Dyne Dumagday BSED-RE 3 groundwork for future psychological research

and methodologies.
Gordon Allport
William James
Gordon Allport (1897-1967) was an influential
American psychologist who is considered one of William James (1842-1910) was a pioneering
the founding figures of personality psychology. American psychologist and philosopher, often
He is best known for his trait theory of referred to as the "father of American
personality, which emphasized the uniqueness psychology." He was a leading proponent of
of individuals and the importance of studying functionalism, a school of thought that focused
healthy, mature personalities rather than just on the purpose and function of consciousness
psychological disorders. Allport proposed that and behavior in adapting to the environment,
personality is composed of various traits, which rather than just its structure. James's seminal
he categorized as cardinal, central, and work, The Principles of Psychology (1890),
secondary, to explain consistent patterns of profoundly influenced the development of
behavior. He also stressed the concept of psychology, emphasizing the stream of
functional autonomy, suggesting that adult consciousness, emotion (James-Lange theory),
motives can become independent of their and the role of habit.
original childhood roots.
Sigmund Freud
Milton Rokeach
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was an Austrian
Milton Rokeach (1918-1988) was a Polish- neurologist who founded psychoanalysis, a
American social psychologist renowned for his revolutionary clinical method for treating
groundbreaking work on beliefs, attitudes, and psychopathology through dialogue between a
values. He developed the Rokeach Value Survey patient and a psychoanalyst. His theories
(RVS), a widely used psychological instrument introduced concepts such as the unconscious
for measuring individual values, distinguishing mind, repressed memories, the Oedipus
between terminal values (desirable end-states complex, and the structure of the mind into the
of existence) and instrumental values (desirable id, ego, and superego. Freud's ideas, though
modes of conduct). Rokeach's research often controversial, profoundly impacted
significantly contributed to our understanding psychology, psychiatry, and Western culture,
of how values influence human thought and particularly in understanding human motivation
behavior, particularly in the context of and mental illness.
prejudice, dogmatism, and political ideology.
Ivan Pavlov
Wilhelm Wundt
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) was a Russian
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) is widely regarded physiologist whose research on classical
as the "father of psychology" for establishing conditioning profoundly influenced the study of
the first formal psychology laboratory in Leipzig, learning and behavior. He is most famous for his
Germany, in 1879. This event is often cited as experiments with dogs, demonstrating how a
the official birth of psychology as a separate neutral stimulus (like a bell) could, through
scientific discipline. Wundt's approach, known repeated association, come to elicit a
as structuralism, focused on breaking down conditioned response (salivation) similar to the
mental processes into their most basic natural response to food. Pavlov's work laid a
components through introspection, a method fundamental groundwork for behaviorism and
where trained observers reported on their provided a scientific basis for understanding
conscious experiences. His work laid the how associations are formed in the brain.
B.F. Skinner
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) was an influential therapy (also known as client-centered
American psychologist and behaviorist who therapy), an approach that emphasizes the
developed the theory of operant conditioning. client's capacity for self-direction and growth.
Unlike classical conditioning, operant Rogers believed in the importance of
conditioning focuses on how voluntary unconditional positive regard, empathy, and
behaviors are strengthened or weakened by congruence (genuineness) on the part of the
their consequences (rewards or punishments). therapist to create a supportive environment
Skinner introduced concepts like reinforcement for clients to explore their feelings and achieve
schedules, shaping, and the Skinner box personal growth. His work profoundly
(operant conditioning chamber) as tools for influenced psychotherapy and counseling.
studying and modifying behavior. His radical
behaviorism argued that all behavior is learned Ulric Neisser
through interaction with the environment and Ulric Neisser (1928-2012) was a German-
that internal mental states are not necessary for American psychologist often referred to as the
explaining behavior. "father of cognitive psychology." His seminal
Abraham Maslow book, Cognitive Psychology (1967), formally
launched the field by synthesizing existing
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) was an American research on perception, memory, language, and
psychologist who was a key figure in the problem-solving into a cohesive framework.
development of humanistic psychology. He is Neisser advocated for a more ecologically valid
best known for his hierarchy of needs, a approach to studying cognition, emphasizing
motivational theory proposing that individuals how cognitive processes function in real-world
are driven to fulfill a series of needs, starting contexts. He played a crucial role in shifting
from basic physiological needs and progressing psychology's focus from behaviorism to the
through safety, love/belonging, and esteem, study of mental processes.
culminating in self-actualization—the realization
of one's full potential. Maslow's work Noam Chomsky
emphasized the positive aspects of human Noam Chomsky (born 1928) is an American
nature, personal growth, and the pursuit of linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and
higher psychological well-being. political activist. He revolutionized the field of
linguistics with his theory of generative
grammar, proposing that humans possess an
innate, universal grammatical structure that
allows them to acquire language. Chomsky's
work challenged behaviorist views of language
acquisition and significantly influenced cognitive
psychology by arguing for the existence of
innate mental structures. Beyond linguistics, he
is also a prominent critic of U.S. foreign policy
and a leading intellectual figure.

Carl Rogers
Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was an American
psychologist and one of the founders of
humanistic psychology, along with Abraham
Maslow. He developed person-centered