INTRODUCTION

Agronomy is a very ancient activity that originated in prehistory and is

currently an indispensable and fundamental economic sector in global food supply.

Agriculture, like all other knowledge of man, had its origin in experiences.

accumulated in the cultural heritage of humanity.

Since ancient times, Homo erectus began to occupy the temperate areas of

Earth (more than 1,500,000 years ago) in the ancient continent, and in the success of its

Survival over other species played a major role in their ability to adapt to the environment.

in which it found itself, thus developing norms of action in the face of certain

conditions that changed day by day. These experiences were passed on

from generation to generation what gave rise to human culture. In the beginning, the

Man was a predator, that is to say, he fed on the animals he hunted and on fruits.

and roots that the nearby plants naturally offered him. Agronomy in the

historical process of man, and in light of current knowledge it arises in dates

relatively recent, specifically around 9000 B.C. in the period known as

like the Neolithic, from a land area that encompasses Mesopotamia between the Tigris and

Euphrates and is known by archaeologists as the 'Fertile Crescent' 'Fertile Half Moon' etc.

As time passed and more knowledge was acquired, new opportunities arose.

paths to the development of agriculture.

 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE

I. The birth of agronomy

The cultivation of plants, as well as the domestication of animals, could not be

developed suddenly, but were the result of many years of observation and
accumulated experience in the events of man on earth. Where did it arise
Agriculture? Why did Agriculture arise? How was Agriculture born? Why did it
Why did they domesticate certain animals and certain plants and not others? Just like these.
There are many questions that do not have a concrete answer, but in resolving them...
a large part of the certain knowledge of what it was and meant for
the man the agricultural process. The answers to some of the previously mentioned questions
formulated, specifically the how? And the why? agriculture emerged has tried to
to be answered in various ways.

Some anthropological theories, already proposed in the 19th century, subordinate the birth of
Agriculture took on the predominant role it assumed at certain dates.
women in the context of a matriarchal society, to which they also contributed their
knowledge acquired over millennia as seed, fruit or gatherers
plants. On the other hand, these same theories see in the maternal games of girls the
possibility of the beginnings of animal domestication. Other anthropological theories
subordinate the cultivation of plants and the domestication of animals to the need that
the priests had to offer sacrifices to the gods regularly (Rindos, 1990).

In any case, if it is considered that the cultivation of plants and the domestication of animals
they are technologies adopted by man, they could only have been originated as a result
since its invention, and consequently they would appear, at the moment when the degree of
mental evolution of certain populations of hunter-gatherers, them
would allow testing a new food production model that, being more controllable,
could be considered as a more advanced and progressive system, what
it would imply its expansion. Agriculture would be the result of a series of existing knowledge.
acquired, to the existence of a testing bank with the appropriate plant species-
animals that allowed for their domestication (Vicent, 1988). On the other hand, the new model
agriculture did not bring significant advantages either in nutrition or in longevity of
hunter-gatherers, so it could be deduced that the agricultural fact was the result
from a series of knowledge acquired over millennia that man put into practice
under certain environmental conditions.
 II. History of agriculture worldwide

Neolithic Period

It began in this period when the economy of human societies evolved.

with the gathering of hunting and fishing. The first plants planted were wheat and the
barley; its origins are lost in prehistory and its development predominated in several
independent cultures such as: the Eastern zone, from Mesopotamia to Ancient Egypt, America
central and Asia. A change occurred in the agricultural hunting and gathering economy.

due to climate change of milder temperatures. It could also have been due to the
scarcity of hunting or food. Some anthropologists suggested that agriculture meant
the loss of dietary variations, creating vulnerability in the human species. The
the dedication of women in agriculture formed a greater population density, for
good economic development and food collection.

b.In ancient Rome

In Roman times, the main crops were: cereals, legumes, and vegetables.
In the time of Republican and Imperial expansion, it included, in addition to wheat, the bread that

it was the power supply. The humble farmer worked with his family based on
moral, family, and public values, but with territorial expansion, the continuity of the
the struggle demanded the military mobilization of citizens that ruined the small ones
exploits for the benefit of the slave production mode, being there the greatest
agricultural production, as well as the small plots of land they granted to the
veteran military members like the large estates of landowners.

c.Average Age

Throughout the Middle Ages, new technologies emerged, benefiting the work of the
peasant farmers, medieval agriculture developed with the greatest effort of production
feudal. Motivating the peasants, thus achieving a beneficial economic improvement
both for them and for the feudalists. New technologies such as heavy plows
(with wheels and furrows) allowed for better production in agricultural activities. They
was incorporated in the 11th century in the northern regions. In the Mediterranean area, it was used the

Roman plow, and the windmills providing greater productivity of agricultural labor.

These changes led to an increase in crop variety, having effects

important in the diet of the population. The resources provided by agriculture and the
Animal husbandry was the basis of the economy in the 11th and 13th centuries.
 Modern age

In the old regime, the countries of southern and eastern Europe came together, thus creating the

feudal economy, especially in agriculture. The position of the Lords predominated.

against the peasants who were the majority of the population, who did not have the
possibility of initiating the necessary capital for agricultural activity. In Europe
Northwestern, especially Holland and England in the 18th century, changes emerge.
social and political, accompanied in the field by an agricultural revolution. Achieving the
increase in crops thanks to technical and productive improvements. The integration of the
world economy allowed for an exchange of crops either from temperate zones such as:
wheat and the vine. And the warm areas such as: sugar cane, cotton, and coffee. Which were
successfully introduced to America. Products from the New World such as; corn, tomato, potato,
paprika and tobacco diversified agriculture in Europe and the rest of the continent.

Contemporary Age

The ideology of each country proposed the liberation of the land market and the imposition of the
private properties. He made the formation of national markets about agriculture
unified, achieving the liberation of prices compared to the previous protectionism
mercantilist. The use of chemical fertilizers, mechanization, and scientific studies of the
agricultural engineering transformed agriculture into an activity similar to industrial
having in common science and technology, despite advances the dependence continued
of the climate and the constant appearance of pests that led to an agricultural crisis in those years.

The green revolution of the 20th century meant a change in agriculture worldwide,
based on technical improvements such as the quality of high-yield seeds. With the
The appearance of chemicals occurred increasingly, the dependence on pesticides causing
environmental problems such as soil and aquifer contamination.

f.Current Affairs

With the emergence of the tractor in the 20th century, the demands of agricultural tasks such as:
harvest, planting, etc., are carried out in a faster manner. According to the academy
international engineering of the U.S. Mechanization is one of the greatest achievements of the
engineering. In the early 20th century, a farmer fed 2 to 5 people. Currently
Thanks to agrochemicals and new technologies, a farmer can feed 130.
people, and likewise the dissemination of the media are beneficial for
to provide weather reports and market studies.

In addition to food for humans and animals. Other products are also manufactured.
such as: flowers, ornamental plants, woods, fertilizers, leathers, skins, products
chemicals (ethanol, plastic, sugar, and starch) fibers (cotton, hemp, and linen) fuels
(biodiesel, the ethanol obtained from corn) legal and illegal bio-pharmaceutical products
legal (tobacco, marijuana, opium, cocaine). There are plants created by engineering
genetics (transgenic corn) that, in addition to producing ethanol, is modifying the
economy of this plant and the communities that depend on it. The handling
genetics has improved soils and seed quality thus increasing yields of
surfaces, being vulnerable, which is why the farmer will need chemical products. The
mechanization has reduced the use of labor. In poor countries the
crops are smaller as they do not have the capital to cover the machinery.

Nowadays, we depend on the use of technology and physical and biological sciences.
For successful agriculture, it is necessary to have conservation, drainage, and
health. It is important to obtain knowledge from agricultural engineers.

On the other hand, agricultural chemistry is the application of fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, the
soil repair and its analysis etc., various seeds have been improved up to the
point of germinating faster and adapting to different climates. Other modern techniques
Like: packaging, processing, and marketing have opened new horizons for the
marketing and increasing potential markets.

III. History of agronomy in Peru.

Agriculture has been the traditional economic activity of pre-Hispanic Peru, where it
intensively cultivated products such as corn and potatoes. The pre-Hispanic inhabitants
they adapted to the conditions of the environment and due to the lack of open spaces they
they created terrace systems (platforms) turning the limitations of the slope into
advantages in the use of space. This activity responded to a theocratic, pantheistic vision and
pre-modern world, where the collective work done by families (ayllu) allowed
the development of agricultural activities as the basis of the Andean economy. The arrival
the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century meant the displacement of agriculture
due to mining because of the prevailing mercantilist vision in Europe, where metals
precious like gold and silver were the basis of the wealth of the states. They introduced the
cattle and sheep, the pedal loom that replaced the loom in many regions
waist and set aside the production of traditional foods such as kiwicha, maca,
cañihua and tarwi.
The start of the republic did not signify a major change in the style of economic activities.
in Peru, on the contrary, the extractive mode of resource exploitation for the purpose of
export. Thus, by the mid-1830s, the value of the guano from the islands was discovered as
indispensable fertilizer to increase agricultural production that was required by the
populations of the new cities, a result of the industrial revolution. Subsequently the
the appearance of saltpeter attracted foreign investments being one of the external causes of
the Pacific War that involved Peru, Chile, and Bolivia.

IV. Consolidation of Agronomy as a modern science

Several circumstances and events opened new paths for development.

agriculture since the 19th century; ---The discovery of plant nutrition processes and
the obtaining and use of chemical fertilizers. --Creation of the first schools
superiors of agriculture. --The gradual invention of agricultural machinery. --The large
advances conceived in the field of botanical and biological sciences. Thaer founded in
In 1810, the first higher school of agronomy was established in Moglin, Germany.

Some time later, the Hungarian Samuel Tessedik, author of the book 'The Farmers of Hungary'
he founded and directed the second higher school of agriculture in Europe. Subsequently in
France from 1820 saw the creation of various agricultural forestry schools such as that of Roville
(1822), and Grignon (1826), this one, the most prestigious of all. Agronomy as a profession
it was conceived in the 19th century as a discipline whose object of work is agriculture and
livestock farming. One of the central purposes has been the increase in productivity and the
improvement of the living standards of the rural population. Agronomy was severely
questioned in its origins, the cost-effectiveness of agricultural education was public and
harshly criticized, its potential clients (the landowners) felt distrust towards
young graduates and were complaining that they demanded very high salaries. Since then, they
he pointed out that agricultural engineers were not needed and that it was enough to train people
moderately educated individuals who would not aspire to a minimum wage. Subsequently from
mid-20th century in Spain and surely following the French model, the
specialties of the agronomic engineer were applied to rural engineering, the industries
agricultural and in the economy, along with phytotechnique and zootechnics. The agronomist must
to have a wide range of knowledge both basic and applied that should not be
considered in a closed universe, but to provide the foundations that allow the
the most rigorous way to interpret concrete realities, specific to each circumstance and
of course foresee to some extent the materialization of the same.
 CONCLUSION

We can point out that nowadays agronomy has achieved reproductive levels
very high and unthinkable just a few years ago. These achievements have been obtained
thanks to the development of a wide range of both scientific and technological disciplines.
Agronomy has meant for humanity since its origins one of the activities
most important and vital, because they are related to food sustenance in the
societies. Nutritious foods are produced right in the field and can be
both for exports generating foreign currency and jobs, and for domestic consumption,
Well, food is part of national sovereignty. Hence, it is important to remember
when you engage in such a daily activity as having a drink, coffee, beer, or wine,
or when you consume foods of animal or plant origin, which has been previously done
a hard work supervised by some farmer, who sowed and harvested what arrives at
diary to your table. Currently, the Agronomist is facing an important challenge, perhaps
the most important since the industrial revolution. This challenge is related to food
transgenics, that is, foods that have been modified by the addition of genes
exogenous (said of an organ that is formed outside of another) to achieve new
properties, hence new feeding schemes are being generated, which
currently occupied with the study of these professionals. Thus, the Mexican field requires
professionals with an adequate preparation for the needs of this time, who not only
they produce food, but they are also immersed in all processes and areas of the field and
this way making it more profitable and productive.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

History of Agronomy: A View of the Historical Evolution of Sciences and

Agricultural Techniques, Jose Vicente Maroto Borrego. Mundi-Prensa Editions, January 1
from 1998.
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