Management Information System - I:
Comprehensive Study Notes
Course Overview
Course Code: BCA-MIN-234
Credits: 4
Duration: 48 Hours
Assessment: CIE (40 marks) + ESE (60 marks)
This course introduces the fundamentals of Management Information Systems (MIS), focusing
on their role in business operations, decision-making, and the use of IT in functional areas and e-
business [1] .
Course Objectives
The course aims to enable students to:
1. Apply MIS concepts in solving real-world business problems
2. Understand key components and technologies used in MIS environments
3. Develop skills in managing data resources and database structures
4. Learn how IT helps build competitive, agile, and customer-focused enterprises
5. Analyze emerging trends in MIS including e-business, virtualization, and knowledge
systems [1]
Course Outcomes
Upon completion, students will be able to:
CO1: Describe basic MIS concepts and their significance in business organizations
CO2: Explain structure and components of information systems and their classifications
CO3: Understand MIS structure and role in Finance and Human Resource functions
CO4: Explore how MIS supports operational and strategic goals in production and marketing
CO5: Explore how businesses use technology to become virtual and share knowledge
CO6: Analyze principles of system analysis, design, and implementation within MIS
frameworks [1]
UNIT I - Introduction to MIS
1.1 Data vs. Information and Information System Concept
Data vs. Information
Data are raw facts and figures that are not currently being used in decision-making processes.
Data are usually taken from historical records and stored without immediate intent for
retrieval [2] .
Information consists of data that have been retrieved, processed, or otherwise used for
informational purposes, argument, or as a basis for forecasting or decision-making. Information
is knowledge derived from facts for effective functioning of systems [2] .
Information System is an arrangement of people, data, processes, interfaces, networks, and
technology that interact to support and improve both day-to-day operations in a business as
well as support problem-solving and decision-making needs of management [3] .
1.2 Definition and Purpose of MIS
Definition
Management Information System (MIS) refers to the processing of information through
computers and other intelligent devices to manage and support managerial decisions in an
organization [4] . MIS is defined as an integrated user-machine system for providing information
to support operations, management, and decision-making functions in an organization [2] .
Three Pillars of MIS
1. Management: The art of getting things done through and with people in formally organized
groups [5]
2. Information: Data that have meaning within a context [5]
3. System: A set of inter-related components with a clearly defined boundary working together
to achieve a common goal [5]
Purpose of MIS
Provide information support for decision-making in the organization [2]
Support operations, management, and decision-making functions [2]
Generate information to meet the information needs of people in the organization [2]
Achieve corporate objectives efficiently [2]
1.3 Role of MIS in Business Organizations
Key Roles
1. Enhanced Decision-Making: Converts raw data into meaningful information, empowering
managers to make well-informed decisions [6]
2. Improved Efficiency and Productivity: Streamlines and automates business processes,
reducing redundancies and minimizing errors [6]
3. Better Strategic Planning: Provides sophisticated data analysis and reporting tools to
identify trends and forecast future scenarios [6]
4. Enhanced Communication and Collaboration: Facilitates information sharing and
coordination across departments [6]
5. Data-Driven Decision Support: Provides tools to leverage data effectively through
advanced analytics and business intelligence [6]
6. Risk Management and Compliance: Helps identify and assess potential risks while ensuring
regulatory compliance [6]
Business Benefits
Real-time Performance Reports: Allows organizations to become more dynamic and
agile [7]
Analytical Reports: Handles data processing and analysis, turning raw data into informative
reports [7]
Performance Comparison: Helps track progress by facilitating performance reviews and
comparisons with projections [7]
Work Allocation: Provides business intelligence for effective work allocation based on
performance data [7]
Improved Internal Communication: Serves as a central hub for sharing relevant and timely
business information [7]
1.4 Types of Information Systems
1. Transaction Processing System (TPS)
Purpose: Handle routine operational activities and basic transactions [3]
Level: Operational level (bottom of pyramid) [3]
Functions: Process business events and transactions, automate repetitive activities [3]
Examples: Payroll processing, sales and order processing, inventory management,
accounts payable and receivable [3]
2. Management Information System (MIS)
Purpose: Provide managers with information for decision-making [8]
Level: Management level (middle of pyramid) [3]
Functions: Collect, process, and generate reports for monitoring performance and strategic
decisions [8]
Characteristics: Reporting and control oriented with structured information [9]
3. Decision Support System (DSS)
Purpose: Help managers make complex decisions by analyzing large volumes of data [8]
Level: Management level [3]
Functions: Interactive analysis, "what-if" scenarios, model-driven analysis [10]
Types: Data-driven, Model-driven, Knowledge-driven, Document-driven, Communication-
driven [10]
4. Executive Information System (EIS)
Purpose: Provide top executives with data for strategic decisions [11]
Level: Executive level (top of pyramid) [3]
Features: Consolidated data from internal and external sources, interactive interfaces, drill-
down capabilities [11]
5. Expert System (ES)
Purpose: Include expertise to aid managers in problem-solving [12]
Basis: Artificial intelligence research principles [12]
Components: Knowledge-base and software modules [12]
6. Knowledge Management System (KMS)
Purpose: Manage organizational knowledge and experiences [13]
Function: Organize and share internal knowledge assets [14]
1.5 Managerial Challenges of Information Technology
Key Challenges
1. Integration Complexity: Integrating various IT systems and ensuring compatibility
2. Data Security and Privacy: Protecting sensitive business information
3. Rapid Technological Changes: Keeping up with evolving technology trends
4. Cost Management: Balancing IT investment with business returns
5. User Adoption: Ensuring employees effectively use new systems
6. Data Quality Management: Maintaining accurate and reliable data
7. System Scalability: Designing systems that can grow with the organization
UNIT II - Components and Types of MIS
2.1 What is System? Types of Systems
Definition of System
A system is a set of interrelated and interdependent elements joined together to achieve a
common objective [4] . It consists of components with clearly defined boundaries working
together toward a specific goal [5] .
Types of Systems
Open Systems
Exchange materials, energy, and information with their environment
Interact with external environment
Adaptive and responsive to changes
Example: Business organizations that interact with customers, suppliers, and competitors
Closed Systems
Do not exchange materials, energy, or information with environment
Self-contained and isolated
Limited interaction with external factors
Example: Theoretical models or controlled laboratory systems
2.2 Feedback and Control
Feedback Mechanism
Purpose: Provides information about system performance
Types:
Positive Feedback: Reinforces system behavior
Negative Feedback: Corrects system deviations
Function: Helps maintain system stability and goal achievement
Control Process
1. Setting Standards: Establishing performance benchmarks
2. Measuring Performance: Monitoring actual results
3. Comparing Results: Analyzing deviations from standards
4. Taking Corrective Action: Implementing necessary adjustments
2.3 Components of Information Systems
Core Components
1. Input: Data collection from various sources
2. Processing: Converting raw data into useful information
3. Output: Presenting processed information in usable format
4. Storage: Maintaining data and information for future use
5. Control: Ensuring system operates according to specifications
6. Feedback: Monitoring system performance and making adjustments
2.4 Information System Resources
a. People Resources
End Users: Individuals who use information systems
IS Specialists: Technical professionals who develop and maintain systems
Management: Decision-makers who guide system development and use
Roles: System analysts, programmers, database administrators, network specialists
b. Hardware Resources
Input Devices: Keyboards, mice, scanners, microphones
Processing Units: Central Processing Units (CPUs), microprocessors
Output Devices: Monitors, printers, speakers
Storage Devices: Hard drives, optical disks, flash memory
Network Equipment: Routers, switches, modems
c. Software Resources
System Software: Operating systems, device drivers, utilities
Application Software: Business applications, productivity tools
Programming Software: Development environments, compilers
Network Software: Communication protocols, network management tools
d. Data Resources
Databases: Organized collections of related data
Data Warehouses: Large repositories of historical data
Knowledge Bases: Repositories of expert knowledge
Multimedia Files: Images, audio, video content
e. Network Resources
Communication Media: Cables, wireless connections, fiber optics
Network Protocols: Rules governing data transmission
Network Architectures: LAN, WAN, Internet structures
Communication Software: Email, messaging, collaboration tools
2.5 TPS, DSS, EIS, KMS
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Function: Process routine business transactions
Characteristics: High volume, structured, repetitive operations
Objectives: Efficiency, accuracy, speed in transaction processing [3]
Examples: Point-of-sale systems, banking transactions, airline reservations
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Function: Support semi-structured and unstructured decision-making
Components: User interface, database, models and analytical tools, DSS architecture [10]
Types:
Data-driven DSS: Focus on access and manipulation of data
Model-driven DSS: Emphasize mathematical and analytical models
Knowledge-driven DSS: Provide expert recommendations
Document-driven DSS: Manage unstructured information
Communications-driven DSS: Support group decision-making [10]
Executive Information Systems (EIS)
Function: Support strategic decision-making at executive level
Features: Summarized information, graphical presentations, drill-down capability
Focus: External environment, strategic planning, long-term trends
Users: Senior executives, top management
Knowledge Management Systems (KMS)
Function: Capture, organize, and share organizational knowledge
Components: Knowledge repositories, collaboration tools, expertise location systems
Purpose: Preserve institutional knowledge, facilitate learning, support innovation
Benefits: Improved decision-making, reduced redundancy, enhanced competitiveness
UNIT III - MIS in Functional Areas-I
3.1 MIS in Finance
Introduction
Financial Information Systems support the financial management functions of an organization by
providing information for planning, controlling, and decision-making related to financial
resources.
Features
Real-time Processing: Immediate update of financial transactions
Integration: Connection with other functional area systems
Security: Protection of sensitive financial data
Compliance: Adherence to accounting standards and regulations
Scalability: Ability to handle growing transaction volumes
Functions
1. Financial Planning: Budget preparation, cash flow forecasting
2. Financial Control: Variance analysis, performance monitoring
3. Financial Reporting: Income statements, balance sheets, cash flow statements
4. Investment Analysis: ROI calculations, capital budgeting
5. Risk Management: Credit analysis, financial risk assessment
Model of Financial Information System
Input → Processing → Output → Feedback
Input: Financial transactions, market data, budget information
Processing: Calculations, analysis, report generation
Output: Financial reports, performance indicators, alerts
Feedback: Performance evaluation, corrective actions
Subsystems of Financial IS
1. Accounts Payable System: Manages vendor payments and outstanding liabilities
2. Accounts Receivable System: Tracks customer payments and credit management
3. General Ledger System: Maintains chart of accounts and financial records
4. Budgeting System: Supports budget planning and variance analysis
5. Cost Accounting System: Tracks product and service costs
6. Fixed Asset System: Manages depreciation and asset tracking
Input and Output of Financial IS
Inputs
Sales transactions
Purchase transactions
Cash receipts and payments
Payroll data
Market prices and rates
Budget data
Outputs
Financial statements
Budget reports
Cash flow statements
Cost analysis reports
Performance dashboards
Audit trails
3.2 MIS in Human Resources
Introduction
Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) support the management of human capital by
automating HR processes and providing information for strategic HR decisions.
Information Flow in HRM
1. Data Collection: Employee information, performance data, training records
2. Data Processing: Analysis, calculations, report generation
3. Information Distribution: Reports to managers, employees, external agencies
4. Feedback: Performance evaluation, policy adjustments
Functions of HRM
1. Recruitment and Selection: Job posting, applicant tracking, interview scheduling
2. Training and Development: Training needs analysis, course management, skill tracking
3. Performance Management: Goal setting, performance evaluation, feedback systems
4. Compensation and Benefits: Salary administration, benefits management, payroll
processing
5. Employee Relations: Grievance handling, disciplinary actions, communication
Files of HRM
1. Master File: Basic employee information (personal data, job details, salary)
2. Payroll File: Salary calculations, deductions, tax information
3. Benefits File: Insurance, retirement plans, vacation tracking
4. Training File: Course records, certifications, skill assessments
5. Performance File: Appraisal records, goal tracking, feedback
Subsystems of HRM
1. Personnel Information System: Employee records management
2. Payroll System: Salary processing and tax calculations
3. Benefits Administration System: Insurance and retirement management
4. Training Management System: Course scheduling and tracking
5. Performance Management System: Appraisal and goal management
6. Recruitment System: Job posting and applicant tracking
UNIT IV - MIS in Functional Areas-II
4.1 MIS in Production
Introduction
Production Information Systems support manufacturing operations by providing information for
planning, scheduling, quality control, and resource management.
Task
Production Planning: Capacity planning, resource allocation
Production Scheduling: Job sequencing, machine scheduling
Inventory Management: Material requirements planning (MRP)
Quality Control: Statistical process control, defect tracking
Maintenance Management: Preventive maintenance, equipment monitoring
Sources
1. Internal Sources:
Production orders
Quality control reports
Inventory records
Equipment status
Employee productivity data
2. External Sources:
Supplier information
Market demand forecasts
Technology updates
Regulatory requirements
Types
1. Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES): Real-time production monitoring
2. Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM): Automated production control
3. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): Integrated production management
4. Supply Chain Management (SCM): Supplier and distribution coordination
Responsibilities
Ensure efficient production processes
Maintain product quality standards
Optimize resource utilization
Meet delivery schedules
Control production costs
Comply with safety regulations
Benefits
Reduced production costs
Improved product quality
Faster time-to-market
Better resource utilization
Enhanced customer satisfaction
Increased operational efficiency
4.2 MIS in Marketing
Introduction
Marketing Information Systems support marketing decision-making by providing information
about customers, markets, competitors, and marketing performance.
Model of Marketing System
Market Research → Data Analysis → Strategy Development → Implementation →
Performance Monitoring
Different Parts
1. Internal Records System: Sales data, customer information, marketing costs
2. Marketing Intelligence System: Market trends, competitor analysis, environmental scanning
3. Marketing Research System: Primary and secondary research, market studies
4. Marketing Decision Support System: Analytical models, forecasting tools
Input and Output of MKIS
Inputs
Sales transaction data
Customer feedback and surveys
Market research reports
Competitor information
Advertising and promotion data
Social media analytics
Outputs
Sales reports and forecasts
Customer segmentation analysis
Market share reports
Campaign effectiveness analysis
Pricing recommendations
Product performance dashboards
Sources of MKIS
1. Internal Sources:
Sales records
Customer databases
Financial records
Marketing campaign data
2. External Sources:
Market research firms
Government statistics
Trade publications
Online analytics
Social media platforms
Benefits of MKIS
Better understanding of customer needs
Improved market segmentation
More effective marketing campaigns
Competitive advantage through market intelligence
Reduced marketing costs through targeted efforts
Enhanced customer relationship management
Data-driven marketing decisions
UNIT V - Competing with Information Technology
5.1 The Role of Information Technology in MIS
Strategic Role of IT
Competitive Advantage: IT enables organizations to differentiate themselves and gain
market advantages [6]
Operational Excellence: Streamlines processes and improves efficiency
Innovation Enabler: Supports new business models and service delivery methods
Decision Support: Provides analytical capabilities for better decision-making
Customer Engagement: Enhances customer experience through digital channels
IT Components in MIS
1. Hardware Infrastructure: Servers, networks, mobile devices
2. Software Applications: Business applications, analytics tools, databases
3. Data Management: Data warehouses, big data platforms, cloud storage
4. Communication Systems: Internet, intranets, collaboration platforms
5. Security Systems: Firewalls, encryption, access control
5.2 Becoming an Agile Company
Characteristics of Agile Companies
Rapid Response: Quick adaptation to market changes
Flexibility: Ability to modify processes and strategies quickly
Innovation Focus: Continuous improvement and innovation culture
Customer-Centricity: Focus on customer needs and satisfaction
Collaborative Culture: Cross-functional teamwork and communication
IT Enablers for Agility
Cloud Computing: Scalable and flexible IT infrastructure
Mobile Technologies: Access to information anytime, anywhere
Real-time Analytics: Immediate insights for quick decision-making
Automation: Streamlined processes and reduced manual work
Integration Platforms: Seamless connection between systems
Benefits of Organizational Agility
Faster time-to-market for products and services
Better response to customer demands
Improved competitive positioning
Enhanced innovation capabilities
Increased employee satisfaction and productivity
5.3 Creating a Virtual Company
Concept of Virtual Company
A virtual company is an organization that uses IT to coordinate activities and resources across
geographical and organizational boundaries, creating value through networks rather than
traditional hierarchies.
Virtual Company Strategies
1. Virtual Teams: Geographically dispersed teams working together through technology
2. Outsourcing: Contracting external providers for non-core activities
3. Strategic Alliances: Partnerships with other organizations for mutual benefit
4. Digital Platforms: Online marketplaces and collaboration platforms
5. Cloud-based Operations: IT infrastructure and applications delivered via cloud
Technology Enablers
Communication Technologies: Video conferencing, instant messaging, collaboration tools
Cloud Computing: Shared computing resources and applications
Mobile Computing: Access to business systems from any location
Internet Technologies: Web-based applications and services
Social Media: Internal and external collaboration platforms
Benefits
Reduced overhead costs
Access to global talent pool
Increased flexibility and scalability
Faster response to market opportunities
Enhanced innovation through diverse perspectives
Challenges
Communication and coordination difficulties
Security and privacy concerns
Cultural and time zone differences
Technology dependency risks
Management complexity
5.4 Building a Knowledge Creating Company
Concept of Knowledge Management
The systematic process of identifying, capturing, organizing, storing, and sharing knowledge
within an organization to improve performance and competitive advantage.
Components of Knowledge Creation
1. Knowledge Identification: Recognizing valuable knowledge assets
2. Knowledge Capture: Converting tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge
3. Knowledge Organization: Structuring knowledge for easy access
4. Knowledge Sharing: Facilitating knowledge transfer across the organization
5. Knowledge Application: Using knowledge for decision-making and innovation
Types of Knowledge
Explicit Knowledge: Codified knowledge that can be easily shared (documents, databases,
procedures)
Tacit Knowledge: Personal knowledge based on experience and insights
Individual Knowledge: Knowledge possessed by individuals
Organizational Knowledge: Collective knowledge of the organization
Technology Support for Knowledge Management
1. Knowledge Repositories: Centralized storage of organizational knowledge
2. Expert Systems: Capture and apply expert knowledge
3. Collaboration Tools: Facilitate knowledge sharing and teamwork
4. Search Engines: Help locate relevant knowledge quickly
5. Learning Management Systems: Support training and knowledge development
Benefits
Improved decision-making through better access to knowledge
Reduced duplication of efforts
Enhanced innovation and creativity
Preservation of organizational memory
Faster problem-solving capabilities
Competitive advantage through knowledge assets
UNIT VI - System Analysis and Design
6.1 Concept of System
Definition
A system is an integrated set of components or entities that interact to achieve a particular
function, objective, or goal [2] . It represents a holistic approach to understanding how different
parts work together toward a common purpose.
System Characteristics
Purpose: Clear objectives and goals
Components: Individual parts that contribute to the whole
Relationships: Interactions between components
Boundary: Distinction between the system and its environment
Environment: External factors that affect the system
Inputs: Resources entering the system
Outputs: Results produced by the system
Processes: Activities that transform inputs to outputs
6.2 Types of Systems
Based on Interaction with Environment
1. Open Systems
Exchange materials, energy, and information with environment
Adaptive and responsive to external changes
Examples: Business organizations, biological systems
2. Closed Systems
Limited or no interaction with environment
Self-contained operations
Examples: Theoretical models, isolated systems
Based on Predictability
1. Deterministic Systems
Predictable outcomes for given inputs
Well-defined cause-and-effect relationships
Examples: Mathematical calculations, mechanical systems
2. Probabilistic Systems
Uncertain outcomes with probability distributions
Subject to random variations
Examples: Weather systems, market behavior
Based on Complexity
1. Simple Systems
Few components with straightforward relationships
Easy to understand and manage
Examples: Basic calculators, simple procedures
2. Complex Systems
Many interrelated components
Emergent properties and behaviors
Examples: Large organizations, computer networks
Based on Purpose
1. Natural Systems
Occur in nature without human intervention
Examples: Ecosystems, solar system
2. Human-Made Systems
Created by humans for specific purposes
Examples: Information systems, transportation systems
6.3 Relevance of Choice of System in MIS
Factors Influencing System Choice
1. Organizational Needs: Specific requirements and objectives
2. Technology Constraints: Available technology and resources
3. Cost Considerations: Budget limitations and cost-benefit analysis
4. Scalability Requirements: Ability to grow with the organization
5. Integration Needs: Compatibility with existing systems
6. User Requirements: Ease of use and functionality needs
7. Security Requirements: Data protection and access control needs
Selection Criteria
Functionality: System capabilities and features
Reliability: System stability and availability
Performance: Speed and efficiency of operations
Maintainability: Ease of updates and modifications
Usability: User-friendliness and learning curve
Cost-effectiveness: Total cost of ownership
Vendor Support: Technical support and maintenance services
6.4 Integration of Organization Systems and Information Systems
Levels of Integration
1. Data Integration: Sharing data between systems
2. Application Integration: Connecting different applications
3. Process Integration: Coordinating business processes
4. Portal Integration: Unified user interface for multiple systems
Integration Approaches
1. Point-to-Point Integration: Direct connections between systems
2. Hub-and-Spoke Integration: Central hub managing all connections
3. Enterprise Service Bus (ESB): Middleware-based integration
4. API-based Integration: Application Programming Interface connections
Benefits of Integration
Improved data consistency and accuracy
Reduced data redundancy
Enhanced operational efficiency
Better decision-making through comprehensive information
Streamlined business processes
Cost savings through elimination of duplicate systems
Challenges of Integration
Technical complexity and compatibility issues
High implementation and maintenance costs
Security vulnerabilities
Change management difficulties
Performance impacts
Vendor dependencies
6.5 System Analysis, Design and Implementation
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
1. Planning Phase
Project initiation and feasibility study
Resource allocation and timeline development
Risk assessment and mitigation planning
2. Analysis Phase
Requirements gathering and documentation
Current system analysis
Problem identification and solution alternatives
3. Design Phase
System architecture design
Database design
User interface design
Security design
4. Implementation Phase
System development and coding
Testing and quality assurance
User training and documentation
System deployment
5. Maintenance Phase
Ongoing system support
Bug fixes and enhancements
Performance monitoring
System updates and upgrades
System Analysis Techniques
Data Flow Diagrams (DFD): Visual representation of data flow
Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERD): Database structure modeling
Use Case Diagrams: User interaction scenarios
Process Modeling: Business process documentation
Requirements Analysis: Functional and non-functional requirements
Design Principles
Modularity: Breaking system into manageable components
Abstraction: Hiding complex implementation details
Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods together
Separation of Concerns: Dividing system into distinct features
Reusability: Creating components that can be used multiple times
Implementation Strategies
1. Direct Conversion: Immediate switch to new system
2. Parallel Conversion: Running old and new systems simultaneously
3. Phased Conversion: Gradual implementation by modules
4. Pilot Conversion: Testing with a small group before full implementation
Important Topics Summary
High-Priority Topics for Examination
1. Definition and Components of MIS
Three pillars: Management, Information, System
System resources: People, Hardware, Software, Data, Network
2. Types of Information Systems
TPS, MIS, DSS, EIS, KMS
Characteristics and applications of each type
3. MIS in Functional Areas
Finance: Subsystems, inputs, outputs
Human Resources: Functions, files, information flow
Production: Tasks, benefits, responsibilities
Marketing: MKIS components, sources, benefits
4. System Concepts
Open vs. Closed systems
Deterministic vs. Probabilistic systems
System characteristics and components
5. Data vs. Information
Clear distinction and practical examples
Role in decision-making processes
6. Role of IT in Modern Organizations
Agile companies and virtual organizations
Knowledge management systems
7. System Analysis and Design
SDLC phases and methodologies
Integration challenges and solutions
Key Formulas and Models
MIS Model: Input → Processing → Output → Feedback
System Components: Input, Process, Output, Control, Feedback
Decision-Making Hierarchy: Operational → Management → Strategic levels
This comprehensive study material covers all six units of the MIS course syllabus, providing
detailed explanations, examples, and key concepts essential for examination preparation [1] .
⁂
1. mis.pdf
2. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/concept-role-importance-mis-kumar-chetan
3. https://www.srcc.edu/sites/default/files/TYPES_OF_INFORMATION_SYSTEMS.pdf
4. https://mrcet.com/downloads/MBA/digitalnotes/III/MIS & ERP Digital notes.pdf
5. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/computer-organization-architecture/management-information-system-
mis/
6. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/vital-role-management-information-systems-mis-modern-orlando-xavi
er-pkz0c
7. https://in.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/what-is-mis-system
8. https://www.pickl.ai/blog/types-of-information-systems/
9. https://www.scribd.com/document/172511002/Fundamentals-of-Management-Information-Systems-MIS
10. http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/pluginfile.php/5286/mod_resource/content/1/Lesson_3.htm
11. https://collegehive.in/docs/4th_sem/site/ISEB/Unit-1 Foundation of Information Systems/1.d Types of
Information System.html
12. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/computer-networks/types-of-information-system/
13. https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/six-major-types-of-information-systems/172904868
14. https://www.orderful.com/blog/what-is-mis
