Toluene is a chemical with a strong and distinctive aroma.

This compound is found in nature in a type of balsam tree called balsam tolu.
crude oil.

Toluene can also be found as an additive in various products such as nail polish,
cigarettes, gasoline, dyes, perfume, explosives, paint and thinner, adhesives, and
other manufactured goods.

This chemical substance can affect a person's health if inhaled or when

water contaminated with toluene was swallowed.

Although it has various dangers, toluene is still not classified as

carcinogenic compounds.

People who smoke are exposed to toluene when inhaling tobacco smoke.

In other cases, people can be exposed to toluene while drinking or through contact.
with contaminated water sources.

Contamination occurs when there is a leak in the storage tank or when

an industry accidentally releases toluene into the environment.

Toluene, also known as toluol, methylbenzene, phenylmethane, and

methylbenzol, is toxic and can be harmful to health.

When inhaled, toluene can affect the nervous system as well as have an impact
coordination of the body and causes headaches, confusion, and dizziness.

Constant exposure to this compound can pose greater health risks.

serious which can cause death.

Someone who inhales toluene in large amounts will suffer loss.

hearing, tremors, memory loss, and other symptoms.

Drinking water contaminated with toluene can trigger similar symptoms. Materials
this chemical can also affect health just by contact with the skin.
Toluene is often abused as an inhalant (substance that is inhaled) that can
triggering permanent changes in the brain through repeated and deep exposure
high concentration.

In daily life, people can be exposed to toluene from car exhaust, air
that is contaminated in the workplace, or from inhaling fumes from nail polish.

Exposure can also occur when living near contaminated sites,

like a landfill site or when working with products that are made
with these chemicals, such as heating oil, kerosene, and gasoline.

Exposure to toluene can threaten both children and adults. Pregnant women.
those exposed to toluene are at risk of giving birth to physically disabled babies and experiencing

mental impairment.

Toluene

Prepared as an Assignment for the Environmental Chemistry II Course

Compiled By:
Rahmi Febrita Dewi
33121009

Department of Environmental Engineering

PELITA BANGSA UNIVERSITY

2013
Toluene
Rahmi Febrita Dewi

Environmental Engineering Department of Pelita Bangsa University

Inspeksi Kalimalang Street Jababeka Cikarang Baru, Bekasi, Indonesia
amhie_88@yahoo.co.id

ABSTRACT
Toluene is a hydrocarbon, C6H5CH3, also known as toluol and methyl benzene. It is a
Colorless, highly refractive inflammable liquid obtained from tolu and other resins and from
coal tar. It boils at 110.4 °C and has an odor similar to that of benzene. It is insoluble in
water and is miscible with alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide and petroleum
benzene. Its specific gravity is about 0.865 at 250 °C. It dissolves iodine, phosphorus, sulfur
and, when used in large amounts, resins and fats. Toluene constitutes 2 to 10 percent of
Commercial benzene. It is used extensively as a solvent in the rubber, lacquer, and munitions.
industries. It affords an excellent solvent for certain types of synthetic rubber because it dries
rapidly. It is used as a starting material in the manufacture of trinitrotoluene.
ABSTRACT
Toluene is a hydrocarbon, C6H5CH3, also known as methyl benzene and toluol.
Toluene is a colorless, highly flammable liquid that can be easily obtained from tolu and resin.
others and from coal tar. It boils at 110.4 °C and has a smell similar
with benzene. Toluene is insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform,
carbon disulfide and petroleum gasoline. The specific gravity is about 0.865 at 250
oC. dissolving iodine, phosphorus, sulfur and, when used in large quantities, resin and
Toluene constitutes 2 to 10 percent of commercial benzene. It is used
widely as a solvent in rubber, varnish, and industrial ammunition. It provides a
a very good solvent for some types of synthetic rubber because it dries quickly.
This is used as the starting material in the production of trinitrotoluene.

I. INTRODUCTION
Toluene is a colorless compound, a liquid with a distinctive aromatic smell where
not as sharp as benzene. The word toluene is derived from a natural resin, the word tolu,
is the name of a small town in Colombia, South America. Toluena
found among the degradation products by heating the resin. Toluene is known
also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane, which is a colorless, clear liquid that is not
dissolves in water with a scent like paint thinner and has a fragrant smell like benzene.
Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is widely used in industrial feedstock.
and also as a solvent material for other industries. Like other solvents, toluene
also used as an inhalant due to its intoxicating properties. Toluene also
easily ignitable.
Before World War I, the main source of toluene was the heating of coal.
At that time, trinitrotoluene (TNT) produced a high explosive power and production
Toluene in large quantities is required for the production of TNT.
Toluene is generally produced together with benzene, xylene, and C9 aromatic compounds.
with the catalytic formation from naphtha. This rough formation result is extracted,
most commonly occurs with sulfolane or tetraethylene glycol and dissolved substances, into the well
a mixture of benzene, toluene, xylene, and C9-aromatic compounds where separated by
fractionation method. Toluene is highly lipophilic and can affect the central nervous system if
we are exposed, therefore the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) establishes
the maximum concentration limit of toluene in the air is 200 ppm.
II. BASIC THEORY
2.1 Tatanama
· Group: Aromatic Hydrocarbons
· Sinonim/nama dagang: Toluol, Tolu-Sol, Methylbenzene, Metha- cide, Phenylmetana,
Methylbenzene.
· Identification Number:
CAS number 108-88-3
EU Number 203-625-9
XS5250000
UN Number 1294

2.2 Physical Properties

Molecular Formula: C7H8
Shape Formula:

Color: colorless
Ø Constructionciri

Odor threshold: 0.2 - 68.6 ppm

Ø pH: not applicable
-95 °C
110.6 °C (1.013 hPa)
Ø Boiling point: 4 °C
1.2% - 8%
Vapor pressure: 29 hPa (20 °C)
Ø Density uap : 3,18
Relative density: 0.87 g/cm3 (20°C)
Solubility in water: 0.52 g/l
20 oC
0.6 mPa.s (20 °C)
535 °C
Conductivity: <0.01 µS/cm
soluble in diethyl ether, ethanol, benzene, acetic acid, carbon disulfide, and acetone
but does not dissolve in cold water

2.3 Chemical Properties

In the Hydrogenation reaction, with nickel, platinum, or palladium catalysts, it can be saturated.
Aromatic rings, whether partial or complete, produce benzene, methane, and biphenyl.
In the oxidation reaction, using cobalt, manganese, and bromide catalysts in the liquid phase produces.
benzoic acid.
C5H5CH3 + 1.5 O2 Br/Co/Mn
C6H5COOH + H2O
Substitution reaction by methyl, at high temperatures and free radical reaction. Chlorination in
100°C or with ultraviolet forms benzyl chloride, benzal chloride, and benzotrichloride.
The substitution reaction by alkali logan produces normal-propyl benzene, 3-phenylpentane.
and 3-ethyl-3-phenylpentane.

2.4 Toluene Source

 The main source of toluene is the catalytic conversion of petroleum and aromatics from
aliphatic hydrocarbons, and as a byproduct of the charcoal oven industry. Some
production in the form of a benzene-toluene-xylene mixture used for blending
fuel to increase octane value.

2.5 Risk Phrase, Safety Phrase and Danger Level

NFPA rating (scale 0-4)
Health 2: high level
Fire 3: easily flammable
non-reactive

EC classification:
R 11: highly flammable
R 20: harmful if inhaled
R 38: causes skin irritation
R 63: poses a risk to the fetus
R 65: may cause damage lump – lung
R 48/20: serious damage due to long-term exposure.
S 16: Keep away from ignition sources
S 25: avoid getting caught in the eyes
S 29: do not throw into the sewage channel
S 33: take precautionary measures against static waste
Put on gloves
S 46: if swallowed seek medical help immediately
S 62: if swallowed do not vomit

WHMIS Classification (Canada)

Class B-2 flammable liquid
Class D-2A: the material can cause very toxic effects
Class D -2B materials can cause toxic effects

2.6 Uses of Toluene

Toluene is a colorless liquid widely used as a raw material.
in the making:
§ TNT (2, 4, 6 trinitrotoluene)
It is a yellow solid that is used as an explosive material for military purposes.
Dibutated from the nitration of toluene.

§ Benzoic Acid
Used as a food and beverage preservative such as in soft drinks.
with a pH < 4.5. Because under acidic conditions (pH < 4) it can prevent the development of bacteria.
Because benzoic acid is not easily soluble in water, it is used in the form of its salt, which is
Sodium benzoate.
§ Salicylic Acid
Used to make acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin. Aspirin is a painkiller.
and also as an anti-inflammatory, such as for headaches, flu, toothaches, fever, etc.
§ Aniline C6H5NH3
It is a colored liquid, difficult to dissolve in water. In daily life, aniline.
used for the production of dyes, rocket fuel, and as explosives.
§ Styrene C6H5CH = CH2
Used to make polystyrene plastic.
§ Naphthalene
Consists of two benzene cores with the formula C10H8, for camphor.

In addition, toluene is used as a gasoline additive aimed at increasing the value.

toluene is also used to produce benzene, as a paint solvent, coatings,
synthesis fragrances, adhesives, inks, and polymer production (nylon production, plastic bottles,
polyurethane.

2.7 Sources of Hazard

As an air pollutant, toluene can originate from industrial processes that are emitted into
Air and then is the photochemical source of ozone. Toluene is a pollutant.
First because it is released into the ambient air directly.
Industrial activities that have the potential to cause pollution in the form of HC are industries
plastic, resin, pigments, dyes, pesticides and rubber processing. Industrial emissions are estimated to be
as much as 10% in the form of HC. The source of HC can also come from transportation means. Condition
A poorly functioning engine will produce HC. Generally, in the morning, the level of HC in
high air, but decreases during the day. In the afternoon, the level of HC will increase and
then decreases again at night. The presence of hydrocarbons in the air, especially methane,
must come from natural sources primarily biological processes of geothermal activity such as
exploration and utilization of natural gas and crude oil, and so on. A sufficient amount.
large also arises from the decomposition process of organic materials on the surface of the soil, thus
Trash disposal, forest fires, and other human activities have
a significant role in producing hydrocarbon gases in the atmosphere.
The effect of aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene) on human health can be seen in the table.
below.
ppm
Effects after being exposed for 8 hours
100
Headache, dizziness, fatigue, and drowsiness
200
Weak coordination, awareness decreasing
600
Drowsiness and emotional control decrease.
800
Anxiety, muscle weakness, and insomnia
>10000
Loss of consciousness, heart damage, liver and death
(Dept of Health and Human Service 2009:3)

2.8 Hazard Identification

Ä Main risks and organ targets
Can cause central nervous system depression. Can cause liver damage and
kidney. Toluene also causes effects on the reproductive system and the fetus of animals. It can
causes irritation to the respiratory tract, pollution, eyes, and skin. Can enter into
in the lungs and cause damage. Aspiration can occur if swallowed. Can
completely absorbed by the skin.
Target organ: central nervous system, kidneys, day. Respiratory tract, eyes and skin.
Ä Exposure route
Short Term Exposure
Inhaled
Can cause irritation to the respiratory tract. Inhaled at high concentrations (> 200
ppm) can cause encephalopathy in the nervous system, headaches, depression, failure
coordination, memory loss, dizziness, fainting, and coma.

Contact with skin

May cause moderate skin irritation: skin inflammation characterized by
itching, redness, and sometimes blistering.

Eye contact
Can cause irritation, its vapor can cause irritation to the eyes.

Swallowed
It can cause effects similar to inhalation exposure. Aspiration of materials into the airway.
Lungs cause chemical pneumonitis and can be fatal, depressing the nervous system.
center.

Long-term Exposure
Inhaled
May cause irritation to the upper respiratory tract.

Contact with the skin

Repeated or prolonged exposure can cause dermatitis and
defatting (loss of body fat).

Eye contact
May cause irritation to the eyes.
Swallowed
Damage/failure of the liver and kidneys, brain damage, weight loss, blood,
changes in bone marrow, electrolyte imbalance and muscle weakness.

2.9 Stability and Reactivity

Reactivity: stable at normal temperature and pressure.

Conditions to be avoided: sources of fire, excessive heat, confined spaces, materials that
incompatible.
Incompatibility: strong oxidizers, bases, nitrates, sulfuric acid, and silver perchlorate.
Decomposition products: carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
Polymerization: not polymerized.
Toluene with:
- Bromide Trifluoride: reacts vigorously at a temperature of 80 °C
- Nitrogen oxide/halogen: sequentially forms nitrotoluene, nitrobenzene,
nitrophenol and other halogen products.

2.10 Storage
Store in a cool, dry place with good ventilation and air circulation.
Store in a tightly closed place
Store in a designated area, label the storage container.
Keep away from heat and sources of fire
Keep away from incompatible materials

2.11Clinical Effects
Acute poisoning
§ Inhaled
Inhaling its vapor can cause irritation of the respiratory tract accompanied by coughing and wheezing.
Inhaling substances with high concentrations can affect behavior and cause
effects on the central nervous system characterized by nausea, headache, dizziness, tremors,
anxiety, light-headedness, excessive euphoria, memory loss, insomnia,
disruption of body movement reactions, drowsiness, ataxia, hallucinations, somnolence, muscle contractions or
seizures, fainting and coma.
Inhaling at high concentrations can also affect the cardiovascular system.
(rapid heartbeat, heart palpitations, decrease or increase in blood pressure)
respiration (acute pulmonary edema), causes visual disturbances and pupil dilation,
loss of appetite.

§ Contact With Skin

It may cause mild to moderate skin irritation.

§ Eye Contact
May cause mild to moderate eye irritation with a sensation of taste.
burned. Splashes in the eyes can also cause conjunctivitis, usually heals within a time
more or less 2 days.

§ Swallowed
Aspiration hazards can cause chemical pneumonitis. It can cause irritation of the airways.
breathing accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and pain. It can cause the same effects.
like the effects of inhalation.

Chronic Poisoning
Inhaled and Swallowed
Being exposed for a long time and repeatedly affects the central nervous system and
cardiovascular, the symptoms are similar to those of acute clinical effects. It can also cause
liver and kidney damage/failure, brain damage, weight loss, blood, changes
bone marrow, electrolyte balance, and muscle weakness.

Contact with Skin

Repeated exposure or over a long period leads to loss of skin fat.

2.12 Impact Control

Ä Health

Inhaled
If inhaled, move to an area with clean air. If not breathing, provide
breathing assistance.
In serious cases: move the victim to a safe place, loosen their clothing, and search.
emergency medical assistance.
Contact With Skin
Clean the contaminated area by washing it with running water for 15-20 minutes.
and seek medical help immediately.

Eye contact
Rinse the contaminated eyes with plenty of water for about 15-20 minutes.

Swallowed
Do not induce vomiting. Do not give anything through the mouth to the victim.
the person faints. If the victim faints, lean them forward to reduce the risk of vomiting
Breathe again. Loosen your clothing. If a number of pills are swallowed, rinse your mouth until the taste is gone.
Tolune is missing. If in large quantities, contact medical assistance immediately.

Ä Environment
Mitigation of Toluene Impact. There are four strategies for mitigating the impact of toluene:
Motor vehicle emission control can be conducted periodically.
Control emissions from stationary sources such as oil refineries and petrochemicals using
condensation, evaporation, incineration, absorption, and substitution.
Receptor avoidance from contaminated areas.
-Controlled environment. There are several types of techniques that have been
used to control toluene emissions from their sources, namely incineration, adsorption,
absorption and condensation.
Alternative use of Fuel. Alternative fuel replacement
motor vehicles using solar energy and oils
vegetables (plant-based). The advantage of using this alternative fuel is to perform
savings, because per liter it is cheaper than fuel in general, has
added value for Indonesia, and environmentally friendly, because it will not produce gas
toluene.
Alternative Substitution of Raw Materials for Paint/Coating Products is Increasingly Advancing
Over time and technology, many paint/coating products use a base material that is based on
air. Like Bio Industries, which made a major breakthrough with water-based paint and
water-based coating that is very safe and environmentally friendly.
2.13 Prevention

Moving Source
· Maintaining motor vehicle engines to keep them in good condition.
· Conducting periodic emission testing and KIR vehicle inspections.
· Installing a filter on the exhaust.
Immovable Source
· Installing a scrubber on the chimney.
· Modifying the combustion process.
Human
When the oxidant level in the ambient air has exceeded the quality standard (200 mg/Nm3 with
measurement time (8 hours) then to prevent health impacts, efforts are made:
· Using personal protective equipment, such as a gas mask.
· Reduce outdoor activities.

2.14 Mitigation
The ways to mitigate the effects of toluene pollution are as follows:
v Organizing air exchange inside the room, such as using an exhaust fan.
In the event of poisoning in Bila, take the following actions:
· Provide treatment or artificial respiration.
· Send immediately to the nearest Hospital or Community Health Center.
Replacing the base for the production of paint and coating.
Using fuel with a high toluene content alongside environmentally friendly options
environment.
In naming plants that can effectively remove toluene contamination such as: Ivy
(Hedera helix), Ficus (Ficus benjamina) and Dracaena Masisangeana.

III. Conclusion and Solutions

3.1 Conclusion
From the explanation above, we can draw several conclusions:
Toluene is a hydrocarbon compound with the molecular formula C6H5CH3 that is not
colored and has a distinctive smell. Toluene can cause various effects
if we are exposed to symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, nervous system disturbances, and it can cause
death if exposed in the long term.
The source of toluene is the catalytic conversion of petroleum and aromatics from
aliphatic hydrocarbons, and as a byproduct of the charcoal oven industry.
Toluene is used in the paint, coating, adhesive, fuel, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.
3.2 Solutions
To avoid exposure to toluene, it is important to ensure good air circulation, be responsive.
in case of poisoning. Switch to eco-friendly raw materials and solvents from
toluene becomes water or other solvents.
Planting plants that can reduce pollution or exposure to toluene.
REFERENCES
Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science
McCarty. McGraw Hill. New York.
Dennis Beauregard. 1993. Locating And Estimating Air Emissions From Sources Of Toluene.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: California.
Martin Darmasetiawan
Fundamentals of Air Pollution Engineering
Prentice Hall. United States of America.
Environmental Chemistry Dictation. Gunadarma University. Jakarta.
National Poison Information Center. 2012. Toluene. Drug and Food Information Center.
Indonesian Food and Drug Authority

Merck. 2006. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). Toluene.

WHO Regional Office For Europe. 2000. Air Quality Guidelines. Second Edition. Denmark.
http://ultrawomen.wordpress.com/tag/toluena/
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Toluene
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Toluene
 Hadi Gimantoro (061130401460)
Muh. Irfan Siddik
Class: 3 PK
Task: Process unit
Toluene
Toluene is a colorless compound, an aromatic-smelling liquid.
which is not as sharp as benzene. The word toluene is derived from a
natural resin, the word tolu, is the name of a small town in
Colombia, South America. Toluene is found among degradation products.
by heating the resin. Toluene is also known as
methylbenzene or phenylmethane is a colorless transparent liquid that is not
dissolves in water with a paint thinner-like aroma and smells fragrant like
Benzene. Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is widely used.
in stock for industrial bait and also as a solvent material for other industries.
Like other solvents, toluene is also used as an inhalant.
due to its intoxicating nature. Toluene is also very flammable.
(Wikipedia, 2011)
Before World War I, the main source of toluene was
heating charcoal. At that time, trinitrotoluene (TNT) was produced
high explosive power and large-scale production of toluene are required
for the production of TNT.
Toluene is generally produced alongside benzene, xylene, and
C9 aromatic compounds with catalytic formation from naphtha. Result
this rough formation is extracted, mostly occurring with sulfolane or
tetraethylene glycol and dissolved substances, into the mixed well of benzene,
toluene, xylene and C9-aromatic compounds which are separated by means of
fractionation. (Othmer & Kirk, 1989) The structure of toluene is as shown in figure 2.2
the following are benzene derivatives with the methyl group present
on the benzene ring.
Figure 2.2 Structure of toluene compound

a. Physical Properties
92.14 g/mol
2. Normal melting temperature: 178.15 K
383.15 K
4. Density
- Solid at 93.15 K: 11.18 L/mol
- Volume at 298.15 K: 9.38 L/mol
5. Critical pressure: 4.108 MPa
591.8 K
7. Critical volume: 0.316 L/mol
8. Critical compressibility factor: 0.264
0.548 mPa.s (cPa)
10. Formation heat: 50.17 kJ/mol
11. Evaporation heat: 33.59 kJ/mol
12. Combustion heat: -3734 kJ/mol
(Kirk & Othmer, 1989)
b. Chemical Properties
1. Hydrogenation reaction, with nickel, platinum, or palladium catalyst can
saturating aromatic rings partially or totally, produces
benzene, methane and biphenyl.
2. Oxidation reaction, with cobalt, manganese, or bromide catalysts in the liquid phase
producing benzoic acid.
C6H5CH3 + 3/2 O2 Br/Co/Mn C6H5COOH + H2O
3. Substitution reaction by methyl, at high temperatures and free radical reaction.
Chlorination at 100°C or with ultraviolet forms benzyl chloride, benzal
chloride and benzotrichloride.
4. Substitution reaction by alkali metals produces normal-propylbenzene, 3-
pentyl phenyl, and 3-ethyl-3-phenyl pentane.
Uses of toluene
The main use of toluene is as a mixture that
added to gasoline to increase the octane value. Toluene also
used to produce benzene and as a solvent in paints, coatings,
synthetic fragrances, glue, ink, and cleaning agents. Toluene also
used in the production of polymers that are used to make nylon, bottles
plastic soda, polyurethane, as well as for pharmaceuticals, dyes, cosmetic products
kuku, and organic chemical synthesis.
Reference: University of North Sumatra
http://simpangbayat.blogspot.com/2012/11/toluena.html

Impact of Toluene
(C6H5CH3) on
human (solvent)
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The impact of Toluene (C6H5CH3) on humans

Toluena C6H5H3
Toluene is a colorless liquid that is abundant.
used as raw material in the making of:
a. TNT (2, 4, 6 trinitrotoluene)
TNT is a yellow solid substance used as a material
explosives for military purposes. Made from nitration
toluene.

b. Benzoic acid
Benzoic acid is used as a food preservative and
drinks like soft drinks with a lower pH
from 4.5. because acidic conditions (pH < 4) can prevent
bacterial development. Because benzoic acid is poorly soluble
in water, it is used in the form of its salt which is
Sodium benzoate.

c. Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid is used to make acetyl or aspirin.
Aspirin is a painkiller and also
as an anti-inflammatory, like headache medicine, flu,
toothache, fever, and so on.

Aniline C6H5NH3
It is a colorless liquid, poorly soluble in water.
In everyday life, aniline is used as a material
the production of dyes, rocket fuel and as
explosive material.

e. Styrene C6H5CH = CH2

Styrene is used to make polystyrene plastic.

naphthalene
A compound consisting of two benzene rings with the formula
C10H8, used for camphor.
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