1934 by M N Roy

National Flag adopted 22 July 1947 1935 by congress

Britain accepted in 1945
Common Wealth membership May 1949
Demand of 1936 by J L Nehru in Lucknow session
Constituent Assembly 1946 in India
adopted National Anthem (Jana Gana Mana) August Offer by Linlithgow
by Ravindranath Tagore Important Dates Pathic Lawrence (chairman)
1940 Demand for CA was accepted
adopted National Song (Vande Mantram) A V Alexandar members
by Bakim Chatterjee but rejected by Congress & Muslim League
Stafford Cripps
284 people signed the constitution 24 Jan. 1950

elected Rajendra Prasad - 1st President Cabinet

Mission Plan
Last sitting

284 members signed constitution

(15 female)
9 Dec. 1946 1st meeting - 211 members
President - Rajendra Prasad
Constitution Maker Constituent 13 Dec. 1946 Objective Resolution by J L Nehru
Temporary President - Sachidananda Sinha Assembly
Objective Resolution adopted
President - G V Mavalankar
22 Jan. 1947
Vice President - T T Krishnamachari
Law Maker Funcion Committee - Major 8 & Minor 13 Provisions
& H C Mukherjee

completed in - 2 yrs 11 mon. 17 days Legal Adviser - B N Rao Union Power Committee Jawaharlal Nehru

395 Article + 8 Schedule + 22 Parts + Preamble Chief Draftsman - S N Mukherjee Rules Of Procedure Committee Dr Rajendra Prasad

Citizenship Provincial Constitution Committee Sardar Patel

Some provisions adopted in - Steering Committee Dr Rajendra Prasad

Elections
were imposed 26 Nov. 1949
Provisional Parliament Major Drafting Committee Dr B.R Ambedkar

Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights,

enforced in - 26 Jan. 1950 Constitution Minorites & Tribal and Excluded Areas
Sardar Patel

Symbol - Elephant Making of Union Constitution Committee Jawaharlal Nehru

Nand Lal Bose Constitution States Committee Jawaharlal Nehru
Decoration
Beohar Rammanohar Sinha Committee on the Functons of the
G.V Mavalankar
Constituent Assembly
Prem Bihari Narain Raizada - English 9-23 Dec. 1946 1st session
Calligraphy
Committee
Ad-hoc Committee on citizenship S Varanchari
Vasant Kumar Vaidya - Hindi 6-17 Oct. 1949 10th session
Press Gallery Commitee usha Nath Sen
Last sessoin 14-26 Nov. 1949 11th session Important Session
Credentils Committee Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayvar
4 Nov. 1948
final draft
Order of Business Cotmmittee Dr K-M. Munshi
by B R Ambedkar from Bengal Constituency
Finance and Staff Committee Dr Rajendra Prasad
formed in - 29 Aug. 1947
Minor Committee on Chief Commissioners' Provinces B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya
Bhim Rao Ambedkar - Chairman
House Committee B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya
Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar
Ad-hoc Committee on the Supreme Court S. Varadachari
N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar
Drafting Committee Expert Committee on Financial Provisios Nalini Ranjan Sarkar
7 members Muhammed Saadullah
Special Committee to Examine the Draft
Jawaharlal Nehru
K M Munshi Constituton

B L Mitter replaced by N. Madhav Rau Commission on Linguistc Provinces S.K. Dar

D P Khaitan replaced by T T Krishnamachari Ad Hoc Committee on the National Flag Dr Rajendra Prasad
 Mostly influenced the Indian constitution Concept - USA
Borrowed from
Emergency provision Language - Australia

Supreme Court establishment modified form of Objective resolution

GOI act 1935
PCS adopted on 22 January 1949

Officer of Governor enforced on 26 January 1950

Federal scheme ID Card of the Constitution by N A Palkivala

Parliamentary form of government Statement Passed Horoscope of the Constitution by K M Munshi

Parliamentary privileges Keynote of the Constitution by Ernst Barker

Preamble
Single citizenship Source of authority of the constitution People of India

Rule of law UK Sovereign, Socialist, Secular,

Nature
Democratic & Republic
Ingredients
Writs Justice Social, Economic & Political

Legislative procedure Liberty Thought, Expression, Worship, Belief & Faith

Objective
Bicameral Parliament Equality Status & Opportunity

Fraternity 1960
Fundamental Rights
Berubari Union Case
only once in - 42th CA, 1976 Preamble is not a part of Constitution &
Preamble (known as mini Constitution) cannot be Amended
Amendment
Separation of Power added - Integrity, Socialist & Secular 1973

Supremacy of Constitution Preamble is a part of Constitution

& can be amended
Independence of judiciary (removal procedure
of SC and HC) Case
Supreme Court / High Court can reverse the
Keshavnanda Bharti Case
1. Territories expansion & jurisdiction decision
Judicial review USA
2. Emoluments Requires more bench of judges
Equal protection of law
Preamble & Schedule 3. Affirmation & Oaths 13 judges were present (highest till now)
Election of Head of the State (President)
4. Rajya Sabha Seats LIC Case confirmed Keshavnanda Bharti Case
Impeachment of President
Source of the
5. Scheduled Areas
Post of Vice President
constitution
6. Other Schedule Areas Assam, Tripura, Mizoram & Meghalay
Financial Emergency

Federation with a Strong Centre

Centre appoints Governor of State

Canada
Residuary power - only to Centre

Advisory jurisdiction of Supreme Court

7. Federal Provision
Concurrent List

Freedom of trade and commerce

Australia Schedule
Joint sitting of two houses

Division of powers between Centre and State

originally - 14
DPSP
Ireland
at present - 22
Nomination of members in Rajya Sabha
21st CA Sindhi added
President’s power - Emergency
8. Official Languages
Germany 71st CA Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali
Suspension of Fundament Rights during
emergency
92nd CA Bodo, Dongri, Maithili, Santhali
Fundamental Duties
96th CA Odia
Ideals of Justice - Social Economical & Political USSR (Russia)
9. Land Reforms 1st CA - 1951
Five Year Plans
10. Defection Law 52nd CA - 1985
Liberty, equality, fraternity
France 11. Panchayats 73rd CA - 1992
Republic system
12. Municipalities 74th CA - 1993
Procedure established by law Japan
 By birth
Name & territory of the Union
By decency - born outside India, but are Indian
citizen
India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States
By registration - origin India (7 years residing
Acquire Article - 1 States and territory specified
in India)
the territories of the States
By naturalisation - origin not of India (12 years
of residing in India) Territory of India Union territories specified in 1st Schedule

By incorporation of territories other territories as may be acquired

By renunciation (by own will) Admission/Establishment of new states

Article-2
By termination (voluntarily acquired Parliament may by law admit into the Union,
citizenship of other country without Lose or establish, new States
informing)
Citizenship Act 1955 Formation of new states & alteration of areas,
By deprivation (document, malfunction, boundaries or names of existing States
helping enemy country at war with India)
alter the area of any state

altering the boundary of States

Part-I Article-3 alter the name of any State
Regulated by Parliament Union & Its territory
no bill to be introduced in either house of the
Article 5-11 Parliament, unless with recommendation of
President
Single Citizenship taken from UK
Provisions Not finding on Parliament (advisory in nature)
Citizenship at the commencement of the
Constitution New Delhi in bills

Give to particular State for suggestions

should have a domicile mendetory Article - 5 (Governor)
born in India Laws made under articles 2 & 3
either of the parents of Indian origine either one of these
Amendment in article 1 & 3 & Schedule 1 & 2
will not be dealt as amendment under Art. 368
who is a ordinary resident for at least 5yrs Part-II
Rights of citizenship of certain persons who
Article - 6
Citizenship dealt as Amendment under Art. 368 make sure
have migrated to India from Pakistan to change in Schedule 1st & 4th

Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Only by Simple Majority Is applicable when a

Article - 7 Article-4 territory is added from outside to inside
Pakistan 1948
Fully fledge state on 1 Nov 1956 Andhra Pradesh (2/3 members present + voting)
Rights of citizenship of certain persons of S K Dhar Commission Linguistic basis model rejected
Article - 8 1960 Maharashtra Berubari Union Case
Indian origin residing outside India
1959
States to be organised on the basis of Indian territory if it has to be given to a
Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a 1960 Gujarat
foreign State not to be citizens
Article - 9
1963 Nagaland
Part - I & II “Administrative Convenience”, not linguistic
basis
foreign territory - Art 368 applicable

Indo-Bangladesh agreement
Continuance of the rights of citizenship Article - 10 1948
1966 Haryana 100 CA
Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship Linguistic Provision JVP Committee State should not be formed on linguistic basis
Article - 11 India’s few parts to Bangladesh by Special
by law 1971 Himachal Pradesh commission 2014
Majority
Members - J L Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel,
1972 Meghalaya Pattabhisitaramayya Bangladesh few parts to India by Simple
Majority
1972 Manipur Potti Sriramulu died during Fast unto death (56 days)
1972 Tripura Formation of States After his death, 1st linguistic state of India
1953
formed Dec 1953
1975
Sep/Oct 1953 Fazal Ali (chairman)
Earlier ruled by Chogyal Dynasty Andhra Pradesh
Sikkim Telugu speaking area
members K M Panikkar
Associate State - Art 2A - 35th CA, 1974
H N Kunzru
Complete Statehood - 36th CA, 1975
Fazal Ali Commission
Rejected the theory of “one language one
1987 (UT)
state”
Goa
56th CA (statehood)
Accepted the linguistic basis of formation of
state
1987 Arunachal Pradesh
State Reorganisation Act, 1956
1987 Mizoram
special powers
 Art: 12-35

Magna Carta
Art. 15, Art. 16, Art. 19, Art. 29 & Art. 30 Rights available to citizens
FRs are not absolute but qualified (very
limited)
Fundamental FRs are not sacrosact (are not permanent)
power to make laws to give effect to
Article 35 Rights
fundamental rights (vested only on Parliament)
FRs are justiciable in nature

Art 31 & Art 19(f)

restriction on fundamental rights while
Martial Law is in force Article 34 Right to Property
has been removed
PM - Morarji Desai
State Govt.
now legal right - 300 A
Government
Parliament power to restrict fundamental Within the
rights of armed personals Article 33 Article 12 Definition of term The State Parliament
territory of India
Govt. body

Local/other authorities
Right to constitutional remedies any laws which inconsistent/controversial with
Article 13 FR shall be declared null & void (by judiciary) Right to Equality
from UK
Art. 14-18

Equality before the law from UK

All citizens shall have the right- Article 14 Equal protection of the law from USA

Art. 19(a) to freedom of Speech & expression Presidents, MLAs/MPs cannot be arrested on
Writs Exceptions
civil matters
Art. 19(b) to assemble peaceably & without arms
Article 32 Equality to status
Article 19 Art. 19(c) to from association or union Article 15
Right against discrimination Gender, race,
to move freely throughout the territory of caste, sex, religion & place of birth
Art. 19(d)
India
Equality to public employment
to reside & settle in any part of the territory
by B R Ambedkar Heart & Soul of Constitution Art. 19(e)
of India Equality of opportunity in matters of public
Article 16
Supreme Court cannot refuse to issue writ employment
to practice any profession or to carry on any
but High Court can Art. 19(g)
occupation, trade or budiness
promotion & reservation in appointment
High Court writ jurisdiction is wider than (not a violation of Right to Equality)
protection in respect of conviction for
Protection of interests of minorities Supreme Court rich jurisdiction offences Art. 16(4) Balaji v/s State of Mysore
Article 29
Right to protect language, script, culture of No person shall be convicted of any offence Cases Devdasan v/s Union of India Case
every citizen for any section of society
Cultural & Educational right Part-III no ex post facto law except for violation of a law in force at the
time of the commission Indira Sawhney Case (1993)
Article 20
Right of minorities to establish & administer Art. 29-30 No person shall be prosecuted & punished for Article 17 Abolition of untouchability
educational institutions no double jeopardy
the same offence more than once
Article 30
State cannot provide title
Right to establish & administer educational No person accused of any offence shall be
no self incrimination Article 18 Abolish of titles
institutions (Only for minorities) Right to Freedom compelled to be a witness against himself Exception: in case of education, military,
Art. 19-22 Protection of life & personal liberty
excellency
Freedom of conscience and free profession,
Article 25 Article 21
practice and propagation of religion no person shall be deprived of his life &
personal liberty except according to procedure
freedom to manage religious affairs Article 26 established by law

Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion

Article 27
Right of religion Right to education
of any particular religion
Art. 25-28
provide free and compulsory education to all
Freedom as to attendance at religious Article 21 A
children of the age of 6 to 14 years
instruction or religious worship in certain Article 28
educational institutions by 86th CA, 2002

Protection against arrest and detention in

Prohibition of Human trafficing & forced labor certain cases
Article 23
Exception - under this article, state can force No person who is arrested shall be detained in
people to do compulsory services Right against exploitation custody without being informed

Prohibition of child labour Art. 23-24 Every person who is arrested and detained in
Article 24 Article 22 custody shall be produced before the nearest
Below 14 yrs can't be employed in magistrate within twenty-four hours
hazarduous/dangerous place
Punitive - crime has done

Preventive - on suspect
 Promote international peace and security
Directive Principles of Our State Policy
Article 51
maintain honorable relations between nations
borrowed from Ireland
DPSP
Articles 36-51
The State shall separate the judiciary from
the executive in the public services Article 50 Novel feature of Constitution by B R Ambedkar
use to check constitutional value of any law
Conscience of the Constitution by Grainville Austin
The State shall protect every monument,
place & object of artistic/historic interest Article 49 Statements India’s Federalism is Quasi-federal by KC Wheare

DPSP are like Check on Bank payable at

The State shall protect & improve the by Prof. K.T. Shah
Meaning of The State convinience of the bank
environment & safeguard the forests & wildlife Article 36 same as Part-III (Art. 12)
of the country
The State shall organize agriculture and
Article 48A The provisions contained in this Part shall not
animal husbandry on modern & scientific lines added by 42nd CA, 1976 be enforced by any court
Article 48 Article 37
The State shall prohibit the slaughter, of cows are non-justiciable
and calves & other milch & draught cattle have the right to an adequate means of
Art. 39(a)
The State shall regard the raising of the level livelihood
The State shall promote the welfare of the
of nutrition and the standard of living people by securing and protecting
material resources of the community are so
The State shall prohibit the consumption
Article 47 Article 38 Art. 39(b) distributed as best to subserve the common
the State to reduce inequalities in income,
except for medicinal purpose of intoxicating good
status, facilities, & opportunities
drinks & drugs (added by 44th CA, 1978)
Article 46 Art. 39(c)
operation of the economic system does not
result in the concentration of wealth

equal pay for equal work for both men &

The state shall provide special care on Article 39 Art. 39(d)
women
educational & economic interests for SCs,
STs, & other weaker sections of the society
The State shall endeavor to provide, Care for Health & strength of citizens are not abused
children within ten years for free Art. 39(e) and forced by economic necessity to enter
avocations unsuited to their age or strength
Article 45
compulsory education for all children until
they complete the age of fourteen years
Article 39A children are given opportunities & facilities to
(added by 86th CA) Art. 39(f) - Children develop in a healthy manner, freedom & dignity
The State shall endeavor to secure uniform (added by 42nd CA, 1976)
civil code throughout the territory of India Article 44 The State shall provide free legal aid to poor,
by suitable legislation/schemes, to ensure
The State shall promote voluntary formation, that opportunities for securing justice
autonomous functioning & professional
management of cooperative societies
Part-IV
Article 43B added by 42nd CA, 1976
added by 97th CA, 2011
The State shall organize village panchayats &
Article 40 endow them with powers & authority
The state shall secure the participation of
workers in the management of any industry
Article 43A
added by 42nd CA, 1976 Right to work
Secure a living wage in cases of unemployment,
Article 41 Right to education
old age, sickness, & disablement
a decent standard of living
Right to public assistance
full enjoyment of social & cultural
opportunities Article 43
The State shall make provisions for securing
the State shall endeavor to promote cottage Article 42 humane conditions of work & for maternity
industries relief
 1915

FRs would prevail over DPSP Champakam Dorairajan Case borrowed from USSR

FRs are amendable on the recommendation of

Sardar Swaran Singh Committee
1967 Fundamental 10 duties added by 42nd CA
parliament can't take away FRs
Duties
11th FD - 51 (k) added by 86th CA
24th CA - parliament can amend FR
Golaknath Case Only applicable to Indians
(by parliament)

25th CA - no laws which seek to impliment

Fundamental Rights
to abide by the Constitution & respect its
Art. 39 (b) & (c) shall be declared null & void on v/s DPSP Article 51A (a) ideals and institutions, the National Flag, &
the ground of Art. 14 & Art. 19 the National Anthem

1973
to cherish & follow the noble ideals which
Article 51A (b) inspired our national struggle for freedom
13 bench judges case Kesavnanda Bharti Case

Parliament can amend FRs however must can't

to uphold & protect the sovereignty, unity, &
desturb the basic structure of constitution Article 51A (c) integrity of India
Constitutional is found on the bedrock of the
Minerval Mill Case to defend the country & render national
balance b/w FRs & DPSP
Article 51A (d) service when called upon to do so

to provide opportunities for education by the Promote harmony and spirit of common
parent the guardian, to his child (between the Article 51A (k) brotherhood mongst all the people of India
age of 6-14 years) Part-IV(A) Article 51A (e)
to renounce practices derogatory to the
dignity of women
to strive towards excellence in all spheres of
individual & collective activity Article 51A (j)
to value & preserve the rich heritage of our
Article 51A (f) composite culture
to safeguard public property & to abjure
violence Article 51A (i)
to protect & improve natural environment
Article 51A (g)
to develop the scientific temper, humanism, & to have compassion for living creatures
the spirit of inquiry and reform Article 51A (h)
 Power of President to grant pardons
Chapter 1 The Executive
The President shall have the power to grant
pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of Chapter 2 Parliament
punishment or to suspend, remit or commute Article 72
the sentence The Union Chapter 3 Legislative Power of The President

can pardon Death Sentence Chapter 4 The Union Judiciary

Election to fill vacancy
Chapter 5 Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
An election to fill the term of office of
President shall be completed before the Article 62 Head of Indian Union
expiration of the term The Union Executive
1st Citizen of India
in the case of Death, Resign or Removal - Vice-
president, CJI or Judge of SC shall act as Procedure for impeachment of the President
The President of India
Acting President
President is to be impeached for violation of Article 52
There shall be a President of India.
the Constitution
Executive power of the Union.
the charge shall be preferred by either House
of Parliament Executive power of the Union shall be vested
Article 53 in the President
such a resolution has been moved after at
least 14 days’ notice in writing Article 61 Article 54 The supreme command of the Defence Forces
of the Union Shall be vested in the President
signed by not less than 1/4th of the total
number of members of the House Election of President

Such a resolution has been passed by a The President shall be elected

majority of not less than 2/3rd of the total Manner of election of President
membership of the House by the elected members of both Houses of
Oath or affirmation by the President Parliament & the Legislative Assemblies of the
State (All elected MPs & MLAs) Indirect election (Rajya sabha, President, Vice
President)
before entering upon his office, make and
subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice Article 60 Proportional Representative + Single
of India Transferrable Vote
Article 55
or, in his absence, the senior most Judge of by secret Ballot
the Supreme Court available
Conditions of President’s office
Part-V
The President shall not be a member of either
Term of office of President
House of Parliament or a House of the Article 59
Legislature of any State
The President shall hold office for a
Article 56 term of five years
The emoluments and allowances of the
President shall not be diminished during his
Qualifications for election as President term of office resignation to the Vice-President

citizen of India

completed the age of thirty-five years Article 58

Eligibility for re-election
ualified for election as a member of the House Article 57
of the People eligible for re-election to that office

shall not hold any office of profit under the

Government of India or the Government of any
State
 Matters relating to, or connected with, the
election of a President or Vice-President The Vice-President of India

All election doubts & disputes in the election

Article 71 Article 63
There shall be a Vice-President of India.
of President & Vice-President shall be inquired
& decided by Supreme Court only
The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman
of the Council of States
Discharge of President’s functions in other
Article 70 Article 64
contingencies shall not hold any other office of profit

Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President. The Vice-President to act as President or to

discharge his functions during casual
Every Vice-President shall, before entering Article 69 Article 65 vacancies in the office, or during the absence,
upon his office, make and subscribe before the of President
President

Election of Vice-President
Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the
office of Vice-President The Vice-President shall be elected by the
members of both Houses of Parliament
An election to fill a vacancy \shall be (All MPs)
completed before the expiration of the term Article 68
Vice-President Proportional Representative + Single
An election to fill a vacancy in the office of Transferrable Vote
Vice-President occurring because of his death, Term of office of Vice-President
resignation or removal shall be held within 60 The Vice-President shall not be a member of
days The Vice-President shall hold office Article 66 either House of Parliament or a House of the
for a term of five years Legislature of any State

resignation to the President citizen of India

a Vice-President may be removed from his Article 67 Eligible for election

ompleted the age of 35 years
as Vice-President
office by a resolution of the Council of States
passed by a majority of all the then members qualified for election as a member of Rajya
of the Council and agreed to by the House of Sabha
the People
Should not hold any office of profit under the
A Vice-President shall continue to hold office Government of India or the Government of any
until his successor enters his office State
 Ordinance by President Constitution of Parliament
Article-79
Can promulgate during recess Article-123 Parliament =
President + Rajya Sabha + Lok Sabha
Valid for 6 weeks after reassembly unless Rajya Sabha – Composition
passed Courts Not to Inquire into Parliament
Proceedings Max - 250 (238 elected, 12 nominated by
Article-122 Article-80 President)
Immunity to parliamentary procedures
Elected by states & UTs through Single
Restriction on Discussion on Judges’ Conduct Transferable Vote Lok Sabha – Composition
Article-121
No discussion unless impeachment
Language in Parliament Article-81 Max - 550 (530 states + 20 UTs)

English or Hindi; members can use

Article-120 Directly elected by people using
Readjustment after Census First-Past-The-Post system
mother tongue
Procedure for Financial Business Article-82 Delimitation Commission after each Census
Article-119
Special regulation for budget/finance matters Frozen till 2026 (84th Constitutional
Amendment)
Rules of Procedure Duration of Houses
Article-118
Each House makes its own rules Rajya Sabha - Permanent
Special Provisions for Financial Bills Article-83 (1/3rd retires every 2 years)
Money Bill is a subset of Financial Bill Article-117 Qualification for Membership Lok Sabha - 5 years unless dissolved earlier
Requires President’s recommendation Vote on Account / Vote of Credit / Citizen of India
Exceptional Grants
Article-116 Article-84
RS - Minimum 30 years
Temporary/urgent grants in special cases Sessions of Parliament
LS - Minimum 25 years
Supplementary/Excess/Additional Grants President summons, prorogues & dissolves Lok
Article-115 Article-85 Sabha
For unforeseen or extra expenses
President's Right to Address & Send Messages Max gap between sessions: 6 months
Appropriation Bill

Required to withdraw money from

Article-114 Article-86
Can address either House or both Houses
together
Consolidated Fund

Estimates – Demands for Grants Can send messages on bills or other matters
Special Address by the President
Article-113
Only Lok Sabha votes on demands Article-87 At first session after LS elections
Annual Financial Statement (Budget)
At first session of every year
President lays estimated receipts &
Article-112 Rights of Ministers & Attorney General
expenditure
Article-88 Can speak in both Houses & participate
President’s Assent to Bills
Article-111 Cannot vote unless member
Assent / Withhold / Return (except Money Bill) Chairman & Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha
Definition of Money Bill
Article-89 Chairman - Vice-President of India
Matters related to taxes, borrowing,
Parliament
expenditure from Consolidated Fund etc. Article-110 RS elects Deputy Chairman
Vacation/Resignation/Removal of
Speaker certifies it as Money Bill Deputy Chairman
Money Bill Procedure
Article-90 Resignation to Chairman
Originates in Lok Sabha only Article-109
Removal by Effective Majority
RS can suggest changes within 14 days Powers of Deputy Chairman
Joint Sitting of Parliament
Article-91 Acts as Chairman when absent
For Ordinary Bills only Article-108
Has all presiding powers
Introduction & Passing of Bills Summoned by President to resolve deadlock Restriction on Presiding During Removal Motion

Can originate in either House (except Money

Article-92 Chairman/DC can’t preside during motion
Bill) Article-107 against them
Speaker & Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha
Bill lapses on LS dissolution (except in RS) Salaries of MPs
Article-106 Article-93 Elected by LS members
Decided by Parliament
Powers & Privileges of Parliament Members Speaker from ruling party, DS from opposition
Vacancy/Resignation/Removal of Speaker/DS
Freedom of speech Article-105
Article-94 Resignation to each other
Immunity from court proceedings for acts in
Parliament Penalty for Sitting/Voting Without
Removal by Effective Majority
Qualification Acting Speaker/Deputy Speaker
Article-104
Rs. 500 fine per day Article-95 DS acts in absence of Speaker
Decision on Disqualification
President may appoint presiding officer if both
Article-103 Restriction on Presiding During Removal Motion absent
President decides with ECI advice
Article-96 Speaker/DS can’t preside during removal
Disqualification of MPs
discussion
Office of profit, unsound mind, insolvency,
Article-102
foreign citizenship, anti-defection Salaries & Allowances of Speakers/Chairmen
Vacation of Seats
Article-97
Decided by Parliament
Dual membership not allowed Article-101
Secretariat of Parliament
Seat vacant if absent 60+ days without
Voting in Houses & Quorum
Article-98
permission Separate secretariats for each House

Quorum - 1/10th of total members Article-100 Oath or Affirmation by Members

Casting vote in case of tie

Article-99
Must be taken before assuming seat
 Governor’s Ordinance Power Definition of State

Article 213 Article 152 – Excludes J&K from definition of “State”

– Can promulgate ordinance when legislature
not in session (before reorganisation)
Governor of States
Courts Not to Inquire

– No court shall inquire into legislative

Article 212 Article 153 – There shall be a Governor for each State

proceedings – 7th CA: One person can be Governor for two

Discussion on Judges Prohibited
or more States
– No discussion on conduct of High
Article 211 Executive Power of State

Language in Legislature Court/Supreme Court judges Article 154 – Vested in Governor

Article 210
– Official language or Hindi/English – Exercised directly or through subordinate
Appointment of Governor officers
Financial Procedure Regulation
Article 209 Article 155 – Appointed by the President by warrant under
– Legislature may regulate financial procedure his hand and seal Term of Office of Governor
Rules of Procedure
– Holds office at the pleasure of the President
Article 208 Article 156
– Each House can frame own rules
– May resign to the President
Special Financial Bills
Article 207 – Normal term: 5 years
– Financial implications but not Money Bill
Vote on Account & Vote of Credit Conditions of Governor’s Office
Qualifications for Governor
Article 206
– Temporary financial powers – Not a member of Parliament/State
Supplementary & Excess Grants
Article 157 – Citizen of India
Legislature
Article 205 – Minimum 35 years age
– Additional requirements over budget – Not hold any office of profit
Appropriation Bills
Article 204 Article 158 – Entitled to emoluments/allowances
– For withdrawal from Consolidated Fund of
State – Emoluments not to be diminished during
Procedure on Estimates
term
Article 203 Oath or Affirmation by Governor
Annual Financial Statement – Only LA can vote on demands for grants
– (3A): Allocation if Governor for multiple
Article 202 Article 159 States
– Budget presented in LA – Oath before Chief Justice of High Court or
Bills Reserved for President seniormost judge
Discharge of Functions in Certain
– Governor may reserve certain bills for
Article 201 Contingencies
Presidential consideration Article 160
– President may appoint a person to discharge
Governor’s Assent to Bills Governor’s functions
Article 200 Pardoning Powers of Governor
– Can assent, withhold, or return (except Money Bill)
Definition of Money Bill Article 161 – Grant pardon, reprieve, respite, remission
Money Bill Procedure Article 199
– Related to taxes, expenditure, etc. – Cannot pardon death sentence or court-
– Introduced only in LA Article 198 martial punishment
Extent of Executive Power of State
– LC has 14 days to make recommendations LC's Powers on Ordinary Bills
Article 197 Article 162 – Extends to matters where State Legislature
– Can delay bill for max 4 months (3+1 months) has power to make laws
Council of Ministers to Aid & Advise Governor
Introduction & Passing of Bills
Article 196 Article 163 – Like Art. 74 for Union Provisions as to Ministers
– Ordinary bills can originate in either House
Salaries & Allowances of Members – Advice not always binding – CM appointed by Governor
Article 195
– Determined by State Legislature
– Other Ministers on advice of CM
Powers & Privileges of Members
Article 194 State Legislature – Ministers hold office during pleasure of
– Similar to Parliament Article 164 Governor
Penalty for Sitting/Voting Without
Qualification Advocate-General for State – CoM collectively responsible to Legislative
Article 193 Assembly
– ₹500 per day Article 165 – Appointed by Governor
Decision on Disqualification – Non-legislator Minister must get elected in
Article 192 – Holds office during pleasure of Governor 6 months
– Governor acts on EC’s opinion Disqualifications
Article 191 Conduct of Business of Government of State – Salaries by State Legislature
– Similar to Parliament
Vacation of Seats Article 166 – Actions taken in name of Governor
Article 190
– Resignation, absence, disqualification Voting & Quorum – Authentication by rules made by Governor
Duties of CM to Governor
– Voting by majority Article 189 Article 167 – To communicate decisions & info
– Quorum = 1/10th
– Submit proposals for President’s directions
Oath by Members Constitution of State Legislature
Article 188
– Oath before taking seat, as per 3rd Schedule Legislative Secretariat – For every State: Governor +
Article 187 Article 168
– Separate secretariats for each House • 2 Houses (LA & LC) – in 6 states

Salaries of Presiding Officers • 1 House (LA) – in others

Article 186 Creation or Abolition of LC
– As per State Legislature
Deputy Chairman's Powers & Disqualification Article 169 – Parliament may act on 2/3rd resolution by LA
Article 184–185
Chairman & Deputy Chairman (LC) – Same as LA provisions – Not deemed Constitutional amendment (Art.
Composition of Legislative Assembly 368 not applicable)
– Elected by LC Article 182–183 – Min 60, Max 500 members
– Resignation/removal like LA Speaker
Deputy Speaker's Powers & Disqualification Article 170 – Elected from territorial constituencies

– Acts in Speaker’s absence Article 180–181 – Exception: Sikkim, Goa, Arunachal = 30

members
– Cannot preside during own removal motion Composition of Legislative Council
Speaker & Deputy Speaker (LA)
– Seats readjusted after Census
– Elected by LA Article 178–179 – Max = 1/3rd of LA
Rights of Ministers & AG
– Resignation/removal by resolution
Article 177 Article 171 – Minimum = 40 members

Special Address by Governor – Can speak & participate but cannot vote
Duration of Legislature 1/3rd – local bodies
1/12th – graduates
– First session after elections or each year Article 176 Article 172 – LA: 5 years
1/12th – teachers
1/3rd – Legislative Assembly
– Discussion time to be allotted 1/6th – nominated by Governor
Governor’s Address & Messages – LC: Permanent body, 1/3rd retires every 2
years
– May address and send messages to
Article 175 Qualification for Membership
Sessions, Prorogation & Dissolution
either or both Houses
– Citizen of India
– Governor summons sessions Article 173
Article 174 – LA: 25 years, LC: 30 years
– Max gap between sessions: 6 months
– Additional qualifications as per law
– Can prorogue/dissolve LA
 Establishment and Constitution of Supreme
Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of Court
the Supreme Court
consisting of a Chief Justice of India
All authorities, civil and judicial, in the
Article 144 There shall be a Supreme Court of India
& not more than 7 other Judges
territory of India, shall act in aid of the
Supreme Court appointed by the President

maximum age - 65 years

Power of President to consult Supreme Court
Every Judge of the Supreme Court Resignation to President
If it appears to the President that a question Article 143 a judge may be removed from his office in the
of law has arisen which is of public
importance, he may refer the question to that manner provide in clause (4)
Court and the Court may, after hearing,
Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme report to the President its opinion thereon unless he is a citizen of India
Court and orders as to discovery, etc
has been for at least five years a Judge of a
he Supreme Court in the exercise of its High Court or of two or more such Courts
jurisdiction may pass decree or make order as Article 142 Article 124
is necessary for doing complete justice A person shall not be qualified for has been for at least ten years an advocate of
appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court a High Court or of two or more such Courts
Subject to the provisions of any law made on
this behalf by Parliament, the Supreme Court is, in the opinion of the President, a
shall have all and every power to make any distinguished jurist
Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding
order on all courts
by an order of the President passed after an
The law declared by the Supreme Court shall
Article 141 address by each House of Parliament
be binding on all courts within the territory of
India A Judge of the Supreme Court shall not be supported by a majority of the total
removed membership of that House

Ancillary powers of Supreme Court on ground of - proof of the misbehaviour or

Parliament may by law make provision for

Article 140 incapacity of a Judge

conferring upon the Supreme Court Oath before the President

No Judge of the Supreme Court shall plead or

Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers act in any court
to issue certain writs
Salaries, etc., of Judges
Parliament may by law confer on the Supreme Article 139
paid to the Judges of the Supreme Court may
Court power to issue directions, orders, or
writs, any of them, for any purposes other
Article 125 be determined by Parliament
Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the
Supreme Court than those mentioned in article 32
privileges and allowances may from time to
time be determined by Parliament
The Supreme Court shall have further Appointment of acting Chief Justice
jurisdiction and powers with respect to any of Article 138
the matters in the Union List Article 126 When the office of Chief Justice of India is
vacant or absent by any reason - the duties
The Supreme Court shall have such further shall be performed by one of the other Judges Appointment of ad hoc judges
jurisdiction and powers with respect to any of the Court as the President may appoint
matter as the Government of India and the Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme If a quorum of the Judges of the Supreme
Government of any State Court Court not available to hold or continue any
Article 137 Article 127 session, the Chief Justice of India may, with
Subject to the provisions of any law made by
Parliament or any rules made under Article
Supreme Court the consent of the President, request in
writing the attendance at the sittings of the
145, the Supreme Court shall have the power Court, as an ad hoc Judge
to review Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of
the Supreme Court duty of the Judge who has been so designated,
Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court Article 128 in priority to other duties of his office
by Chief Justice of India, with the consent of
the Supreme Court may, in its discretion, Article 136 the President
grant special leave to appeal from any
judgment, decree, determination, sentence, or Supreme Court to be a court of record
order in any cause
Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court
Article 129 The Supreme Court shall be a court of record
under existing law to be exercisable by the and shall have all the powers of a court
Supreme Court Seat of Supreme Court
Article 135
Until Parliament by law provides, the Supreme
Court shall also have jurisdiction and powers
Article 130 The Supreme Court shall sit in Delhi

in any matter to which the provisions of or in other place, as the Chief Justice of India
Article 133 or Article 134 do not apply may appoint, with the approval of the President
Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in between the Government of India and one or
regard to criminal matters Article 131 more States
Article 134
in matters of Theft, Murder, Charges etc. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, between the Government of India and any
the Supreme Court shall have original State or States on one side and one or more
jurisdiction in any dispute – other States on the other
Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in
appeals from High Courts in regard to civil
between two or more States
matters
Article 133 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in
appeals from High Courts in certain cases
in matters of Property, Marriage, Divorse etc. Article 132
In constitutional matters
 The Indian Constitution grants HC supervisory
authority over subordinate courts within its Article 235
jurisdiction
Article 214 High Courts for States

Recruitment of persons other than district

judges to the judicial service Article 234
Article 215 High Courts to be courts of record
Validation of appointments of, and judgments,
etc., delivered by, certain district judges Constitution of High Courts
Article 233 Article 216
by Governor 1 Chief Judge and other such judges as
after consulting High Court Parliament may decide
Establishment of a common High Court for
two or more States Appointment and conditions of the office of a
Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Judge of a High Court
Union territories by 7th CA Article 231
by President Consultation, such other judges
Power of Parliament Maharashtra & Goa as President may fil necessary - Collegium
Maharashtra High Court
common High Court
Calcutta High Court Andaman& Nicobar
Article 217 Rsignation to President
(Kochi) Kerala High Court Lakshadweep Article 230 Proved misbehavior
Removal same as Judges
Maharashtra High Court Dadra/Daman of Supreme Court
incapacity
Madras High Court Pudducherry 10 years advocate of High Court
Qualification
Punjab & Haryana High Court Chandigarh has held judicial office for 10 years

Power of superintendence over all courts by

the High Court Article 227 Article 218 Application of certain provisions relating to
Supreme Court to High Courts

Power of High Courts to issue certain writs

Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts
Article 219
High court's writ is wider than Supreme
court's writ High Courts by Governor
Article 226
High Court can issur writs on legal + FRs
Restriction on practice after being a
Jurisdiction of existing High Courts
Article 220 permanent Judge
High court may refuse to issue writs but SC Salaries, etc., of Judges
can not
Governor does not need advice
Article 221 Salaries - Consolidated fund of State
original jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction &
Writ Article 225 Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to
Pension - consolidated fund of India
another
High Court appellate jurisdiction is wider than Article 222
High Court original jurisdiction by President after consultation of CJI

Article 223 Appointment of acting Chief Justice

 Recommendation of 3-tier Panchayati Raj
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, 1957
Introduced through - 74th CA, 1992 System

Part IXA, Article 243P-243ZG Rajasthan 1st Establish Panchayati Raj at Nagaur, on 2 Oct. 1959

Under 12th Schedule - 18 Functional subjects Ashok Mehta Committee, 1977 Proposed 2-tier Panchayati Raj System

First Municipal Corporation was set up in Reviewed the working of Constitution in

Madras in 1687-88 G.V.K. Rao Committee, 1985 relation to the working of the Panchayats and
Municipalities
1870 - Lord Mayo presented resolution of
financial decentralisation Evolution of L M Singhvi Committee, 1986
Recommendations of The Panchayati Raj
institutions should be constitutionally,
Ripon’s resolution of 1882 - Magna Carta of Panchayati Raj recognized, protected, and preserved
Local Self Government Municipalities
Thungon Committee, 1988
Municipal Corporation
Municipality Gadgil Committee, 1988
Notified Area Committee
Cantonment Board (Military) Part IX, Article 243-243(O)
8 types
Township
Town Area Committee Schedule - 11th ->29th Fundamental Functions
Port Trust
Special Purpose Agency Enforced on 24th April 1993
Definition 73rd Amendment Act 1992
Then PM - P. V. Narasimha Rao
For a Transitional Area Nagar Panchayat
"Gram Sabha" means a body consisting Of 24th April 2010 - Panchayati Raj Diwas
3 Types of persons registered in the electoral rolls
For a small Urban Area Municipal Council
Municipalities relating to a village comprised within the area
Bar to interference by courts in electoral For a larger Urban Area Municipal Corporation Article 243 of Panchayat at the village level.
matters
- District - A district in a state
(a) Courts cannot interfere with the process Article 243 O - Gram Sabha - A body consisting of persons registered in the electoral rolls within the area
of Panchayat at village level
of defining Panchayat constituencies, or
assigning seats - Intermediate level - Level between village and district levels specified by Governor
(b) Panchayat elections cannot be challenged - Panchayat - Any institution of self-government constituted under Art 243B, for rural areas
Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats - Panchayat Area - The territorial area of Panchayat
casually; they can only be disputed through
Properly legal procedure after the elections - Population - Population as ascertained at last preceding Census
ensures a smooth transition to the new Article 243 N Gram Sabha - Village - A village specified by the Governor
Panchayati Raj system by allowing old laws to
Part not to apply to certain areas remain temporarily valid, while the State Article 243 A A Gram Sabha may exercise such powers and
makes necessary changes to comply with Constitution of Panchayats
updated constitutional framework perform such functions at the village level as
exclude certain areas, like tribal regions, &
the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide.
some North-Eastern states, from the There shall be constituted in every State,
Panchayat system to respect their unique Panchayats at the village, intermediate and
governance traditions, and local customs. Article 243 M district levels in accordance with the
However provisions can be extended to these provisions of this Part.
areas With necessary modification through Article 243 B
specific taws

Nothing in this Part shall apply to -

Application to Union territories
Article 243 C
a) Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram
(Panchayati Raj system do not exists)
b) Hill areas of Manipur (District Councils Provisions of Part IX of the Constitution which Article 243 L
exists here) deals with the Panchayats, shall apply to UTs Composition of Panchayats
with certain modification and exceptions
Elections to the Panchayats Local Government ÄII the seats in a Panchayat shall be filled by
persons chosen by direct election

All elections of Panchayats conducted by - The Chairperson of a Panchayat at the village

State Election Commission
The State Election Commissioner - Appointed Article 243 K level shall be elected in such manner as the
Legislature of a State may, by law, provide
Reservation of seats
by the Governor
Seats shall be reserved for -
Audit of accounts of Panchayats a) the Scheduled Castes
The condition of service and tenure of office
of State Election Commission - determined Article 243 J Article 243 D b) the Scheduled Tribes, in every Panchayat
by Governor The State Legislature ensures financial proportion to the total number of seats to be
transparency and accountability of Panchayats filled by direct election in that Panchayat.
by requiring them to maintain proper accounts
Constitution of Finance Commission to review and have them audited regularly Duration of Panchayats, etc.
Not less than one-third (including the number
financial position
Article 243 E Every Panchayat, unless sooner dissolved
of seats reserved for Women belonging to the
Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes)
The Governor of a State shall, as soon as may under any law for the time being in force, shall
be within one year from the commencement of Article 243 I continue for five years from the date
of the total number of seats to be filled by
direct election in every Panchayat shall be
the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) appointed for its first meeting and no longer.
reserved for women.
Act, 1992, and thereafter at the expiration of
every fifth year, constitute a Finance Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the
Commission to review the financial position of Panchayats Disqualifications for membership
the Panchayats and to make recommendations
to the Governor State Legislature can authorise the Panchayat - Article 243 H A person shall be disqualified for being chosen
To levy, collect and appropriate taxes, duties, as, and for being, a member of a Panchayat
tolls, and fees, grants-in-aid and establishment of
funds for Panchayat to deposit and withdraw If he is so disqualified by or under any law for
money, ensuring proper financial management the time being in force for the purposes of
Powers, authority and responsibilities of elections to the Legislature of the State
Panchayats Article 243 F concerned: Provided that no person shall be
disqualified on the ground that he is less than
Legislature of a State may, by law, endow the Article 243 G twenty-five years of age, if he has attained
the age of twenty-one years
Panchayats with such powers and authority
and may be necessary to enable them to
function as institutions of self-government . If he is so disqualified by or under any law
made by the Legislature of the State.
 UPSC, SPSC & JPSC
Article 76 Attorney-General for India

Public Service Commissions for the Union and considered the highest law officer in the
for the States country

UPSC - Union Public Service Commission Article 315 appointed by the president & holds office
during his pleasure
SPSC - State Public Service Commission
qualified to be appointed as the judge of the
Supreme Court
JPSC - Joint Public Service Commission National Commission for Scheduled Castes
Salary & condition of service determined by
Appointment and term of office of members Article 338 President

UPSC & JPSC appointed by President NCSC & NCST separated 86th CA, 2003 To advise the government on the legal matters

SPSC appointed by Governor National Commission for Scheduled Tribes Duties To appear on behalf of the GOI in SC
(NCST)
Article 338A NCSC
Article 316 Attorney General
UPSC - 6 / 65 years To appear in HC in the cases concerning GOI
Term National Commission for Backward Classes when required
Article 338B
SPSC & JPSC - 6 / 62 years (NCBC)
Comptroller and Auditor General of India
has the right to audience in all the courts in
UPSC & JPSC - to President Chairman + Vice Chairman + 3 other members the territory of India
(NCSC & NCST) Single membered body
Resignation
Composition
SPSC - to Governor has the right to speak and take part in the
appointed by the President Rights CAG is considered as the guardian of the
Article 324 parliamentary proceedings
public purse
Removal and suspension of a member of a
Public Service Commission Election Commission is a permanent and doesn’t enjoy the right to vote
independent body Head of Indian Audit & Accounts Dept.
if he is an insolvent Article 317 All the privileges and immunities available to a
It is common to both central and state Appointed by President
member of parliament are granted to the AG
if he is engaged in paid employment governments
Removing Authority
- by President 1st AG - M C Setalvad Article 148 Term - 6 years / 65 years
if he is of unsound mind The elections to parliament, state

on ground of misbehaviour
legislatures, the office of president, and vice
president are looked after by EC
Costitutional Current AG - R Vekatramini Removal - same as a judge of Supreme court

Power to make regulations as to conditions of EC consists of a chief election commissioner

Bodies not eligible for reappointment
service of members and staff of the Commission and other election commissioners. President
fixes the number salary - determind by Parliament
Article 318 Article 280 CAG
UPSC & JPSC - President
Rule of Condition of Service appointed by the president Parliament can prescribe duties & powers of
Quasi Judicial body
SPSC - Governor CAG
Term - 6 years / 65 years ELECTION COMMISSION Constituted by President
Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members Audits the accounts related to all expenditure
Article 319
of Commission on ceasing to be such members Administrative form the consolidated fund of India &
Composition - (1+4) by Parliament contingency fund of India
Article 149
Functions of Public Service Commissions Advisory powers of the election commission
Eligible for reappointment Ascertains & cartifies the net process of any
Article 320
CSE, CDS, CAPF AC, NDA etc. tax & duty
to conduct exams Quasi-Judicial
- by UPSC Chairman having experience in Public Affairs
Compiles and maintains the accounts of State
Power to extend functions of Public Service Removal - same as a judge of Supreme court
Parliament determines one qualified to be appointed as judge of High govt.
Commissions their qualifications court
Security of tenure is provided for the chief
Accounts of Union & States shall by kept in
election commissioner
UPSC - Parliament Article 321 Finance & Accounts Article 150 such form as President may on the advice of
CAG may prescribe
having specialized
SPSC - State Legislature Economics
knowledge in
FINANCE COMMISSION Article 151 Audit reports to President
Expenses of Public Service Commissions Financial matters

to recommend the President (not binding on

Consolidated fund of India UPSC Article 322
President)

Consolidated fund of State SPSC

Distribution of net proceeds of taxes between
Centre & States
Reports of Public Service Commissions
Function
How the grants will be aided to States by
UPSC - President Article 323 Centre

SPSC & JPSC - Governor States consolidated funds & changes made to
them - for equal distribution of resources
between Panchayat & Municipalities

1st FC - K C Noegy

15th FC - N K Singh
 ended British rule in India & declared India as
independent & sovereign state (August IS, 1947)
Governor of Bengal becomes Governor General

provided for the partition of India & Pakistan

1st Governor general Warren Hasting
with the right to secede from British
Commonwealth.
Executive Council of 4 members created to
abolished dyarchy in provinces & introduced assist Governor General
dyarchy at the Centre abolished the office of Viceroy & provided
Governor General to be appointed by British Indian Independence Act,1947
King on the advice of dominion cabinet Bombay & Madras Presidencies made
provided for establishment of All India Federation Regulating Act 1773 subordinate to Bengal
consisting of provinces & princely states as units
abolished the office of the Secretary of State
for India Establishment of Supreme Court at Calcutta
introduced bicameralism in 6 out of 11 provinces (1774) - 1 Chief Justice + 3 other judges
granted freedom to princely states either to
reserved certain no. of seats for Scheduled join India or Pakistan or to remain independent. Prohibited servants from taking any Bribe or
Castes, women and labours Presents from Indians.
Last Gov-gen of India - Mountbatten
extended adult franchise Only 14% of total 1st & last Indian Gov-gen - C Rajagopalachari Court of Directors --> reports on its Revenue,
population had right to vote Civil & Military affairs

Reserved Bank of India was established Government of India Act, 1935

Act of Settlement to rectify the defects of
Known as
Federal Public Service Commission, Provincial Regulating Act 1773
Public Service Commission & Joint Public
Service Commission were established
Amending Act, 1781
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms known as Exempted the Governor-General & Council
from the Jurisdiction of Supreme Court Differentiated Commercial & administrative
Federal Court was setup in 1937 functions of company
Classification of all the subjects of
administration into (2 categories) Central &
Provincial subjects. Burma (Myanmar) was separated from India Created board of control to manage
administrative affairs
further divided the provincial subjects into divided the powers between the Centre and Pitt’s India Act, 1784
two parts-transferred & reserved units in three lists-Federal List, Provincial List called - Half Loaf System as it mediate
& the Concurrent List between Parliament & company directors
introduced Bicameralism & direct elections in
India (Upper house & Lower house) abolished the council of 15 members For the 1st time Company territories was
Extended the trade Monopoly of the company called British Possessions in India
3 of the 6 members of Viceroy's executive for another period of 20 years
The Crown Rule Council were to be Indian Government of India Act, 1919
(1858-1947) Abolished Trade Monopoly of the company.
Commander-in-chief was not a member of the The Company Rule
created a new office of the High Commissioner Morley-Minto Reforms known as
Charter Act of 1793 Gov-Gen council, unless he was appointed.
However it continued the monopoly of the
(1773-1858)
Company over trade in tea & trade with China.
for India in London

increased the size of legislative councils, both Members of Board of Control & staffs were
asserted the Sovereignty of British crown over
provided for the establishment of a Public Central and Provincial. the no. of members in paid out of the Indian Revenue
company’s territories in India.
Service Commission. Hence, Central Public Central legislative council become 60
Service Commission was set up in 1926
Allowed Christian Missionaries to promote
retain Official majority in Central legislative Charter Act of 1813 Christianity in India.
separated provincial budgets from Central budget & non-official majority in Provincial legislative
Rs. 1 Lakh was allotted to Indian Education.
extended the system of Separate Electorate Members were allowed to ask supplementary
for Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians & questions & move resolutions on the budget Indian Councils Act, 1909 known as Saint Helena Act
Europeans Authorised local govt, to impose taxes on
Gov-Gen of Bengal becomes Gov-Gen of India persons & punish them for not doing so.
provided for the association of Indians with (1st: William Bantick)
initiated the process of decentralisation by Executive Councils of the Viceroys & Governor
restoring the legislative powers to the Bombay
& Madras Presidencies
Satyendra Prasad Sinha (1st Indian) joins &
later appointed as the Law member Important Acts A Law Member to be in Govenor’s Executive
Council - Thomas Babington Macaulay (1st)

in 1862 Viceroy Nominated Raja of Benaras, introduced Separate Electorate for Muslims
Deprived the Governor of Bombay & Madras of
Maharaja of Patiala & Sir Dinkar Rao to
Legislative Council
(Muslim were elected by only muslim voters)
(Minto Father of Communal Electorate)
Charter Act of 1833 their legislative powers

also provided for the establishment of new ended activities of EIC as a commercial body,
became purely administrative body
legislative councils for Bengal, North-Western Indian Council Act, 1861 Separated legislative & administrative
functions of the Gov-Gen’s Council
Provinces & Punjab
Queen’s Proclamation provided for establishment of Law Commission
Recognition to the 'portfolio' system, known as to consolidate & codify Indian laws addition of 6 new members as Legislative
introduced by Canning in 1859 Act for the Good Government of India Councillors.
attempted to introduce a system of open
empowered the Viceroy to issue ordinances, Abolished the East India Company competition for selection of Civil Servants introduced Open Competition for Civil Services.
life of such an ordinance was 6 months
Governor General becomes Viceroy of India extended the Company rule in Indian Territory,
1st - Canning Government of India Act, 1858 Charter Act of 1853 but period is not specified

ended the system of double Government Introduced, Local Representation in the Indian
Legislative Council
created a new office Secretary of State for
India which was assisted by a 15-member Of 6 Legislative Members 4 members were
council of India appointed by local govt. of Madras, Bombay,
Bengal & Agra