Sports architecture:Art of designing and constructing sports buildings

in order to create satisfaction among the viewers, they can be on air

free like covered constructions or infrastructures.

Beginning of Sports Architecture

The beginning of Sports Architecture is directly linked to the

development of sport as such, and when it manages to reach a
important degree of attachment, explicitly generates the need
of an architectural development that provides a response through
specific facilities for the different disciplines. The sport
it emerges as a higher necessity of capital manifestation of
man. Since the archaic funeral games in which one wanted to
honor through playful competition the endearing memory
left by the deceased among relatives and friends, to the
confrontations of ulterior rituals where competition is
base of the liturgy, although the patron god of the sanctuary is venerated.
In this successive manifestation of sport-religion or cult-
sport, the place or setting of agonistic development is always the
the same in which the cult, veneration or devotion gives rise to the
sports confrontation.

Sports architecture is a constantly evolving field, where design and the

the construction of sports facilities plays a fundamental role in creation
of functional and attractive spaces for athletes and spectators. From stadiums
from football to sports complexes, architecture plays a key role in the
creation of sports facilities that promote the performance of athletes and
at the same time provide a memorable experience for the audience. In this article,
we will delve into the most relevant aspects of sports facilities
architectural, exploring from historical backgrounds to current trends
more current in the subject.

Advantages
Flexibility and adaptability: The sports units designed with a
appropriate architecture can be flexible and adaptable to different types of
sports and physical activities. For example, several spaces in a unit
sports fields can be transformed to serve as basketball courts,
volleyball, tennis, among others.
Comfort and accessibility: Good architecture in the units
sports shoes can guarantee comfort and accessibility for users. It
they can include dressing rooms, bathrooms, showers, and storage areas, in a manner
that athletes can prepare before and after their training or
party.
Security and durability: Sports units must be safe and
durable to withstand intensive use. An adequate architecture can
include materials and features that will contribute to the durability of the
sports facilities, such as wear-resistant floors or structures that
support the weight of the users.
Disadvantages
High construction costs: sports facilities are an infrastructure
expensive to build and maintain, as they include training areas,
gyms, playing fields, swimming pools, and other sports resources that
they require a large investment.
Climate dependence: outdoor sports facilities, such as courts
soccer fields, athletic tracks, and golf courses are subject to conditions
extreme climates, which can affect its use and limit the practice of
sports at certain times of the year.
Maintenance issues: sports facilities are a space for use
frequent and can suffer wear and tear over time, which can
require constant maintenance and repairs that may result
expensive.
Space limitations: sometimes, sports facilities may be
located in urban areas with space limitations, which can lead to
a concentration of sports facilities in a specific area,
generating congestion and crowds that hinder access and use of
These facilities are for all athletes

Sports Spaces
The increasingly noticeable presence of sport in society
gives rise to a more domestic need; to host, on a small or a
large scale, a series of sports spaces capable of absorbing
the different playful and recreational needs of
citizens of all ages and socio-economic conditions.
Currently, and with increasing abundance, the activities
sports facilities are giving rise to a multitude of infrastructures
intended for their practice and enjoyment, many of them directly
related to the professionalization of sports and its dissemination
massive thanks to new technologies both architectural and
of communication.

Technological innovations in sports

In the 90s, the development of technology allowed for the
development of structures that benefit the work of athletes,
and, therefore, the imposition of new brands. In Los Angeles it
rubber was used for the athletic tracks in 1984, which
optimized the athlete's push action through running
having as an advantage the little maintenance that is required
material.

For several decades now, architecture has also been

part of the spectacle of football, which, at present, the
the notoriety of the stadiums rests, to a large extent, on their
formal crossing.

Technology advances and sports brands are echoing this.

to the incantation of aesthetics and using, in some cases,
technologies of science fiction that have been around for decades
they help high-performance athletes to get the most out
benefit and surpass the marks. All of this in conjunction with the
professionalization, the development of training and diets
nutritional.

Every day we have a greater number of technological gadgets.

directed at athletes, whether to control the
training or the competition itself. Watches
of wristbands that monitor heartbeats,
muscle stimulators, and other measuring devices that in
most of them can be connected to the PC to obtain a measurement
of the results and progress.

What are the essential elements of a sports facility?

For optimal sports facilities, it is essential to take into account a

series of key elements such as dimensions, orientation, and aspects
climatic factors, free height, and thermal comfort. Additionally, it is important to define
an adequate surface and consider the slope and the shape or layers
of the ground to ensure the safety of users. The layout, the colors
and the safety zone are also relevant factors that must be taken into account.
account to create a quality sports space.

An optimal sports facility must take dimensions into account,

climatic orientation, free height, and thermal comfort. The surface, slope and
Terrain configuration will ensure user safety. The layout, the
colors and the safety zone are also relevant factors to create a
quality sports space.

What is the definition of sports equipment in the field of architecture?

In the field of architecture, sports equipment is defined as the

infrastructure built for the practice of physical activities and sports in
interior or exterior. It includes stadiums, courts, pools, gyms,
up to buildings for administration and sports services. These
spaces play an important role in the construction of communities
healthy and active, but it is also common for them to create conflict due to their
impact on the territory and its potential fragmentation. Therefore, its design and
locations must be carefully planned and considered in the
urban context.

Sports equipment in architecture is essential for promoting habits

healthy and promote physical activity in society, both indoors
like exteriors. However, their construction and location must be
carefully planned to avoid negative impacts on the territory and the
urban fragmentation.

What is the definition of a unit of sport?

A sports complex is a sports facility owned by the municipality that

has the necessary facilities to carry out a wide variety of
sports activities. These facilities can include sports fields,
athletic tracks, swimming pools, tennis courts, among others. These spaces are
they are designed with the appropriate characteristics so that it can be
carry out optimal and safe training. In a sports unit, the
athletes can train and practice their favorite sports, promoting this
way physical activity and the well-being of the community.

Sports facilities are municipal complexes equipped with

sports facilities for practicing various disciplines. In this way,
physical activity and community well-being are promoted. They are included
sports fields, athletics tracks, swimming pools, and tennis courts, among others
others. Everything designed to ensure efficient and safe training for
the athletes and sportspeople

Design of sports units: an architectural approach for maximum performance

The design of sports facilities is key to achieving maximum performance.

in the practice of sports. An appropriate architectural approach can enhance
significantly the performance of athletes, reduce the risk of injuries and
offer a more pleasant and effective sports experience. Aspects such as the
orientation, lighting, soil quality, ventilation, and acoustics are
fundamentals to create quality sports spaces that promote the
physical and mental well-being of users. A proper planning of
space, equipment, and accessibility are also important elements for
the success of sports facility design.

The proper design of sports facilities is essential for improvement

athlete performance, reduce injuries, and provide an optimal experience.
Orientation, lighting, soil quality, ventilation, and acoustics are factors
important in the creation of quality sports spaces, along with the
space planning, equipment, and accessibility.

The role of architecture in promoting physical activity: a look at the units

deportivas

Architecture can play a crucial role in promoting

physical activity and the promotion of sports in communities. The units
sports facilities, for example, are spaces that offer a wide range of
opportunities for physical exercise and sport. To achieve this goal, it is
it is necessary for architects to carry out adequate and careful planning,
taking into account the design, facilities, and location of the units
sportswear, in order to be accessible and attractive to the athlete. The
architecture is, therefore, a key aspect in the development of programs
physical activity and sport in communities.

Proper and careful architectural planning can promote the

physical activity and sports in communities through design, location
and facilities of sports units, providing accessible opportunities and
attractive to athletes.

Building sports units for the future: sustainable and high-tech approaches in
sports architecture

Sports architecture remains an exciting and ...

constant evolution. As the demand for sustainable technologies and
high-tech applications continue to grow, sports architects
they are finding innovative ways to make the new facilities
be more efficient and economical. From the use of renewable materials
even environmentally friendly construction methods, the
sports architecture is leading the way in the creation of
modern infrastructures that meet current and future needs
future.

Sports architecture is constantly evolving, using technologies

sustainable and high-tech applications to create more facilities
efficient and economical. Sports architects are leading the way
in the creation of modern and environmentally friendly infrastructures
environment that meets current and future needs.

Sports facilities are a crucial space for sports practice and the
physical and emotional development of individuals. The architecture of these facilities
sports can have a great impact on the experience and well-being of users,
either through the implementation of sustainable technologies, the creation of
multifunctional and accessible spaces, or the integration of aesthetic elements and
artistic. Currently, there is a growing trend in construction of
sports facilities that go beyond their basic function, offering solutions
innovative and inclusive that aim to ensure both sports quality and the
quality of life of the communities.

onesports facilityit is the physical component (fixed or permanent) of

certain infrastructure whether it is sports infrastructure or otherwise
nature (educational, recreational, etc.). Here it is important to indicate that the
fixed sports equipment (goals, posts, baskets, etc.) is part of the
sports facility.
Among the most common types of sports facilities, we have:

Coliseums, arenas or pavilions

Stadiums
Sports complexes
Sports complexes
High Performance Centers

The same ones that will be described below:

COLISEUM:
An indoor stadium,1also called coliseum, gymnasium or indoor stadium, among others
names, it is astadiumroof designed for sporting events as well as
presentationsmusicalsotheatricalIt consists of a large open space in the
center, surrounded by stands and seats for the audience. The key feature is
that the place where the event takes place is located at the lowest point, allowing for a
great visibility. They are usually designed to accommodate a large number of
spectators.

Stadiums
A stadium is a sports infrastructure that serves to accommodate
sports, concerts or other activities. It is used for various
types of outdoor sports that are popular worldwide
like theFootball, therugby, thebaseball, etc. The stadiums can
to have a very important influence on the economy of a country
housing all kinds ofsports events depending on the
capacity they present. It consists of a field of large
dimensions surrounded by a structure designed so that the
spectators can be standing or sitting watching the
event. Since ancient times they have always formed
part of people's daily life.

MULTI-SPORTS FACILITIES
If llama sports center to thesitewhat dispose of

different installations and infrastructures for the practice of sports disciplines.

It is usually a closed area, although many times outdoor areas are included.

free.

A covered pavilion is called a sports center when it is suitable for

various sports. Can to deal with of a place what allows

practice basketballbasketballhandball, volleyball and gymnastics

example.

A sports complex can also includecourtsoffootballand tennis,

athletic tracks and swimming pools. Thus, a wide range is concentrated in the same area.

a variety of sports activities.

It is habitual what the sports facilities entrepreneurships state-owned.

The government can build these spaces to promote and encourage sports.

among the inhabitants. The sports complexes can also belong to a club,

unsindicated another type of organization or institution.

SPORTS COMPLEX

Sports Complex. It is the area that includes a set of

sports facilities equipped withtechnologyadvanced
integrated by qualified technical personnel, allowing to be
humans develop their skills through practice of
any sports discipline.

There is no defined concept of Sports Complex therefore

that, through information related to sports, one can
to formulate a concept that guides the reader to have a greater
knowledge concerning a Sports Complex, which
describe below.

Sports Complex is theareawhat comprises a set of

sports facilities equipped with advanced technology,
integrated by trained technical personnel, allowing the being
humans develop their skills through practice of
any sports discipline.

The proper functioning of a Sports Complex not only depends

of its physical structure, technicians and athletes, since it is necessary
to have an administrative area responsible for organizing,
plan, control, and develop activities aimed at
fulfill the mission of the Sports Complex.

HIGH PERFORMANCE CENTER

As its name indicates, a high-performance center is a
sports facility equipped with the latest technology and
equipment that elite athletes need to compete
to their maximum capacity, whether individually or in teams.

The key to high-performance centers is the ability to reconcile in

the same space for training, studying, and resting. That's why,
they have first-class multidisciplinary facilities, a
technical team including high-performance analysts and a doctor
specialized.

Whose function is to improve sports performance for elite athletes.

providing the best possible training conditions. Additionally, some of
they have residences for teams, selections, or individual athletes
they can hold a concentration before their sporting events. The good functioning of
these centers are reflected in their constant use not only by athletes, but also
Thousands of foreign professionals and even technicians show up to prepare the dates.
most important sports of the year.

The services intended for elite athletes not only include sports facilities,
but also with facilities such as medical services, psychologists, nutritionists, equipment
of physiotherapy, podiatry and all the material they need to be able to train
maximum number of possible hours each day.

These centers are based on conceiving the athlete's performance in the interaction of the
physical, tactical, and psychological factors. The corresponding professional should have all available
the external help he may need allows him to focus solely on training and
to be cared for by their trainers and the staff of these centers.

Football is a team sport where two teams compete and try to

introduce a ball into the opponent's goal. To do this, the players
They serve from any part of the body, except for the arms and hands. The
confrontation between teams, called a match, takes place on a field of
large-sized grass.
Each team is made up of eleven players who have
different roles. The forwards aim to score goals (to introduce
the ball in the opponent's goal). The midfielders create plays and pass the ball.
to the forwards. The job of the defenders is to defend their own goal, and
The goalkeepers (also called goalies or keepers) are the ones in charge
to prevent the opposing goals. The latter are the only ones who can touch the
ball with their hands if they are in their area (zone where they are located)
goalkeeping.
The players are at the coach's orders, who can use different
tactics and player formations. The matches are refereed by a
referee and two linesmen, in addition to a VAR (video assistant referee)
some competitions.
The team that wins is the one that, after 90 minutes, scores the most goals.
opposing goal. In case of scoring the same number of goals, it is said that there is
draw.
Football emerged in the 19th century in England, and throughout the 20th century it
became the most popular sport in the world. Currently, practically
each country has its own local competitions. The World Cup,
where teams compete with the best players from each country
classified, it is one of the most followed sporting events in the world.
This sport is known as soccer in the United States and, although not
it is common nowadays, it was also called football in some areas
Spanish speakers.

What is Football?
Football is defined primarily as agamethat includes two
opponents and a referee with the ability to imposejusticeimpartial.
Each opponent consists of a team of 11 players on the field.
each game, with the option to include substitute players during the course
from the football match.

Theobjectiveto make a spherical ball roll in order to score a point,

whose annotation is valid when crossing the boundary line of the opposing arc. Each point
achieved is known as goals, therefore the team that scores the most goals in the
duration of 90 minutestimethe net of a match - will be the winner.

Each team must include one goalkeeper or goalie in its roster.

player capable of touching the ball with their hands and tasked with preventing that
the ball crossed its own goal; a group of defenders; a group of midfielders and
finally a group of forwards. Thetacticseach template may vary
in preference of the head coach in charge of the football team.

Main rules of football

Upon seeing a red card, the player must leave the field of play immediately.

Side throw. Once the ball has crossed a sideline, it must be

proceed to take the ball with the hand to return it to play.
Goal kick. Once the ball has crossed the front line, having
was last touched by a team on the rival's field, the rival goalkeeper
he must put the ball into play from his goal.
Corner kick. Once the ball has crossed the front line and has been
last touched by a team in their own field, it will be awarded to the opponent
resume the game with a kick of the ball from the corresponding vertex.
Yellow card. It will be at the referee's discretion to sanction a player with a card.
yellow when a player commits a foul.
Red card. A player will see the red card upon receiving two yellow cards and
must leave the playing field immediately. He can also be sanctioned.
with a direct red card.
There are several models of infrastructure for a high-performance center at a global level.
global, however, it can be mentioned that this type of project should have
basically with first-class facilities, courts in perfect condition that welcome
to the youth divisions and to the first team. This equipment presents a
comprehensive programming, covering areas such as: sports, education, housing,
hospitality, leisure, among others. It must have a gym with all the equipment,
dressing rooms, rooms for all categories of the club with plasma televisions,
satellite television, classroom for the kids to continue their studies,
audiovisuals, dining halls, kitchen, and a game room that are part of the building in
that the players of the training divisions and the first team use (Pastén,
2016). There should be main courts, which can be mobile, and all
the necessary tools for the teams to train without any
setback.

Architects design spaces where people move every day. A

football coach creates spaces/exercises in which the players move.
The objective of this article on architecture and football is to examine what architectural ideas-
theoretical and architectural-philosophical concepts can be transferred to football and what learnings about
football can be obtained through them.
Write movements, read paths
What is analyzed in this section? We want to investigate what effects it may have.
architecture in people. Then we want to see if the influence of architecture on the
Personas is similar to the influence of the coach and the exercises on the player. What
can you make this comparison about the relationship between coach and player and how
they work thefootball exercisesAre football players influenced by exercise?
How are people influenced by architecture?
How does architecture affect people?

Architecture creates boundaries. Architecture shapes the movements of the

body.
Architecture constrains the body or gives it space.
Architecture specifies paths/movements. It allows and prevents certain
movements.
Architecture creates ('draws') a map, creates orientation and order.
Architecture determines what is visible and what is not visible.
Architecture directs the eye and the line of sight. ("on the contrary, the gaze is directed
from all sides from such a point of unity

Can this be transferred to football exercises? Yes. Football exercises create

limits give the player space or no space, they give time or not, they give an idea,
They fix or avoid movements. They can provide guidance and direct the line of sight.
of the players.
What is the relationship between architect/person and coach/player?
The coach writes movements (sets boundaries, gives space, time, pressure, etc.) and
the player decodes them using their movements in the exercise (or their
movements/decisions arise as a reaction to the exercise.
This influence of the player ideally reflects the coach's ideas (movement.
choreographed of the body). The player can be ready to read and take action
correct (guide the opponent outward, avoid long passes, etc.).
What does this mean exactly?
 The player enters a 'room' that has been designed. The player is limited.
through the areas and rules, inevitably it is guided and influenced by them. This
incision, of course, is noticeable as a player and must be taken into account when
develop the exercises.
2. Spaces are opened through movements. The coach never becomes part of
his own training task is very tied to what he sees from the outside.
Additionally, players perceive the exercises from a different perspective and
through movements. The quality of the exercises can only be evaluated from
both perspectives (player and coach). (What importance does a language have?
common in relation to the evaluation of the exercises? How is that created?
language?)
3. Exercises are not just a tool to improve the player. They also
are part of the communication between the player and the coach.

Building possibilities
In this section, we will emphasize the relationship between architecture and processes.
thinking. How does architecture influence our thinking? How does it influence the
structure of the exercises in the thinking of the players?
Skintalks about architecture as the construction of possibilities/enabling. The
the coach builds (limits or expands) the possibilities of their players. However,
Schwarte not only refers to the direct construction of possibilities, but also to
think of architecture as something that organizes our thinking and thus allows
certain thought processes. If you transfer this to football, then it could not only
to mean that you cut the corners of a square and deprive the player of the opportunity
direct from a long pass. It could also be interpreted in the sense that the exercises
that the coach designs allows the player to think in a certain way. Ideally, even
begins and allows thought processes.
How do buildings/spaces affect our thinking?
Architecture enables and initiates certain thought processes.
Architecture helps us organize our thinking.
And how does he/she do it?

If you think about it more directly, then the following image helps the player to
reorganize and divide your game:

How does this spatial division change the player's thinking?

The players begin to classify their game situations in these five zones, to
that they can think differently about their actions and differentiate between pieces (or
game concepts) smaller. They no longer structure their game between bands, center,
defense or forward (the classic division of the field).
The spatial order also creates an order/clarity. The player perceives a specific space.
The distinct limits provide certain ideas about football in relation to the game, the line.
of the team to which the player belongs, and to their peers.
The exercises show what the coach's philosophy means. Therefore, not only
they organize thought, but also allow the player to think about football in a
in a determined manner. They form the basis.

Conclusion
This article theoretically deals with the relationship between architecture and football. To generate a
more concrete knowledge, it would be necessary to investigate how the structure of the exercises
specifically influences the player. As a coach, what options do I have to
molding the player, for example, through the colors or the shape of the cones? How?
Can I communicate exactly about the structure of the exercises?

It is not unusual for soccer fans to think of little else.

that in the match itself. After all, their week was
they accumulate until the beginning and spend their time discussing who
he will be in the starting XI and what the score will be. Things are not
so simple for managers or their back-office staff.
They have to determine which players are in peak form and if
there are flourishing associations that should be encouraged.
managers must analyze the tactics and work on the plays to
set piece, etc.

That is why most football fans do not

they think about the training fields, but why the
coaches and players love them for being the best. A
he will hear stories from football players who say that
They were impressed with the facilities they saw.
when they went to discuss a transfer to a club and it is the
training camp they are talking about. Just like the
actors who spend weeks and months in a rehearsal room,
the footballers will spend much more time on the field of
training of his club that in the stadium itself. But, what
Should we know about them?

Contentsshow

List of fields of
football club training
Types of fields and facilities
of training
It goes without saying, but football clubs from different
levels have different facilities in their fields
training. It is unlikely that a Liga Dos team
have the same type of equipment as a Premier team
League that constantly qualifies for the League of
Champions, for example.

This, then, is not a look that encompasses all kinds of

things you would find in any training field
in the country. Rather, it is an exploration of what they would offer
the best facilities available. Let's take a look at
a glimpse at some of the best training camps of
United Kingdom after this, so I hope you have a
an idea of what you would find if you were taken on a tour through the
training facilities of a club.

Open air plots

It explains itself, really. The best clubs of

soccer will have a series of outdoor fields to use in
training, practice matches, and inter-team games.
Normally, the main field will be the same size as the
club's playing field. As we have explained elsewhere,
Not all football fields are the same size. It is because
that some clubs choose to have a field that is
adaptable so that they can change the brands of the field
to match those of the team they will play against at
continuation.

Old Trafford, for example, is longer and wider than the

playing surface of Stamford Bridge. Chelsea could adjust
the size of the field in which they practice to ensure
that their players are not surprised when they run out of
play at the house of the Red Devils. Likewise, the
United staff could potentially make their field
be smaller so that its players are
used to working in smaller spaces before
head towards West London.

In addition to outdoor courts similar to those used in

the team's house, there are also courts for all weather. This
it means that if it has rained a lot or it has snowed, the training
can still be carried out under the kind of conditions that the
soccer players expect to find in a match. Normally there are
a full-size court for all weather and a court
five on each side for smaller games.

5-a-side is now a common way to play football, but

when the game was still in development it was practically
unknown. Traditionally, the training consisted of
physical conditioning work, like running on the street, no
in working with the ball. When Bill Shankly took office
as the coach of Liverpool in the 1960s, for example,
one of his first decisions was to introduce 5 per side
as a key principle of their training regimen;
to get the players used to having to run with the ball in
place without him.

Covered parcels

Every now and then it is necessary for a club to relocate its

matches or training inside. Most of the time
this is due to severe climatic problems, although neither
it's rare for a club to do it to try to maintain its
tactics and formations in secret. Essentially, everything that
it also applies to outdoor courts
considered relevant for indoor courts, including the
variations both in full size and five by side.

The gym
As important as the ability to play with the ball,
it is also crucial that the players are in optimal condition
physical conditions. Of course, the 'maximum' condition is
different from one manager to another. Some coaches are
likes that his players can run and run and never
to get tired, something necessary for a high-pressure game. To others
they like strong footballers who can stand up to
the more physical side of the game and they can ask their players
that they increase their volume. In any case, they require the
use of a gym to help them do what is required
of them.

Training fields often feature rows and

rows of stationary bicycles, weight machines, machines for
running, etc. The constantly evolving nature of the
technology means that fitness experts can not only
choose specific machines for players to use
individuals, but they can also monitor their progress
with precision. They can customize the training for
each footballer depending on what they need to work on. A
a young player may need to increase their muscle mass, due to
example, or one larger may need to do more work
cardiovascular.

Swimming complex

One of the best types of exercise that they can do

People with injuries should swim. It's an excellent exercise.
cardiovascular, but also relieves the weight on the joints
and the muscles that have been damaged. That is why many
football clubs have large swimming complexes. It is
where players returning from an injury can do
some work to ensure that they are maintained in the
best possible conditions without risking injury
more.

In addition to the pools, some training fields

there will also be a hydrotherapy area. Often, this is
something separate from the pool itself and will be used for players
who have been seriously injured and cannot even swim.
It is a gentler reintroduction to various exercises and techniques.
of physical conditioning and can be a crucial part of the
recovery of a player to get back in shape.
Recovery center of
players
The different clubs will have different names for this
area, but it is essentially the physiotherapy room for the
injured players. While swimming and hydrotherapy
they can be useful for a football player's recovery, there are
many things that must be done in a certain way
scientifically more specific.

Although players will often be sent to the hospital to

scan bones, muscles, ligaments, etc., damaged, still
there is much that physiotherapists and doctors that clubs
they have on their payroll can evaluate and work. The clubs
they have rehabilitation rooms where the specialists
they can work on the players' injuries.

Other areas
It could be said that the previous sections are the most
important within the training field of a club,
but there are other spaces that are quite common in the
majority of the clubs in the Football League. Here is a
a more condensed look at some of them:

Manager's office - This is where the coach of the

the club is going to discover its tactics, look at its players and
explore possible transfer objectives, among others
things.
Common room - Players must be able to relax in their
downtime. Common areas often
they will have table tennis tables, boards of
darts, etc.
Cantina - Food analysis has changed
notably since the days when players had
a cake and fries for tea! This is where
they will get their food, usually including plans
specifically customized.
 Preparation for opposition – Football clubs have
teams whose work is to prepare media and information
for the coach and the players about the teams
opposites. They are usually based on the field of
training.
Meeting Room – An obvious one, but this is where the
teams will meet to discuss any matter
urgent, gathering the tactical work of the coach and the
opposition preparation team investigation.
Washing facilities - The players' clothing is
gets dirty, just like their outfits, etc. The fields
training tend to have areas for the
make the cleaners clean them all.
Starting room - It could be said that Anfield had the
the most famous boot room in the world of football,
although, ironically, few boots were kept in it.
It is where the most important piece is cared for and maintained.
team that a player uses.
The best fields of
world football training

Obviously, this is something subjective, with different clubs that

they want different things from their facilities of
training. However, some clubs have invested a
significant amount of money in their training areas,
so there is a general acceptance within the
football community that the following are some of the
best in the business. Since it is complicated to classify the
subjective themes, these are not in any particular order.

Milanello Sports Complex - The facilities of

AC Milan's training has been in
operation since 1963 and are distributed in 160,000
square meters.
The Future - On the other side of the road
Amsterdam ArenA is the training center of Ajax.
 Construction began in 1993 and was inaugurated in 1996.
with a name that means 'the future'
Cobham Training Center - Since Roman
Abramovich bought Chelsea and has not spared any expense.
expenses to turn it into one of the teams most
world competitors. The construction of their field of
training cost around £20 million, but
they continue to reap the benefits.
Colney in London - Another training facility
based in London, Arsenal's Colney center opened
its doors in 1999 and the designers followed the
specific instructions from Arsene Wenger.
Joan Gamper Sports City - Named in honor
to the Swiss citizen who helped found the club, the center
The Barcelona training center opened its doors in 2009.
as a replacement for La Masia. At a cost of around
of £60 million, it is the most advanced possible
The Aon Training Complex - Previously
known as Carrington, but whose name changed
as a result of a sponsorship agreement of £120
millions, the training ground of Manchester
United has fourteen amazing launches within
sus 108 aces
Football academy of the city - The neighbors of the
Manchester United have faced Roman's method.
Abramovich to spend the largest amount of money possible
to buy success, including the development of this center
training of 200 million pounds sterling.
To be fair to the club, this has regenerated a part
from the city and, along with the Etihad stadium, is known
like the Etihad complex.
Madrid City - To not be less than its rivals
Spanish, the City Real Madrid, to use its
translation into English, contains all the facilities that
you would wait together with the Alfredo di Stéfano Stadium. This
small stadium is where the Real Madrid B team plays
his matches
Finch farm USM - The training ground
Everton has been nicknamed The School of Science by
the club fans. The training ground opened
 its doors in 2007 and offers ten courts of size
complete, a replica of the pitch at Goodison Park and
many other top-notch facilities.
San Jorge Park - The International Teams
they also need a decent training area and the
St. George's Park complex in England is one of the
best in the world. You may not see it on the field,
but it has one of the best medical facilities
of soccer.
The new trends in sports architecture
Environmental factors are changing the way in which
they build the stadiums; the strong patterns on the facades is another
on the trends of the new sports venues.
We all remember the results of sporting events, but
few are those who notice the places where they were taken to
However, architects are increasingly betting on
to attract audiences through its design.

These are the new trends that can be glimpsed in the

sports architecture.

Clive Lewis, senior director of architecture, engineering and design of

AECOM Global Sport says that there are new trends that
they are responding to environmental factors, such as warmer climates
severe.

"Now we see stadium designs with the intention of maximizing"

the amount of shade, mobile ventilation that allows it to arrive
air to the field, just like advanced technology, such as seating
"coolers," Lewis explains.

Other trends, Lewis mentions, include sculptural forms.

strong facades with patterns. "Nowadays, purely shapes
functional, brutal, that dominated the stadiums in the 80s and 90s
they seem tired and lacking vision. A more subtle way of
sports architecture is emerging.

Designing for warm climates

The Middle East has seen a rise in stadium construction.

in recent decades, thanks to the growing globalization of the
sports and the lucrative financing of large projects for
promote tourism and prestige.

But the architects and engineers –for the Cup stadiums

2022 Qatar World Cup particularly - they face a
enormous pressure to ensure playing conditions that comply
with global standards.

During the typical months of the World Cup, June and July, the
The average temperature in Qatar exceeds 50°C during the day.

A participant in the sports category of the WAF, Hazza Bin

Zayed Stadium uses innovative design tactics to adapt to
its desert climate. The stadium is located in Al Ain, the second city
bigger in Abu Dhabi.

Pattern Design, the London architectural firm

stadium manager, took the basic idea of seeking shade
in the heat as inspiration to invent what they called "a
stadium roof with canopy.

Unlike the typical European models in which it is installed

a gabled roof in response to humid climates, the
the parasol roof provides shade to the spectators and allows light to enter
sufficient sunlight to illuminate the court.

The exterior facade acts as an additional cooler. Its

hexagonal panels, inspired by the bark of palms, are
they move back and forth allowing fresh air in
around the stadium.

Taking into account the human scale

At the other end are the small-scale structures,

what Lewis comments can be more successful than the big ones
stadiums.

Architects have problems with large places. The

stadiums become more about how the architect integrated the
engineering," he explains. "Architects in smaller projects
they don’t have to worry about it that much.

They can make it about the architecture that is experienced.

There is an opportunity to create something of high quality, in which the
human scale can be appreciated.
Steyn City Clubhouse in Johannesburg, South Africa was designed
specifically to merge with its environment, very distant from the
usual architecture of clubhouses, which traditionally
they dominate the landscape.

The architects of Boogertman + Partners, one of the firms most

small in the WAF competition, aimed at
design a sustainable building that aligns with the values of
the club house –to provide its visitors with a more a way of life
tone with nature.

The firm decided to blur the edges of the structure and area.
green using a green roof full of grass that helps to reduce the
heat absorption.

Emergence of more expressive and sculptural forms

One of the most well-known buildings is the Aquatic Center of

London, designed by Zaha Hadid Architects. The concept -
formed by the fluid geometry of moving water, and
strongly expressed in the curvature of the roof, complements the
surrounding landscape of the river at Olympic Park.

The pools, now open to the public, were the site of the
swimming events during the London Olympic Games
2012.

“Architecture should add to the drama of an event,” says Jim.

Heverin, project director of the London Aquatics Centre. "To
doing it can promote its repeated use and positive association
with the place. Architecture can achieve this in many ways,
from large gestures like design in general, to small ones
reasons, such as the quality of their finishes.
What does a training consist of?
soccer?
Football training includes a set of exercises and
activities planned by the team coach along with others
professionals, always thinking about the future and the entire season.
Thus, football training sessions are designed to achieve a
it improves over the months. Now, throughout the months
of training, the exercise plan can be modified based on the
results obtained throughout the matches, strategy and performance
as a team.
Work and talent are essential to achieving success in
any sport discipline. But, if there is no good plan for
training, the players will not have the tools to be
in shape throughout the season. Usually, the exercises that
they are practiced in training, they are divided into:
Physical preparation: helps maintain endurance during
the whole season. Speed, coordination, strength are worked on.
etc.
Tactic: this largely depends on the strategy of the
coach. It is about the techniques of attack and defense of the
game.
Technique: an area that players must practice.
individually, since it consists of the ability to solve the
situations that arise in the play area.
Why train in soccer?
Soccer is a sport that is practiced from a young age.
early because offers entertainment himself
can to play
practically anywhere and different areas are worked on, both in
both physically and psychologically. Thus, there are different benefits that
they highlight football training above others
subjects. So, if you have questions about why it is good to play
Soccer, below we explain its main benefits.
Reduce body fat and increase muscle tone
Reducing body fat is one of the great advantages of practicing
football, besides being a sport that works with the
muscles and the heart. For cardiac function, football is ideal, as
What are 90 minutes of physical activity in which they are carried out
different actions that help improve the work of this muscle.
At the same time, many calories are burned and the muscles are strengthened.
the whole body, especially the lower trunk.
Improve aerobic skills
This is one of the most notable benefits. Players must
run at any intensity for 90 minutes, during which also
there are times of rest, which require a level of endurance
high. Thus, most players have a
very high aerobic capacity, having the necessary skill to
shift from walking to sprinting and enjoy a quick recovery.
Increases the strength of the bone structure
It is typical for bone density to decrease as
people age. But, during football training,
body receives weight loads that are beneficial for increasing
skeleton strength. Doing physical exercise through football and during
many years is a good way to keep the bones strong and
healthy.
Enhance the cognitive function of the brain
Football is a sport in which, apart from endurance, speed and
technique, one must know how to find strategies and territorial advantages,
avoiding giving the opponent opportunities to attack. Therefore
thus, it helps to improve the related skills with the
self-discipline, concentration, and persistence.
Self-esteem and confidence
Through physical exercise, football players can also
increase their self-confidence and improve your mood.
This is due to the release of endorphins, which help reduce the
anxiety and stress. Therefore, football is beneficial both at a level
physical as well as psychological.

Basic techniques of training

football
There are a series of basic actions that are essential for
there is a balanced relationship between the ball and the body. Furthermore,
these exercises can be practiced in a team or at an individual level, for
that will vary according to the weather, the playing field, and whether there is
opposition or not. Thus, two basic actions in football are:
Offensive technical actions: it is known as movement or
offensive maneuver and the goal is to facilitate the advancement of the ball
towards the other field.
Defensive technical actions: unlike the previous one
point, these are about preventing the ball from progressing. To do this, they
try to recover the ball or make a move to make it
stop.
Types of exercises
The exercises carried out in a football training session are
they are classified according to their purpose. Not all maneuvers or movements
they are aimed at technique or speed, but also for working
every important aspect that a player must master in a match.
Some of them are:
Exercises to work on speed: lunges or mini hurdles,
elastic bands, fartlek, speed ladder, among others.
Training to work on strength: changes of pace or
circuits.
Training to work on endurance: continuous running,
friendly football matches or orientation races in places
unknown.
Training to work on the range of motion: 1 vs 1, 1
vs 1 in the goal or zigzag.

Why is it important to train well?

Training exercises are the best way to instill in the
players the philosophy of the team. Beyond words, the coach has
you should know how to convey your game idea in daily life, or otherwise not
It will be possible to take to the field during the match. In that sense, each exercise
It must have a clear and identifiable objective.

In this way, if a series of concepts are practiced regularly

movements, these will shape the game model. If not, then
the team will lack an identity that can produce a football that connects with the
it should be translated into good results.

Sometimes, in the design of exercises, we can give more value to a

aspect of the game depending on the phase of the season. For example, in
the first weeks of competition place greater emphasis on the
physical preparation to counteract the downtime following the goal
from the previous course. As the sessions go by and the physical condition improves, it
You can reduce the physical load and dedicate that training time to others.
facets of the game.

Bottle (2016)
What is training in
height?
Training at high altitude means training at an altitude of about 2000
meters above sea level. But why would something like this be done?
Well: at higher altitudes, less oxygen. The cells of our
organisms are exposed to a slight lack of oxygen, a condition that
is known as 'hypoxia'. For this reason, this sports concept
it is also called 'hypoxia training'.

Under these conditions, your body has to work much harder even
if it's just to breathe. If you train at this height, the load on your
the cardiovascular system also increases, the lungs open more
and the capacity to transport blood is elevated.

Clarifying note: The air contains, regardless of altitude,

20.9% oxygen. At higher altitudes, atmospheric pressure (and,
therefore, the volume of oxygen) decreases. As
result, 1 m3 of air above 2000 meters has
significantly less oxygen than at sea level.

But, how does training at altitude work? Well: the

muscles need oxygen to work. At higher altitudes, oxygen
it's harder to achieve. With altitude training, the body
must get used to the low concentration of oxygen and achieve
that the production and supply of oxygen to the muscles is
more efficient, what is useful forimprove endurance.

©Mathew Leete
Why do athletes train?
at altitude?
Running, cycling, skiing, rowing... athletes of all modalities
endurance sports include altitude training in their
routine. What objective do they pursue? Well, it is none other than to accustom to
your body to train in an environment with low oxygen to
to achieve an increase in their performance. When finding themselves in a
hypoxia situation, the body reacts by producing more
red blood cells. When the athlete returns to sea level, it increases
in this way, their resistance.

Similarly, mountaineering enthusiasts also use this

type of training to prepare for your next adventure.

Advice: To run out of energy or start to feel that the legs do not...
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athlete. But it is something that can be easily avoided with a good
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Attention: Mountaineers who want to exceed 3500 meters of
at altitude they usually undergo acclimatization training so that the
the body gradually becomes accustomed to the lack of oxygen.
This acclimatization is usually done in simulation chambers before
to undertake the adventure and its objective is to prevent evil from
height, at least, make it not so serious.

©Simon Koeppl EyeEm

What is happening to our

body when we train
at altitude?
that they increase their volume. In any case, they require the
use of a gym to help them do what is required
of them.

Training fields often feature rows and

rows of stationary bicycles, weight machines, machines for
running, etc. The constantly evolving nature of the
technology means that fitness experts can not only
choose specific machines for players to use
individuals, but they can also monitor their progress
with precision. They can customize the training for
each footballer depending on what they need to work on. A
a young player may need to increase their muscle mass, due to
example, or one larger may need to do more work
cardiovascular.

Swimming complex

One of the best types of exercise that they can do

People with injuries should swim. It's an excellent exercise.
cardiovascular, but also relieves the weight on the joints
and the muscles that have been damaged. That is why many
football clubs have large swimming complexes. It is
where players returning from an injury can do
some work to ensure that they are maintained in the
best possible conditions without risking injury
more.

In addition to the pools, some training fields

there will also be a hydrotherapy area. Often, this is
something separate from the pool itself and will be used for players
who have been seriously injured and cannot even swim.
It is a gentler reintroduction to various exercises and techniques.
of physical conditioning and can be a crucial part of the
recovery of a player to get back in shape.
The more red blood cells you have, the more oxygen you will have.
will transport there where it is needed in the shortest time. It is a benefit
that is scientifically proven.

It has been shown that the improvement in oxygen transport usually

last several weeks, unlike the case of elevated concentration
of the EPO, which usually lasts rather short.

Clarifying note: Supplying EPO artificially is considered

doping in competitive sports and is prohibited by the Agency
World Anti-Doping.

©GibsonPictures

Improvement of hair density

The better the blood supply to the muscle, the greater it will be.
work that falls on the capillaries, which are blood vessels that
they are responsible for exchanging substances between cells.

When more blood circulates, more substances are also exchanged.

To achieve this, the volume of the capillaries increases. If it is reached
capacity, new capillaries are formed. This effect can be
also achieving by doing high resistance exercises
intensity at sea level. However, doing it at high altitude it
intensifies.

Reduction of the blood buffering system

This is not a good thing. Explained simply, if the capacity
the blood buffer is reduced, meaning that the blood
will become more acidic more quickly under anaerobic stress. And that acidity
It will transform emphasis. This effect occurs mainly due to the
release of bicarbonate, a pH regulating base.

What's the upside? Studies show that once we return to

sea level after training at altitude, the shock absorber system
the blood improves over a certain period of time. This is a
of the reasons why athletes improve their
resistance after doing altitude training.
By the way, another benefit of high-altitude training is the
the fact that we can breathe ultra-clean air in the mountains and
that the liberation of endorphins in our body increases. Thus
What we can say is that this type of training makes us happy.
At least, momentarily.

What else?

In addition to all these physiological adaptations, it is important to consider

count other factors if we want to train at altitude. Among these are
include:

Major loss of fluids due to the decrease in the

relative humidity of the air. The colder the air, the more
dryness will cause our mucous membranes to dry out and us
forces us to replenish fluids and to hydrate more than usual.
Temperature changes that we have to
to get used to. On many occasions, the days are very hot
in the mountain, while the nights are very cold.
Don't even think about training at high altitude without putting on sunscreen!
The strong UV radiation combined with physical effort burns
rapidly the skin.
Increased breathing. At higher altitude, the lungs
they have to work harder to be able to bring enough oxygen to
the whole organism, which causes us to have to breathe
more and in a deeper way. Advantage: this way too
we train the respiratory muscles.

How does it work?

altitude training?
If you want to train at altitude, you must always do it.
with the guidance of a personal trainer and under supervision
doctor. Before you set off towards the mountains, the
It is advisable to conduct acclimatization training so that
you can adapt to the special conditions of this type of
training.
©Tony Anderson

Reduce the intensity of

training
Training at altitude involves greater wear and effort for your
body, so in hypoxic conditions, your performance will be
lower than if you are training at sea level. For this reason, you have
to reduce the intensity of training when you are at high
altitude. It may sound contradictory at first glance, but it is something very
logical: the low intensity of training is compensated
due to environmental conditions.

This is especially good for athletes with volumes of

very high training. By increasing training efficiency,
the volume can be reduced, which is good news for everyone
the musculoskeletal system.

The duration of high-altitude training depends on the adaptation of

each athlete to the conditions of hypoxia and the objectives that
It usually lasts 3 weeks, training about 5
hours per week.

On the other hand, there are different types of altitude training.

Your personal trainer can advise you on what type is best for you.
better adapts to your fitness level and your goals. These are the three
types:

Live High Train High

The concept of 'Live High Train High' (living and training at altitude) is a
type of training in which the athlete is exposed to hypoxia
continue. Therefore, the intensity of the training should be reduced.
and therecovery timeIt must be meticulously planned.
Live High Train Low
With the concept 'Live High Train Low' (live at altitude and train at low)
sea level) the athlete is exposed to intermittent hypoxia.
According to many trainers and doctors, this type of training
in height is the one that has the most benefits. By living in a
high altitude, the athlete adapts to these conditions. To do this,
the athlete must spend at least 12 hours a day without interruption in
height. However, they must train at sea level, with sessions and
normal intensity.

Live Low Train High

Just like in the previous case, with the concept "Live Low Train High"
(living at sea level and training at altitude) the athlete is exposed to
intermittent hypoxia. This option is the most comfortable of all and neither
it only requires climbing the mountains to perform it: with a camera
Training simulation at altitude would be sufficient. Without
embargo, according to current studies, it is important to take into account that this
the option is considered the least effective.

At what height should it be done?

altitude training?
To take advantage of all the benefits, it is advisable to do the
hypoxia training at a moderate altitude of between 1900 and
2500 meters above sea level. At higher altitudes, the effects
the negatives caused by low atmospheric pressure outweigh the
positive effects on performance.

High altitude training

it is suitable for
athletes who are not
professionals?
The truth is that training at altitude does not lead to long-term improvements.
deadline, so it only makes sense to do it if we want to prepare ourselves
for a specific competition. So the answer is: no, if not
you are a high-performance athlete who competes, you cannot
take advantage of the benefits of training at high altitude.

Are you going to do mountaineering? Then, it might be useful for you to do

specific training beforehand to adapt to the altitude.

Important: You can only train at altitude if you plan it well and
you have professional and medical supervision. Without experience, you can
it can even be dangerous.

Can a [whatever follows] be simulated?

altitude training with

a mask?
In theory, sports masks make breathing difficult, so
that should mitigate the effects of training at altitude
having to climb the mountains. Also, wearing a mask there is
that breathing more is necessary for oxygen to reach the lungs. This
train the respiratory muscles and improve maximum consumption of
oxygen (VO2max).

Clarifying note: The VO2max represents the maximum rate of consumption

of oxygen that we are capable of absorbing, transporting, and consuming.
The higher the value, the longer you will be able to train.
high intensities (for example, you will be able to run fast for longer)
time). However, a high VO2max does not mean that you are more
fast or more resistant, just indicates your ability to run at high
intensity is good.
On the other hand, it is possible that more CO2 concentrates in the mask,
which can cause dizziness or discomfort and reduce your performance.

To date, there are no studies that have demonstrated whether the

sports masks work in this regard. It has not been
proven that none of the benefits of training in
heights that can be reached with a mask.

Conclusions
Altitude training helps to improve physical capacity
and the performance, and it is a type of training with duration
limited (normally, a few weeks).
When training at altitude, we face a situation of low
oxygen concentration, which produces a series of
changes that help our body adapt to that
new situation.
The benefits of training at altitude are not maintained in the long term.
deadline, so it makes sense to do it only before a
competition. To take full advantage of these benefits, the
recovery is just as important as the session of
training.
It should only be done under medical supervision and with the help of
an expert personal trainer in this subject.