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Bunyn - копия

Until 1480, Russia was under Mongol tribute and struggled to unify against Tartar rule, leading to a cultural Dark Age. The Grand Duchy of Moscow emerged as a dominant force, culminating in Ivan II's victory over the Tartars, which marked the beginning of a new era for Russian culture and Orthodox belief. The subsequent reign of Ivan IV, despite his political talents, was marked by personal excess and civil disorder, ultimately leading to the election of Mikhail as the first Romanov czar in 1613.

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11 views1 page

Bunyn - копия

Until 1480, Russia was under Mongol tribute and struggled to unify against Tartar rule, leading to a cultural Dark Age. The Grand Duchy of Moscow emerged as a dominant force, culminating in Ivan II's victory over the Tartars, which marked the beginning of a new era for Russian culture and Orthodox belief. The subsequent reign of Ivan IV, despite his political talents, was marked by personal excess and civil disorder, ultimately leading to the election of Mikhail as the first Romanov czar in 1613.

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distortion504
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Until 1480, the Mongol tribute was paid by a Russia brutally severed from the West and

struggling to unite itself sufficiently to cast off the hated Tartar yoke. Little national
strength was left for poetry. Looking back from 1827, the religious philosopher Pyotr
Chaadayev observed, “At first, brutal barbarism, then crude superstition, then fierce and
humiliating bondage whose spirit was passed on to our own sovereigns—such is the
history of our youth.”

From Dark Age to Golden Age


Kyiv was destroyed in Russia’s literary Dark Age under the Tartars, and Russian culture
was dominated by the Grand Duchy of Moscow, whose ruler Dmitri won a victory over
the Tartars at Kulikovo, memorialized in the fifteenth-century Cossack
epic Zadónščina (beyond the river Don). Ivan II at last drove the Tartars from a unified
Russia in 1480, less than a generation after the Turkish conquest of Constantinople,
and Moscow became the “third Rome.” Imperial power was inseparable from Orthodox
belief, and Ivan II, wed to a Byzantine princess, regarded himself as the sole genuine
defender of the Orthodox faith. His grandson and namesake, Ivan IV, popularly known
in the West as Ivan the Terrible (more accurately, the Awesome), a talented political
polemicist, practiced heinous excesses in the name of personal absolutism. After Ivan
murdered his oldest son, his line died out, and for the next generation civil disorder was
exacerbated by crop failures, famine, and plague. Finally, in 1613, delegates from all
the Russias elected Mikhail, the first of the Romanov czars.

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