Biology Laboratory Manual

For Grade 8
 Biology Laboratory Manual Grade For 8

Content Page
1. Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
2. General Laboratory Precautions-----------------------------------------------------------------------------4
3. Demonstrate Safe Behavior----------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
4. Writing Laboratory report -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
5. Laboratory cover page form----------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
6. Science Laboratory Materials--------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
7. Lab. Study No 1Labeling part of a microscope-----------------------------------------------------------10
8. Lab. Study No 2Observing samples under a microscope------------------------------------------------12
9. Lab. Study No 3Observing distant objects through binocular------------------------------------------13
10. Lab. Study No 4Measuring Temperature using thermometer-------------------------------------------14
11. Lab. Study No 5Measuring heart beat and Blood pressure by using stethoscope, sphygmomanometer----------15
12. Lab. Study No 6Examining food items kept at different incubation conditions----------------------16
13. Lab. Study No 7Measuring Weight-------------------------------------------------------------------------17
14. Lab. Study No 8Examining different water samples and prepared slides for the presence of organisms-------18
15. Lab. Study No 9Examining different water samples for the presence of living organisms--------20
16. Lab. Study No 10Examining the movement of Euglena under the microscope---------------------22
17. Lab. Study No 11 Looking at Yeast cells under the microscope---------------------------------------24
18. Lab. Study No 12Observing prepared slides under the microscope-----------------------------------25
19. Lab. Study No 13Looking at the male reproductive system--------------------------------------------27
20. Lab. Study No 14Looking at the female reproductive structures--------------------------------------28
21. Lab. Study No 15Testing for starch in green leaves from plants kept in the dark-------------------29
22. Lab. Study No 16 Testing for starch in variegated leaves-----------------------------------------------31
23. Lab. Study No 17Testing for the formation of oxygen during photosynthesis using pondweed,
Elodea/or any small water plant------------------------------------------------------------------------------32
24. Lab. Study No 18 Analyzing the effect of light intensity on rate of photosynthesis-----------------34
25. Lab. Study No 19Demonstration on how soil erosion works ------------------------------------------35
 INTRODUCTION

This Biology Laboratory manual prepared and designed for Grade 7 and 8
Students. The manual help teachers and students to simplify lab activities and
easily to conduct all experiments that are stated on student textbook. It also
initiates the teacher, it enhances teacher’s fillings, and motivations to do lab
experiment besides to theoretical concepts.
This manual has great importance to teach for the teacher as well as students to
develop and confirm the theoretical concepts that has learned in the classroom
by doing real practical work in the laboratory. Within this manual, it includes all
laboratory contents such as; laboratory use Principles, General Laboratory
Precautions, Demonstrate Safe Behavior, all necessary listed lab conduct
materials, Laboratory writing and reporting format, experiment Number, Title,
objective, theory/introduction/,Necessary materials, procedures, at the end
question, that lead to results. Therefore, the teacher and students will be
expected to conduct experiments and set their observation, during their
experiment what you have seen from your result, making/drawing discussion
and conclusion after you have done the experiment.

General Laboratory precautions

1. Wear goggles, gloves and laboratory coat.
2. Wear shoes that cover your feet.
3. Tie back loose hair.
4. Don’t taste, smell, eat, and drink any chemicals directly.
5. Do not suck the solutions in the pipette by mouth; rather use a rubber solution bulb or other
device to fill pipette.
6. Wash your hands with soap and water before leaving the laboratory even if you have been
wearing gloves.
7. Know the hazards of the materials being used.
8. When lighting the Bunsen burner first light the Mach stick turn on the gas.
9. Know how to interpret data from a MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets).
10. Read the tables on the reagent bottles carefully to make sure that you are using the right chemical.
11. Never add water to concentrated acid solution the heat generated may causes pattering.
Instead as you stir add the acid slowly to water.
12. Hold your hand over the label while pouring.
13. For minor skin burns, immediately plunge the burdened portion in to cold water and inform the
teacher.
14. If you get any chemical in your eye, immediately wash the eye with the eye wash fountain and
notify the teacher.
15. Work with volatile chemicals under fume hood.
16. Never look directly in to a test tube, view the content from the side
17. Get acquainted with the location and proper usage of the safety equipment’s like;
 eye wash fountain
 safety shower
 fire extinguisher
 emergency exits
18. Carry out only the experiments assigned by the teacher.
19. Use equipment only as directly.
20. Never place chemicals directly on the pan balances.
21. Use glycerin when inserting glass tubing into rubber stoppers.
22. Be cautions of glassware that has been heated, handle hot glassware with gloves or breaker tongs.
23. Add boiling chips to liquid to be boiled.
24. Point test tubes that are being heated away from you and others.
25. Check glassware for stars or cracks.
26. Never remove chemicals from the laboratory.
27. Never use laboratory glassware for eating or drinking purposes.
28. Never work alone in the laboratory. In case of a problem, you may need another person to
prevent injury or even save your life.

DEMONSTRATE SAFE BEHAVIOUR

1. Obey all safety instruction given by your teacher or found in you experimental
procedure.
2. Clean up spills immediately if you know if you are uncertain how to clean up a
spill or a large spill occurs, notify your teacher immediately.
3. Before leaving the lab, be sure to replace the lids to all containers, return
equipment and chemicals to their proper places and clean up your work area.
4. Know how to dispose of waste according to your teacher's instructions.
5. Remember that the laboratory a place for serious work and avoid careless.
6. Know how to respond to an emergency.
7. Report any accident or unsafe a conditions immediately.
8. For some experiment’s, it may be helpful to anticipate data you should always read
the experiment in advance.
WRITING A LABORATORY REPORT format
1. Title
2. Objective
3. Introduction
4. Theory
5. Materials /Equipment/
a.Apparatus
b.Chemicals
6. Procedure
7. Data /Observations/
8. Result
9. Discussion
10. Conclusion
11. Reference materials
12. Feedback Comments
 SCIENCE LABORATORY MATERIALS
1. Matches
2. Candle
3. Indicators
3.1.Universal Indicator
3.2.Blue Litmus
3.3.Red lithium’s
3.4.Methyl Red
3.5.Methyl Orange
3.6.Methyl Blue
3.7.Congo red
3.8.Phenophytalin
4. Magnesium Ruben
5. Big battery and small battery
6. Acids
6.1.H2SO4 Solution
6.2.HCl Solution
6.3. HNO3 Solution
7. Bases
7.1.NaOH Sodium Hydroxide
7.2.KOH Potassium Hydroxide
7.3.Mg(OH)2Magnesium Hydroxide
7.4.Ca(OH)2 Calcium Hydroxide
7.5.NaCl Sodium chloride
7.6.CuSO4Copper Sulphate
7.7.NaHCO3 Sodium bi carbonate
8. Cotton
9. Plaster/ Water Plaster and Shera Plaster/
10.Dropper
11.Forceps
12.Scapulas
13.Prepared Biological Slides
13.1. Prepared slides of Amoeba
13.2. Prepared slides of Euglena
13.3. Prepared slides of Paramecium
13.4. Prepared slides of Bacteria
13.5. Prepared slides of Yeast
13.6. Prepared slides of Spirogyra
 13.7. Prepared slides of Chlorella
13.8. Prepared slides of Skin cells
13.9. Prepared slides of nerve cells
13.10. Prepared slides of bone cells
13.11. Prepared slides of blood cells
13.12. Prepared slides of Muscle cells
14.Alcohol
15.Formalin
16.Insect Net
17.Glucose powder
18.Solutions
18.1. Benedict Solution
18.2. Glucose Solution
18.3. Sucrose Solution
18.4. Starch Solution
18.5. Iodine /Potassium Iodine Solution KI/
19.Ballots
20.Razor Blade
21.Microscope
21.1. Sides
21.2. Slide Covers
21.3. Magnifying Lens
22.Bunsen Brunner
23.Measuring Cylinder
24.Beaker
25.Test Tube
26.Test Tube Rack
27.Tri pod
28.Tonge /Test holder/
29.Aluminum Foils
30.Different Element Samples of
30.1. Copper /Cu/
30.2. Zinc /Zn/
30.3. Silver /Ag/
30.4. Iron /Fe/
30.5. Sulphur /S/
30.6. Aluminum /Al/
 30.7. Carbon /C/
30.8. Cobalt /Co/
30.9. Iodine /I/
31. Copper oxide
32.Powders
32.1. Sulphur Powder
32.2. Iron nail Powder
32.3. Magnesium metal Powder
32.4. Aluminum Metal Powder
32.5. Copper II Sulphate
32.6. Zinc Metal Powder
33.Technological Products
33.1. Thermometer
33.2. Binoculars / Filed glass/
33.3. Stethoscope
33.4. Sphygmomanometer
33.5. Incubator
33.6. Refrigerator
33.7. Freezer
33.8. Balances
33.9. Centrifuges
34.Shallow Dish /Petridis/
35.Funnels
36. Separator funnels
37.Human Models
37.1. Human Skeleton Model
37.2. Human brain Model
37.3. Human eye Model
37.4. Human ear Model
37.5. Human Stomach Model
37.6. Human Liver Model
37.7. Human Kidney Model
37.8. Human Teeth Model
37.9. Human Pancreas Model
38.Glue
39.Nail Varnish
40.Scissor
41. Gas jar
 Laboratory Study Number 1

 Title: Microscope
 Objectives: labeling part of a microscope.
 Theory: Microscope is derived from two Greek words micro meaning tiny and “scope”
meaning, “To view or look at” so, Microscope is an instrument which used to study
smaller or objects. Microscope has can able magnify and resolve the object under the
study.
 Necessary required materials /equipment/
Magnify is increasing the smallest size of an object.
Resolve: is the ability to separate close objects invisible ways.
Types of microscope
There are three main types of microscope .These are:
1. Simple microscope can be magnifying an object from 10 x to 20x example hand less.
2. Compound microscope can be magnify an object up to 1000x
3. Electric microscope can be magnify an objects up to 200,000X
Microscope can be monocular microscope or Binocular microscope.
Monocular microscope consists of one-eyepiece designed to look for one eye, whereas
Binocular microscope has two eyepiece lenses designed to look for both eyes. The most
common types of microscope, which is found in the school and health clinic is known as
compound microscope.
Part of compound microscope
1. Ocular lens /eyepiece/ 10.Diaphragm /Iris/
2. Body tube 11.Coarse Adjustment
3. Nosepiece 12.Fine Adjustment
4. Objectives 13.Mirror
5. Arm 14.Mirror fork
6. Stage 15.Base
7. Stage clips 16. Knob adjustment
8. Stage hole
9. Condenser
 Materials /Apparatus/
 A compound microscope
 Procedure
1. Bring a compound microscope and place it on the center of your demonstration
table.
2. Observe a compound microscope and identify each part and name parts of a
compound microscope.
 Result

Draw and label what you observe?

Figure 1.1 the structure of compound microscope

 Laboratory Study Number 2

 Title: Microscope /study samples by using microscope /

 Objective: observing samples under a microscope.
 Theory /introduction/:Microscope is one of the most important biological tool that is
used to study different smaller objects.
 Necessary required materials /equipment/
 Microscope
 Slide
 Cover slip
 Droppers with teat
 Sample of A small cup of yogurt
 Procedure
1. Place a drop of thin yogurt at the center of the microscope slide and cover it with a
cover slip avoid trapping of air bubbler.
2. Place the slide at the center over the stole opening on the stage of the microscope and
fix it with clippers.
3. Adjust the amount of light using the iris /diaphragm/ on the condenser.
4. Focus with the coarse adjustment Knob using first the lower power objective and
then with medium power objective using the fine adjustment knob to get a clear view.
5. Observe and search for organisms by moving the side in all directions, left to right,
and back to forth.
6. Draw and label what you observe.
 Laboratory Study Number 3

 Title: Binocular
 Objective: Observing distant objects through binocular.
 Theory: Binocular Telescope or Filed glasses are instrument used to observe distant or
far objects. Binocular telescope is a pair of field glass when is made up of two small
telescopes joined with a single focusing device.
 Necessary required materials /Equipment/
 Binocular Telescope
 Procedure
1. Look /observe/ first with your naked eyes at the distant bird or other animals.
2. Use the binocular and look at the same bird or animal you see with your naked eyes.
3. Using the binocular look at sites where you were not able to see clearly with your
eyes.

Question

Q1. What is the different between naked eye and binocular observation?

Q2. Many different abbreviations are used for binoculars, including glasses and bins.
 Laboratory Study Number 4

 Title: Thermometer
 Objective: Measuring temperature using thermometer
 Theory: Thermometer is an instrument, which used to measure body temperature.
A Thermometer is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient often a
sealed glass tube that contains a column of metal liquid as mercury, and may alcohol,
that e expands and contracts, or rises and falls with temperature change, the temperature
being read where the top of the column coincides with a calibrated scale marked on the
tube or its frame.
 Necessary required materials /equipment/
 Apparatus:
 Thermometer
 cotton stove
 breaker
 Chemicals:
 10% alcohol
 water
 Procedure
1. Add water to a beaker.
2. Insert a thermometer and measure the temperature.
3. Heat the water on a stove for 10 minutes.
4. Insert a thermometer and read the thermometer
Question:
Q1. What was the temperature before and after heating?
Q2. What is the difference in temperature between the two?

Laboratory Study Number 5

 Title: Stethoscope and sphygmomanometer.
 Objective:-Measuring heartbeat and Blood pressure by using stethoscope and
sphygmomanometer.
 Theory: Both stethoscope and sphygmomanometer are medical instruments those both
stethoscope and sphygmomanometers are medical instruments those used for listen heart
beat and measure blood pressure.
Stethoscope: is a medical device, which used to listen to sounds produced in the body,
particularly from the heart lungs and human intestine. Most stethoscopes have Y-shape.
Sphygmomanometer/Blood pressure meters/: is a device used to measure blood
reassures.
Manual Sphygmomanometers are used together with a stethoscope.
 Necessary required materials /equipment-/
 Apparatus:
 stethoscope,
 sphygmomanometer
 Chemicals: not used
 Procedure
1. Sit down and open the blood pressure testing kit
2. Raise your left arm to heart level.
3. Waip the cuff around your upper arm.
4. Make sure the cuff is snug, but not too tight.
5. Place the wide head of the stethoscope on your arm.
6. Clip the pressure gauge to a sable surface.
7. Take the runner bulb and tighten the valve.

Q. What do you listen?

Laboratory Study Number 6

 Title: Refrigerator
 Objectives: Expanding food items kept at different incubation conditions.
 Theory: Refrigerator is a cooling instrument. Refrigerators are extensively used to store
different types of foods, and prevent bacterial spoilage. If this device maintains a
temperature a few degree above the freezing point of water (0-5 oc). A Similar device,
which mentions a temperature below the freezing point of water, is called a freezer.
Most freezers operate around -180C
 Necessary requirement /equipment/
- There pieces of meat /fresh,
- There small plastic containers,
- Freezer refrigerator.
 Procedure
1. Smell each piece of meat and make sure it is not spoiled (or they can be cooked )
2. Place one piece in each plastic container.
3. Label 1.Freezer 2. Refrigerator 3. Room
4. Place label 1. In freezer, label 2. In refrigerator label 3. in one corner of the
laboratory
5. Each day, smell all of them and return to their places.
6. Continue smelling until one of them smells bad.
7. Note the day, and continue until the second smells bad.
Question:
Q1. Which sample goes bad first and after how many days?
Q2. Which sample was spoiled next, and often how many days?
Q3. Which sample stayed long-unspoiled?
Q4. What is your conclusion?

Laboratory Study Number 7

 Title: Balance
 Objective: Measuring weights by using balance/weighing scale.
 Theory: A weighing scale /balance /is a measuring instrument for determining the
weight or mass of an abject .The balances are used in many industries and laboratories to
measure the weight or mass of an object or a substance .
 Necessary materials/ Equipment/

Apparatus: Bathroom Balance

 Procedure
1. Place the balance on a leveled surface.
2. Adjust the weight indicator to zero by position your eyes in 900 line.
3. Without Shoe and heavy clothes, mount yourself on the balance.
4. Let other students take the reading (look as above )
5. Compare your weight the weight of other students.
Question

Q1. Reading from the side is not correct why?

Laboratory Study Number 8

 Title: Looking at unicellular organisms.

 Objective: Examining different water samples and prepared slides for the presence of
organisms by using handles and microscope.
 Theory: unicellular organism is an organism, which is made up of only one cell. These
single celled organisms can carry out all the functions of life such as feeding,
reproduction, locomotion, excretion expelling, wasters, and so on by the single cell.
Unicellular organisms include.

Amoeba
Paramecium
Euglena
1. ProtozoaPlasmodium
Gardiasis
Tryponosmiasis

2. Bacteria
3. Yeast
4. Most algae Chlorella
Chgylamydomons
Endorina
Pandoria
Nostoc etc. are example of single celled organisms.
 Necessary required materials /Equipment/
 Apparatus
 Hand lens,
 water samples from pond ,river ,lake, well or standing water,
 compound light microscope,
 prepared slides of Amoeba

 prepared slides of Euglena

 prepared slides of paramecium
  prepared slides of bacteria
 Prepared slides of Yeast and unicellular algae.
 Procedure
I. Observation using a handles
1. Collect water samples in open mouth container (beakers).
2. Observe the surface of each sample with a hand lens for the presence of living organisms.
3. Can you observe anything moving? Please, draw it.
II .Observation of prepared slides

1. Place a prepared slide of amoeba on the stage of the microscope.

2. With your microscope on the low power, observe the slide.
3. Move the slide around the on the stage until you find some cells.
4. Now, using the medium or high power objective lens, focus on one cell and observe and
draw what you see.
5. Label all visible structures.
6. Repeat steps1-5 for prepared slide of paramecium, euglena, yeast and bacteria.
7. For each organism you view, be sure to include the name of the organism and the total
magnification used.
N.B: Total magnification = Magnification Of

Question

Q. Draw and label that you observed.

Laboratory Study Number 9

 Title: Amoeba /single celled organisms /

 Objective: Examining different water samples for the presence of living organism using
compound light microscope.
 Theory: Amoeba is a colorless microscopic protozoon, which is irregular shape and it
lives in water, body as well as it lives inside other animals. Amoeba consists of sub
cellular parts like cell membrane, nucleus, Cytoplasm, Food vacuole, Contractile
vacuole
Cell membrane: -out covering parts of the cell and it control the movement of material in and
out.
Nucleus: -Controls over all over the cellular activities in the cell.
Cytoplasm: - Jelly like substances, that site used for several chemical reactions. Many part
of the cell of organelles are found suspended in the cytoplasm.
Food vacuole – used to store food for digestion

Contractile vacuole: - controls the amount of water in the cell

Reproduction: Amoeba is known to reproduce asexually by binary fission .in w/c the

nucleus divides to form two amoebae, and it also reproduce asexually by sporulation or

spore formation and form cyst during unfavorable conditions Amoeba moves by cytoplasm

projections that extend the cell membrane to form pseudopodia or false feet.

Pseudopodia or false feet are the locomotors structure of Amoeba.

Nutrition: Amoeba feed on tiny protozoa, bacteria microscopic algae by engulfing

/phagocytes/. The process of engulfing solid food is called phagocytes whereas drinking
liquid substance is called pinocytosis.
 Necessary required materials /Equipment /
- compound light microscope
- Slides and cover slip
- Dropper
- Pond, river, lake water, standing water or hay infusion
 Procedure
1. Using a clean eyedropper place, a drop of sample at the center of microscope side and
cover it with a cover slip. Avoid trapping of air bubbles
2. Place the slide at the center of the hole on the staple of the microscope and fix it with
clippers.
 3. Adjust the amount of light using the iris/diaphragm/ on the condenser.
N.B since Amoeba will be inactivated when exposed to light, either adjust light so,
that it will not be watch for them or take a few minutes till they get activated.
4. Use the coarse adjustment knob to focus on the cells under the lower power.
5. Switch to medium power and use the adjustment Knob to bring the cells in to focus
once more.

Questions:

Q1. Have seen amoeba?

Q2.How was they moving?

Q3. Draw what you observe and compare it with picture of Amoeba inFigure 2.3page 27

Laboratory Study Number 10

 Title: Euglena
 Objective: Examining the movement of euglena under the microscope
 Theory: Euglena is an oval shaped microscopic unicellular organism it shows both
plant and animal like features.
 Like Plants:
 It has large vacuole
 It has chloroplast
Like animals:
 It has flagella
 It has no cell wall
 It has stigma/eye spot/
 It has contractile vacuole
 In the dark, it takes in dissolved food through its gullets.
The cell of euglena consist of

 Cell membrane  Flagellum

 Cytoplasm  Eye spot /stigma/
 Nucleus  Chloroplast
 Contractile vacuole  Gullet

 Euglena is living in fresh water habitats, especially in contaminated with faces and
urine.
 Euglena moves by propelling its flagellum.
 Euglena can prepare its own food using sun light & in the absence of light, it can feed
by preying.
 Euglena are capable of reproducing asexually only by binary fission.
 Euglena serve as primary produces in the presence of light and as heterotrophs in the
absence of light.

 Necessary required materials /equipment/

- Compound microscope
- Slides & cover slip
- Dropper
- Standing water or hay infusion
 Procedure
 1. One a clean slide add a drop of hay in fusion and cover it with a cover slip
2. Observe your sample first under the lower power &then observe it under the medium
power.
3. Draw and label what you observe & compare it with the picture of euglena in Figure
2.9 page 32 students textbook.
Question
Q. Have you seen Euglena?
Q. How do you differentiate euglena from paramecium?

Laboratory Study Number 11

 Title: Yeast
 Objective: Looking at yeast cells under the microscope.
 Theory: Yeast is an oval unicellular microscope fungus. The yeast cell is composed of
cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus& cytoplasm. Yeasts are found, normally on the
 surface of fermented dough, local fermented products like beer, tella and tej on the skin
surfaces and in the intestinal tracts of warm-blooded animals.
 Yeast commonly feed on sugary materials present in fruits & grains.
 They feed on sugar/glucose/ in the absence of oxygen, they covert of oxygen they
convert it in to alcohol /ethanol/and carbon dioxide this process is known as
fermentation.

Glucose /Sugar Fermentation + Ethanol Carbon dioxide

Yeast cell reproduce asexually by budding. Budding is an asexual process of preproduction

in yeast by forming out growth a bud. Yeasts are the most important member of fungi that
are used for industrial production of food &alcohol drinks.
 Necessary required materials /equipment/
- Overnight grown yeast culture
- Com pound microscope
- Eye droppers
- Clean slides and cover slips
 Procedure
1. To a clean slide add a drop of yeast & cover it a cover slip
2. Observe your sample first under the low power & then observe it under the middle
power.
3. Draw and label what observe & Compare it with picture of budding yeast in Figure
2:13 pages 36.
Questions:
Q. Have you observed budding yeast?
Laboratory Study Number 12

 Title :- cell
 Objective: Observing prepared slides under a microscope.
 Theory: Cell is the smallest unit of all living organisms.
All living things in the world from tiniest a bacterium to largest animal (such as
whale)highest plants are made up of one or more than two the cells.
Based on the number of cells organisms can be grouped into two unicellular organisms and
multicellular organism.
Unicellular organisms are organisms that are made up of only one cell that include
organisms like amoeba, paramecium, Euglenas, chlorella, pandorina, Endorina.
Multicellular organisms are organisms that are made up of more than one cell or many
cells that in clued organisms like plants, animals, most fungi, some algae.
Plants & Animals are multicellular organisms, made-up of from different types of cells and
have different shape, size and function.

Example of plant cells

 Leaf epidermal cells

 Leaf palisade cells
 Root tip cells

Example of animal cells

 Muscle cells
 Nerve sells
 Blood cells
 Skin cells
 Sperm cells
 Egg /ova/cells
 Bone cells

 Necessary required materials

 Prepared slides of different animal cells
 Skin cells
 Nerve sells
 Blood cells
  Muscle cells & others
 Compound light microscope
 Procedure
1. Observe each prepared slide first under low power &then under medium power.
2. Draw &label what you observed & compare it with pictures in Figure2. 16 page 40

Question:

Q1. Hove you observed differences among the cells?

Q2. What type of variations have you observed?
Q3.What do you think is the reason for these variations among cells of
multicellularorganisms?

Laboratory Study Number 13

 Title: The male reproductive organs.

 Objective: Looking at the male reproductive structures
 Theory: The human male reproductive system consists of Testes, penis, scrotum, vas deferens,
urethra, prostate glands, &Cowper glands. Testes are two male reproductive glands made up
of mass of tubules called seminiferous tubules.
Testes has two major fun citrons
1. Produce sperm cells &
2. Produce male sex hormone is called Testosterone
Penis is an erectile cylindrical organ used for sexual intercourse.
Scrotum a saclike structure found below penis, which consists of the two testes.
 It provider good ventilation for normal production of sperm cells.
Epididymis: used to store sperm cells unite matured.
Vas deferens /sperm ducts/: The sperms are stored in the vasdeferences until released in to the
vagina during ejaculation.
In vas deference, the sperm cells are mixed with alkaline fluid coming from seminal vesicles,
prostate gland & operas gland .This mixture of sperm cells and fluid is called semen.
Prostate gland–produce alkaline fluid substance helps to nutritive the acidity of the vagina
&urethra making the sperm more active.
Cowper’s gland -secretes mucous that act as a lubricant the end of penis and urethra helping the
sperm to swim an actively in the uterus.
Seminal vesicles: -They expel stored nutrients during ejaculation that help sperm cells movement
a source of energy for sperm cells.
Sperms are a mass of male reproductive cells produced by the testes.
Semen is a mixture of sperm cells & a watery secretion of prostate glands, seminal vesicles and
Cowper’s gland.
 Necessary required materials /equipment/
-A model or drawing of male reproductive structure
 Procedure
1. Identify the parts of the male reproductive system.
2. Draw &label the parts and describe their functions.

Laboratory Study Number 14

 Title: - The Female reproductive organs

 Objective: -Looking at the female reproductive structures.
 Theory:-The human female reproductive system consists of ovary vagina, uterus, fallopian
tube, cervix, clitoris & vulva.
Ovaries: are two female reproductive glands made-up of follicle cells,called Gratian follicle to
produce ova or egg cells.
Ovaries have two main functions
1. Produce egg /ova /cells
2. Produce female sex hormone are known as (estrogen& progesterone)
Estrogen control secondary sexual characteristics & egg developments of female
Progesterone also control and facilitates the uterus for pregnancy
 Vagina is a muscular tube for inter course & serves as birth canal
 Fallopian tube /oviduct/ is used for the movement of egg cells from ovary to uterus &
-It is the site for fertilization take place.
 Uterus /womb/ is a site for pregnancy
-used for the development of an embryo
 Cervix: is a ring muscles at the lower end of the uterus .
- It opens at the time of menstruation & child birth
 Clitorisis an erectile & sensitive tissue like a penis found at the front part of the vagina.
The external structures surrounding the vagina are collectively known as Vulva. Vulva consists of
outer folds of skin called Labia majora and two inner more delicate folds called labia minora.
Uvula Outer folds of skin Labia majora
Inner two more delicate labia minora
 Necessary required materials
Model or drawing of the female reproductive system
 procedure
1. identify parts of the female reproductive structures
2. Draw and label the parts &write their functions in shortly and report it.

Laboratory Study Number 15

 Title: - Food manufacturing in green plants

 Objective: - Testing for starching green leaves from plants kept in the dark
 Theory: The word photosynthesis is derived from two Greek words photo means
“light” and synthesis means “putting together or composition”. Thus, photosynthesis
means putting things together in the presence of light. Photosynthesis is defined as a
 process by which green plants make their own food from sun light in the presences of
chlorophyll. Plants require four different things to carry out photosynthesis these are
chlorophyll, light, water &carbon dioxide.
The process of photosynthesis car be summarized by the following chemical equation
6CO2+6H2OSun lightC6H12O6+6O2
Chlorophyll

Carbon dioxide + water sugar + oxygen

During the process of synthesis
1. Co2and H2O are raw materials for photosynthesis
2. Light is the source of energy to split water molecule in to hydrogen & oxygen.
3. Chlorophyll absorbs sun light.

There are two phases of photosynthesis. These are light reaction & dark reaction.

1. Light reaction chemical equation

12H2OSun light
Chlorophyll
24H+6O2
Water hydrogen + oxygen
2. The dark reaction chemical equation
24H+CO2 C6H12O6+6H2O
Hydrogen +carbon dioxide Sugar +water
 Necessary required materials
 Boxes (which do not allow the entrance of light )
 Plants (beans ) growing in pots
 Bunsen burners /sprit lamp/ heat source

 Beakers
 Water
 Iodine solution
 Forceps
 Shallow dish /Petridis
 Procedure
1. Pick leaf from a plant that has been in the sun for few hours
2. Tie a thread /string/ to the leaf stalk.
 3. Put the leaf in to a bearer that contains boiling water & boil the leaf for 5 minutes
4. Place the leaf in a test tube containing alcohol (ethanol )
5. Put the test tube in to a beaker of hot water (water bath).
Note: do heats the alcohol with a direct flame use a boiling water bath)
6. Heat the beaker until the green color of the leaf disappears
7. When the leaf becomes colorless, remove wash out the alcohol with water.
8. Spread the leaf in Shallow glass dish.
9. Drop iodine solution over the leaf & notice the color produced.

Result: A Blue-black color indicates the presence of star chin the leaf this color chaps is
produced when starch react with iodine solution.
Questions;
Q1. Why the green leaf is placed in boiling water?
Q2. Why the green leaf is placed in boiling alcohol?
Q3. Which part of the leaves turned blue black?
Q4. What do you conclude from this experiment?

Laboratory Study Number 16

 Title: - Variegated leaf

 Objective: Testing for starch variegated leaves
 Theory: The green pigments are distributed uniformly in leaves. A variegate leaf is a
leaf with partial green & some non-green parts, Thus in variegated leaf the green &
 some non-green lacking altogether in certain parts of the leaf as indicated by the yellow
color .The none green parts of variegated leaves generally do not survive in the wild due
to this pigment deficiency and inability to carry out enough photosynthesis.
 Necessary required materials /equipment/
 Variegated leaves
 Bunsen burner /spirit lamp/ heat source
 Ethanol
 Beakers
 Water
 Iodine solution
 Force
 shallow dish /Petridis
 Procedure
1. In groups, obtain variegated laves from plants your school compound .
2. Place the variegated leaves in boiling water from a few (five) minutes.
3. Transfer the leaves in to ethanol and heat them in a water bath for a few minutes.
4. Wash the leaves in cold water& stretch them on shallow dish
5. Add drops of iodine solution to the leaves (Cove it completely)
6. A blue –black color indicates the presence of starch.
Questions;
Q1. Which part of the leaves turned blue black?
Q2. What do you conclude from this experiment?

Laboratory Study Number 17

 Title: Is oxygen a byproduct of photosynthesis?

 Objective: Testing for the formation of oxygen during photosynthesis using
pondweed, /Elodea/ small water plants.
 Theory: At the process of photosynthesis, H2O and CO2 are used as raw materials to
form carbohydrate sugar (C6H12O6, glucose) and oxygen /O2 /as products leave out from
 plants through their stoma to the external environment. The production of O 2 during the
process of plant photosynthesis can be studied using a pond weed, Elodea (or water
plant) The rate of photosynthesis in Elodea can be indirectly by observing the amount of
O2 bubbles given off by the leaves .
 Necessary required materials
 Two beakers
 Water
 Sodium bicarbonate
 Two funnels
 Pond weed (Elodea ) or water plants
 Two measuring cylinders
 Procedure
1. Add water in to a beaker.
2. Place small amount of Sodium bicarbonate /NaHCO 2/, which serve as a source of CO 2
in to H2O in a beaker.
3. Put the pondweed in the beaker.
4. Cover the weed with an invented funnel, which is rested on a support (two small
rectangular plastic rods can be used) to keep the funnel away from the bottom of the
beaker.
5. Fill a test tube to the brim with H 2O place your thumb over the mouth of the test tube
and invert the tube.

6. Place the mouth of the test tube under the H 2O surface in the beaker and then remove
your thumb, make sure that little or no air enters the tube during this operation.
7. Move the test tube over the fennel stem & lower it gently to rest on the tunnel as
shown in Figure 4.7 page 86
8. Place the apparatus in position where it can receive maximum sunlight
9. Leave the apparatus until the test tube is half full with gas.
 10.Carefully lift the test tube from the funnel & place your thumb over the open end
before taking it out of the water.
11.Remove the test tube from the water and invert it keeping the thumb in place so, that
no gas escapes.
12.Remove your thumb from the test tube and quickly insert a glowing splint in to the gas
in the tube.

Questions;
Q1.Observe what happens?
Q2. What gas causes this?

Laboratory Study Number 18

 Title: Soil composition

 Objective: identify the type of soil composition
 Theory: Soil is an important a biotic/physical/ factor of the ecosystem. Soil composed of air,
water, organic materials, mineral salts that accumulated over time. Formation of soil is take
several years before it becomes a soil.
There are three basic types of soil.
1. Loam/silt /soi/ለምአፈር/
2. Sand soil /አሸዋማአፈር/
 3. Clay soil/ሸክላአፈር/
 Necessary required materials

 Soil of different type  Rocks and water glass

 Water  Stir

 Procedure
1. Go to your surroundings and collect a sample of soil.
2. Put a sample of it in a jar of water.
3. Stir it well and let it settle.
4. Observe & describe the different layers of materials.
5. In water, bigger particles settle more quickly than smaller ones .it is possible to use this
property to determine the amount of each component of the soil.
6. put 3 parts of H2O and 1 part of soil in the container /try 1cup soil and three cups of water in
a quart jar/.
7. Cups of water in quart shake the container for 5 minutes and let the material settle?
8. Evaluate
 The H2O content-by drying a Known mass in an over at 1000C
 Hums content- by heating a known mass at dry soil on a tin lid which a Bunsen burner.
 Air content- by mixing 50cm3 of soil with 50cm3 of water and measuring the total.
 Particle size distribution- by passing a known volume of dry powdered soil through a
series of saves.
 Water retention- by timing how long it takes to pass down a column of soil
9. Compare the results for each types of soil based on the Figure 6:15 page 135

Laboratory Study Number 19

 Title: Soil erosion

 Objective: Demonstration on how soil erosion works.
 Theory: Soil erosion is the removal of the fertile to soil by water or wind. Cause of soil
erosion can be categorized in to two manmade and natural causes
Natural causes of erosion Such as
rainfall,
wind,
 gravity,
Flood and
land slid are among natural causes of soil erosion
Man-made erosion
 In appropriate land uses
 Deforestation
 Overgrazing
 Excessive use of inorganic fertilizer
 Faulty farming system
 High crop intensity
 Housing construction & mining are some of the major cause of soil erosion
 Necessary required materials
 Soil ,
 Water
 rocks,
 Aluminum Tray

 containers of water
 newspaper ,
 Books and pencil /pen/
 Procedure
1. Cover the tray with newspaper.
2. Fill your tray with soil, putting it down firm in to place.
3. Position rocks in the soil so they cannot move about freely.
4. Place the narrow side of the try on a book or piece of stone, so the ray is on a slant.
5. Pout little drops of water starting at the highest part of the tray. Therefore, water can
run down the soil.
6. Write down changes taking place in your tray. Are the soil and rocks moving out of
position?
7. Pour larger amounts of water at the highest part of the tray.
Questions:
Q1. Now describe the changes are taking place. Of course, you can observe such signs of
erosion in you localities now on wards.