennsylvania," and Ohio. He edited a " Workmgmen's Library,''
that was issued by the lyceums and two scries of a "Common School
Library" that was published under the sanction of the Massachusetts
board of education. See his " Memoirs, Speeches, and Writings,"
edited by Luther Hamilton (Boston, Is.Vli. — The second Robert's
son, Robert Samuel, antiquarian, b. in Beverly, Mass., 2 June, 1830.
was graduated at Harvard in 1853 and at the Harvard law-school in
1856. On being admitted to the bar, he settled in Beverly, which he
represented in the legislature in 1858, and afterward removed to
Salem, Mass. He was collector of Salem in 1865-'9, and
representative from that town in 1884-'o. Besides an oration on the "
Centennial of American Independence," delivered in Stuttgart,
Germany, 4 July, 1876, and one delivered in Salem on the "Two"
Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Landing of John Winthrop,"
in 1880, he has published many historical and genealogical papers in
the " Collections " of the Essex institute, of which he has been vice-
president. RAPAELJE, Sarah de, b. in Fort Orange, N. Y., 9 June,
1625; d. on Long Island in 1085. She was the daughter of Jan Joris
Rapaelje, and was the first white girl born in New Netherlands.
There have been various statements regarding the residence of Jan
Rapaelje at the time of her birth, for, after settling at Fort Orange, he
removed to Manhattan, and thence to Waleboght on Long Island.
The depositions of his wife, Catalina Trico, made in New York before
Gov. Thomas Dongan in 1688, the year before her death, establish
the time of her arrival and her first residence. She came to this
country in the first ship that was sent to the New Netherlands by the
West India company. Some travellers in 1679 mentioned Catalina
Trico as " worldly-minded " and as living " by herself, a little apart
from the others, having her little garden and other conveniences,
with which she helped herself," and evidently regarded her as an
historical personage. Sarah was the ancestor of several well-known
families in Kings county, N. Y. She married Hans Hansen Bergen,
and, after his death in 1654, married Theunis Gysbert Bogaert.
RAPALLO, diaries Anthony, jurist, b. in New York city, 15 Sept., 1823
; d. there, 28 Dec., 1887. His mother was a daughter of Benjamin
Gould. He was educated exclusively by his father, Anthony, who was
eminent for his accomplishments both as a lawyer and as a linguist,
and from whom the son learned to speak English, French. Spanish,
and Italian, and received seven years' instruction in law, obtaining
admission to the bar on completing his twenty-first year. He became
a successful practitioner, and was elected a judge of the New York
court of appeals, taking his seat on the bench on 1 Jan., 1870. and
in 1884 he was elected for a second term of fourteen years by the
united vote of both political parties. He was made LL. D. by
Columbia at its centennial celebration in 1887. 'RAPHALL, Morris
Jacob, clergyman, b. in Stockholm, Sweden, in September, 1798; d.
in New York city, 23 June. 1868. He was educated for the Jewish
ministry in the college of his faith in Copenhagen, in England, where
he went in 1812, and afterward in the University of Giessen, where
he studied in 1821-'4. He returned to England in 1825, married
there, and made that country his home. In 1832 he began to lecture
on biblical Hebrew poetry, attaining a high reputation, and in 1S34
he established the "Hebrew Review." the first Jewish periodical in
England. He went to Syria in 1840 to aid in investigating
persecutions of the Jews there, and became rabbi of the Birmingham
synagogue in 1841. lie was an active advocate of the removal of the
civil disabilities of the Jews, aided in the foundation of the Hebrew
national school, and was an earnest defender of his religion with
voice and pen. In 1849 he accepted a call from the first Anglo-
German Jewish synagogue in New York city, in Greene street, and
several years later he became pastor of the congregation B'nai
Jeshurun, with which he remained till his death. On leaving
Birmingham for this country he was presented with a purse of 100
sovereigns by the mayor and citizens, and an address thanking him
for his labors in the cause of education. Dr. Raphall was a
voluminous writer, and also translated many works into English from
Hebrew, German, and French. The University of Giessen gave him
the degree of Ph. D. after the publication of his translation of the "
Mishna," which he issued jointly with Rev. D. A. de Sola, of London
(1840). His principal work was a " PostBiblical History of the Jews," a
collection of his lectures on that subject (2 vols., New York, 1855 ;
new ed., 1866). His other books include " Festivals of the Lord,"
essays (London, 1839) ; " Devotional Exercises for the Daughters of
Israel " (Nrw York, 1852) ; " The Path to Immortality " (1859) ; and
"Bible View of Slavery," a discourse (1861). He also undertook, with
other scholars, an annotated translation of the Scriptures, of which
the volume on "Genesis " was issued in 1844. RAPP, George, founder
of the sect of Harmonists, or Harmonites, b. in Wiirtemberg.
Germany, in 1770; d. in Economy, Pa.. 7 Aug., 1S47. He early
conceived the idea of reforming modern society by the literal
realization of the precepts in the New Testament, and collected a
band of believers who were anxious to revive the practices of the
primitive church ; but the civil authorities intiTi'i-red. Rapp and his
followers therefore emigrated in 1803 to Pennsylvania, and on
Connequenessing creek, in Butler county, organized a religious
society in which all things were held in common, and members of
both sexes adopted the
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.38%
accurate

184 RAPPE RASLE practice of celibacy. Their settlement was

named Harmony. By the cultivation of the land, and by weaving anil
other industries, they acquired wealth. In 1815 the community
removed to a tract of 27,000 acres, lying along the Wabash river in
Indiana. In their new settlement, which they called New Harmony,
they attained a much higher state of prosperity. In 1824, however,
they sold the land and improvements to Robert Owen for the
purpose of establishing a socialistic colony, and settled in Beaver
county. Pa., on the right bank of the Ohio river, seventeen milrs
northwest of Pittsburg, where they built the village of Economy,
containing a church, a school, a museum, a hundred dwellings, and
mills for the manufacture of woollen cloth, flannels, cotton goods,
carpets, and flour. Proselytes are received into the society, and
admitted to full membership after a probation of six months. Those
who sever their connection with the community receive back,
without interest, the treasure that they put into the common store.
Offences are punished by temporary suspension or expulsion. In
1833, 300 Harmonists were induced to leave the community by
Bernhard Miiller, an impostor, who had been admitted under the
name of Proli, and who persuaded his dupes that he was the Lord's
anointed, sent to establish the millennial kingdom. After founding
New Jerusalem, near Pittsburg, Miiller absconded with the greater
part of $105,000, belonging to his followers, that had been paid out
of the chest of the Harmonist community. The Harmony society
increased in numbers by the accession of other converts. Rapp was
the spiritual head and dictator of the community, and when he died
his place was taken by the merchant Becker. On their farm, which
embraces 3,500 acres, the Harmonists raise live-stock, pursue silk -
culture, make wine, and cultivate flax, grain, fruits, and vegetables.
In 1851 the village of Harmony was set off from the township of
Economy. RAl'I'E, Louis Amadeiis, R. C. bishop, b. in Andrehem,
France, 2 Feb., 1801 ; d. in St. Alban's, Vt.. !l Sept., 1877. His
parents were peasants, and up to his twentieth year he labored in
the fields. Believing that he was called to the priesthood, he applied
for admission to the college at Boulogne, and, after a classical
course, entered the seminary of Arras, and was ordained a priest, 14
March. 1 *•,"."(. llr was appointed pastor of Wisme, and
subsequently chaplain of the Ursuline convent in Boulogne. With the
permission of his superiors, he sailed for the United States in 1840,
and in 1841 was appointed to minister to the laborers on the Miami
and Erie canal and the settlers along M.-nimee river. He established a
branch of the Sisters of Notre Dame in Toledo, and prepared a
convent and school for them. In 1847 the northern part of Ohio was
erected into the see of Cleveland, and Father Rappe was nominated
its first bishop, and consecrated at Cincinnati by Bishop Purcell on 10
Oct.. 1*47. lie set about building a cathedral in Cleveland in the
following year, and consecrated it in 1852. In 1851 he opened St.
Mary's orphan asylum for girls, and founded the order of Sisters of
Charity of St. Augustine, gave them charge of St. Vincent's asylum
for boys in 1853, and introduced many olhcr religious organizations.
The want of a hospital was felt severely in Cleveland during the civil
war. Bishop Rappe offered to build one in 1863 and provide nurses,
on condition that the public would aid him. His offer was accepted,
and tin1 ho^pitid was completed in 1865 at a cost of $75.000, and
placed in charge of tin Si-ter> of Charity. He attended the Vatican
council in isiili. although in feeble health. He had met with bitter
opposition from some members of his flock, who made unwarranted
attacks on his character, and he tendered his resignation, which was
accepted, on 22 Aug., 1870. He was offered another diocese several
years afterward, but declined it. and spent the remainder of his life
in the diocese of Burlington, engaged in the duties of a missionary
priest. When Bishop Rappe took possession of the diocese of
Cleveland it contained about 25.000 Roman Catholics, with 28
priests and 34 churches. He left it with more than 100,000 Roman
Catholics, 107 priests. 1HO churches, and !IO schools. RAREY, John
S., horse-tamer, b. in Franklin county, Ohio, in 1828 ; d. in Cleveland.
Ohio, 4 Oct., 1866. At an early age he displayed tact in managing
horses, and by degrees he worked out a s\-tem of training that was
founded on his own observations. He went to Texas in 1856, and,
after experimenting there, gave public exhibitions in Ohio, and from
that time was almost continuously before the public. About 1860 he
went to Europe and surprised his audiences everywhere by his
complete mastery of horses that had been considered
unmanageable. In England particularly the most vicious were
brought to him, and he never failed to control them. One of the
greatest triumphs of his skill was the taming of the racing-colt '•
Cruiser," which was so vicious that he had killed one or two grooms,
and was kept under control by an iron muzzle. Under Mr. Rarey's
treatment he became perfectly gentle and submissive, and was
brought by Rarey to this country. In 1863 Mr. Rarey was employed
by the government to inspect and report upon the horses of the
Army of the Potomac. He was the author of a " Treatise on Horse-
Taming." of which 15,000 copies were sold in France in one year
(London, 1858 : new ed., 1864). RASLE, S£bastien, French
missionary, b. in Dole, France, in 1658 ; d. in Norridgewock, Me., 12
Aug., 1724. His name is often improperly spelled Raale, Rale, and
Rale. His family was distinguished in the province of Franche-Comte.
and, after completing his studies in Dijon, he became a Jesuit, much
against the wish of his parents, and taught Greek for a time in the
college of the sociei \ at Nimes. At his request he was attached in
HiMi to the missions of Canada, and, sailing from La Rochelle, 23
July, he landed at Quebec on 13 Oct. After having charge of various
missions he was placed in charge of the station of Norridgewock. on
Kennebec river, about lli!(."i. Here he niadi' a thorough study of the
Abenaki language, and. by sharing the dangers and hardships of the
Indians, he acquired such an influence among them that the French
authorities at Quebec thought advi.-ablc to utilize it in the struggle
against England. A correspondence was carried on between Rasle
and Gov. Vaudreuil, and the latter induced him to promote a hostile
sentiment among the Indians against the English settlers. Rasle
readily accepted the suggestion, as it not only agreed with his
patriotic feelings, but was also a means of checking Protestantism,
which the English represented. But it has been incorrectly stated
that Rasle instigated also the attacks of the Indians on the English
settlements along the coast, as he only endeavored to prevent the
Abenakis from having dealings with the English. Public opinion in
New Kngland became aroused against him. especially after the
failure of the conference between (n.v. I>udle\ . > •!' Boston, and
the Abenaki chiefs in 1702. at which lin-le was present, and in which
the Indian- declined the English alliance and affirmed their resolution
to stand by the French. Several settlements
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.85%
accurate

KATIIBONE RAUCH 185 had meanwhile been burned,

indignation increased, and the common council of Boston passed a
resolutimi inviting the governor to put a price on Rasle's head, which
was done. In the winter of 1705 Capt. Hilton, with a party of 270
men, including fortyfive New Englanders, surprised Norridgewock
and burned the church, but Rasle escaped to the woods with his
papers. When peace was restored in 1713 he set about building a
new church at Norridgewock. and, aided by the French governor,
erected one which, in his own words, " would excite admiration in
Europe." It was supplied with all the apparatus of Roman Catholic
worship, and the services were conducted with great pomp, forty
Indian boys, trained by himself, acting as acolytes. Shute, of
"Massachusetts, engaged afterward in a correspondence with Rasle ;
but failing in the attempt to decoy him to Boston, sent parties to
seize him. In January, 1723, a band of 300 men under Col. Thomas
Westbrook succeeded in reaching the mission, burned the church,
and pillaged Rasle's cabin. There they found an iron box which
contained, besides his correspondence with the authorities of
Quebec, a valuable dictionary of the Abenaki language in three
volumes. This is now preserved in the library of Harvard college, and
has been printed in the " Memoirs of the Academy of Arts and
Sciences," with an introduction and notes by John Pickering
(Cambridge, 1833). In 1724 a party of 208 men from Port Richmond
surprised Norridgewock in the night, killed several Indians, and shot
Rasle, who was in the act of escaping, at the foot of the mission
cross, seven chiefs, who endeavored to protect him, sharing his fate.
His body was afterward mutilated by the incensed soldiery and left
without burial ; but when the Abenakis returned a few days later,
they buried his remains. The French authorities vainly asked
reparation for the outrage, but in 1833 the citizens of Norridgewock
raised a subscription, bought an acre of land on the spot where
Rasle fell, and erected there a monument to his memory, which
Bishop Fenwick, of Boston, dedicated on 29 Aug. Vols. xxiii. to xxvii.
of the " Lettres edifiantes et curieuses, ecritesdes missions
etrangeres " (Paris, 1728) contain several interesting letters of Rasle
describing his labors among the Indians. His life has been written by
Rev. Convers Francis, D. D., in Sparks's " American Biography."
RATHBONE, John Finley, manufacturer, b. in Albany, N. Y., 18 Oct.,
1821.' He was educated at Albany academy and the Collegiate
institute at Brockport, N. Y. In 1845 he built a foundry in Albany that
is now one of the largest establishments of the kind in the world. In
1861 he was appointed brigadier-general of the 9th brigade of the
National guard of New York, and at the beginning of the civil war he
was made commandant of the Albany depot of volunteers. From this
depot he sent to the front thirty-five regiments. In 1867 he, resigned
his office as commander of the 9th brigade. Under the
administration of Gov. John A. Dix he was appointed adjutant-
general of the state, with the rank of major-general. As a private
citizen Gen. Rathbone has been conspicuous for his zeal in
promoting works of philanthropy. He is one of the founders of the
Albany orphan asylum, and for many years has been president of its
board of trustees. He is a trustee of the University of Rochester, in
connection with which he established, by his contribution of
$40.000, the Rathbone library. — His cousin, Henry Reed, soldier, b.
in Albany, N. Y.. 1 July, 1837. was appointed major of U. S.
volunteers on 29 Nov., 1862, and resigned on 8 July, 1867. He
received a wound from the assassin's dirk in the theatre-box with
President Lincoln on the evening of his murder. — Henry Reed's
brother, Jared Lawrence, soldier, b. in Albany, N. Y., 29 Sept., 1844,
was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1865, was assigned
to the 12th infantry, in 1866-'70 was aide to Gen. John M. Schofield.
and was transferred to the artillery in 1869. Resigning in 1872, he
engaged in stockraising and mining in California. He was appointed
U. S. consul-general in Paris on 18 May, 1887. RATTRAY. William
Jordan, Canadian author, b. in London, England, in 1835; d. in
Toronto, Canada. 26 Sept.. 1883. His father, a Scotchman, came to
Canada in 1848, and settled with his family in Toronto. The son was
graduated at the University of Toronto in 1858, and afterward was a
journalist in that city. Among his writings was a series of articles on
the conflict of agnosticism and revealed religion, which presented
the orthodox side of the question with great force. He was for many
years connected with the Toronto " Mail," wrote for the " Canadian
Monthly " and other periodicals, and published " The Scot in British
North America " (4 vols., Toronto, 1883). RAU, Charles,
archaeologist, b. in Vervien. Belgium, in 1826; d. in Philadelphia, Pa.,
25 July, 1887. He was educated in Germany, came to the United
States in 1848, and taught in the west and afterward in New York
city. From 1875 until his death he was curator in the department of
antiquities in the U. S. national museum in Washington, D. C.
Devoting his attention to archaeology, he began to write on
American antiquities for " Die Natur." His contributions to the
publications of the Smithsonian institution first appeared in 1863,
and subsequently his articles were published in nearly every annual
report of that institution, gaining for him a high reputation as an
authority on American archaeology. The University of Freiburg,
Baden, gave him" the degree of Ph. D. in 1882. He was a member of
the principal archaeological and anthropological societies of Europe
and America, and published more than fifty papers, among which
was a series on the " Stone Age in Europe," originally contributed to
." Harper's Magazine," and afterward issued in book-form as " Early
Man in Europe" (New York, 1876). His other publications were " The
Archaeological Collection of the United States National Museum "
(Washington, 1876) ; " The Palenque Tablet in the United States
National Museum" (1879); "Articles on Anthropological Subjects,"
1853-'87 (1882); two partly published works on the types of North
American implements ; and one that was designed to be a
comprehensive treatment of archaeology in America. Dr. Rau
bequeathed his library and collection to the U. S. national museum in
Washington. RAUCH, Friedrich August, educator, b. in Hesse-
Darmstadt, Germany, 27 July, 1806; d. in Mercersburg, Pa., 2 March,
1841. He was graduated at the University of Marburg, afterward
studied at Giessen and Heidelberg, and became extraordinary
professor at the University of Giessen. He fled from the country on
account of a public utterance on some political subject, and landed
in the United States in 1831, learned English in Easton, Pa., where
he gave lessons on the pianoforte, was professor of German in
Lafayette college for a short time, was then chosen as principal of a
classical school that had been established by the authorities of the
German Reformed church at York, Pa,, and a few months later was
ordained to the ministry and appointed professor of biblical literature
in the theological seminary at York, while retaining charge of the
academy, which, in was removed to Mercersburg. Under his
The text on this page is estimated to be only 26.80%
accurate

*:»:*:« 186 RAUCH management the school flourished, and

in 1836 was transformed into Marshall college, of which he I™,, inie
the first president. He published " Psychology, or a View of the
Human Soul " (New York, 1*40), and left in an unfinished state
works on ••Christian Ethics" and "./Esthetics." A volume of his
sermons, edited by Emanuel V. Gerhart, was published under the
title of " The Inner Life of the Christian" (Philadelphia, 1856).
RAUCH, John Henry, physician, b. in Lebanon, Pa., 4 Sept.. 1828; d.
in Chicago, 24 March. 1*94. Hi- was graduated in medicine at the
University of Pennsylvania and settled in Burlington, Iowa. In 1850,
on the organization of the State medical society, he was appointed
to report on the " Medical and Economic Botany of Iowa," and this
report was afterward published (1851). He was an active member of
the Iowa historical and geological institute, and made a collection of
material — especially ichthyologic — from the upper Mississippi and
Missouri rivers for Prof. Agassiz, a description of which was published
in "Silliman's Journal" (1855). In 1857 he was appointed professor of
materia medica and medical botany in Rush medical college,
Chicago, which chair he filled for the next three years. In 1859 he
was one of the organizers of the Chicago college of pharmacy and
filled its chair of materia mediea and medical botany. During the civil
war he served as assistant medical director of the Army of Virginia,
and then in Louisiana till 1864. At the close of the war he was
brevetted lieutenant-colonel. On his return to Chicago, Dr. Ranch
published a paper on " Intramural Interments and their Influence on
Health and Epidemics " (Chicago, 1866). He aided in reorganizing
the health service of the city, and in 1867 was appointed member of
the newly created board of health and sanitary superintendent,
which office he filled until 1873. During his incumbency the great fire
of 1871 occurred, and the task of organizing and enforcing the
sanitary measures for the welfare of 112,000 houseless men,
women, and children was suddenly thrown upon his department. In
1876 he was elected president of the American public hi'alth
association, and delivered the annual address on the "Sanitary
Problems of Chicago" at the 1877 meeting of the association. In
1877, when the Illinois state board of health was created, Dr. Ranch
was appointed one of its members, and elected its first president. He
was elected secretary, to which office he had been re-elected
annually for years. In 1878-'9 the yellow-fever epidemics in the
southwest engaged his attention, resulting in the formation of the
sanitary council of the Mississippi valley and the establishment of the
river-inspection service of the National board of health, inaugurated
by Dr. Rauch in 1879. His investigations on the relation of small-pox
to foreign immigration are embodied in an address before the
National conference of state boards of health at St. Louis, 13 Oct..
1884, entitled " Practical Recommendations for the Exclusion and
Prevention of Asiatic Cholera in North America" (Springfield, 1884).
In 1887 he published the preliminary results of his investigations into
the character of the water-supplies of Illinois. I>r. I!:iuch was a
member of many scientific bodies and the author of monographs,
chiefly in the domain of sanitary science and preventive medicine.
His chief work as a writer is embodied in the reports of the Illinois
state board of health in eight volumes. RATE, Charles (jodlore,
physician, b. in Saxony. 11 May, 1820; d. 6 Aug.'. 1896. He was
graduated at the College of teachers in Bautzen, .Saxony, in 1841,
and at Philadelphia medical eolRAUMER lege in 1850. From 1864 till
1871 he was professor of pathology and practice at the
Homoeopathic college of Pennsylvania, and at Hahnemann medical
college in Philadelphia. He is the author of " Die neue Seelenlehre Dr.
Beneke's, nach methodischen Grundsatzen fur Lehrer bearbeitet "
(Bautzen, 1847); "Special Pathology and Diagnostics with
Therapeutic Hints" (Philadelphia, 1868); and " Annual Record of
Homosopathic Literature " (New Fork, 1870). RAUM, Green Berry,
commissioner of internal revenue, b. in Golconda, Pope co.. 111., 3
Dec., 1829. He received a common-school education, studied law,
and was admitted to the bar in 1853. In 1856 he removed with his
family to Kansas, and at once affiliated with the Free-state party.
Becomingobnoxious to the pro-slavery faction, he returned the
following year to Illinois and settled at Harrisburg. At the opening of
the civil war he made his first speech as a " war " Democrat while he
was attending court at Metropolis, 111. Subsequently he entered the
army as major of the 56th Illinois regiment, and was promoted
lieutenant-colonel, colonel, and brevet brigadier-general. He was
made brigadier-general of volunteers on 15 Feb., 1865, which
commission he resigned on 6 May. He served under Gen. William S.
Rosecrans i'n the Mississippi campaign of 1862. At the battle of
Corinth he ordered and led the charge that broke the Confederate
left and captured a battery. He was with Gen. Grant at Vicksburg,
and was wounded at the battle of Missionary Ridge in November,
1863. During the Atlanta campaign he held the line of
communication from Dalton to Acworth and from Kingston to Rome,
Ga. In October, 1864, he re-enforced Resaca, Ga.. and held it
against Gen. John B. Hood. In 1866 he obtained a charter for the
Cairo and Vincennes railroad company, aided in securing its
construction, and became its first president. He was then elected to
congress, and served from 4 March, 1867. till 3 March, 1869. In
1876 he was president of the Illinois Republican convention, and in
the same year he was a delegate to the National convention of that
party in Cincinnati. He was appointed commissioner of internal
revenue, 2 Aug., 1876, and retained the office till 31 May, 1883.
During this period he collected $850,000,000 and disbursed
$30.000,000 without loss. He wrote "Reports" of his bureau for
seven successive years. He is also the author of " The Existing
Conflict bet \x ecu Republican Government and Southern Oligarchy "
(Washington, 1884). lie afterward engaged in ihe practice of law in
Washington, I>. C. RAOIER, Friedrich Ludwiar Georar von (row'-
mer), German historian, b. in Woerlitz, nrar Dessau, 14 May, 1781;
d. in Berlin. 14 May. Is;:!, lie studied in the universities of Halle and
Gttingen, was a civil magistrate in 1801, became in 180!* councillor
to the st.-itr (ham el lor. Count von Hardenberg, was professor of
history in the University of Breslau in 1811-'16, and in 1819 became
professor of political economy in the University of Berlin. He was
elected to the parliament of Frankfort by the latter city in 184M. and
appointed by the Archduke John of Austria, vicar of the German
empire, his ambassador to Paris in 1s IN From 1851 up to the time
of his death he was a member of the lion-,, of lords of Prussia. After
1816 Raumer undertook several journeys through France. Italy,
Switzerland, and the United States which he visited in 1841-'3 and
again in 1853-'5. He is justly considered as one of the great
historians of the 19th century. His works include •• (u'schichte der 1
loheiistaufen und ihrer Xeit "
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.43%
accurate

fj . RAUSCHENBUSCH (G vols.. Leipsic. lS23-'45). which is

the standard history of the imperial house of Swabia ; " Geschichte
Europas seit dem Ende des xvlen Jahrhunderts " (8 vols., 1832-'50) ;
" Beitrage, zur neuen Geschiehte " (.5 voK. lS36-'9); and "Die
Yereinigten Staaten vnn N'nrdamerika" (2 vols.. 1845). which was
translated iiit- 1 French (184(5), and English (London, 1847). It
treats of the constitution of the United States, which Kaunier
compares with those of Europe, of the religious movements in the
country, of the political parties, and of its foreign policy.
RAIISCHENBI'SCH, Augustus, clergyman, b. in Altena, Westphalia,
Germany, 13 Feb., 1816. He was graduated at the gymnasium at
Elberfeld, and went in his nineteenth year to the University of Berlin
to study for the Lutheran ministry. Subsequently he spent some time
at the University of Bonn in the study of natural science and
theology. On the death of his father, who was a Lutheran pastor in
Altena, the son was chosen in 1841 as his successor. His ministry
here, while fruitful in spiritual results, excited so much opposition,
and was so hampered by his ecclesiastical relations, that he resolved
to emigrate to the United States. He came to this country in 1846,
and preached for some time to the Germans in Missouri. In 1847 he
removed to New York, where he edited the German tracts published
by the American tract society. While he was residing in New York his
views on the question of baptism underwent a change, and in 1850
he entered the Baptist communion, though retaining his connection
with the Tract society until 1853. In 1858 he was called to take
charge "of the German department of Rochester theological
seminary, which place he continued to fill until 1888. He" received
the honorary degree of D. D. from the University of Rochester.
RAVEL FAMILY, a company" of French actors, of whom GABRIEL, b.
in Toulouse, France, in 1810, was the most noted. The family
consisted of ten principals, who for many years played in the cities
of France. They were in Paris in 1825. and a year or two later in
London, at the Strand theatre and Yauxhall garden. They were
remarkable for their rope-dancing, ballets, pantomimes, and tricks
that were produced with the aid of stage-machinery. In 1832 the
troupe arrived in this country, and on 16 July of that year made their
debut at the New York Park theatre. This was followed by renewed
engagements at the same place, and performances in other cities. In
1834 the company went to Europe on a vacation. A year later they
performed in the French cities, and in 1836 they opened at Drury
Lane theatre in London. From 1837 until 1848 the original Ravels
gave entertainments in this country, that were interrupted by
occasional visits to Canada, a tour to the West Indies and South
America, and brief vacations in their nativeland. In the autumn of
1848 they retired from the stage. In 1806 the remains of the old
troupe, combined with new auxiliaries, again appeared here for a
short season, but met with an unfavorable reception. The
representatives of the original Ravel family gave a variety of
performances that were largely unique. Among their harlequinades
were "Mazulm," "The Green Monster," "The Red Gnome," "
Asphodel," and " The Golden Pills." RAVENEL, Henry William,
botanist, b. in St. John's parish, Berkeley, S. C.. 19 May, 1814; d. in
Aiken, S. C., 17 July, 1887. He was "graduated at South Carolina
college in 1832, and settled in St. Johns, where he became a planter.
In 1853 he removed to Aiken, S. C.. and there he spent the
remainder of his life. As a young man he evinced a fondness for
natural history, and he pursued studRAVENSCROFT 187 ies in botany
with enthusiasm throughout his long life. lie not only studied
critically the ph:rnogams of South Carolina, but also extended his
researches among the mosses, lichens, alga-, and fungi. Mr. Ravenel
discovered a large number of new species of cryptogams, besides a
few new phaenogams. With the exception of the Rev. Moses A.
Curtis, he was the only American that knew specifically the fungi of
the United States, and it is doubtful whether any other botanist has
ever covered so wide a range of plants. In 1869 he was appointed
botanist of the government commission that was sent to Texas to
investigate the cattle-disease, and at the time of his death he was
botanist to the department of agriculture of South Carolina. The
degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by the University of North
Welcome to Our Bookstore - The Ultimate Destination for Book Lovers
Are you passionate about books and eager to explore new worlds of
knowledge? At our website, we offer a vast collection of books that
cater to every interest and age group. From classic literature to
specialized publications, self-help books, and children’s stories, we
have it all! Each book is a gateway to new adventures, helping you
expand your knowledge and nourish your soul
Experience Convenient and Enjoyable Book Shopping Our website is more
than just an online bookstore—it’s a bridge connecting readers to the
timeless values of culture and wisdom. With a sleek and user-friendly
interface and a smart search system, you can find your favorite books
quickly and easily. Enjoy special promotions, fast home delivery, and
a seamless shopping experience that saves you time and enhances your
love for reading.
Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and
personal growth!

ebookball.com