UNIT V

SCIENTIFIC ETHICS

Scientific ethics, also known as research ethics or scientific integrity, refers to the more
principles, standards and guidelines that govern the conduct of scientific research,
experimentation and dissemination of findings.
 Honesty and integrity: Scientists are expected to uphold honesty and integrity.
This includes accurately reporting data, methods and results without
manipulation, fabrication or falsification.
 Objectivity: Objectivity is essential in scientific inquiry to minimize bias
subjective influence. Scientists should approach research questions with
impartiality open-mindedness, allowing evidence to guide their conclusions rather
than preconceived beliefs or agendas.
 Transparency and reproducibility: Transparency involves making research
method, data and findings openly accessible to the scientific community and the
public. Reproducibility or the ability of other researchers to replicate study
findings, cornerstone of scientific validity and requires detailed documentation
and transparency in research practices.
 Responsible conduct: Responsible conduct encompasses ethical behavior in all
aspect of scientific research, including interactions with colleagues, research
participation and the broader community. Scientists should prioritize the well-
being and rights of human and animal subjects, obtain informed consent and
minimize risks of harm.
 Respect for participants: Researchers have a duty to respect the dignity,
autonomy, and rights of individuals participating in research studies.
 Peer review and collaboration: Peer review is an essential component of
scientific ethics, involving the evaluation of research manuscripts by independent
experts prior to publication. Peer review helps ensure the quality, validity and
reliability of scientific findings and provides constructive feedback to authors.
 Continuing education and professional development: Scientists should engage
in lifelong learning and professional development to stay informed about ethical
standards, emerging technologies and best practices in their field. This includes
participating in ethics training programs, attending conferences and workshops
and staying up-to-date with relevant laws, regulations and guidelines.

Scientific Ethics in American Prometheus: The triumph and traged by J. Rober

Oppenheimer, by Kai Bird and Martin J Sherwin
 The Manhattan project which lead to the development of the atomic bomb,
 Oppenheimer fight with the potential consequences of his work. The immense
destructive power of the weapon raised questions about the responsibility
scientists hold for the applications of their research.
 The Manhattan Project's highly classified limited open scientific discovery and debate.
 The use of the atomic bomb on civilian populations forced a evil argument with
the ethical implications of such warfare Oppenheimer's later regret over the
bombings highlights the ethical considerations scientists must grapple with when
their work has the potential for immense destruction.
 Oppenheimer advocated for international control of atomic energy, recognizing
the dangers of a nuclear arms race. This highlights the tension between scientific
progress, national security concerns and the ethical use of scientific
advancements.
 The book might explore Oppenheimer's later shift towards opposing the hydrogen
bomb. This raises questions about transparency and consistency in advocating for
ethical scientific practices.
 Oppenheimer's influence on atomic energy policy underscores the importance of
scientists engaging in discussions about the societal implications of their work.
 Scientific progress often involves inherent risks. The book encourages discussion
about how to ethically navigate these risks while fostering innovation.
 His experiences highlight the importance of honesty, transparency, responsibility
and ethical leadership in scientific endeavors.

Transparency in scientific pursuits

Research transparency promotes values of openness and transparency in the scientific
process. It is an ethical approach to research which improves research integrity and
enhances the informational value and impact of research.
Research transparency includes registering studies, sharing study data, and publicly
reporting research findings. Researchers are encouraged to adopt transparent and
responsible practices to improve research integrity and the trustworthiness of scientific
findings.
Registration of research methodology and intended analyses increases researcher
accountability and improves credibility across all disciplines. Sharing of additional
research outcomes such as study data, reproducible scripts, software, and protocols
allows for both replication and extension of the work by others. The open dissemination
and reporting of outcomes improves access to scientific knowledge, allowing policy
makers and the public to use research findings to make informed decisions.
Research transparency benefits everyone, including researchers, governments,
healthcare providers and members of the public. It is therefore particularly important in
publicly funded research, becoming an increasingly significant requirement from many
journals, institutions, and funders. Transparency includes the clear, detailed, and explicit
documentation of all stages of the research process. This allows other researchers to
understand, evaluate, transfer, and build upon the study.
The important aspects of transparency in qualitative research include
 Methodological transparency involves providing a comprehensive description
of the research methods and procedures used in the study. This includes detailing
the research designs, sampling strategy, data collection methods, and ethical
considerations.
 Analytical transparency refers to the clear and detailed documentation of the
data analysis process.
 Reflexive transparency involves the researcher reflecting on and disclosing
their own role in the research, including their potential biases, assumptions,
and influences.

Benefits of research transparency

 Enhances research integrity and credibility
 Produces research which is responsible, reproducible, open, and evidence-based
 Facilitates proper interpretation of results
 Promotes the open dissemination of research and equitable access to scientific
knowledge
 Researchers and other stakeholders can identify opportunities to collaborate
 Improves reproducibility and validity of findings
Rigorous, trust worthy research is research that applies the appropriate research tools to
meet the stated objectives of the investigation. Rigorous research must be both
transparent and explicit; in other words, researchers need to be able to describe to their
colleagues and their audiences what they did (or plan to do) in clear, simple language.
Researchers also must become more familiar with the broad range of methodological
techniques available, such as content analysis, grounded theory, and discourse analysis.
Achieving transparency requires a systematic, deliberate, and thoughtful approach. It
revolves around clarity in the formulation of research objectives, comprehensiveness in
methods, and conscientious reporting of the results.
Here are several strategies for achieving transparency and rigor in research:
 Clear research objectives and methods
Transparency begins with the clear and explicit statement of research objectives
and questions. Researchers should explain why they are conducting the study,
what they hope to learn, and how they plan to achieve their objectives.
  Thorough data documentation and analysis
In the data collection phase, researchers should provide thorough documentation,
including original data records such as transcripts, field notes, or images.
 Reflexivity and acknowledgment of bias
Transparent research involves a process of reflexivity, where researchers
critically reflect on their own role in the research process.
 Conflict of interest disclosure
Researchers should disclose any potential conflicts of interest, financial or
otherwise, that could influence their work or the interpretation of results.
Transparency regarding affiliations, funding sources and competing interest helps
maintain credibility and trust in scientific research.
 Transparent reporting and publishing
Transparency also involves the open sharing of research materials and data, where
ethical and legal guidelines permit. This may include providing access to interview
guides, survey instruments, data analysis scripts, raw data, and other research
materials. Open sharing allows others to scrutinize, transfer, or extend the research,
thereby enhancing its transparency and trustworthiness. The reporting and
publishing phase should adhere to the principles of transparency. Researchers
should follow the relevant reporting guidelines for their field. Such guidelines
provide a frame work for reporting research in a comprehensive, systematic, and
transparent manner.

Fairness in scientific pursuits

It is important that experiments conducted in science are fair in order to ensure the
reliability and accuracy of the results. Scientists may perform tests or experimental
inquiries to try to find the answers. To be confident in the experimental results, scientists
need to set up their experiments so that they are fair. This type of an experimental
inquiry is often called a controlled experiment or a Fair Test.
Conducting a fair test is one of the most important ingredients of doing good,
scientifically valuable experiments. A Fair test is an investigation where one variable
(the independent variable) is changed and all other conditions (controlled variables) are
kept the same; what is measured or observed is referred to as the dependent variable.
Here are some reasons why fairness in experiments is crucial:
1. Validity of Results: Fair experiments help to ensure that the outcomes are
truly reflective of the variables being tested. If the experiment is not fair, it can
introduce bias and lead to inaccurate conclusions.
2. Reproducibility: Fair experiments can be replicated by other researchers
and yield consistent results. This is a fundamental aspect of the scientific method,
 as it allows for independent verification of findings.
3. Credibility: Fairness enhances the credibility of the research. If an
experiment is perceived as biased or unfair, it can undermine the trustworthiness
of the research and its findings.
4. Ethical Considerations: Fair experiments are designed to minimize harm
to participants, subjects, or the environment. Ethical concerns are taken into
account to ensure that experiments are conducted responsibly and respectfully.
5. Elimination of Confounding Factors: Fair experiments control for
variables other than the ones being tested. This helps in isolating the effect of the
independent variable on the dependent variable and reduces the chances of
incorrect attributions.
6. Generalizability: Fair experiments increase the likelihood that the results
can be generalized to a larger population or a broader context. This allows for
broader applications of the findings.
7. Advancement of Knowledge: Fair experiments contribute to the
cumulative body of scientific knowledge. Rigorous and unbiased research builds a
strong foundation for new discoveries and breakthroughs.
Significance of fairness in scientific research
 Equal Opportunity: Ensuring equitable access to resources, opportunities, and
authorship credit regardless of factors such as race, gender, or institutional
affiliation promotes fairness in scientific collaborations.
 Peer Review Process: Implementing rigorous, unbiased peer review processes
helps ensure that research publications are evaluated based on scientific merit
rather than personal biases.
 Ethical Standards: Adhering to ethical guidelines and standards, such as those
outlined in institutional review boards (IRBs) for human subjects or animal care
committees for animal studies, ensures fairness in research involving human
participants or animals.
 Data Handling and Reporting: Handling data responsibly and reporting
findings accurately without manipulation or selective reporting ensures fairness
and trustworthiness in scientific communication.

Transparency and Fairness in Scientific Pursuits: The triumph and

tragedy by J.Rober Oppenheimer, by Kai Bird and Martin J Sherwin
Transparency
 Oppenheimer advocated for openness and transparency within the scientific
community, recognizing the importance of informed discourse and ethical
deliberation.
  The Manhattan Project brought together scientists from diverse backgrounds and
disciplines to collaborate on a common goal. While secrecy was paramount due to
wartime concerns, there were instances of scientific exchange and collaboration,
such as the sharing of expertise and research findings among project scientists.
 Following the conclusion of World War and the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima
and Nagasaki, Oppenheimer became increasingly vocal about the need for public
accountability and democratic oversight of nuclear technology. He advocated for
greater transparency in government policies related to nuclear weapons
development and testing, as well as open dialogue with the public about the risks
and consequences of nuclear warfare.
Fairness
 While he recognized the urgency of deleting Nazi Germany during World War II,
he also wrestled with the ethical implications of creating weapons of mass
destruction and the potential for catastrophic consequences. Oppenheimer's
introspection reflects a commitment to fairness and ethical deliberation in the
pursuit of scientific knowledge.
 In the post-war period, Oppenheimer became a leading advocate for international
cooperation and arms control to mitigate the risks of nuclear proliferation and
nuclear war. His contribution to nuclear weapons highlights the importance of
fairness, transparency and moral integrity in scientific pursuits.

Scientific inventions for the betterment of society

Science has a specific role, as well as a variety of functions for the benefit of our
society: creating new knowledge, improving education, and increasing the quality of our
lives. Science must respond to societal needs and global challenges.
Science is essential for the development of human society for a variety of purposes: The
application of scientific knowledge to modify policies at national and international
levels has benefited many communities and populations by providing equal access to
resources.
Scientific knowledge allows us to develop new technologies, solve practical problems,
and make informed decisions — both individually and collectively. It contributes to
ensuring a longer and healthier life, monitors our health ,provides medicine to cure our
diseases, relieves aches and pains, helps us to provide water for our basic needs –
including our food, provides energy and makes life more fun, including sports, music,
entertainment.
Science shapes society by providing new knowledge, technologies, and ways of
understanding the world around us. This, in turn, leads to changes in cultural values,
economic systems, and political structures.
One can apply scientific knowledge to disseminate information and spread awareness
about matters of public concern. Science informs people about climate change, sea level
rise, and global warming. The knowledge of what causes pollution and the importance
of clean air, water, and soil have also reached far and wide. Farmers and food producers
have been involved to know the harmful chemicals in pesticides and fertilizers and
reduce their use. Through science, people can be taught the importance of conserving
nature and preventing waste generation.

Science helps inventors to think of the ethical implications their invention may bring up.
For example, scientists have been studying our ecosystem and noticing the negative
effects of climate change. This has pushed innovators like Elon Musk to make the world
a greener place in order to save our planet. Scientists help create boundaries for
innovators to understand how their inventions could affect society. Scientific research
opens up new knowledge and tools for society to solve important and complex problems
in areas such as healthcare, ecology, economics, energy, agriculture and others. The
discoveries and achievements of science are the foundation for the development and
prosperity of society.
The invention of the wheel, the elevator, the printing press, the vaccines and the
Computer has a changed the world. Other notable inventions are
1. Vaccines: Inventions like the smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner and vaccines
against diseases like polio and measles have saved countless lives, reduced disease
burden, and contributed to the near-eradication of certain diseases.
2. Antibiotics: The discovery of antibiotics such as penicillin by Alexander Fleming
revolutionized medical field by treating bacterial infections effectively, thereby
reducing mortality rates and improving public health.
3. Louis Pasteur in 1862 developed the process now known as "pasteurization," which
is a process of heating food to a specific temperature for a definite length of time and
then cooling it immediately to reduce the number of viable pathogens that may cause
disease. Dairy products, canned foods, juices, syrups, water, and wines are the
primary products that are pasteurized today.
4. The Light Bulb: Illuminating the World Thomas Edison’s invention of the
practical incandescent light bulb in 1879 brought artificial light to households,
businesses, and public spaces. The light bulb made it possible for people to work,
study, and socialize after dark, extending the productive hours of the day and
transforming our daily routines.
5. Electricity: The harnessing of electricity by inventors like Thomas Edison and
Nikola Tesla enabled the development of lighting, heating, transportation systems,
 and modern communication networks, fundamentally transforming daily life and
industry.
6. Medical Imaging: Technologies like X-rays, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging),
and CT (Computed Tomography) scans have revolutionized medical diagnostics,
enabling early detection of diseases and improving treatment.
7. Computer & Internet: The invention of the computer and discovery of internet has
revolutionized communication, access to information, education, commerce, and
social interactions on a global scale.
8. Telecommunications: Inventions like the telephone, mobile phones, and satellite
communications have connected people globally, facilitating rapid exchange of
information, emergency response coordination, and economic development.
9. Personal Computing: The development of personal computers and smart phones has
democratized access to computing power, information, and digital services,
transforming education, work productivity, and entertainment.
10. Green Revolution: Innovations in agricultural science, including high-yield crop
varieties, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides, have significantly increased food
production, alleviating hunger and improving nutrition worldwide.
11. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology: Innovations in genetic engineering, gene
editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9, and biotechnological advancements have opened up
new possibilities in medicine, agriculture, and environmental conservation.
12. The printing press invented in the mid-15th century, made it possible to produce
books quickly and affordably, which led to increased literacy rates and the spread of
new ideas. This invention played a crucial role in the Renaissance, the Reformation,
and the Scientific Revolution, and ultimately laid the groundwork for modern
democracies.
13. The invention of the steam engine by James Watt in the 18thcentury transformed the
world of industry and transportation. The Industrial Revolution, fueled by the steam
engine, led to urbanization, economic growth, and significant improvements in living
standards for many.
14. Karl Benz patented all of the processes that made the internal combustion engine
feasible for use in cars.
15. The Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell’s invention of the telephone in 1876
changed the way people communicated, making it possible to have real-time
conversations with people far away. The telephone eliminated the need for written
correspondence. This invention fostered globalization and accelerated the pace of
business, paving the way for the modern, interconnected world we live in today.
16. Mobile phones Mobile phones have revolutionized communication by enabling
people to stay connected, access information and communicate instantly from
 anywhere. Mobile technology has also facilitated access to financial services,
healthcare information and emergency assistance in remote areas.
17. Digital revolution: Advances in computing technology, software development and
data analytics have driven the digital revolution, transforming how we work, learn
and interact. Innovations like artificial intelligence, cloud computing and big data
analytic have led to breakthroughs in health care, finance and entertainment.
18. The first battery dates back to 1800, when Italian physicist Alessandro Volta
wrapped stacked discs of copper and zinc in a cloth, submerged it in salty water and
discovered that it conducted energy. It was French physicist Gaston Planté who
invented the first practically used battery, in 1859. Modern variations on Planté's
rechargeable lead-acid battery are still used in cars today.
19. Clean Energy Technologies: Advancements in renewable energy sources such as
solar, wind, and hydroelectric power have contributed to sustainable development
efforts, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating climate change.
20. Solar power :Solar energy technologies harness sunlight to generate electricity,
providing a clean, renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Solar panels have become
increasingly affordable and widely adopted, contributing to the transition towards
sustainable energy sources and reducing carbon emissions.
21. Nuclear energy was first discovered in the 1930s by Italian physicist Enrico Fermi,
who found that bombarding atoms with neutrons could split them, generating huge
amounts of energy. Nuclear power remains widely used around the world today,
generating approximately 10% of global energy.

The future of scientific inventions

Despite Oppenheimer's involvement in nuclear physics and weaponry, his contributions
to scientific research indirectly contributed to medical advancements. The same
principles of nuclear physics that underpinned the atomic bomb also laid the ground
work for medical imaging technologies such as X-rays, MRI, and PET scans (positron
emission tomography). These diagnostic tools have revolutionized healthcare by
enabling early detection and treatment of diseases, thereby saving countless lives and
improving patient’s outcomes.
The scientific advancements made during the Manhattan Project paved the way for the
development of computers and telecommunications technologies. Those innovations
have revolutionized how information is processed, stored and transmitted, leading to the
rise of the digital age and the interconnected world we live in today.
In response to the environmental and geopolitical challenges posed by nuclear energy,
scientists and policymakers have sought to promote renewable energy sources such as
solar, wind and hydroelectric power. These sustainable alternatives offer cleaner and
safer ways to meet energy needs while mitigating the risks associated with nuclear
proliferation and environmental degradation.

Unfair application of scientific inventions

Advancement in science has certain disadvantages like
 Human rely so much on technology that their physical health is affected.
 Science and development have a very adverse impact on nature, including the
exploitation of natural resources and leading to deforestation.
 Human use technology as a weapon for illegal activities.
 Some disadvantages of scientific advancements to society are the increase in carbon
dioxide emissions, the increase of hazardous waste, increased urbanization, an
increase in resource use and pollution.
The advancement of scientific technology can cause unfavorable results to the general
public. A few examples are dropping of the atom bomb; prescription medications
dispensed to patients before adequate testing studies have been completed; and scientific
fraud. Some inventions are unsuccessful due to lack of adequate market research,
inadequate pre-launch development activities, lead to a product that is incomplete or not
market ready. For innovation to work without failure over a long term, organizations
must dedicate a separate go-to-market strategy to know and understand the main points
of the target audience.

Highlight the unfair scientific advancements in the society

 Weaponization and warfare: Nuclear, biological and chemical weapons have been
developed based on scientific knowledge, resulting in devastating consequences for
human lives and the environment. The indiscriminate use of such weapons in
conflicts disproportionately affects civilian populations and can lead to long-term
health effects and environmental damages.
 Surveillance and privacy: Advances in surveillance technology, such as CCTV
cameras, facial recognition systems and data analytics have raised concerns about
privacy violations and civil liberties.
 Biased algorithms and artificial intelligence: The use of algorithms and Artificial
Intelligence (Al) in decision-making processes can perpetuate existing biases and
inequalities. Biased datasets, flawed algorithms and opaque decision-making
processes can result in discriminatory outcomes in areas such as hiring, lending,
criminal justice and healthcare.
 Arms and Conflict: Technologies originally developed for peaceful purposes, such
as nuclear energy or chemical compounds, can be adapted for military use, leading
to upsetting consequences in armed conflicts.
  Security Risks: Certain scientific inventions, particularly in the fields of cyber
security and biotechnology, can pose security risks if they are misused or fall into
the wrong hands.
 Biological and Chemical Weapons: Scientific discoveries in microbiology or
chemistry can be weaponized to create biological agents or chemical toxins, posing
significant threats to human health and safety.
 Unintended Consequences: Scientific inventions can have unforeseen
consequences that may be harmful to the environment, human health, or society as a
whole. For example, the use of certain chemicals or technologies may have negative
impacts that were not initially anticipated.
 Environmental Impact: Many scientific inventions have environmental
consequences, such as pollution, deforestation, or habitat destruction. For example,
industrial processes can lead to pollution of air, water, and soil.
 Discriminatory Practices: Technologies like algorithms in artificial intelligence
(AI) or machine learning can spread biases if not properly designed and tested for
fairness, leading to discriminatory outcomes in areas such as hiring, lending, or law
enforcement.
 Health risks: Some scientific inventions, such as certain medications or
technologies, may have unintended health risks or side effects that only become
apparent over time.
 Social Disruption: Scientific inventions can disrupt traditional ways of life and
societal structures, leading to social unrest or inequality. For example, automation
and artificial intelligence have the potential to displace jobs and widen the gap
between the wealthy and the poor.
 Ethical Concerns: Some scientific inventions raise ethical dilemmas and
challenges. For instance, advancements in genetic engineering raise questions about
the ethics of altering the genetic makeup of organisms, including humans.
 Intellectual Property and Access Issues: Patenting and commercialization of
scientific inventions can create barriers to access essential technologies or
medicines, particularly in developing countries with limited resources.
During the Second World War, the “father of the atomic bomb”, Robert Oppenheimer,
led a team of scientists in the US in a race against Nazi Germany to create the first
nuclear weapon. Then it was used to kill thousands in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan.
The atomic bomb exemplifies dual-use as it served both military and potentially
peaceful purposes (e.g., nuclear energy), highlighting ethical dilemmas regarding control
and responsibility. It demonstrated potential for immense destructive power and raised
ethical questions about responsible use, while also showing potential for energy and
medical advances.
Oppenheimer supported informed decisions on nuclear policy, urged control measures
to prevent arms escalation, and expressed moral reservations about unrestrained military
applications. Issues like genetic engineering, artificial intelligence, and climate
engineering pose ethical challenges regarding responsible innovation, societal impacts,
and regulatory oversight.

Role and Responsibility of Scientist in the modern society

Scientists should conduct and communicate scientific work for the benefit of society,
with excellence, integrity, respect, fairness, trustworthiness, clarity, and transparency.
Scientists are responsible for conducting accurate and reliable research that can be relied
upon by fellow researchers. They also have a duty to oppose the misuse or abuse of
research findings and consider the limitations and potential impacts of their work.
To maintain the respect and integrity of the profession, honesty, public awareness and
peer assessment is an essential responsibility that scientists must execute in their work if
they are to maintain public support and trust. The modern scientists learn from previous
experiences regarding scientific ethics. They underscore the importance of ethical
reflection, transparency in research, and proactive engagement in shaping policies to
mitigate risks of scientific advancements.

Role of scientist
 Scientist plays an important role in educating nonscientists about the content and
processes of science.
 In fulfilling these responsibilities scientists must take the time to relate scientific
knowledge to society in such a way that members of the public can make an
informed decision about the relevance of research

Rights of all Scientists

1. Conduct of Science
 The right to conduct research on any topic that does not breach professional ethical
standards.
 The right to oppose unethical or illegal actions, policies, procedures, or other
directives that impact the conduct and publication of science, without fear of
retaliation.
 The right to be clearly informed about the requirements and expectations of
employment.
 The right of due process related to any complaint of scientific misconduct,
including the right to review and inspect evidence, have legal representation,
 provide a defense in a hearing before peers, and appeal.
2. Collaboration with Others
 The right to work with and mentor colleagues of choice, independent of politics or
affiliation.
 The right to decide jointly how research can be undertaken and shared, adhering to
ethical scientific principles and respecting intellectual property.
3. Communication
 The right to freely express results of research at scientific meetings, in scientific
literature, and in the media without impediment, harassment, threat, or
retaliation.
 The right to protect preliminary results until publication.
 The right to protect data related to the privacy of human beings and
communities, confidential information covered by law or contract, and the
locations of endangered species or important historical or cultural artifacts and
fossils.
 The right to respond to inaccurate portrayals of science by any individual or
group including, government and institutional administrators, the media, private
companies or industry representatives, and political entities.
 The right of last review on institutional communication materials relating to
scientist’s work.

Responsibilities of all Scientists

1. Excellence in the Conduct of Research
 Employ high quality research methods to the best of one’s understanding and
ability, and base conclusions on critical analysis of all of the evidence.
 Engage honestly and objectively in the publication and peer review process and
report results and interpretations fully, accurately, and with honest disclosure of
bias.
 Maintain clear, accurate records of research and data, using standards that
allow others to verify and replicate the work.
2. Ethics
 Communicate facts, conclusions, and uncertainty honestly, clearly, and
transparently and disclose all conflicts of interest from any sources that would be
perceived to, bias conclusions whether addressing scientists, policymakers, or the
general public.
 Upon publication of results, make available all non-proprietary data, methods, and
source code, providing clear paths to their location and accessibility.
 Seek opportunities to contribute knowledge and technical skills in support of the
sustainability, resilience, health, and welfare of the environment and society.
  Protect the health and safety of people, animals, and the environment, following
ethical guidelines for their treatment and bearing in mind the broader effects of
one's research for the environment and society.
 Oppose any unethical or illegal actions, policies, procedures, or other directives
that impact the conduct of science and actively work to correct them.

3. Inclusion
 Raise a diverse workforce and inclusive environment that allows science and
scientific careers to develop.
 Ensure the proper citation and acknowledgement of the work of others.
 Use professional courtesy and fairness in working with others.
 Protect the rights of students and colleagues to disagree, pursue their own
research, and draw their own conclusions, and challenge teachers or mentors
without fear of retaliation.
 Societal Impact: Scientists contribute to solving pressing societal issues, such as
climate change, public health crises, food security, and sustainable development.
Their research informs evidence-based policies and practices that can improve
quality of life globally.
 Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Addressing complex challenges often requires
collaboration across disciplines. Scientists engage in interdisciplinary research to
tackle issues that span multiple fields, such as interdisciplinary studies on climate
change or public health.
 Global Responsibility: In an interconnected world, scientists collaborate globally
to address global challenges that transcend national boundaries, such as
pandemics, biodiversity loss, and environmental degradation. International
cooperation is essential for advancing scientific knowledge and addressing shared
challenges.

A research scientist's work is almost entirely laboratory-based, with responsibilities that

include:
 Planning and conducting experiments
 Recording and analysing data
 Carrying out fieldwork ,eg collecting samples
 Presenting results to senior/other research staff
 Writing research papers, reports, reviews and summaries
 Demonstrating procedures
 Preparing research proposals and funding applications
 Supervising junior staff including technicians
 Organizing product / materials testing
  Ensuring that quality standards are met
 Communicating with research and / or production staff
 Developing original solutions to problems
 Keeping upto date with relevant scientific and technical developments
 teaching

The Role and Responsibility of Scientists : Insights from "American Prometheus"

Through his contributions to nuclear physics, ethical reflections on the use of nuclear
technology, public engagement and advocacy for nuclear disarmament, he exemplifies
the multifaceted roles that scientists can play in addressing ethical, social, political
challenges associated with scientific advancements.
By learning from Oppenheimer's experience, scientists in the modern world can be
guided by the following principles
Upholding scientific integrity: Rigorous research methods, transparency and
responsible data handling are crucial for maintaining public trust in science. Considering
the societal impact scientists should be mindful of the potential consequences of their
work and advocate for its responsible application for the betterment of society.
Communicating effectively: Enabling the public to understand through clear
communication, outreach programs, combating misinformation are the essential aspects
of the scientist's role in modern society.
Advocacy for science and responsible policy: Scientists can play a vital role in
informing policy decisions and advocating for increased funding for scientific research
that addresses global challenges.

PART-A
1. What is fairness in scientific pursuits?
Fairness refers to treating people equally and fairly based on their status. A
fair system makes sure everyone has the same chance to succeed in life.
2. List the pillars of fairness.
Three pillars of fairness are transparency, impartiality and inclusion.
3. What is transparency in scientific pursuits?
Transparency refers to being open and honest about what you do with people's
information.
4. Highlight main objective of transparency.
Transparency International is the global civil society organization leading
the fight against corruption. It brings people together in a powerful
worldwide coalition to end the devastating impact of corruption on men,
 women and children around the world.
5. What is research transparency?
Research transparency contains arrange of open practices including
registering studies, sharing study data, and publicly reporting research
findings.
6. Outline the benefits of research transparency.
 Enhances research integrity and credibility
 Produces research which is responsible, reproducible, open, and
evidence-based
 Facilitates proper interpretation of results. Promotes the open
dissemination of research and equitable access to scientific
knowledge
 Researchers and others take holders can identify opportunities to
collaborate
 Improves reproducibility and validity of findings
7. How science helped in societal transformation?
Scientific knowledge allows us to develop new technologies, solve
practical problems, and make informed decisions — both individually
and collectively.
8. Highlight the significant contribution of science to society.
Science contributes to ensuring a longer and healthier life, monitors our
health, provides medicine to cure our diseases, alleviates aches and pains,
helps us to provide water for our basic needs–including our food, provides
energy and makes life more fun, including
sports, music entertainment.
9. How do scientific discoveries shape our current society?
Scienceshapessocietybyprovidingnewknowledge,technologies,andwaysof
understandingtheworldaroundus.This,inturn,leadstochangesinculturalvalues,
economic
systems, and political structures.
10. What is the role of science in developing society?
Scientific research opens up new knowledge and tools for society to solve
important and complex problems in areas such as healthcare, ecology,
economics, energy, agriculture
andothers.Thediscoveriesandachievementsofsciencearethefoundationforthe
Development and prosperity of society.
11. What are the negative effects of scientific advancements?
The advancement of scientific technology can cause detrimental results to
the general
public. Eg. dropping of the atomic bomb; prescription medications
dispensed to patients before adequate testing studies have been completed;
 and scientific fraud.
12. What are the disadvantages of scientific in novation?
 People rely so much on technology that their physical heal this affected.
 Science and development have much adverse impact on nature,
including the exploitation of natural resources and leading to
deforestation.
 People use technology as a weapon for illegal activities.
13. What are the ethical considerations of scientific research?
These principles include voluntary participation, informed consent,
anonymity, confidentiality, potential for harm, and results communication.
Scientists and researchers must always adhere to a certain code of conduct
when collecting data from others.
14. Highlight the harmful scientific advancements in the society.
 Arms and Conflict: Technologies originally developed for peaceful
purposes, such as nuclear energy or chemical compounds, can be
adapted for military use, leading to upsetting consequences in armed
conflicts.
 Security Risks: Certain scientific inventions, particularly in the fields
of cyber security and biotechnology, can pose security risks if they are
misused or fall into the wrong hands.
 BiologicalandChemicalWeapons:Scientificdiscoveriesinmicrobiologyor
chemistry can be weaponized to create biological agents or chemical
toxins, posing significant threats to human health and safety.
15. What are the disadvantages of inventions?
Inventions may be expensive, they may not work as intended, and they may be
dangerous.
16. Why are some inventions not successful?
Lack of adequate market research, inadequate pre-launch development
activities, leads to a product that is incomplete or not market ready. For
innovation to work without failure
overalongterm,organizationsmustdedicateaseparatego-to-
marketstrategytoknow
And understand the pain points of the target audience.
17. List the ethical responsibilities of the scientist.
It requires scientists to conduct and communicate scientific work for the
benefit of
society, with excellence, integrity, respect, fairness, trustworthiness,
clarity, and transparency.
18. What is the primary role and responsibility of a scientist today?
Scientists are responsible for conducting accurate and reliable research
 that can be relied upon by fellow researchers. They also have a duty to
oppose the misuse or abuse of research
findings and consider the limitations and potential impacts of their work.
19. What are the moral responsibilities of scientists?
To maintain the respect and integrity of the profession, honesty, public
awareness and peer assessment is an essential responsibility that scientists
must execute in their work if they are to maintain public support and trust.
20. What is scientific social responsibility?
The ethical obligation of knowledge workers in all fields of science and
technology to voluntarily contribute their knowledge and resources to the
widest spectrum of
Stake holders in society, in a spirit of service and conscious reciprocity.
PARTB&C
1. Demonstrate the significance of transparency in scientific pursuits.
2. Describe the manner in which fairness is considered in scientific pursuits.
3. Summarize the major scientific inventions for betterment of living.
4. What types of inventions will be better for the society.
5. Give evidence for the unfair use of science inventions and its consequences.
6. Discuss the role and responsibility of scientist in the modern society.
7. How unethical uses of science discoveries harm the modern society?