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 10th Edition

Applied
Social
Research
A Tool for the
Human Services
Timothy P. Hilton
Peter R. Fawson
Thomas J. Sullivan
Cornell R. DeJong
CONTENTS

Preface ix 10. Experimental Research 299

Share: Applied Social Research: A Tool
for the Human Services 11. Single-System Designs 337

1. Research in the Human Services 1 12. Evaluation Research 367

2. The Logic of Social Research 23 13. Scaling 403

3. Ethical Issues in Social Research 59 14. Data Analysis I: Data Preparation

and Presentation 437
4. Problem Formulation: Developing
a Well-Built Answerable Question 91 15. Data Analysis II: Descriptive
and Inferential Statistics 467
5. The Process of Measurement 119
16. Analysis of Qualitative Data 499
6. Sampling 151
17. Writing for Research: Grant
7. Survey Research 185 Proposals and Report Writing 535

8. Analysis of Available Data 227 Index 567

9. Field Research and

Qualitative Methods 255

vii
PREFACE

Human services professionals face tremendous chal- and services, and advocating for policy changes. In
lenges today. Clients, government agencies, and other addition to presenting research as a tool for practice,
funders increasingly expect professionals to produce we also emphasize connections between human service
measurable and verifiable outcomes. Agencies and inde- research and practice, stressing that each plays import-
pendent professionals are also called on to work effi- ant and complementary roles in addressing social and
ciently and select interventions, general practices, and personal problems.
policies based on available evidence. At the same time, As researchers and teachers, we find it personally
competition for funding and other important resources rewarding to see students’ ambivalence toward research
(including clients) has become fiercer and the problems dissipate as they see its importance to their careers and
human services professionals are called on to address as they develop new skills and confidence. For many
more complex. students, understanding the logic of research and the
Many students in social work and other human ser- scientific method is empowering and allows them to
vices programs are less than enthusiastic about research. develop and apply critical thinking skills within the
We often hear new students ask the following ques- context of their chosen professions and in other aspects
tion: “Why do I need to study research methods when of life as well.
I just want a career helping people?” We respond by Since the previous edition of the textbook we have
arguing that being a competent researcher is critically added a new coauthor, Peter Fawson. Dr. Fawson is
important to human services professionals, perhaps an associate professor at Appalachian State University
more now than ever before. Research can help profes- where he frequently teaches research methods. He is also
sionals determine which interventions will help clients an active researcher, primarily publishing on the sub-
the most. Understanding research is also necessary in ject of domestic violence and related services. Timothy
evaluating our work—to determine whether our pro- Hilton, who was one of the authors on the last edition, is
grams, policies, and practices are effective and efficient. now the lead author on the textbook. He and the other
We also argue that understanding research methods can coauthors have worked hard to incorporate their own
help professionals in every stage of the practice—from research into this edition while stressing relationships
engaging clients or communities, to assessing problems between their work and human services practice.
and resources, to selecting interventions and moni- This textbook is primarily an introduction to social
toring progress, to evaluating outcomes and integrat- research as it relates to the human services. As such,
ing findings in enhancing our programs, services, and we have presented all the topics of scientific research
policies. that are important for such an introduction; but we
Our main goal with this textbook is to help students have offered a challenge as well—we hope students
better understand the utility of research to human ser- will learn that social research has many parallels with
vices. That is to say, we present research as a tool for human services practice and that understanding these
practice, something that can be used to help profes- parallels will make them better practitioners as well as
sionals in their work with clients, designing programs social scientists. The challenge also is to recognize the

ix
x • Preface

ways in which the two can be linked—by incorporating serves as a review of the major concepts covered.
research activities into practice, and by shaping practice Following the Main Points is a list of Important Terms
settings into research opportunities. for Review. This list serves as a vocabulary review for
students and may be helpful for students studying for
quizzes or tests.
FEATURES Following the Important Terms for Review are
three sets of questions, Critical Thinking, Evaluating
There are two new main features to this edition. Each Competency, and Self-Assessment. The Critical
chapter opens with a Vignette describing a situation in Thinking questions pertain to the general themes raised
which a human services professional is faced with a task in each chapter. They are designed to help students see
or dilemma that can be addressed through research or research within a larger context while challenging them
by employing a research technique in practice. These to critically evaluate what they know and how they
vignettes are designed to help students understand the know it. Some Critical Thinking questions force stu-
utility of research methods to everyday practice situa- dents to apply research concepts to their practice inter-
tions and, in some cases, get an intimate look at applied ests. (We provide some answers to Critical Thinking
social research. Some of these vignettes are based on questions in Chapter 1, but in the remaining chapters
interviews with human services professionals. Others the questions are posed without answers.) The Critical
are based on our own experiences and those of human Thinking questions may be used by instructors as
services professionals with whom we have spoken over prompts for in-class discussions.
the past several years, including many of our former Evaluating Competency questions are based on
students. We refer back to these vignettes throughout core social work competencies within the Council
each chapter while stressing the applicability of various of Social Work Education’s 2015 Educational Policy
research methods and concepts. and Accreditation Standards (EPAS). Each chapter
The second new major feature is the Practitioner addresses two or more core competencies. Several
Profile, included in each most chapter. These Practitioner of the Evaluating Competency questions pertain to
Profiles present actual human services professionals who Competency 4, focusing on social workers’ engage-
are not professional researchers but nonetheless incorpo- ment in practice-informed research and research-in-
rate research methods into their practice. In the first chap- formed practice, and Competency 9, focusing on
ter, the vignette and the Practitioner Profile are linked. In evaluation of practice. We also address several other
the remaining chapters, the Practitioner Profiles are not competencies including Competency 2 (Ethics and
directly linked to the main text, but the themes discussed Professional Behavior), Competency 3 (Difference and
reflect the concepts raised in each chapter. The main pur- Diversity in Practice), Competency 5 (Policy Practice),
pose of the Practitioner Profiles is to help reinforce the and Competency 7 (Assessment). Many of these ques-
ideas that research methods are used to address dilemmas tions ask students to reflect on potential applications
commonly faced in practice and that research is a core of research concepts and methods in social work
element of human services practice and not restricted to practice.
academics and other professional researchers. Each chapter contains 10 Self-Assessment ques-
Similar to the Practitioner Profiles, several chapters tions. These are multiple choice questions covering
also include one or more Research in Practice features several of the main points within the chapter. Answers
designed to help students better understand applica- to these questions can be found at the very end of the
tions of research methods and concepts and the overall chapter. These questions are designed as practice test
research process. Several of the Research in Practice fea- questions and to help students assess their knowledge
tures are based on interviews with researchers and prac- of the major concepts and terms within each chapter.
titioners while others are based on published research. To supplement the book materials, qualified
At the end of each chapter, there is a list and brief instructors can request a Test Bank and PowerPoints
description of the Main Points of the chapter, which by sending an email to textbook@springerpub.com.
 Share
Applied Social Research: A Tool for
the Human Services
APPLIED SOCIAL RESEARCH
1
RESEARCH IN THE
HUMAN SERVICES

CHAPTER OUTLINE

Introduction
Human Services Research
Goals of Research
Applications of Research
Evidence-Based Practice
Diversity and Research: The Impact of Diversity and
Difference on Research
Parallels and Linkages Between Research and Practice
Steps in Conducting Research
Steps in Practice Intervention
The Plan of the Book
Review and Critical Thinking
Main Points
Important Terms for Review
Critical Thinking
Evaluating Competency (From the Council on Social Work
Education [CSWE] 2015 Educational Policy and Accreditation
Standards [EPAS])
Competency 1: Demonstrate Ethical and Professional Behavior
Competency 2: Engage Difference and Diversity in Practice
Competency 4: Engage in Practice-Informed Research and
Research-Informed Practice

1
2 • Applied Social Research

Competency 9: Evaluate Practice With Individuals,

Communities, Groups, Organizations, and Communities
Self-Assessment
Answer key for Self-Assessment Quiz
For Further Reading
References

INTRODUCTION and I wanted to make it clear to the activ-

ist community and the police that this was a
Spokane, Washington, is a medium-sized city of conversation in the absence of facts.
about 200,000. Many residents and community
activists have expressed concern in recent years Throughout this chapter, we discuss the work
by what some refer to as a “driving while Black” of Byrnes and Arleth (2015) and the issue of com-
problem. That is to say, some are concerned by munity policing and racial disproportionality as we
their impression that police officers disproportion- highlight the value of research in the human ser-
ately stop African Americans in the city. This issue vices. As you read the chapter and learn more about
has been raised at several community meetings in their work, please consider the following questions:
recent years and has received some media atten- (a) How does research impact human services?
tion. One police captain, Brad Arleth, was partic- (b) What are the goals of social research and how do
ularly interested in this issue but was concerned they relate to the goals of human services? (c) What
about a lack of verifiable information or data on lessons can you learn while studying research meth-
the extent of the problem. As he explains, ods that can be applied to the planning and delivery
of human services? (d) How can research be used to
We didn’t know the real number, the real pic- help reduce bias in human services?
ture. . . . And then it occurred to me, a law This book is about the use of research in the
enforcement agency should be able to answer human services. The term human services refers
a question from the community about some- to activities with the primary goal of enhancing
thing they want to know if it is within our the relationship between people and societal insti-
ability to answer the question. (Quotes are tutions so that people may maximize their poten-
from a personal communication/interview tial and alleviate distress. At the broadest level, the
with Edward Byrnes and Brad Arleth on May human services include formal systems such as gov-
16, 2018.) ernment welfare programs, mental health services,
child development and family support programs,
Captain Arleth soon connected with Ed Byrnes, addiction prevention and intervention programs,
a social worker and researcher at the nearby Eastern and correctional services of the justice system.
Washington University. As Byrnes explained, Research is increasingly essential to the delivery
of human services and to the professionals who are
I got involved in the activist community mandated with the responsibility of making the
when I moved here. There are lots [of] peo- delivery of these services effective, efficient, and
ple in our community trying to do something responsive to human needs. The aforementioned
but they’re kind of in the dark. So what drew policing example helps to illustrate this. To remain
me to that meeting was that it is a topic I effective, police departments must have the confi-
actually knew something about, dispropor- dence of the communities they serve. To promote
tionality. There were no local data about this, justice, they must assess their work while examining
 Chapter 1 • Research in the Human Services 3

and addressing potential biases that interfere with While the research shows that our officers are
equal treatment of people within communities they not disproportionately targeting minorities, I
serve. Research can help in accomplishing both of can never say there are not biases within the
these goals. It can help people see issues through department. We all have biases and we must
new lenses while revealing what is true and what work to minimize them. In the end we need
is not. It can also help professionals and others to to keep the confidence of the communities we
reconsider their perceptions. While perceptions are serve and we’ll do whatever it takes to earn it.
important in research processes, they must also be
checked to avoid biases that create false impressions. For the human service professionals like Arleth
Arleth and Byrnes created a research design and Byrnes charged with taking action to address
based on similar designs from other cities to exam- social issues, the challenge is to access, organize,
ine whether there was disproportionality in police and evaluate knowledge that research has gener-
stops of drivers and pedestrians by race. As Byrnes ated and then use this scientific evidence as the
stated, “I’m not a favorite with the activist commu- basis for making practice decisions.
nity because I’ve said, ‘It’s complicated.’ It’s com- Numerous linkages exist between research and
plicated because that’s where the data points to.” human service practice. By linkages, we mean that
As he explained, “When we looked at instances research can contribute to the goals of practice,
where police officers exercised some discretion in just as properly conducted practice can contribute
deciding whether or not to pull someone over or to the goals of research. Because research provides
to stop a pedestrian, there wasn’t any significant the means for understanding the problems with
difference between racial groups.” According to which professionals work and the means for eval-
Arleth, “Where we did see a real difference were the uating change, practitioners in human services
number of arrests that resulted after someone was are certain to encounter the need to understand,
stopped, with minorities being significantly more apply, and, in some cases, even conduct research
likely to be arrested.” Arleth explained that this was in carrying out the goals of their professions.
not necessarily a result of police officer bias because Some would go further and argue that the link
a majority of these arrests were the result of an out- between research and practice is even more inti-
standing warrant. “When an officer pulls someone mate—namely, that there can be (and should be) a
over and sees they have an outstanding warrant fruitful merger of the two. In fact, the notion that
they don’t have any choice. That person is going to scientific research and human service practice are
be arrested,” he explained. As Byrnes described, totally distinct enterprises is gradually disappear-
ing (Okpych & Yu, 2014). Two reasons explain
Our challenge is to help the community see this.
that this is a complex issue. Is there bias in First, strong parallels are now recognized
the city? Of course. But it isn’t as simple as between the conduct of research and the conduct
saying that our cops are racist. In fact when of practice. By parallels, we mean that the two
stops were made by designated traffic unit endeavors have some similar structures, follow
officers, typically using radar speed detection some similar processes, and use some similar tech-
from hundreds of feet away, then the data niques. Practitioners can benefit by incorporating
show officers don’t stop minority motorists at into practice some of the techniques that are used
a higher rate than Whites. in research. Both research and practice, for exam-
ple, are based on observation, but the observations
“One thing we need to do is help people clear of practitioners often are characterized as being
up old warrants,” Arleth argued. Arleth, Byrnes, unstructured and intuitive. Some of the more pre-
and others in the city are now working on ini- cise and structured observational techniques (dis-
tiatives to do just that. They are also researching cussed in Chapters 7 and 9) that researchers use
police training curricula to identify programs to can be adapted for practice purposes.
better address potential officer biases and create Second, properly conducted practice interven-
better relationships with communities they serve. tion can provide scientifically valid knowledge about
4 • Applied Social Research

human behavior and the effectiveness of intervention. has specific goals that can be achieved only by
For example, practitioners can scientifically assess using proper procedures.
the effectiveness of their interventions if those inter- Social research is the systematic examination
ventions are organized in a manner that researchers (or reexamination) of empirical data, collected by
call single-system design (discussed in Chapter 11), someone firsthand, concerning the social or psy-
which parallels the scientific experiment. chological forces operating in a situation. Three
The purpose of this book is to introduce stu- major elements characterize this definition. First,
dents in the human services to social research logic, social research is systematic—that is, all aspects
methods, and design. We do this by emphasizing of the research process are carefully planned in
the parallels and linkages between research and advance, and nothing is done in a casual or hap-
practice. Because research and practice are inter- hazard fashion. The systematic nature of research
twined, human service professionals need training is at the core of the scientific method, which is
in the techniques of social research as much as discussed in detail in Chapter 2. Second, social
they need to know about group processes or theo- research involves the collection of empirical data—
ries of personality. In some situations, human ser- that is, information or facts about the world that
vice providers will consume social research as they are based on sensory experiences. As such, it
apply the findings of research to practice inter- should not be confused with philosophizing or
vention. Therefore, they need to understand the speculating, which lacks the empirical base of
logic of research and be able to assess critically the research. Third, social research studies social and
procedures of research to decide whether, and if psychological factors that affect human behavior.
so in what fashion, research findings can be intro- Biological, physiological, nutritional, or other such
duced into practice. Human service workers are factors would be a part of social research only to
also called on to collaborate with researchers who the extent that they affect, or are affected by, social
are conducting studies involving agency services, and psychological factors.
data, or clients. In some cases, human service Consider the work of Arleth and Byrnes on dis-
professionals also are expected to conduct social proportionality. They approached their research
research as part of their overall intervention strat- systematically, following the scientific method
egy so that they know how to design and carry out to design an answerable research question. They
scientifically valid research projects. relied on empirical data, namely police records of
traffic and pedestrian stops. Their study involved
a look at some aspect of human behavior, specif-
HUMAN SERVICES RESEARCH ically police officers’ propensity to stop drivers
and pedestrians of certain racial groups. This was
clearly an example of social research.
Goals of Research Research in the human services generally
The word research is applied to many activities: focuses on one or more of the following goals:
the student who browses in the library for a few description, prediction, explanation, or evaluation.
hours; the social worker who, while visiting clients Descriptive research has as its goal description,
about other issues, makes a mental note of some of or the attempt to discover facts or describe reality.
their social characteristics; the parole officer who Descriptive research, for example, might deal with
routinely inquires about a parolee’s family life as questions such as these: What are people’s attitudes
part of an intake interview. All these people might toward welfare? How widespread is child abuse?
claim to be doing research. Yet the term, as it is How many people avail themselves of the services
commonly used in the social and behavioral sci- of home healthcare workers? Some descriptive
ences, has a considerably more precise meaning, research efforts are quite extensive. For example,
according to which none of these activities would the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)
be considered as scientific research. This is not to and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
say that these activities are unimportant. They may (CDC) collect voluminous amounts of data each
have a variety of uses. Social research, however, year to describe the health status of Americans.
 Chapter 1 • Research in the Human Services 5

Predictive research focuses on prediction or goal was to describe the extent to which police
making projections about what may occur in the stops mirror the population at large. If their goal
future or in other settings. Insurance companies, had been to evaluate the effectiveness of a police
for example, make use of sophisticated actuarial officer training aimed at reducing officer bias, this
schemes to predict the risks involved with insur- may have been an example of evaluation research.
ing people or property. Based on past descriptive If their research had also involved an examination
research concerning deaths and injuries, they can of police officers’ decision-making processes that
project how long people with certain character- might explain decisions about stops, this could
istics are likely to live or the degree of likelihood also have been an example of explanatory research.
that they will suffer injuries. Such projections
also can be made by the NCHS. For example,
the NCHS can project that infants and children
Applications of Research
with particular social characteristics will have an Some social research is called basic research (or
increased likelihood of being undernourished or pure research) in that its purpose is to advance
of suffering from infectious or parasitic diseases. knowledge about human behavior with little con-
Armed with this information, it is possible to cern for any immediate, practical benefits. Many
devise preventive healthcare programs that are sociologists and psychologists conduct basic
targeted at the high-risk groups. research. Research in the human services, how-
Explanatory research involves explanation ever, is more likely to be applied research—that
or determining why or how something occurred. is, research designed with a practical outcome in
Explanatory research, for example, would go mind and with the assumption that some group,
beyond describing rates of juvenile delinquency or or society as a whole, will gain specific benefits
even predicting who will engage in delinquent acts. from it. The disproportionality example is clearly
Explanatory research would focus on why certain applied research as the researchers’ goal was to
people become delinquents. The goal of explanation apply what they learned to improving polic-
may appear to be quite similar to that of prediction, ing and police and community relations in the
but there is a difference: one can make predictions area. Although we distinguish between basic and
without an accompanying explanation. Insurance applied research, it is important to recognize that
companies, for example, make actuarial predictions the line between the two is vague and, in fact, that
based on past statistical associations but often with- pure research can have applications in the human
out knowing why those associations occurred. service field just as applied research can advance
Evaluation research focuses on evaluation or the our knowledge of human behavior.
use of scientific research methods to plan interven- So the focus of this book is primarily on applied
tion programs, to monitor the implementation of new social research and, especially, on the linkage of
programs and the operation of existing ones, and to social research with the human services. Human
determine how effectively programs or clinical prac- service fields such as social work or criminal jus-
tices achieve their goals. Evaluation research can also tice focus on two important issues—practice and
determine whether a program has unintended con- policy—and research can be utilized in each of
sequences, whether desirable or undesirable. In the these areas to produce more effective outcomes.
past few decades, a vast array of social programs has Human service practice involves the direct pro-
emerged—relating to poverty, child development, vision of services to clients, such as individuals,
crime, alcoholism, delinquency, and the like—that families, or other groups, in order to assist them
attempts to ameliorate undesirable social conditions. in dealing with some difficulties. While not every
Program directors often are required to justify and human service activity falls into one of these two
defend their programs in terms of cost-effectiveness. categories, practice and policy constitute the bulk
Thus, evaluation research has become part of human of human service work.
service programs. To make these distinctions between basic and
Arleth and Byrnes’s research most clearly falls applied research and between human service prac-
under the category of descriptive research as their tice and policy more concrete, it is useful to identify
6 • Applied Social Research

five focal areas or applications where research research can help policy makers in the original
is used in the human services: understanding development of the policy as well as in deciding
human functioning in social environments, pol- whether to change or eliminate the policy after it
icy planning and development, assessment of cli- has been in operation for some time. In this way,
ent functioning, program evaluation, and practice social research can be used to help develop, evalu-
effectiveness evaluation. We do not claim that this ate, and if necessary change policies.
is the only way to divide the human service field
or that our list of areas of application is exhaustive. Assessment of Client Functioning. In the pro-
These five categories, however, are a helpful aid as vision of human services, assessing the level of
we analyze the links between research and prac- functioning of clients is often necessary. How well
tice. Here, we review each area briefly. do members of a family communicate with one
another? How capable is a teenage parent in deal-
Behavior and Social Environments. Human ing with the stresses of motherhood or fatherhood?
service providers do many things: link people to How skilled is a person in negotiating a job inter-
resources they can use, enhance people’s coping view? Practitioners often make such assessments,
abilities, improve the operation of social systems, but the danger is that they will be made unsys-
and participate in the development of social pol- tematically. The past 20 years have seen extensive
icy, to name only a few. All these activities rest development of systematic and, in some cases,
on an understanding of the behavior of the peo- quantitative assessment tools that can be used for
ple to whom services are provided and on a com- both research and practice tasks. The results of
prehension of the social environment in which these assessment tools can be compared at differ-
they function. Social research can provide much ent times to see if any change or improvement has
of this knowledge. For example, the police cap- occurred. Examples of such client assessment tools
tain mentioned earlier may turn to research on can be found in Sheafor and Horejsi (2015).
minority groups’ view of police as he creates plans
for improving policy and community relations. Program Evaluation. The term policy refers to
Although this research may be conducted without broad directions or goals, whereas the term pro-
specific practice or policy goals in mind, it can still gram refers to the organized delivery of services to
be applied in both realms. people or groups. Programs represent the imple-
mentation of a policy or policies whereas policies
Policy Planning and Development. Human ser- determine what programs will exist and what they
vice professionals gain direction from policies that will look like. In the past few decades, many large,
are intended to advance the well-being of individ- ambitious, and expensive programs intended to
uals, families, and society as a whole. Human ser- cope with social problems and to provide ser-
vice policy involves working through the political, vices to individuals have been developed. Along
governmental, and legal systems in order to estab- with the growth of these programs has emerged
lish programs, laws, administrative procedures, an increasing concern over their results: Do they
and other interventions that will deliver desired achieve their intended goals? These programs are
outcomes to individuals or groups. Policies can be costly, and some evaluation is needed to assess
thought of as a set of rules that govern what types whether resources are, indeed, being used effec-
of resources will be available to people to assist tively. Equally important, a program that fails to
them in achieving goals, maximizing potential, and achieve its goals leaves a problem unsolved or an
alleviating distress (Herrick, 2014). Many police effective service undelivered. Program evaluation
departments as well as child welfare agencies is an appraisal using scientifically sound methods
across the United States, for example, have created of organizational processes or outcomes that have
policies mandating that all officers complete diver- a social purpose (Grinnell, Williams, & Unrau,
sity awareness training to address potential biases. 2018). It is crucial that human service providers
Research can be conducted to discover the positive understand when program evaluation is called
and negative consequences of such a policy. This for and when it is possible to conduct an effective
 Chapter 1 • Research in the Human Services 7

evaluation. In addition, many practitioners likely great promise for linking practice and research, is
will find themselves participating in programs that encapsulated by the term evidence-based prac-
include evaluation as one of their goals. (Given the tice. According to Rubin and Bellamy (2012),
close link between policy and program, there is evidence-based practice is a process for making
much overlap between the two: Program evalua- practice decisions in which practitioners integrate
tion is often a part of a policy evaluation.) best research evidence available with their practice
expertise and with client attributes, values, prefer-
Practice Effectiveness Evaluation. Whereas
ences, and circumstances.
program evaluation focuses on the assessment of
It is important to note that this conceptualiza-
entire programs or policies, the concern of human
tion of evidence-based practice emphasizes pro-
service professionals often is considerably more
cesses for decision making. What makes a practice
specific—namely, “Is what I am doing right now
an evidence-based practice is not that it has been
with this particular client working?” For this rea-
labeled as such by an official organization or other
son, practitioners are often disenchanted with
entity, but that it was arrived at deliberately by a
the utility of evaluation research as a direct aid to
practitioner who judiciously evaluated evidence.
helping clients. In recent years, however, major
In most cases, the “best evidence” is knowledge
advances have occurred in the ability of research
that has been gained via the scientific research
to answer professionals’ questions about the effi-
process. As the insert shows, this approach has
cacy of intervention efforts on specific clients. One
been called a number of different things over the
such advance is a form of research called single-
years by different practitioners, although “evi-
system design, in which practitioners devise a way
dence-based practice” seems to have emerged
to repeatedly measure the occurrence of a prob-
as the most widely used designationo. The evi-
lem and monitor the behavior of a single client,
dence-based approach is inherently critical, which
group, family, or larger system for a period of time.
means that it is always questioning whether partic-
Intervention then begins, and the behavior is again
ular practices or policies are effective. Just because
monitored. Comparison between the baseline and
a practice method has been routinely used in the
intervention periods permits the practitioner to
past does not mean that it is necessarily effective.
make more accurate assessments of progress than
Just because a practice method has worked with
the informal assessment on which human service
clients with certain characteristics (e.g., based on
professionals traditionally have relied. Through
age, race, or gender) or in some contexts (within
such careful monitoring of behavior and measuring
some types of organizations and communities)
of intervention effects, human service workers not
does not mean that it will work on other clients.
only can enhance their own effectiveness but also
The evidence-based practitioner constantly ques-
can contribute to the development of an interven-
tions the efficacy of methods, and the primary
tion technology that others can successfully apply.
yardstick used in resolving these questions is the
Obvious similarities exist between program
evidence provided by scientific research (Gray, Joy,
evaluation and practice effectiveness research. For
Plath, & Webb, 2012).
example, both are concerned with the effective-
Let us think back to the issue of policing and
ness of certain practices. The difference, however,
disproportionality. Captain Arleth was concerned
is in the scope of the efforts. Program evaluation
about both the possibility of racial dispropor-
focuses on complete programs, whereas practice
tionality in police stops and arrests as well as
effectiveness emphasizes the assessment of some
relationships between the police department and
particular aspect of a practice situation in a way
communities they serve. He knew his first step
that will not necessarily affect the entire program.
was to systematically collect evidence to assess
the problem objectively. Seeing the problems lay
Evidence-Based Practice more in disproportionality in arrest due to out-
A theme that underlies many recent develop- standing warrants than in police stops, Arleth
ments in the human services, and that shows and his research partner, Byrnes, began collecting
8 • Applied Social Research

evidence from other police units across the United highly controlled experimental study. So, a central
States examining strategies for helping people part of the evidence-based approach is to critically
clear up outstanding warrants. They are currently evaluate research studies to determine how much
collecting information from other cities on strate- confidence we have in their conclusions and thus
gies for improving relationships and communica- whether we want to use them as evidence in par-
tion between communities and police. While some ticular practice or policy settings. The purpose
might have been satisfied with the finding that of this text is to provide students in the human
there were not disproportional stops of minori- services with an introduction to research methods
ties, Arleth and Byrnes continue to focus on ways so that they are in a better position to understand
the department can improve, and systematically and participate in this critical evaluation. Although
reviewing evidence from other areas is an import- an understanding of research methods in general
ant step in this process. certainly contributes to becoming a more effective
The evidence-based practice approach has human service practitioner, we link research meth-
emerged, in part, because there is now a growing ods specifically with evidence-based practice in a
body of research evidence—some of it basic and number of chapters where the linkage is especially
some of it applied—that can provide guidance to relevant.
human service practitioners and policy makers. In
the past century, researchers in the social sciences Diversity and Research: The Impact of
and human services have developed more sophis-
ticated research techniques and have used them to
Diversity and Difference on Research
produce a large and complex body of knowledge Human service professionals recognize that diver-
about human social and psychological behavior. sity and difference—whether they arise from vari-
This body of knowledge now provides human ations in race, ethnicity, gender, or something
service practitioners and policy makers with sci- else—are powerful influences on people and social
entifically grounded evidence about what works life. Diversity and difference can lead some groups
and what does not. So, it is much more feasible to suffer disproportionately from the problems
today—than it was, say, 50 years ago—to base that human service workers attempt to alleviate,
practice and policy on scientific evidence. such as poverty, inequality, or discrimination. So,
Another reason for the emergence of the evi- human service practice devotes special attention
dence-based approach is that some startling crit- to diversity and difference. Issues of diversity and
icisms of human service practice surfaced a few difference also need to be addressed when con-
decades ago that concluded that such practice is ducting research in the human services. Because
not very effective at achieving its goals—or at least of the position of minorities in society, conduct-
that we do not have much proof that it is effective ing research that produces accurate and complete
other than the claims of the practitioners them- data on them can be a challenge. In fact, in some
selves. In response, in the intervening decades, circumstances, the standard research methods
human service researchers and practitioners used in human service research result in mislead-
focused their attention on producing research that ing and, in some cases, outright false conclusions
would provide such proof. The resulting collab- regarding a minority. In those circumstances, the
oration of researchers and practitioners has pro- research methods need to be modified.
duced a body of research that provides us with This problem is sufficiently important to human
evidence about what is effective in practice and service research that we devote special attention to
what is not. it throughout the book. In each chapter, where rel-
Evidence comes in many different forms, of evant, we point out particular ways in which prob-
course. The observations that a practitioner makes lems or biases in research on minorities can occur
of a single client in his or her office are “evi- and provide strategies for overcoming them. The
dences,” as is the complex statistical analysis done goal is to create sensitivity to the fact that research
on the observations of thousands of people in a methods can have built-in biases when focused on
 Chapter 1 • Research in the Human Services 9

PRACTITIONER PROFILE 1.1 Brad Arleth, Captain, Spokane Police Department, Washington

Brad Arleth is a captain in the Spokane Police Department. According to Arleth, “I’ve been
in the department in Spokane almost 27 years. I’ve worked every rank in the department
and been in just about every bureau, from investigations to hiring to specialty units.” Arleth
has a Master of Science degree in criminal justice from the University of Louisville. As a stu-
dent, Arleth took several research method courses, which has been helpful in his career. As
he explains, “At work there’s a lot of research and other academic material used, whether it is
studies on use of force or internal research, to analyze calls for service by hour, or personnel
and staffing.” Arleth sees lots of connections between police work and research. “The field of
research has a lot of applicability to what we do but at the local level and across all police forces
in the U.S.,” he explains. “We don’t always make the best use of research,” he continues. Arleth
believes that police departments that are closely aligned with universities and social research-
ers do better than others in building trust with the communities they serve. “Research is critical
to trust-building, creating policies based on best practices and just keeping current with social
issues,” he explains.
Arleth sees research as especially critical to law enforcement professionals. “Law enforce-
ment professionals can deprive people of liberty, freedom and even life. The stakes are high,”
he explains. High stakes, Arleth contends, are why it is so important that policies and proce-
dures and even street-level decisions reflect current research and best practices. Arleth also
sees research as critical to innovation, which is important when working with communities to
address existing problems. “It is critical to engage communities,” Arleth explains,

When others are involved in the process of finding solutions they feel respected. That
can go a long way in developing solutions to complicated problems. There are no easy
solutions to what we do and it helps when those we serve understand that too.

Arleth believes that students today have an amazing opportunity to learn from multiple
fields of practice and sees the importance of interprofessional collaboration to develop policy
and practice innovations:

For students who are preparing for professional careers and doing research, your goal
should be to figure out new innovations, to improve practice, to help us grow. You don’t
want to just stay in your lane, you want to overlap with others. See where partnerships
can develop.

particular minority groups and that care must be and practitioners use many of the same strategies
exercised to detect and avoid this. in approaching their problems. After reviewing the
steps in conducting research, we point out paral-
lels that can be found in practice.
PARALLELS AND LINKAGES BETWEEN
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE Steps in Conducting Research
Although scientific research is different in many Although each research project is unique in some
respects from human service practice, important fashion, some general steps characterize virtually
parallels exist between the two. In fact, researchers every project. The research process can be divided
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 194 THE OCEAN OF STORY Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc,
"The Breeding of Elephants in Captivity " J. C. C. Wilson, VI, 68n
Journal of a Cruise among the Is. of the Western Pacific, J. Erskine,
IX, 154 Journal of the Department of Letters of the University of
Calcutta, vol. iv, 1921, V, 198 Journal, Folk-lore. See under Folk-lore
Journal. Journal of the Gypsy-Lore Society, F. H. Groome, V, 275; W.
R. Halliday, IX, 142, 165 Journ. Hellenic Soc, vol. vi, J. E. Harrison,
VI, 282n« Journal of Indian Art and Industry, II, 266n8 Journ. Malta
Bodi Soc, " Maha Bodhi and the United Buddhist World," III, 182
Journal of the Malay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, IX, 147
Journal of Mythic Society, Quarterly, See under Quarterly Journal of
the Mythic Society Journ. North China Branch Roy. As. Soc, " Chinese
Eunuchs," Stent, III, 829 Journal of Philology, American. See under
Amer. Journ. Phil. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, I, an1, 92, 93,
166, 172, 198, 214 ; II, 21nx, 31, 33, 39nS 232n, 240, 290, 290/11,
291, 298, 298n2, 307n2 ; III, 77-80, 179, 182, 280 ; IV, 262nS 277;
V, 139T11; VI, 62, 66, 70nx, 229n»; VII, 56n, 225n2, 236nS 237n2 ;
IX, 108n\ 144, 154, 157 Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into
Central Australia, E. J. Eyre, II, 280n« Journey, going on the long
(dying), I, 12, 12n» ; of Vidushaka to find Bhadra, II, 69, 71 Journey
from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar,
Francis Hamilton, 3 vols., Ldn., 1807, 1, 252, 252n* Journey through
Mysore, Canara and Malabar, Hamilton, III, 201 Jouvence, eau de, or
" water of life," magical water used as, VII, 225 Joy causes
trembling, horripilation and perspiration, VIII, 94, 94nl ; death
caused by excessive, VII, 103 ; horripilation from, VII, 60, 139,
139n2, 179 ; VIII, 46, 46nl (Joy after Hardship), Al Faraj ba'dd* sh-
shiddah, Muhassin ibn 'All atTanukhi, VI, 265n2 Joy - maiden
(Babylonian shamkhdti), I, 272, 273 [Juan Manuel, Don] El Conde
Lucanor (Libro de patronio), written 13281335, published in Seville,
1575, V, 79n8 Jubbulpore district, forehead marks in the, II, 23n ;
persistency of a wouldbe sati in, IV, 271, 272 Judah Al-Harlzl, trans,
of Secretum Secretorum, II, 289, 289n« Judge of the dead, Yama
the, IV, 9, 9n8 ; the foolish, VI, 84 ; Varuna the divine, I, 198, 200
Judgment of the King of Vatsa, II, 158 Jiidische Sagen und
Legenden, B. Kuttner, IX, 144 Jugements insensds, VI, 84nx
Juggernaut (Puri, or Jagannatha), I, 241, 242, 266 Jugunnat'hu
(Jagannatha), I, 241 Juice of aconite, girl rubbed with ointment of,
II, 310 ; of lac, tank filled with the, I, 98 ; of triphald used in anjana,
I, 212 Juices from a hanged man's body, origin of the mandrake in,
III, 158 ; powers attributed to human, III, 152 " Jujube tree, Lord of
the badarl or " (Vishnu), IV, 159n* Julius Caesar, Crocea Mors ("
yellow death "), sword of, I, 109m1 ; VIII, 154n2 ; trick of the wife
of, I, 46n2 Julius Cozsar, Shakespeare, VIII, 99nx, 156I11 " Julnar
the Sea-born and her Son," The Nights, R. F. Burton, VI, 62 Jummoo
and Kashmir Territories, The, F. Drew, II, 232n Jumna, the river
(Yamuna), I, 7n4, 231 ; VII, 229, 230 Jungle-crow as poison, bile of
the, II, 303 Junker Voland, the, IV, 227/11 Jupiter Capitolinus,
Temple of, V, 64
 INDEX 195 Justice, Dharma, God of, I, 4, 84, 84nx ; III, 92
; VI, 79, 80 Justinian, on poison-damsels, II, 278 ; on sacred
prostitution, 1, 276 Juvenal, on eunuchs, III, 328 ; on umbrellas, II,
263 Jvalamukha, Brahman demon named, II, 147m1 ; VII, 92, 95
Jyotirlekhd (line of brightness), VI, 129, 130, 131 Jyotishprabha, a
king named, V, 30, 31 " K," one of the two archetypes of the
Panchatantra (Hertel), V, 208 Ka, Egyptian " double," I, 37na Kaaba
at Mecca, II, 119 Ka'bah (Kaabah) at Mecca, circumambulating the,
I, 192, 193 Kabandha and Rama, VII, 166 Kabri, the king of, VII,
230 Kabul, Iceland spar from, used in making surma, I, 212 Kabus,
brother of 'Amr ibn Hind, III, ' 278 Kachchhapa, King of, II, 69
Kachchhapa Jdtaka (No. 179), V, 55n8 Kachins, The, Ola Hanson,
VIII, 285n* Kachins of Upper Burma, childbirth customs among the,
II, 167 Kadallgarbha, story of, III, 97-102, 103-106 Kadam-tree,
VIII, 214 Kadambarl, a friend of Mahasveta, V, 39,40 Kadaram, or
Kataha, I, 155nx Kddhesh (Biblical male prostitutes), I, 276 Kadishtu
(Babylonian " sacred woman "), I, 271, 272 Kadru, mother of the
snakes, I, 143na, 203 ; VII, 55, 56 ; and Vinata, wives of Kasyapa,
II, 150-151 Kadur district of Mysore, antimony production in the, I,
213 Ka-gyur (Kanjur), the Tibetan Canon, III, 50n ; V, 284 ; IX, 160
Kaikola(n), caste of musicians, I, 259-261 Kail or Cail, Tinnevelly
district of the Madras Presidency, II, 802 Kailas Kund, a mountain
lake, VII, 236 Kailasa, Mount (modern Kailas), abode of Siva and
ParvatI, I, 2n», 3, Sn1, 8, 125, 202 ; II, 14, 98 ; III, 11, 296 ; IV,
180 ; V, 89, 124, 169, 170 ; VI, 108, 181, 168; VIII, 47, 51, 59, 72-
77, 79, 81-83, 85, 138, lSSn', 136, 147 ; IX, 2, 6, 86, 96 " Kaiserin
Trebisonda, Die," W. Kaden, Unter den Olivenbaumen, I, 26,27 Kdjal
(lamp-black), used for eye-black, 1,212 Kajalanti (box for keeping
kdjal), I, 212 Kajungajorssuaq, a malformed man, VIII, 229, 230
Kakatias, a sect of weavers in Conjeeveram, I, 257, 258 Kald
(accomplishment, and a sixteenth of the moon's diameter), III, 140,
140m1, 164/i1 Kdla (Time, Fate, Death), IV, 24m1, 182 ; VII, 174
Kala and his prayers, the Brahman, IV, 23-25 Kalaba, Jain saint, VI,
230 Kalahakari, wife of Sinhaparakrama, II, 159, 159n2, 160
Kalajihva, ally of Mandaradeva, VIII, 81, 84 ; Yaksha named, VI, 70-
72, 80 " Kalakacharya - kathanaka," H. Jacobi, Zeit. d. d. morg. Ges.,
VI, 23071* Kala-ka-serai, ancient city near, III, OOn1 Kalakeyas or
Kaleyas, a class of Asuras, VI, 43H1, 44n Kalakuta, the lord of, VIII,
67, 78 ; mountain, III, 65 ; poison, III, 176, 176nl Kalam (land
measure), I, 247 Kalanemi, King of the Asuras, VI, 215 ; son of
Yajnasoma, I, 106, 107, 111 Kdlanu sdrivd, used in making anjana,
1,212 Kalapaka grammar, I, 75, 757J1 ; IX, 97 Kalaratri, Kuvalayavall
and the witch, II, 99-100, 103, 104, 111-112; one of the $aktis of
Siva, II, 99, 103, 105-111 ; VIII, 75, 75n«, 76, 77, 78, 85
 I'.m; THE OCEAN OF STORY Kalasa, King, IX, 88, 89n8'* ;
son of King Ananta of Kashmir, IV, 284, Kalasapura, city called, IV,
191 Kalasoka, foundation of Pataliputra attributed to, II, 89711
K&lavar&taka, gambler named, VI, 158 K&lavatl, daughter of
Kalajihva, VIII, 84 ; heavenly nymph named, IX, 20-22, 24-26 ; wife
of Kritavarman, 1, 97 Killer (i la. the Finnish epic, taboo on drink in,
VI, 185 Kaleyas, Kalakeyas or, a class of Asuras, VI, 43nl, 44n
Kalhana's Rdjatarangini, M. A. Stein, IX,17n» Kali (demon of
gambling), IV, 240, 240711, 241-248, 248, 250, 276, 278, 279, 291 ;
VI, 106 ; VII, 66 ; VIII, 2, 6 Kali(Durga, Parvati, Uma.Gaurl, etc.), I,
192 ; II, 198H1 ; VI, 197, 278 ; VII, 215 ; VIII, 75n8 Kali Yuga, the
(" age of vice "), VII, l,ln6, 112n8, 168 Kali Krishna, English version
of the Vetdlapanchavimiati of, VI, 226 Kalika, Vidyadhari named,
VIII, 67, 90 Kallla and Dimna, III, 126 ; V, 41nx, 218, 219 Kalila and
Dimna, or the Fables of Bidpai, translated from the Arabic, Rev.
Wyndham Knatchbull, Ldn., 1819, I, 62nJ Kalilah en Daminah, P. P.
Roorda van Eysinga, 1844, V, 289 Kalila und Dimna, Syrisch und
Deutsch, Schultess, 1911, V, 219 KaRlah wa-Dimnah, I, lOln1 ; II,
290 ; V, 219 " Kalila wa-Dimna," C. Brockelmann, Encyclopaedia of
Islam, V, 234 M Kalilag wa Dimnay " (Syriac version), V.219 Kalinga,
the people and land of, II, 92, 92n» ; III, 170 ; VI, 170 ; VII, 112;
VIII, 2; IX, 53, 70, 71 Kalingadatta, King, III, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 17,
18, 23, 27, 41, 42, 64, 87, 90 Kalingasena, daughter of Kalingadatta,
III, 27, 28, 82, 84-36, 39-48, 55, 58, 64-66, 68, 74, 81, 84-93, 96,
Kalingasena — continued 106-108, 118-114, 120-125, 128-183, 135-
140, 145-148 ; VIII, 22, 25, 46, 87, 90, 105 Kalingasena's marriage
to King Vikramaditya, IX, 48-46, 48-50, 52-58, 67, 68, 70-71
Kalinjara, mountain of, II, 149 ; VIII, 101, 102 Kalian caste, betel-
leaves used by the, VIII, 278 Kalmouk and Mongolian Traditionary
Tales, Sagas from the Far East, or, M. H. Busk, Ldn., 1873, I, 25, 27,
39w8, 162nl ; II, 5nl, 52n* * ; III, 4Snl, 75, 142nS 182, 195nS 204,
218nx ; V, 63nx, 77/11, 153n, 157n* ; VI, 182n1, 186nS 242, 248,
264, 269n8 ; VII, 235n8 ; VIII, 59na Kalmuck (Mongolian) version of
the Vetdlapancliavifhs'ati, VI, 241, 242, 247, 275 ; frame-story of
the, VI, 242-246 Kalmukische Marchen. Die Mdrchen des Siddhi-Kur,
B. Jiilg, I, 20n, 25, 227 ; III, 56, 62, 63, 75, 182, 204 ; VI, 242n2,
264, 269na ; VII, 235n8 ; VIII, 59n8 ; IX, 161 Kalpa (measure of
time), I, 9 ; II, 139nx ; of the gods, II, 163, 163n8 ; a mortal, II,
163n8 ; III, 138, 147 ; IV, 2, 23, 23/11, 25, 106 ; V, 27711 ; VII, 62,
115 ; VIII, 23, 48, 49, 152, 174, 174n8, 183, 209 ; IX, 25, 86 ; tree,
I, 8, Sn1 ; the wishing- tree of paradise, I, 8, %nl ; IX, 87, 87n6, 88
Kalpavriksha (Hindu wishing-tree), I, Kalyanavarman, a friend of
Dhavalamukha, V, 87 KalyanavatI, wife of King Simhabala, V, 23-25
Kama (the God of Love), I, 1, ln», 30, 81 ; II, 13, 74n8, 105, 128,
148, 145, 163 ; III, 26, 27, 64, 97, 188 ; V, 22/11, 26 ; VI, 111, 156,
219 ; VII, 2, 10, 43, 53, 64, 65, 68, 99, 100, 118, 140, 178, 179 ;
VIII, 1, 2, 8, 7, In*, 8, 94, 95, 98, 167, 168, 248n Kamadeva, the
Hindu Cupid, II, 51n8 ; VIII, 2 Kamadhenu, cow granting all desires,
11, 45, 45n8 ; celestial cow connected with Indra, II, 242
 INDEX 197 Kamala—i.e. lotus, VII, 99n« ; VIII, llln1
Kamalagarbha, Brahman named, VI, 130 Kamalakara,
Anangamanjarl, her husband Manivarman, and the Brahman, VII,
98, 98n», 99-104, 256-258 ; and Hamsavall, VI, 40-55
Kamalalochana, Kusumayudha and, IX, 61-62 Kamalamati, warder of
Udayatunga, VI, 70, 73, 74 Kamalavati and the parrot, III, 83nx
Kamallla, wife of Vikramaditya, I, 46n8 ; VII, 210 Kamalim, the
friend of the — i.e. the sun, IX, 30 Kamalodaya, Brahman named,
VI, 20 Kamandaki, city called, VI, 184 Kamandaki Xlti4dstra, The, V,
217 Kamarupa, the King of, II, 94, 94n* ; the western portion of
Assam, II, 94n4 ; IX, 80, 82 Kdmasdstrdrtha — i.e. science of love,
IV, 106 Kamasena, the greedy courtesan, VII, 202 Kama Shastra
Society (R. F. Burton and F. F. Arbuthnot), 1, 234n2,236n1; II, lOn ;
V, 193 Kama Sutra, Vatsyayana, I, 48n, 234, 236 ; II, 9n», 49n*, 305
; V, 6nS 193195 ; VII, 258 ; IX, 162 Kama Sutra, Vatsyayana, Kama
Shastra Soc, ed. 1883, and K. R. Iyengar, ed. 1921, I, 234n* ; V, 193
Kambugrlva, a tortoise named, V, 55, 56, 170nx Kambuka, city
called, II, 281 KambuvatI, queen named, III, 274 Kammalan caste,
use of betel and areca among the, VIII, 278 Kammdlar, artisans, I,
260 Kampila, Raja, II, 122 Kampilya, country called, II, 190, 191
Kamsundar, King, II, 286, 286T11 Kanabhuti, a Pisacha named, I, 7,
9, 11, 18, 24, 80, 53, 58, 59, 60, 67, 68, 76, 78, 86, 89, 94 ; IX, 96,
97 Kanakakalasa, prince named, VI, 81, 96, 97, 98 Kanakaksha, king
named, V, 171, 174 Kanakamanjari, confidante of HansSvail, VI, 45-
58 Kanakaprabha, wife of Paropakarin, II, 171, 172 Kanakapura, city
called, VII, 66 Kanakapuri, place called, II, 237 Kanakarekha,
daughter of Paropakarin, II, 171-174, 184, 187, 213, 221, 222, 225,
226, 287 Kanakavarsha and Madanasundari, story of King, IV, 204-
219 KanakavatI, daughter of Kanchanadamshtra, VIII, 84 ; wife of
Jlmutaketui VII, 60 Kanakhala, place of pilgrimage, I, 18 Kanara,
Arer women of, II, 169 ; dancing-girls of, I, 245 ; the home of the
sandalwood carving industry, VII, 106 Kanauj, Harsha, Raja of
Thanesar and, VII, 287 Kanavera Jdtaka (No. 318), I, 118n2 ; VII,
220 Kanchanabha, a city named, V, 32 Kanchanadamshtra, king
named, VIII, 79, 81, 82,84 ;' IX, 48 Kanchanagiri, an air-going
elephant, VIII, 179, 182 Kanchanamala, confidante of Vasavadatta,
I, 151 Kanchanapata, the elephant of the gods, I, 18, 18n3
Kanchanapura, city called, V, 6, 10, 11 ; VII, 181, 184 Kanchanapuri,
a city called, V, 27 Kanchanasekhara, an air-going elephant, VIII,
179, 182 Kanchanasringa, city called, III, 156, 157 ; V, 26
Kachanavega, a king of the Vidyadharas, V, 96 Kanchi, city called,
III, 282, 286 Kandarpa, the God of Love, II, 100 ; IV, 106 ; VI, 40 ;
the two Brahmans, Kesata and, IX, 54-61, 62-66 Kandarpasena,
Queen, VII, 149 Kangra district, Panjab, antimony production in the,
I, 213 Kanhadlpdyana Jdtaka (No. 444), III, 179 Kanishka,
suggested as King " Vikrama " of Jain tradition, VI, 229 Kanjur (Ka-
gyur), the Tibetan Canon, V, 284
 198 THE OCEAN OF STORY Katikdla (Bakek), one of the
five flavours in betel-chewing, VIII, 246, 247 Kan I; hi Him, a yellow
thread, I, 256 Kankola (Marathi), Piper cubeba, VIII* 247 KantimatI,
wife of Vamadatta, VI, 5, 6 Kanva, father of Ssakuntala, I, 88 ;
hermit named, VII, 89, 90, 186, 161 ; IX, 1, 49, 85 ; hermitage of,
III, 180 Kanyakubja, city called, II, 111, 132 ; V, 87 ; VI, 4, 179
Kanyakumari (Cape Cormorin), I, ISSn1 Kapaladharin or Kapalika
(Aghori), II, 90n» Kapalasphota, King of the Rakshasas, II, 199, 206,
209, 210 Kapalika (or Kapaladharin), a worshipper of Siva, II, 90n8 ;
IX, 12, 12n\ 13, 14, 27, 28, 68, 69, 70 Kapek, Karel, inventor of the
Robot, III, 59 Kapila, chaplain of King Dadhivahana, IV, 105 Kapila,
wife of Kapila, IV, 105, 106 Kapilajata, curse of the hermit, IV, 155
Kapilasarman, Brahman named, VIII, 113 Kapinjala, a bird named,
VI, 102-103 Kapisabhru, friend of Saudamini, VI, 103 Kapu marriage
ceremony, I, 244 Kapur Bams (true camphor), IV, 224W1 Kar
(charmed circle of Hindu astrologers), III, 201 Karabha, village
called, VIII, 55 Karabhagriva, castle named, VII, 165, 166, 167, 172
Karabhaka, Brahman named, III, 13 Karakash (possibly the Khotan-
daria), tale about the, VII, 237 Karakus, a huge bird, fed on human
flesh, VI, 123n Karali or Karari, ruins at, I, 7n* Karambaka, father of
Vyadi, I, 12 Karangll, Mount, in the Jhflam district, I, 218 Karataka, a
jackal, V, 48-45, 47, 50, 58, 68, 218 Karen People of Burma, The, H.
I. Marshall. VIII, 285n« Kargas or kerkes, fabulous bird of the Turks,
I, 104 Karians as ciceroni in Egypt, V, 251 Kdrikd, Gaudap&da, VI, 34
Karimandita, forest called, VI, 26, 27 Karkata, the corresponding
sign to Cancer, VIII, 20 Karkotaka, the snake, II, 67, 78, 78 ; IV,
245, 246, 248, 250 Karling legend of Bayard, II, 57nx Karma-^i.e.
fate, IV, 182 ; VI, 34 ; VII, 254, 255 " Karma," L. de la Vallee
Poussin, Hastings' Ency. Rel. Eth., IV, 182 KarmaSataka, story from
the, I, 54nl ; V, 157nx Karmasena, king named, VI, 11, 12 ; VII, 163,
169, 171-173, 175, 176, 180-186, 192 Kama, rival of Arjuna, II, 284
; VII, 52n8 Karnata, the King of, IX, 34 ; province, of, V, 96 ; VI, 198
Karnatak, ddsa caste in, I, 246 Karnlsuta, Muladeva identified with,
III 183nx Karnotpala, king named, VI, 170, 177 Karpara, story of the
two thieves, Ghata and, V, 142, 148ft1, 143-147 Kdrpatika
(dependent of a king), II, 178T11 ; III, 207nx ; IV, 168711 ; VI,
209n2 ; IX, 43, 43n\ 71-74 Karpura (camphor), one of the five
flavours in betel-chewing, VIII, 246 Karpura dvipa (Borneo or
Sumatra), IV, 224m1 Karpuraka, King, III, 260, 291, 296, 299, 300
Karpurasambha va (camphorproduced), III, 260, 260nS 261, 290,
291, 294, 300 Kapurika, daughter of Karpuraka, III, 259-262, 275,
281, 285, 291, 293296, 298-300 ; wife of Naravahanadatta, VIII, 90
Karrah, inscription found at, I, 7n4 Kartika and the moon, III, 147
Kartikappalli, ddsis of, I, 261 Karttavirya or Arjuna, VII, 174 Kartika
(Karttik), the month (OctoberNovember), III, 87 ; VII, 142
Karttikeya, son of Siva and Parvati, I, 12, 15, 17, 18, 36, 71, 71na,
72, 73n1, 74, 75n! ; II, 100-103, 258 ; III, 284; VI, 119, 212-214,
217; VIII, 141 ; IX, 97
 INDEX 1W Karwdnsardi (caravanserai, a haltingplace for
camels), II, 162n, 168n Kds"a grass, VII, 26 Kasab (Arabic
prostitution), I, 243 Kasbi, caste of prostitutes, I, 242, 243
Kaserudvipa, city called, III, 181 Kashmir, aconite in, II, 280 ; blouse
in, II, 50n6 ; the Brihat-katha in, I, 169 ; the fakir from, I, 213 ;
gambling in, II, 232n ; the land hallowed by Vishnu, III, 220 ; the
Nllamald, a legendary account of, I, 206 ; the possible home of the
Brihat-katha, V, 211 ; possible home of the Panchatantra, V, 208 ;
princess of, whose beauty maddens, II, 6n* ; in Purana legends, the
valley of, 1, 205, 206 ; the realm of, IX, 87 ; serpent-sacrifices in,
III, 142nx ; stories from, I, 28, 38w ; the Tantrdkhydyika MSS. of the
Panchatantra found in, V, 209 ; tradition, Pisachas in, I, 92 ; use of
cowries in, IX, 17n* Kashmir, Folk-Tales of, J. H. Knowles, I, 46n«,
95n«, 131 ; II, 124, IdSn1 ; V, 65, 281 ; VI, 60 Kashmiri Proverbs
and Sayings, A Dictionary of, J. H. Knowles, IV, 48 ; V, 64, 65
Kashmirian bodice, the kurtd, II, 50n5 ; court-poets, I, 236 ; origin
of the story of Ghataand Karpara, possible, V,245 Kdsi, kingdom of,
III, 304 Kdsl or Bandras (i.e. Benares), VI, 27 ; VII, 29nS 223n*
Kaslnath Pandurang Parab, co-editor of ed. of the Brihat-kathd-
manjarl and Kathd-sarit-sdgara, V, 212, 216 Kasmira conquered by
King Vikramaditya, IX, 7 Kasmira, the home of sciences and virtue, V,
123, 171, 178, 182, 183 ; VI, 106, 108, 109 ; to Pataliputra, the
mendicant who travelled from, V, 178-180, 182-183 ; Sunandana,
King of, IX, 84 Kastration in rechtlicher, socialer, und vitaler Hinsicht,
C. Rieger, III, 328 Kasyapa, a holy sage and the father of Garuda, I,
143, 143n*, 203, 205, 206 ; II, 150, 151, 153 ; III, 25, 27 ; IV, 186 ;
V, 161 ; VII, 56 ; VIII, 108, 104, 106, 123-125, 181, 182, 209 ; IX,
1, 85, 105, 113 Kata in the Kau£ambl district, I, 7n4 Katabhi,
decoction of, II, 276 Kataha, the island of (dvlpa of), 1, 155, 155/J1,
156, 163, 178, 174, 180 ; IV, 228, 224W1 ; V, 67 ; IX, 50 Katantra
grammar, I, 75, 75nl ; IX, 97, 100 Kath, a purer form of cutch, VIII,
247, 266, 268, 280 Kathdkoca, or Treasury of Stories, C. H. Tawney,
Oriental Trans. Fund, Roy. As. Soc., 1895 ; I, 40n, 48n*, 101nl,
121n«, 228, 224, 226 ; II, 5nl, 108n, 113/11, 219n8, 232n; III, 60-
62, 207na, 279 ; IV, 47, 174W1 ; V, 17n*, 125nx, 155na, 176 ; VI,
In1, 25n8, 205n; VII, 220, 223, 254; VIII, 29H1 Kathd Manjari
[Tandava-Raya Mudaliyar], V, 64 Kathamukha, Book II, I, 94-192 ;
IX, 101-102, 114 ; of Panchatantra, V, 221-222 Kathapltha, Book I, I,
1-93 ; IX, 95-101, 114 Kathdprakdca, II, 122 Kathdratndkara,
Hemavijaya, VII, 200, 200n* Kathdratndkara. Das Mdrchmeer, J.
Hertel, VII, 200, 200n» Kathd-sarit-sdgara, the, Somadeva, IX, 94,
98, 107, 108, 112, 119, 120, 121 Kathiawar, Pavayas in, III, 322 ;
seaofferings in, VII, 146n* Katik, the month of, VIII, 215 "
Katteprinsen " [Register : Danmarks Folkeaeventyr], S. Grundtvig,
VI, 219 [Katthahdri Jdtaka] (No. 7), III, 179 Kattika festival, the, VII,
242 Katyayana (see also Pushpadanta and Vararuchi), I, 9, 11, 17n8,
58, 54 ; IX, 86, 96 Katyayani, female mendicant named, VII, 138,
141 ; i.e. ParvatI, Durga, Umfi, etc., IV, 180 KaumudI festival, the,
VII, 243 Kauravas or Kuru princes, sons of Dhritarashtra, II, 16 ; III,
66 ; V, 98nl Kausalya, the mother of Rama (the Rdmayana), VI, 161
Kausambli I, 7, 7n«, 11, 81, 94, 95, 97, 121, 122, 123, 185, 186,
182, 188 ; II, 47-49, 54, 115, 125 ; III, 66, 67,
 200 THE OCEAN OF STORY KausambI — continued 85,
90n», 96, 107, 149, 155, 166, 296, 297; IV, 122, 125, 180, 189, 188,
189 ; V, 1, 192, 196, 204 ; VI, 1 ; VII, 106, 194, 195 ; VIII, 21, 45,
46} 89, 98, 100, 102, 108 ; city called, IX, 96, 99, 104, 110, 112,
120 Kausika, the spiritual guide of the Vidyfidharas, II, 210
Kaustubha jewel of Vishnu, the, VIII, 60, eon1 •■ Kava-drinking,
VIII, 248, 306, 316, 317, 318 ; -drinking areas, division of betel -
chewing and, VIII, 307309 ; -plant, Macropiper methysticum, VIII,
311, 312 Kavadh (Kobad), King of Persia, V, 218 Kaveri, the, II, 92 ;
VII, 166 Kaviraja, commentary on Sarvavarman's grammar, I, 75nx
Kavya (artificial poetry), IV, 277 Kavyalankara, Queen, III, 263-266
Kdvyamimdmsd, Rajasekhara, I, 92 Kdvyasamgraha : erotische u.
exerotische Lieder. Metrische Ubersetzungen aus indischen u.
anderen Sprachen, J. J. Meyer, Leipzig, 1903, I, 234n1 Kayasth,
writers and village accountants, VIII, 271 Kdya-vyuha (division of
personality), IV, 4W1 Kdyotsarga posture, the, IV, 106 Kazi (Kadi,
Qadi) — i.e. judge, I, 29, 43, 186711 Kazwini, A. See Qazwlnl Kedah,
Malaya, I, 155nx Kedara mountain, the, VI, 88 Kedarnath, one of the
twelve liriga shrines in India, VII, 2nx " Kedarnath," W. Crooke,
Hastings' Ency. Rel. Eth., VII, 2n* Kfdeshah (Biblical " sacred woman
"), ' I, 271 Keeper of the burning-ground, the king taken for the, II,
57, 57n8 ; of the caves of Babylon, Zohak the giant, III, 150
Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, E. Schrader, 1878, I, 273n2, 274ft1
K.'kaya Pai§fichl, probably the language of the Brihat-kathd, I, 92
Kelantan, Dr J. D. Gimlette, Residency Surgeon of, II, 308 Kemble,
W., in a note on Gaya, VII, Bfn Kensington Museum, specimens of
Eastern castanets at the South, VIII, 95m1 Kerala (Murala or
Malabar), II, 92n6 Keralapuram, temple, dancing-girls at, I, 262
Kerchief, message conveyed by dipping and raising the, I, 80m1 ; of
a nereid, stealing the, VIII, 218, 219 Keres, not to be mistaken for
swanmaidens, VIII, 217 Kerkes or kargas, fabulous bird of the Turks,
I, 104 Kerman, preparation of tutia (kohl) in, I, 213, 214 Kern, Dr,
conjectures and suggestions for the text of the K.S.S., V, 50711,
106n2, 136n2, Win1, ISOn1, 197n2 ; VI, 19ft1, 75nx ; VII, 21n2,
I19n», 170n8, 171nS 178nx, 179n12, 181 n2 ; VIII, ISn1, 28/11,
29n, 41nx, 45n12, 118n2, 119n8, 125ns 141nx, lOOn1, 167/11 ; IX,
5n8, 7nx, On1, 32nx, 34nS 42nx, 44n2, 54W1 Ke§ata and Kandarpa,
the two Branmans, II, 193nx ; IX, 54-61, 62-66 KeSavadeva,
destruction of the temple of, I, 231 Ke£ini, maid of Damayanti, IV,
285287 Ketaka, tusks of an elephant, IX, 38 Ketu, the body of
Ra.hu, II, 81 Khadga, a merchant's son, IV, 230, 231
Khadgadanshtra, Rakshas! named, III, 269-272, 275 Khadgadhara, a
Kshatriya, IV, 145147, 155 ; VII, 3, 4 Khalifa al Ma'mun, (c. 800), II,
288 Khalila da Damana, Georgian version of Kalilah and Dimnah, V,
240 " Khamuka," one of the glands on the forehead of an elephant,
VI, 67nx Khan, palace of the Great, III, 57 Khanddbhraka(m), "
rugged cloud," tooth-mark on woman's breast, V, 195 Khandava
forest, the, VII, 185, 185n* Khandavataka, city called, IX, 72, 78
Khandesh, Pavayas in, III, 322 ; Southern Gujarat and (i.e. the
district of Lata), VI, 150nx
 INDEX 201 Khandoba of Jejuri, the god (incarnation of
Siva), IX, 146 Khantivddi-Jdtaka, the, III, 20m1 Khara and Dushana,
race of, III, 49, 49m1 Khara k Singh, lady burned against her will
with, IV, 264 Kharaputta Jdtaka (No. 386), III, 60 Khartdls, the,
Indian castanet of stones, VIII, 95m1 Khasis, The, R. P. T. Gurdon,
VIII, 285n8 Khasua class of eunuchs, III, 321 Khatvdnga, staff with
a skull at the top, a weapon of Siva, IX, 68H1 Khazlb, Ajlb, son of, II,
223nx Khirud - Ufroz, The, trans. Thomas Manuel, Calcutta, 1861, V,
240 Khoja class of eunuchs, III, 321, 325326 Khojas of Gujarat,
customs connected with lights among the Mohammedan, II, 168
Khotan, mythical home of the Pisachas, I, 206 Khumbaba, enemy of
Gilgamesh, 1, 273 Khurafa, the tale of, VI, 62, 63 ; VII, 225 Kxchin,
a kind of lamia with feet back to front, IX, 160 Kick of a horse as a
means of instantaneous transportation, VIII, 57, 57n* Kidnapping,
ranks of deva-ddsis increased by, I, 254 ; trade in, I, 243 Kielhorn,
F., theory about the Vikrama era, VI, 230 " Kilhwch and Olwen, Story
of," Cowell, Y Cymrodor, II, 190/i1 Kil]ekyatas, Mysore caste of
dancinggirls, I, 258, 258n» Killing by embrace or perspiration, II,
291 ; female children, method of, II, 304 ; glance of Isis, the, VIII,
75n* ; son to display his prescience, astrologer, V, 90 ; son to obtain
another, V, 94 Kimpurushas (servants of Kuvera), I, 202 Kimsuka
tree — i.e. Butea frondosa, VIII, 7, 7n» Kind, Das, H. H. Ploss, III,
328 Kind reception of Vasavadatta by Padmavati, II, 22 Kinder- u.
Hausmdrchen, J. W. Grimm, I, 19n«, 26, 27; II, 60n«, 196n\ 223m1;
III, 28nl, 75, 104n», 187n», 188n, 189/I1, 226n», 227n, 231n», 287,
272k1; IV, 129n, 145/11 ; V, 62n«, 66, 79n», lOOn1, 153nx, 275,
281 ; VI, 18ft1 47nS 56n», 61, 98nl, 122n» ; VIII, 83nx, 107n,
109n«, 216 Kinder- und Hausmdrchen der Briider Grimm,
Anmerkungen zu den, J. Bolte and G. Polivka. See under
Anmerkungen zu den . . . Kinder- und Hausmdrchen aus Tirol, I. and
J. Zingerle, I, 26 ; II, 70n* Kinder- und Volksmarchen, H. Prohle,
Leipzig, 1853, 1, 25 Kindred, Bandhu or cognate, III, 46nl Kinds of
areca-nuts, different, VIII, 303, 304 ; of betel-leaves, different, VIII,
265 ; of enjoyment, eight, VII, 249 ; of laughter, different, VII, 253 ;
of nail-scratches, eight, V, 193, 194 ; of vampires, different, VI, 137
King ashamed of his ignorance, I, 68, 71 ; auspicious elephant
choosing, V, 155, 155nS 175 ; of the Bheels (Bhillas, etc.), I, 152,
152m1 ; of the birds, see Garuda ; Brahmadatta and the swans,
story of, VIII, 133, 133n2, 134-136, 138, 142-143, 144, 209 ; of the
Camphor Islands, II, 190nl ; Chandamahasena and the Asura's
daughter, VIII, 106, 106n2, 107, 107n, 108-110; of Chedi, the, VIII,
10, 124 ; of the Chola race, II, 92, 92n« ; of the Daityas — i.e. Bali,
I, 108, 108n2; Dharmadhvaja and his three very sensitive wives, VII,
10, lOn1, 11, 12, 204-211 ; by divine will, choosing, a V, 175-177 ;
of the gods, see Indra ; and the herdsman, the, II, 51, 52 ; of India
sends Alexander a poison-damsel, II, 291, 292 ; of Kachchhapa, II,
69 ; of Kalinga, IX, 53 ; of KamarOpa, II, 94, 94n« ; of the Madras,
VIII, 126 ; who married his dependent to the nereid, the, VI, 209,
216, 278-285 ; of the Nagas or snakes, see Vasuki ; of the Nishadas,
II, 191, 101na; of the Parasikas cut off, the head of the, II, 98-94n1
« ; of Paundra, VIII, 84 ; Prasenajit, the young Chandala who
married the daughter of, VIII,
 202 THE OCEAN OF STORY King — contin ued 112, 112n«,
118, 114; who replaced the flesh, story of the, V, 93 ; a rogue
wishes to enter the service of the, II, 178, 179 ; Simhabala and his
fickle wife, story of, V, 28-25 ; * of Simhala (i.e. Ceylon), IX, 7, 7n88,
10, 28, 30-32, 34 ; of Sindh subdued, 11, 93 ; snake coiling round,
V, 164, 164/11 ; of the Snowy Mountain (Siva), II, 143 ; story of the
miserly, V,86; Sumanas,theNishada maiden, and the learned parrot,
story of, V, 27-28, 37-38 ; note on ditto, V, 89, 40 ; Trivikramasena
and the mendicant, VI, 165, 165nS 166-168, 177-178, 179, 181-182,
183, 190, 191, 199, 200, 203, 204, 208, 209, 216, 217, 220-221 ;
VII, I, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 25, 29, 33-34, 35, 39, 40, 48, 49, 63, 66,
69-70, 71, 77, 78, 85-86, 87, 96-97, 98, 104, 108, 111, 112, 115,
116, 120-121 ; conclusion of ditto, VII, 122, 122m1, 123-125, 263 ;
and the two wise birds, the, VI, 183, 183nx, 184, 186, 189, 267-272
; of Vatsa, see Udayana ; Vikramaditya, Kalingasena's marriage to,
IX, 43-46, 48-50, 52-53, 67, 68, 70-71 ; Vikramaditya, story of, IX, 2,
2m1, 3-11, 12, 28-29, 30-33, 34-42, 43, 85 ; wishes to study the art
of stealing, II, 184n, 185n ; Yasahketu, his Vidyadharl wife and his
faithful minister, VII, 13, 13nl, 14-25, 211-212. See further under the
proper names of kings King Henry VI, Shakespeare, VI, 24n King
James (I), Dcemonologie, VI, 24n King John, Life and Death of,
Shakespeare, VI, 24n King Richardll, Shakespeare , VIII, 88nx " King
Lakshadatta and his Dependent Labdhadatta," VI, 209na " King
Midas and his Ass's Ears," Crooke, Folk-Lore, III, 188n ; V, lln1 ; VI,
26U1 " King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons," The Nights, R. F.
Burton, VIII, 98n« M King, Queen and Knave," Clausen and Marr,
Argosy, IX, 161 Kingdom of Magadha, II, an1, 12, 20 ; the Pandyan,
II, 92n« Kingdom of Siam, The, A. C. Carter, VIII, 289n! Kingly vice,
Siva's, I, 125 King's daughter placed in brothel to catch thief, V, 248
; rival teachers, the, I, 71, 72 ; treasury robbed by thieves, V, 246 "
King's Son and the Ifrit's Mistress," V, 122nx Kings, duties of, III,
142-144 ; of Pattan and Kabri, agreement between, VII, 230 ; vices
of (vyasana), 1, 124, 124nx, 134 Kings, the Book of, III, 308n3, 329
" Kings, Mirror of," Barlaam, II, 290 Kinkara, Gana named, VIII, 178
Kinnaras (subjects of Kuvera), I, 2, 197, 202 ; V, 31, 39 ; VI, 283
Kirata (mountaineer), shape assumed by Siva, I, 95n* Kiratas, the,
VI, 25, 27 ; VII, 164, 165, 170, 171, 172, 182, 186, 190; VIII, 112nx
Kirby, W., note to Burton's Supplemental Nights, VI, 61 Kirnior
pheng, huge bird of Japan,!, 104 KIrtisena, nephew of Vasuki, King
of the Nagas, I, 61 Kirtisena, story of, III, 44-54 KIrtisoma, a
Brahman named, V, 95 Kishkindhya, the capital of Sugriva, VIII, 44*
Kisra or Chosroes I, King of Persia, V, 218 Kiss of the poison-damsel,
the fatal, II, 294 ; unknown to primitive people, the mouth, IX, 162
Kissing in the Ocean, only one mention of, IX, 162 " Kissing,"
Crawley, Hastings' Ency. Rel. Eth., IX, 162 Kistna, the river, IX, 98
Kitab fi ma'rifat al-hiyal al handaslya (Book of the Knowledge of
Ingenious Contrivances), Al-Jazarl, III, 58 Kitchi-Gami : Wanderings
round Lake Superior, J. G. Kohl, VIII, 228n8 Kite carries away
necklace, IV, 192, 192nx ; Garuda represented as a Brahmany, VII,
284 ; poisons food, dead snake carried by a, VII, 32, 212, 213, 215
Kite, inventor of the, III, 56
 INDEX 203 Kition, male prostitutes at the temple of
(Cyprus), I, 276 K'iu-sa-ta-na (Khotan), VII, 237 Kizreti (harlot), I,
272 Klaskerchen (Lower German cake festival), I, 14n Klausmanner
(Upper German cake festival), I, 14n Kledonomancy — i.e. the
acceptance of the spoken word as an omen, I, lGn1 ; IX, 141 Kleine
Schriften, Theodor Zachariae, VI, 59 ; IX, 154 Kleinere Schriften, J.
Grimm, VIII, 117n* Kleinere Schriften, R. Kohler, IX, 142, 143 Kling,
name for Kalinga in the East Indian Archipelago, II, 92n* M Kluge
Else, Die," Grimm, Kinderit ltd Hausmdrchen, III, 23 In1 Knife kept
beside a woman after childbirth to keep off the devil, II, 166 Knot,
the lucky, II, 189m1 ; on the sacred thread, Brahmagranthi a, VII,
27 Knotted strings and notched sticks, messages conveyed by, I, 82n
Knots, magic, II, 189711 ; that mark the centuries of life, II, 189,
189m1 " Knowall, Dr," motif, III, 71-73, 75-76 ; IX, 149 Knowledge,
avidyd, ignorance or false, VI, 34 ; a Bodhisattva, one whose
essence is perfect, III, 252n8 ; magic (superhuman), III, 165, 165n2
; VIII, 39, 45, 55 ; the possessor of supernatural, VI, 201-203 ;
pretended, III, 71-73 ; of sciences given to Varsha, I, 15 ; of
sciences bestowed on two young Brahmans, V, 125, 126 ; of the
sciences bestowed on Rajatadamshtra, V, 160 ; of the speech of
animals, VII, 3, 3n8, 137, 137n8, 199 ; of the speech of animals,
pretended, IX, 23, 24 ; the test of, III, 78 ; of the three times, VIII,
57, 57n8 Knmvledge, Bahdr-i-Ddnish, or Spring of, ' Inayatu-'hah, I,
25, 43, 162nl Knowledge-holder, magical (vidyddhara), II, 137n»
Knowles', J. II.. tales from Ind. Ant., quoted by W. A. Clouston, V,
177 Knust in Jahrbuch fur romanische und englische Literatur, II,
289n8,4 Kobad (Kavadh), King of Persia, V, 218 KodikkaI-ve)ja]an,
caste of betel- vine cultivators, VIII, 278 Koffee Kalcalli, King of the
Ashantees, II, 271 Kohl and Collyrium, Appendix II, I, 211-218 ; in
Africa, use of, I, 217 ; in Ancient Egypt, I, 215217 ; in Greece and
Rome, I, 218 ; meaning of the word, I, 211 ; in Morocco, I, 217 ; in
the Old Testament, I, 216 ; used by the Musulmans of India, I, 212
KohVd eyes, II, 104n Kohler, Dr Reinhold, notes to Gonzenbach's
Sicilianische Mdrchen, II, 196711; III, 187n»; V, 117nS 172n ; VI,
47^ ; VII, Sin1, 126n* ; VIII, 59n3 ; IX, 78n " Kojahs of Southern
India," J. Shortt, Journ. Anth. Inst., Ill, 325 [" Ko-Ji-Ki ... or Records
of Ancient Matters "] B. H. Chamberlain, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, VII,
238, 238n8 Kolhapur state, ddsa caste of, I, 246 Koli women, sea-
offerings among, VII, 146ni Konkan coast, ddsis of the, I, 261
Konow, Sten, on interpreting the word ayasa in the Takshasila
inscription, VI, 229 Koraiya contest, magical rite among the Hausa
tribe, III, 38 Koranic version of Joseph and Potiphar story, IV, 104
Kore and Demeter, offerings to, I, 15n Korkus, unfavourable omens
among the, III, Sen1 Kos (measures of distance), I, 131 ; II, 191 ;
VI, 47, 70, 70n1, 110, 110n8, 121 ; VII, 166 Kosai river, III, 172nx
Kosala, city called, III, 7 ; IV, 243, 246-248, 250 ; VI, 40, 49, 54
Kosam (Kausambl), I, 7n4 ; III, 90nx Kosio, young people dedicated
to a god in West Africa, I, 278 Kosiya Jdtaka (No. 226), V, lOOn1
Kosmographie, Al-QazwinI, II, 298, 812 Kra, the isthmus of, I, 1 55/
 204 THE OCEAN OF STORY Krait, fatal sting of the, II, 311,
812 Kramasaras, a holy bathing - place, and mountain, VI, 107, 112,
118 Krappe, Dr A. H., references obtained from, VII, 189n«; VIII,
107n,, 117n» Kratudeva, son of Somadeva, VIII, 180 "Krautesel.
Der" ("Donkey Cabbages"), Kinder- und Hausmdrchen, J. and W.
Grimm, VI, 56n» Kravydd (eaters of raw flesh — e.g. Pisachas), I,
205 Kritantasantrasa, Rakshasa named, VIT, 23 Kripl, wife of Drona,
III, 97 Krishna (Hari, Vishnu, or Narayana), I, 138, 139n«, 143n\
231, 239, 244, 245 ; II, 35, 242, 284 ; III, 228n2, 282 ; IV, 80 ; VI,
1, 107, 11 In8 ; VII, 52ns, 57, 175m1 ; VIII, 40, 46 ; sage named, I,
75 ; steals the clothes of the Braj girls, VIII, 214, 215 Krishna, Kali.
See under Kali Krishna Krishnasakti, Rajput named, IX, 72, 74 Krita
(the first Yuga, or Age of the World), IV, 240nx; VII, 1, In5; VIII, 6 ;
king named, III, 19 Kritavarman, father of MrigavatI, I, 96, 97
Krittikas, the six (i.e. Pleiades), II, 102, 102n* Krodhana, a friend of
Vajrasara, V, 21,22 Krodhavarman, merchant named, III, 176 Krohn,
K., Anzeiger der FinnischUgrischen Forschungen, IX, 141, 155 Krosas
(measures of distance), I, Sn1. See further under Kos Kporaka, a
kind of Greek castanet, VIII, 95n* Kruralochana, minister of
Avamarda (" Cruel-eye "), V, 106n, 107 44 Kshanti Jataka,"
Bodhisattva Avad&na, III, 20nl Kshantislla, mendicant named, VI,
165, 166; VII, 121, 122 Kshatriya families, sad customary in, IV, 258
Kshatriyas (warrior caste), I, SQn1, 87, 88, 107, 205; II, 17, 69, ?:;.
17.5, 224, 267 ; V, 81, 162, 179 ; VI, 73, 145 ; VII, 8, 4, 234 ; VIII,
3, 5, 16 ; IX, 48 ; Cathaeans, Greek form of, IV, 261 ; at the
upanayana ceremony, age of, VII, 26 Kshemankara, Prince, III, 180
Kshemendra's version of the K.S.S., VII, 52n«, 64, 78n» ; IX, 116,
117, version of the Panchatantra, V, 49**, 48m1 Kublai Kaan, Court
of, II, 268 Kudikkar (those belonging to the house), I, 261, 264
Kudubi caste, cutch-preparers, VIII, 278-280 Kuh-Banan in Kerman,
I, 213, 214 Kula Chandra, commentary on Sarvavarman's grammar,
I, 75 n1 Kuladhara, a king named, V, 41 Kumara or Karttikeya, I, 71
n* ; the rain of, IV, 213, 213nx Kumaradatta, Brahman named, VII,
142 ; merchant named, I, 62 Kumaragupta I, horse - sacrifice
performed by, IV, 14 Kumara Rama, son of Raja Kampila, II, 122
Kumara Rama Charita, the, II, 122 Kumara Sambhava, Kalidasa. I,
5n8 ; VI, 3n* Kumaun and Garhwal, Proverbs and Folklore of, G. D.
Upreti, V, 64, 65 Kumbhandas, demons hostile to mankind, I, 197,
207 ; VI, 139 Kumuda flowers (white lotuses), I, 119/11 ; II, 223 ;
VII, 8, 99, 99n«, 102 ; VIII, 11 In1 ; vow, the, VI, 90, OOn1
Kumudika, a courtesan named, V, 15-18 Kumudini (i.e. assemblage
of white water-lilies), VI, 112, 112n2, 114 Kumudvatl, the, VI, 125 ;
VIII, 206 Kunala, Viceroy of Taxila and son of Asoka, II, 120 Kund,
Kailas, a mountain lake, VII, 236 Kundina, city called, III, 9 ; VIII, 54
Kunjara, one of the five mountains of Ceylon, VI, 70n» Kunjaramani
gajamuktd (pearl), II, I4,2nl
 INDEX 205 Ktmkain, kunkum or kunku (red powder), I,
244, 256 ; II, 164n* K wnt I or Pritha, wife of Pandu, II, 16, 126 ;
III, 8, 8n», 23 ; VII, 235 Kuntibhoja, king named, II, 23; 111,23
Kunzaw, King, II, 265 Kurangi, daughter of King Prasenajit, VIII,
112, 114 Kurmis, blood mixed with lac dye among the, II, 24n Kurta,
Kashmirian bodice, II, 50n6 ; VII, 210n3 Kuru or Kauravas princes,
sons of Dhritarashtra, II, 16 ; prince, the, II, 232« Kuruba caste of
Mysore, I, 258, 258n* Kurubas, custom regarding bodily marks
among the, II, 7m1 Kurukshetra, city called, II, 246, 249 ; III, 228n*
; VI, 84 Kuruma caste, areca-nuts used among the, VIII, 280
Kurunga-Miga Jataka (No. 206), V,79n8 Kurus and Pandus, the, III,
65 Kuruvaka trees, I, 222 Kuru-Vinda, one of the ingredients in an
anti-poisonous compound, II, 276 Kurze Vergleicliende Grammatik,
Brugmann, 1902, I, 198 KuSa grass, I, 55/j1, 58 ; II, 82, 151,
151n», 176 ; III, 98 ; IV, 128, 155, 243 ; VI, 50 ; VII, 117, 132 Kusa
Jdtakaya, T. Steele, V, 48H1, 61 n3, 64 Kusa, son of Sita, IV, 128,
129 Kusanabha, hermit named, VII, 18 Kusliarlrah (Arabic
horripilation), I, 120/i1 Kushmandas, demons hostile to mankind, I,
197, 207 ; VI, 139 ; VII, 124 Kusumapura (" City of Flowers " — i.e.
Pataliputra), II, 39nx, 185711 Kusumasara, a merchant named, V,
198 Kusumavali, dohada of Queen, I, 223 Kusumayudha and
Kamalalochana, IX, 61-62 Kufa-Vdnija Jataka (No. 218), III, 250 ; V,
64 Kuttanikapata, gambler named, IX, 25 Kuttanlmatam,
Damodaragupta (Ger. trans. J. J. Meyer, Altindische Schelmenbiicher
1908 ; Ft. trans. L. de Langle, Les Lemons de VEntremetteuse, Paris,
1920), I, 286, 286n* Kutwal (police magistrate), I, 43 Kuvalayaplda,
elephant called, VIII, 125, 126, 11T Kuvalayavall, Queen, II, 98 ;
wife of Padmasekhara, VIII, 164, 176 ; and the witch Kalaratri, II,
99-100, 103, 104, 111, 112 KuvalayavatI, wife of the King of Lata,
VI, 156 Kuvera, God of Wealth, and Lord of Treasures, I, 7, 10, 109,
184n», 202, 203 ; II, 93, 98nl ; III, 40, 211 ; IV, 13, 108, 108n«,
128, 129, 160n ; VI, 71 ; VII, 72, 186, 223 ; IX, 12, 13, 29, 103,
119, 120; guardian of the North, VIII, 163nl Labdhadatta, story of
King Lakshadatta and his dependent, IV, 168-172 Labdhavara, a
dancing- teacher called, IV, 156-158 Labyrinth, the Cretan, III, 56
Lac dye, blood mixed with, II, 24n ; lake made of liquid, III, 67 ; on
the lover's garment, a mark of red, I, 23 ; tank filled with the juice
of, 1,98 " Ladies of Baghdad, The Porter and the Three," Nights,
Burton, VI, 8 Ladies, eyes of Hindu, said to reach their ears, II, 50,
50«* Ladies-in-waiting, men disguised as, I, 46n2 Ladislao
(Ladislaus, Ladislas or Lanzilao) of Naples, II, 310 ; legend of the
death of, II, 310 Lady who caused her brother and husband to
change heads, the, VI, 204, 204n\ 205-207, 276-277 ; compared to
a lotus, the hand of a, II, 65/11 ; in a dream, falling in love with a,
IX, 86, Sen1, 38 ; found by Vidushaka in the temple, beautiful, II, 66
; riding on a lion, II, 148 Lady of the Lake, The, W. Scott, VIII,
114/*1 "Lady's Ninth Story," The History of the Forty Vezirs, E. J. W.
Gibb, VI, 249 Laghupatin, a crow named, V, 73-75, 78-80 Lahdsah,
bundle of betel-leaves, VIII, 265, 266 Lais, Marie, II, 118H1
 206 THE OCEAN OF STORY " Lait de la Mere et le Coffre
Flottant, Le," Etudes Folkloriques, E. Cosquin, VII, Hi Lake, the
Achchhoda, V, 89, 40 ; the artificial, VIII, 185 ; called Gaurltlrtha, VI,
204 ; called Pampa, VIII, 48, 45 ; called Sankhahrada, VIII, 7, 18,
14 ; full of (full-blown) lotuses, III, 24 ; V, 30 ; garment drawn out
of a, I, 117 ; of golden lotuses, II, 209 ; guarded by dragons, VII,
285n* ; the Manasa, III, 163 ; VI, 18, 70-72 ; VIII, In1, 73 ;
Manasarowar, I, 2n* ; Mansarovar, tale about, VII, 230nx ; perfumed
with the fragrance of lotuses, V, 120 ; resembling the Mahdbharata,
VII, 129 ; resembling Nirvana, magic, IX, 9, 10 ; sex-changing, VII,
224 ; valley of Kashmir once a, I, 205 ; of Vasuki, the, VI, 155,
155n2 Lakh—i.e. 100,000, VI, 77nx ; VII, 216 ; of dinars, V, 1 ; of
gold and jewels, V, 7 Lakheras and Patwas, tikti made by the, II, 23n
Lakshadatta and his dependent Labdhadatta, story of King, IV,
168172 ; VI, 209n* Lakshmana, brother of Rama, III, 201 ; IV, 126,
129 ; VII, 166 ; VIII, 44 ; son of Taravaloka, VIII, 126, 128, 130 ;
IX, 30 Lakshml or M, Goddess of Prosperity, I, 18, I8111, 31, 187 ;
II, 65, 65nJ ; III, 167, 260, 300 ; IV, 63, 186 ; V, 40 ; VI, 14, 90na,
leOn1 ; VII, 16, 19, 129n«, 186, 188 ; VIII, 82nx, 130, 151, 274
Lakshmidatta, merchant named, VII, 18, 19 Lakshmldhara and the
two wives of the water-spirit, story of Yasodhara and, V, 120-123,
124-125, 125-126 Lakshmlsena, story of Hemaprabha and, V, 188-
192 Lai, Sri Lallu, translator of the Vetdlapanchavimfoti into " High
Hindi," VI, 226 Lalaun — i.e. " May you live ! " — sneezing custom in
New Britain, III, 313 Lalitalochana, heavenly maiden named, VI, 6, 9
; VII, 198-196 ; VIII, 17, 90 " Lalitanga, Story of," C. H. Tawney,
Kathdkoca, Orient. Trans. Fund, Roy. As. Soc, 1895, 48n» ; II, lit**,
220n ; III, 61 Laliya, a blacksmith, III, 161n* Lalla Rookh, Thomas
Moore, I, 103 Lamas, the, translators of Sanskrit texts (Buddhist)
into Tibetan, V, 284 Lambajihva, Prince of the Rakshasas, II, 206
Lamp-black, or kdjal, I, 212, 214 ; mixed with oil, scented with musk
and smeared on gallants' bodies, I, 33-35 ; one side of bawd's body
painted with, I, 146 ; at the upanayana ceremony, smearing with,
VII, 27 " Lamp of Heaven," the moon called the, and, in Greek
mythology, the " Lamp of Phoebus," VI, 147k1 Lamp of the world,
the sun, the, V, 190 ; VI, 147, 147n* Lampa, a city called, V, 198,
199 Lamps, jewel-, II, 169 ; III, 131n8, 132n, 167n8 ; IX, 147 ;
made of precious stones, VII, 189, 189na ; prominent in Hindu
ritual, II, 169 ; protection of the child by, II, 161 Lancashire
Gleanings, W. E. A. Axon, II, 76ns 77 Lance, bearer of the Golden
(god Skanda, patron of thieves), V, 143n Lancet, The, " The Alleged
Discovery of Syphilis in Prehistoric Egyptians," II, 308n2 Land of
Anga, the, VII, 18, 13»2 3, 15, 17, 19, 23 ; of Avanti, I, 119 ; VI, 83
; of Camphor, III, 260H1 ; of Chedi, II, 89 ; III, 128 ; of Kalinga, VII,
112 ; of Malava, VII, 116 ; of Padma, II, 95 ; of the Siddhas, II, 67,
67n», 75, 75n» ; of Srlkantha, II, 97 ; of Vatsa, I, 94 ; " where mice
nibble iron " — i.e. nowhere, V, 66 ; measure of, vili, I, 247, 247n2
Landlord, magical gifts stolen by a, I, 26 Langsuir and Pontianak in
the Malay Archipelago, the, VI, 138 Language of animals, knowledge
of the, II, 107n! ; IV, 145 ; VII, 3, 3n», 187, 187n3, 199 ;
(pretended), IX,
 INDEX 207 Language — continued 28, 24 ; of elephants,
knowledge of the, 1, 150, 151 ; of goblins, PaisachI, 1, 60, 76, 89,
90-98, 205 ; the Pisacha, I, 71, 71n«, 76, 89-98 ; of signs, I, 46,
46U1, 80, 80nx, 81n, 82n ; V, 195 ; VI, 169, 170 ; IX, 148 "
Language of Signs " motif, I, 45, 467*1, 80, 80n\ 81 n, 82n ; V, 195
; VI, 169, 170, 247-251 ; IX, 148 Language Ass. Amer., Modern, VII,
203. For details see under Mod. Lang. Ass. Amer. Languages, the
three, I, 58, 58m1, 71 ; in which Ghata and Karpara story is to be
found, V, 267 ; late Indie versions of the Panehatantra in different, V,
233-234 Lanka (Ceylon), 1, 142, 142n», 143, 144, 149 ; III, 22n*,
82, 84H1 ; IV, 126 ; V, 199 ; VI, 210 ; VIII, 45 ; IX, 30 Laos Folklore
of Farther India, K. N. Fleeson, V, 59n* ; VII, 261 La Pallisse, " man
of dough " custom in, I, 14/j La Rochelle, phallic cakes made at
Saintonge, near, I, 14n, 15n Lapithae, Cameus, one of the, VII, 228
Lar, the country of, VIII, 256 ; the Sea of, VI, ISOn1 Lares, " Le
credenze religiose delle popolazioni rurali delTalte valle del Taveri,"
G. Nicasi, II, 108n Larice of Ptolemy, Lata the, II, 93n8 AaptKi), the
(Lata), VI, ISOn1 ; IX, 160 UArme bacUriologique future concurrente
des armes chimique et balistique, L. Georges, II, 281 Larsa or
Sippar, Shamash (Babylonian sun-god) worshipped at, I, 270 Lasaka,
actor named, VI, 143 Lasavati, wife of Ugrabhata, VI, 143, 144
Lassen, identification of Pratishthana, I, 60n* Lasso, antiquity of the
use of the, IV, 199, 199n8 Last of the Tasmanians, Bowick, II, 280n*
Lat at Delhi, II, 92m1 Lata, the district of, VI, 150, 150nx, 156, 159,
160, 161, 162, 198 ; IX, 84 ; women of, II, 93 Lat-desa (i.e. Lata),
VI, 150nl Late Indie versions of the Panchatantra in different
languages, V, 233234 L&thika (Lata), VI, 150nl 1 .at lira n i. Mr,
description of preparing cutch, VIII, 270-280 Latin names for
Western group of Seven Wise Masters, V, 261n8 ; prose version of
Dolopathos in (Joannes de Alta Silva), V, 260-262 ; translations of
the Secretum Secretorum, II, 288, 288n» Latin Stories, Th. Wright,
Ldn., 1842, I, 169 Lattice of meshrebiya (sign language), I, 80k1
Laugh of the Brahman boy, the, VII, 96 ; of the corpse, VII, 255 ; of
the demon, VII, 92, 95 ; of the dying thief, VII, 38, 39 ; of the
hermit, V, 30, 30m1, 37, 37n* ; of the hypocritical gambler, IX, 23,
23n* ; making stones, V, 89, 133, 185 " Laugh " motif, the, I, 46,
46na, 47, 47n ; V, 30, 30/11 ; VII, 96, 221, 251, 253-255 " Laugh
and Cry " motif, the, I, 47n ; VII, 38, 221, 254, 260, 261 Laughed,
the fish that, I, 46-49 ; VII, 254 ; IX, 142 " Laughter," C. Lloyd
Morgan, Hastings' Ency. Rel. Eth., VII, 253n* Laughter, C. Brereton
and F. Roth well (trans, of H. Bergson's Le Rire), VII, 253U1
Laughter, An Essay on, James Sully, VII, 253m1 Laughter, The
Nature of, J. C. Gregory, VII, 253nl "Laughter, The Physiology of," H.
Spencer, Macmillan's Magazine, VII, 253nl Laughing mountain, the,
VI, 112, 113 ; statue, the, VII, 210, 211 Laughs in Hindu fiction, I,
46nx, 47n ; VII, 253-256 Lava, son of Slta, IV, 128-130 Lavanaka,
Book III, II, 1-124; IX, 102-104, 114 ; district of, 12, 20, 25, 26, 28,
49, 51, 94, 95, 115 Lavariga (cloves), one of the five flavours in
betel-chewing, VIII, 246, 247 Lavanyamanjarl, VI, 20-21
 L'O.s THE OCEAN OF STORY LavanyavatI, daughter of
Dharma, VII, 116, 116n», 117-119 ; wife of Harisvamin, VII, 29, 212
La vcrsione A mini
 INDEX 209 Legend — continued Tiresias (Teiresias), VII,
8n», 227 ; of Urvail and Pururavas, II, 34-86, 245-259 ; of Vishnu
and Bali, I, 108n* Legend of Girra, I, 272 Legend of Jtmutavdhana,
The Buddhist, B. Hale Wortham, VII, 237n* Legend of Perseus, E. S.
Hartland, 8 vols., Ldn., 1894-1896, I, 180 ; II, 70ns, 96nl, 186nx,
153n ; III, 204, 227n, 263nJ ; VI, 138 ; VII, 227n\ 240m1 ; IX, 153 "
Legend of Bottle Hill, The," T . C. Croker, Fairy Legends and
Traditions of the South of Ireland, I, 26 "Legend of Nadir Shah," M.
Longworth Dames, Folk-Lore, II, 302 " Legend of the Oldest
Animals, The," Cowell, Y Cymrodor, II, 190n1 Legendary account of
Kashmir, the Nitamata a, I, 206 ; birds, VIII, 182nx Legende,
Goethe's sdmmtliche Werke, 1840, VI, 276 Legende de Nala el
Damayantl, La, S. Levi, IX, 155 " Legende von der Altertums-
syphilis," A. V. Notthaft, Rindfleisch Festschrift, II, 308n* " Legende
de l'Empereur Acoka, La," Przyluski, Annates du Musie Guimet, II,
120 " Legende du Page de Sainte Elisabeth, La," Cosquin, Etudes
Folkloriques, III, 280 Legends about change of sex, Indian, VII, 229,
230 ; Alexandrian, II, 290 ; connected with the " philosopher's
stone," III, 161nl, 162n ; of moving figures, III, 56-59 ; Pauranik, I,
17n8 ; the scene of ancient Buddhist siren, VI, 284 ; swans and
swanmaidens in Teutonic, VIII, 219, 219711, 220 14 Legends of
Krishna," W. Crooke, Folk-Lore, II, 89nt' Legends of New England,
The Algonquin, Ch. Leland, VIII, 228n8 Legends of the PanjSb,
Temple, III, 321 Leibnitz, works of, II, 278, 279 Leipziger sem.
Studien, " Assyr. Beamtentum," Klauber, HI, 329 vol. x. Leisure Hour,
The, " Betel-Nut Chewing," vol. xviii, Ldn., VIII, 818^ ; [" What I
saw of the Sandal- Wood Trade"] C. B., Ldn., Sept. 1869, VII, 107
Length of the sacred thread, VII, 26 Lentils, track of peas or, III,
104, 104n«, 105n Leonardo da Vinci, attempt at inventing automata,
HI, 56 Leonora, G. A. Buerger, VI, 138 Leprosy in Germany, bath of
blood as cure for, I, 98n Leprous lover, the, V, 149, 150 Lesser
cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum, VIII, 96/11 Lessons for
courtesans, V, 5, 6, Bn1 " Letter of Death " motif, the, I, 52, 52»8 ;
II, 114n ; III, 265, 277-280 ; LX, 153 Letter in the sandalwood
drum, the, VII, 238 Letters, the " Bellerophon," " Mutalammis," and
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