FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SCHOOL DROPOUT AMONG THE TEENAGERS IN NYAIGESA

VILLAGE NYAMIRA COUNTY, KENYA

NAME: MASESE CHRISTINE SABIRI

THE KISII NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN COMMUNITY HEALTH OF KISII NATIONAL
POLYTECHNIC

OCTOBER, 2023
DECLARATION

I Masese Christine hereby declare that this research project is my original work and has not been
presented in any other institution before any academic award. No part of this research
should be reproduced without the author's concern or of that of the Kisii National
Polytechnic.
NAME:
ADMISSION NUMBER: SIGN:
DATE:

Declaration by the supervisor

This research proposal has been submitted with my approval as Kisii National Polytechnic supervisor.

Lecturer's Name: Sign:

Date:

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION…………………………………………...........................................................................................ii
DEDICATION.......................................................................................................................................................ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................................................................................x
ABBREVIATINS AND ACRONYMNS.....................................................................................................................xi
DEFINATIONS OF TERMS........................................................................................................................................xii
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................................1
1.2 BACKGROUND OF STUDY…………………………………………...................................................................2
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM …………………………………………………………………………….....3
1.4 Purpose of the Study…………………………………………………………………………………………………4
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY…………………………………………………………………………………….4
1.6 Research Questions………………………………………………………………………………………………......4
1.7 Significant of the study……………………………………………………………………………………………….5
1.8 The scope of the study …………………………………………………………………………………………….....5
1.9 Limitation of study …………………………………………………………………………………………………..5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………………………………...6
2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………….....6
2.2 Effects of Early marriage on school dropout of teenagers ……………………………………………………….....6
2.3 Early pregnancy………………………………………………………………………………………………………7
2.4 Financial constraints …………………………………………………………………………………………………7
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………...8
3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..8
3.2 Research Design……………………………………………………………………………………………………...8
3.3 Area of study………………………………………………………………………………………………………....8
3.4 Target population of study……………………………………………………………………………………………9
3.5 Sample and Sampling procedure……………………………………………………………………………………..9
3.6 Sample Size…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..9
3.7 Research Instruments…………………………………………………………………………………………………9
3.8 Validity of measurement……………………………………………………………………………………………..10
3.9 Reliability of measurement…………………………………………………………………………………………..10
3.10 Data collection procedure…………………………………………………………………………………………..10
3.11 Logistical and Ethical considerations……………………………………………………………………………….10
3.12 Pilot study……………………………………………………………………………………………………………10
3.13 Data analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………………………10
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION………………………………11
4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..11
4.2 Response rate…………………………………………………………………………………………………………11
4.3 Response for students………………………………………………………………………………………………...11
4.4 Response questionnaire………………………………………………………………………………………………18
4.5 Response for questionnaire for principals…………………………………………………………………………...19
4.6 Response for parents…………………………………………………………………………………………………23
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION…………………………………25
5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..25
5.2 Study Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………………....26
5.3 Recommendations of the study………………………………………………………………………………………26
5.4 Suggestions for further research……………………………………………………………………………………..27

v
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………27
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………………………………………….28
Appendix I: Letter Of Introductory……………………………………………………………………………………..28
Appendix II Questionnaire for the students……………………………………………………………………………..29
Appendix III Questionnaire for class teachers…………………………………………………………………………..30
Appendix IV Questionnaire to the principal…………………………………………………………………………….31
Appendix V: Questionnaires for parents………………………………………………………………………………...32

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.3.1 age respondents.................................................................................................. 13

Table 4.3.2 gender respondents ............................................................................................ 14

Table 4.3.3 parents occupation respondents ......................................................................... 15

Table 4.3.4 who pays your school fees................................................................................... 16

Table 4.3.4 Class.................................................................................................................... 16

Table 4.3.5 causes of student dropout................................................................................... 17

Table 4.4.1 age respondents.................................................................................................. 17

Table 4.4.2 gender respondents ............................................................................................ 18

Table 4.4.3 teaching experience respondents ........................................................................ 18

Table 4.4.4 education qualification........................................................................................ 20

Table 4.4.5 causes of student’s dropout ...................................................................................... 20

Table 4.5.1 age respondents.................................................................................................. 21

Table 4.5.2 gender respondents ............................................................................................ 22

Table 4.5.3 teaching experience ............................................................................................ 22

Table 4.5.4 class .................................................................................................................... 23

Table 4.5.4 education qualification........................................................................................ 23

Table 4.5.5 causes of student dropout................................................................................... 23

Table 4.6.1 gender ................................................................................................................ 24

Table 4.6.2 parent occupation ............................................................................................... 24

Table4.6.3 earning per month ............................................................................................... 25

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure table 2 .........................................................................................................................14

Figure table 1 .........................................................................................................................21

Figure table 3 .........................................................................................................................16

Figure table 4 .........................................................................................................................16

Figure table 1 .........................................................................................................................18

Figure table 3 .........................................................................................................................19

Figure 3 .................................................................................................................................15

viii
DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate this project to my Aunt Josephine Moraa for her financial support in

my college course. She had guided me and acted as role model up to this far my college

supervisor and all my friends who have worked closely with me throughout the journey for

the encouragement and love

ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank Almighty God for the far He has brought me. This research
project report would not have been complete without patient guidance of supervisor.
She has demonstrated endless faith in my ability. The confidence I have gained through
working with her is something that will remain with me for the rest of my career. I say thank
you for the constant and thorough guidance

x
ABBREVIATINS AND ACRONYMNS

AIDS : Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

FAWE : Female association world education

FGM : Female gender mutilation

HIV : Human Immune Virus

FPE : Free Primary Education

FDSE : Free Day Secondary Education

xi
DEFINATIONS OF TERMS
Teenage pregnancy
Refers to female adolescents becoming pregnant between the ages of 13-19. These young
females often do not complete their education and they begin a perpetual cycle in which their
child may further go on to become a teenage parent as well.

Early marriage is defined as the marriage or union between two people in which one or both
parties are younger than 18 years of age ... Parents often feel that a young girl is an economic
burden and therefore wish to marry off their young daughters before they become an economic
liability.

Financial constraints

Is any factor that restricts the amount or quality of investment options? They can be internal
or external (the examples above could both be considered a form of internal constraint, such
as lack of knowledge or poor cash flow)

Dropout
A person who withdraw from a course of instruction before completion.

xii
 ABSTRACT
The government of Kenya has placed certain measures to give basic education to its citizens by
introducing Free Primary Education and Free Day Secondary Education. Despite this effort,
teenagers have been dropping out of school. School dropout for teenagers is a very serious
issue not only in Kenya but also in the whole world. The main purpose for the study was to
investigate the factors contributing to school dropout rate among t he
t eenagers in Nyaigesa village Nyamira count y . The objectives of the study
was to find out how early marriage, early pregnancy and financial constraints influence
the drop out rate of teenagers students in Nyaigesa village. The study adopted
descriptive survey research design. The target population was comprised of the three
principals of the secondary schools, 12 class teachers from Form 3 and Form 4 classes in the
three schools. Simple random sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 120
students’ day secondary schools out of 1120. The principals and the class teachers of the
selected secondary schools were selected to be part of the sample while the students were
selected through simple random sampling to a maximum of 135 respondents. Data was
collected using questionnaires and school documents (school records like registers). The
collected data was analyzed using both descriptive statistics using the Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings of the study were that family size influences boy-child
drop out from secondary schools positively. From the findings of this study the researcher
recommended that the parents should be sensitized on the importance of boy-child
education, every school should make it mandatory for parents to meet annually and discuss
problems faced by students in schools and that the government should provide funds to
support students from poor families.

xiii
 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter entails the background of study, statement of research problem, purpose of
study, conceptual framework, Research questions, and objectives of study, significance of
study, delimitation of study and limitations of study.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Teenagers have a right to be educated so as to maximize their personal development and their
contribution to their community and society. The world conference of education for all held
in 2001, stipulated that every person has a right to be educated to his or her fullest
potential. According to the world education forum in Dakar in 2000,all children must access
to and complete education of good quality by the year 2015
(World conference on education

The Government and stakeholders of higher institutions have also laid a base ground upon
which the rate of dropout is rapidly in the entire Africa and they are building a bridge
foundation of how to cope with this problem but due to the study it’s true that no
clear measures have been taken into the matter on the dropout rate in the African
countries. It has extends its roots into Kenya where the situation is wanting especially in
Nyaigesa village in Nyamira where the number of dropout is gradually increasing become
the rate of girl child is higher compared to boy child when considering factors such as
early pregnancies, early marriage and financial constraints .

All this had led to school dropout also affecting the number of girls denied the right to education
, but many who attended school require their education through under-resourcing and overcrowding
classroom ,poorly trained or untrained teachers and emotions and physical ,abuse through bullying ,
insult ,physical punishment and sexual harassment. This hindered girls’ participation in education hence
led to school dropout. In the study, the target population is 1120 respondents, 20 teachers and 3
principals, which will be able to provide reliable information. The government and the ministry of
education of higher institutions are also laying pillar upon which the rate of dropout is rapidly
increasing schools of Kenya. They are building a concrete bridge in order to curb the trending situation
and creating programs to stabilize the problem. This problem of dropout rates is recently been
experienced in the last few years in Nyaigesa village which now have become a serious problem to
the whole county.
Ananga(2011) observes that girl’s education is beneficial as it contributed to economic productivity;

1
social development; intergenerational education; social equity and sustainability of development
afffairs. Despite such consensus, much remains to be done to reduce gender parity in girl’s education.
Nearly 70% countries failed to reach the goal of gender parity in education by 2005 and of the 75
million children currently out of school, apparently 55% are girls (UNESCO, 2009)
In Africa, girl secondary school enrolment accounts for only 75% of the school age populations
compared to 75% to boys. Research evidence shows that education of female is paramount to the
development of a nation. Credible visionaries and world leaders such as former UN secretary General
Kofi Annan continuously highlight the role and powerful impact of girl’s education (World Conference
on Education,2001).

1.2 Statement of the problem

The study problem is the existing challenge in schools. The dropout rate had severe effects
in both genders of students that's boys and girls .Due to the reinforcement from the
Government of Kenya in the ministry of education ,more efforts had to be put in order to
strengthen different levels of education such as FDSE at secondary schools levels in 2008
where the situation is still demanding (Ayando and Ngare ,2017) they also argues that Since
the situation has been recommendable by stakeholders, the number of children dropping
out in the schools is rapidly increasing whereby the number of girls dropping out of schools
is higher than boys, high number of girls enrolls at class eight but those joining secondary
level at firm one level is increasing than the enrolling number. Nyaigesa village is one the
study area where the problem of dropout rate is recently increasing .Both boys and girls are
dropping out of school due to financial constraints , where many students come from poor
family backgrounds .In Nyaigesa area the rate of girl child is much high compare to boy child
because they face challenges such as early marriage as they their patents force them to
marry for the purpose of wealth .Early pregnancy is another challenge affecting girl child
hence leading dropout, despite the governments’ endeavor to enhance access in education
in Kenya, dropout rate especially girls has continued to persist and especially the female
gender. Nyaigesa village in particular presents a growing trend in the dropout rate especially
for female students

2
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study was to examine the factors influencing student drop-out rate of
teenagers in schools in Nyaigesa village, nyamiCounty in Kenya. The study seeks
to acquire more knowledge in order to investigate factors affecting dropout rate in
day secondary schools in Kenya. The study also tends to investigating teachers, parents
are involving to the dropout rate of the students at day secondary schools, and even
what the Government is doing to cope with the situation and even the entire education
ministry.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.4.1 General Objectives
The aim of this study was to examine the factors affecting teenage school dropout in
Nyaigesa village in Nyamira County

1.4.2 Specific objectives

1. To examine how early marriage affect school dropout of teenagers in Nyaigesa
village Nyamira county

2. To investigate how teenage pregnancy leads to school dropout in Nyaigesa village

Nyamira county

3. To determine whether financial constraints cause school dropouts of teenagers

in Nyaigesa village Nyamira county

1.5 Research Questions

1. To what extend to early marriage affect school dropouts of teenagers in Nyaigesa
village Nyamira county?

2. Does teenage pregnancy leads to School dropout o f t e e n a g e r s i n N y a i g e s a v i l l

age N ya mira county?

3. Does financial constraint leads to school dropouts of teenagers in Nyaigesa

village Nyamira county?

1.6 Significant of the study

1. The investigation will help the government and stakeholders of education sector to come
up with relevant techniques on how to cope with problem of school dropouts, and provide a

5
remarkable solution to the problem at hand.

2. The study research will inspire the ministry of education and official stakeholders to work
hard in hard in order to provide the maximum number of student’s enrollment to be
increased and find a sustainable way of copping them at school environment.

1.7 The scope of the study

The study restricted its scope to N y a i g e s a village i n y a m i r a , because
it is from those schools that the researcher could trace the number of teenage
4
school dropouts.
The reason why the researcher chose this village for study is that it is among the villages
affected by the problem under the study and it is because he works and lives there, hence
acquainted with the area and its aspects.

1.8 Limitation of study

The respondents did not be cooperative and were reluctant to answer questions, they did
not give correct information and in some cases, they did not honor appointments. To
intervene in this situation, there had be preliminary contact with the respondents in which
the purpose of the research would be explained and confidentiality regarding their
responses guaranteed. Further, interviewees would be implored, through a letter attached
to the questionnaire, to be honest and cooperative and would be assured of synopsis of
research findings.

6
 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
The chapter will comprise of reviews from other scholars and will be arranged
according to the objective;
2.2 Early marriage
Regardless of the effect of early marriage on girls it was found that in rural areas girls'
dropout rate became higher because parents consider girls' schooling as of no benefit when
they leave their own family after getting married. The study findings also resulted that early
marriage was the foremost cause of early school teenage dropout of girls in Nyaigesa. A
lot of research had highlighted on girls' age and education and found that when girls
reach puberty, parents considered that it was time for them to be married and tend to
arrange the marriage instead of continuing schooling.

The rate of early marriage was due to some cultural practice’s such as; female genital
mutilation which had become a challenge to the study area in my Nyaigesa village.
This practice of FGM wsas affecting girl child education because parents were after dowry
since they don't foster education as an important to the girl child hence giving chance to
boy child to continue with education.

[ Yambo,and Tuitoek [2014] , the gender gap in education leads to teenage pregnancy
which is contributed by peer pressure which eventually led to dropout rate
[ Molosiwa and Moswela [2012] school teenage pregnancy among girls was a major reason
for the dropout rate in secondary schools .Through a case study of girls from poor
background whose economic status was low engage into relationships in order to get
monetary benefits hence in the results they would be impregnated by those young boys
who cannot even cater for the expresses’ of the child resulting to dropout. The researcher
endeavored to confirm whether the early marriage problem was also felt in Nyaigesa
and to suggest ways in which it can be addressed.

2.3 Early pregnancy

This challenge of early pregnancy had raised in the last ten years whereby a large number of
students being girl child are getting themselves in the situation, this contributes to engaging
in relationships at early age of ten years and engaging in unprotected sex, the act has led to
7
drop out of the environment and take care of their children .Despite the school providing
them opportunity to continue with their learning some of them feel stigmatize from the
society and the society and the colleagues and choose to drop out and engage in order
activities that will earn them activity in order to raise up their children .[ Brown, (2012)],
Kenya was among the highest prevalence of teenage mothers worldwide; three in every ten
girls are having babies and this was destructing the education hence forcing them to drop
out of school and take care of their children. Managing a health teen pregnancy while
staying in school was extremely difficult. The dropout trends due to lack of support from
their parents and child service that the school cannot provide due to the rules in the
schools.

2.4 Financial constraints

[According Molosiwa, S., & Moswela, B. (2012]. Financial constraint had become major
challenge to most parents in supporting their children to school from primary level up to
secondary schools in Kenya. Parents who drop out of school are likely to bring up dropouts
this would compare to parents who completed schooling. This happened because
dropout patents who are more likely to lack school fees due to unemployment thus forced
their children to drop out of school.

Despite there was [(KDSE) 2003 ] in Kenya ,more cases of school dropout were still rising
day to day .The government grant free education but still it can't cater for every need of
every child in schools .The home factors such income to cater for basic needs will also affect
the education hence dropout

8
 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
This chapter focused on the methodology that the researcher uses in the study. This chapter
consisted of eleven sections .section one introduction, section two research design, section
three area of study , section four target population of study, section five sample and
sampling procedure, section six sample size, section seven research instruments, section
eight validity of measurement, section nine is reliability of measurement ,section ten data
collection procedure, section eleven logistics and ethical considerations.

3.2 Research Design

The study used a descriptive survey design investigation method to compare the rate of
teenage drop out in Nyaigesa village .This method was effective because it covered a
large area population over a short time. It was appropriate to gather information,
interpret information, present and summarize information from the respondent correctly.
The method was used to investigate factors contributing to school drop out
among the teenagers in Nyaigesa village Nyamira county..A descriptive and
observing was used in the study without influencing them anyway because the it would
help the researcher to get a statistical information of the dropout rate.

3.3 Area of study

The study was carried out in Nyaigesa village Nyamira county Kenya. The study focused
on the three day secondary schools. This area was sets for the study because the rate
of dropout is increasing day to day so the area is suitable for study for no more
research had been done on the topic in the same area in order for the researcher to
acquire adequate information

3.3 Target population of study

The target population of study of Nyamira village was be 1120 students, 3 principals and
30 teachers, and 12 parents the total target population was 1163.The target population
forced on three day secondary schools.

9
3.4 Sample and Sampling procedure
The researcher applied simple random sampling procedure in the study because every study
item was to get a chance to be selected for the study .This method was appropriate since it
guarantees the chosen sample to represent the entire target population which will provide
the final information of the study. A structured questionnaire was to be provided to the
respondents, which was to be appropriate for the gathering of information over a wide
range area .The sample entailed 150, 130 students, 3 principals and 10 teachers and 7
parents .The researcher administer the questionnaire directly to the respondent to answer
to best of their knowledge.

3.5 sample Size

The sample size of the study is 130 students, from the three schools. Probability
random sampling was used whereby pick without replacement will be used.10 students
per class will be selected from form two and form three. Equal selection of five boys and
five girls through pick without replacement until to reach the actual number of the
sample size study this helps to promote gender equality in order to get the correct
information from the respondents.

3.6 Research Instruments

The main research instrument the researcher applied in the field was the questionnaire.
This was be appropriate and being adequate in the field study because it covers a large
population area over a short duration of time .The questionnaire entailed questions with
open-ended in order to allow the respondent add more useful information that will help the
researcher in the field of study. The researcher administered the questionnaires to the
principals, teachers and students .This instrument will help the researcher to take data of
students enrolling school, completing and that dropping .This method was suitable to be
applied in Nyaigesa village since it was straightforward in providing information to the
researchers.
Validity of measurements
In validity, measurement was applied to the respondents in order to find the effective study
information to the researcher .Content validity was effective since it provided a meaningful
and understandable topic of study on dropout among teenagers.
3.7 Reliability of measurement
This Was the technique that the researcher applied to the study research procedure that
provided similar results when the test was given in a form of a questionnaire on dropout
rate among student .Test re-test method was to be used to analyze the result if the
information given at the first test was similar when the same test was applied to the
respondent twice after two weeks later

3.8 Data collection procedure

The data was to be collected through a questionnaire method simply because it covered a
wide phenomenon over a short time the respondents was to fill in the items in order to get
the adequate data and interview was also be used to acquire the depth of the problem
information from the respondents by asking them questions relative to the study .Drop and
pick later method of data collection was to be appropriate to allow respondent to respond
to the questions with adequate time effective and then pick.

3.9 Logistical and Ethical considerations

The researcher considered confidentiality to the information that would be collected from
the study, as the respondent would require clear definition of the purpose for the study
.The respondent would be participate effectively in the study voluntarily.

3.10 pilot study

According to Frankel and Wallen(2000) validity is quality attributed to
proposition or measures to the degree to which they confirm to establish
knowledge or truth. The pilot test was done to test the validity and reliability of
the research instrument

3.11 Data analysis

The data collected was thus analysed by using the statistical package for social
science program. The study gen1e2rated both quantitative and qualitative data
descriptive statistics was used to analyses quantitative data by calculating
frequencies and percentage that was presented using frequency tables and graphs.
Quantitative data was analyzed by regression analysis where the factors causing
teenagers drop out we're correlated
 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction
This chapter gives a detailed analysis of the research findings followed by Interpretation of
the same. In this study, three types of questionnaires were used to Collect data from the
respondents. These were the principals’ questionnaire, Teachers’ and parents.
Questionnaire and students’ questionnaire. The findings were then tabulated. Responses of
a particular type of questionnaire were treated As a single stratum regardless of their
variations in terms of gender experience and
Students’ level of education.

4.2 Response rate

Out of the 150 questionnaires administered, 135 were filled and returned. This represented
six questionnaires from the head teachers, 6 questionnaires from teachers, 6 questionnaires
from the parents and 120 questionnaires from the students. This represents 79 % response
rate, which is considered very good to make conclusions for the study. This high response
rate is attributed to the data collection procedures, where the researcher personally
administered questionnaires, waited for the respondents to fill, and picked the filled
questionnaires.

4.3 Response for students

Table 4.3.1 age respondents

Frequency Percent
14-16 44 36.7
17-19 64 53.3
over19 12 10.0
Total 120 100.0

This the table shows the age of students who participated in the
study whereby 53.3% ranged from (17-19) years .These are students
who have knowledge on how to answer questions correctly on the

12
issue of student dropout rate in school because it’s the same age
that the number of dropout was high compared to those aged (14-
16) years and (over 19) years which was low in dropout rate.
Table 4.3.2 gender respondents

Frequency Percent
Male 24 20.0
Female 96 80.0
Total 120 100.0

Figure table 2

13
This table above shows that the number of respondents were girls who participated
effective in the study compared to boys. Girls were more than boys by f (96) were 80% and
boys were f (24) 20%. This indicates that from the study the girls were the most affected
with the dropout, they had the knowledge on the issue of dropout rate

Table 4.3.3 parents occupation respondents

frequency Percent
Employed 20.0 20.0
Peasant 80.0 80.0
Total 100.0 100.0

Figure 3

14
Table 4.3.4 who pays your school fees

Percent Percent
Parents 66.7 66.7
Government 20.0 20.0
Others 13.3 13.3
Total 100.0 100.0

Figure table 3
The table indicates that parents are most potential people to cater for students school fees
by f(80)66.7% ,f(24)20% by the government also paid school fees for the students and f(16)
13.3% in small number as compared to parents .this study shows that parents had the
knowledge to understand about the dropout rate about their children

Table 4.3.4 Class

form two 32 26.7 26.7

form three 88 73.3 73.3
Total
120
100.0 100.0

Figure table 4

This table shows that the highest number of students were from form three by f(88)73.3%
who recorded to be the most affected victims in the case of dropout rate the schools
compared to form two f(32)26.7%.this was the class that most of the students were out
school due to many reasons

15
Table 4.3.5 causes of student dropout.

Frequency Valid Percent

early marriage 16 13.3
early pregnancy 16 13.3
financial constraints 88 73.3
Total 120 100.0
This table shows that many students dropped out of school due to various reasons .it’s
through this study that’s shows that most students were out school due to financial
constraints that recorded f (88)73.3%as compared to early pregnancy and early marriage
which recorded the same percentage of f (16)13.3%.this through most of the parents were
peasants they not employed in order to cater for their fees

4.4. Response questionnaire

Table 4.4.1 age respondents
Frequency Valid Percent
25-30 3 50.0
31-35 2 33.3
36-40 1 16.7
Total 6 100.0

16
 Figure table 1

This table shows that most of the class teachers ranged from (25-30) f (3)50.0% as
compared to those class teachers who ranged from (31-35) and (36-40) which recorded the
lowest age of class teachers. this study shows that’s the class teachers who were promoted
had no experience in terms of the matter of school dropout rate hence this led to high
dropout rate as those teachers with experience were less compared to those without .

Table 4.4.2 gender respondents

Frequency Valid Percent

Male 4 66.7
Female 2 33.3
Total 6 100.0

Findings show that more male class teachers 66.7% (f=4) than females class teachers 33.3%
(f=2) participated in the study. Findings indicate that there were more male class teachers
than females in the study.
17
Table 4.4.3 teaching experience respondents

Frequency Valid Percent

1-5 3 50.0
6-10 2 33.3
11-15 1 16.7
Total 6 100.0

18
Figure table 3

Gender was considered important in this study because it could negatively or Positively
influence student dropout in Day Secondary Schools. The table shows that the respondents
for this study were predominantly male class teachers 66.7%’. One gender dominating in a
given school can affect students in one way or another especially when it comes to matters
of guidance and counseling that would call for a male or female teacher or both

The study sought to find out the duration that class teachers had taught after college. Years
taught after college was also another factor to consider in this study. Respondents’ years
having taught since college would determine their teaching experience and how they could
deal with the issues of students dropping out of school. The results from table indicate that
majority of the class teachers (50.0%) had taught for (1-5) years since they left college. It was
an Indicator that they at least had an experience in the field of teaching. Teachers’
experience could assist in identifying indicators to student drop out and in finding
remedies. The data

19
implies that the class teachers had taught for five years. This duration which seemed as
inadequate for teachers to have gained experience in teaching and school management and
is able to provide information on the institution on the issue of students’ drop out.
Table 4.4.4 education qualification

Frequency Valid Percent

Bachelor 4 66.7
Diploma 2 33.3
Total 6 100.0
The table findings shows that most class teachers had bachelors 66.7% followed by diploma
33.3%.the study shows that the bachelors had more skills and understanding on filling the
questionnaires on the dropout rate in secondary schools in Njoro sub county.

Table 4.4.5 causes of student’s dropout

Frequency Valid Percent

early marriage 1 16.7
early pregnancy 2 33.3
financial
3 50.0
constraints
Total 6 100.0

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4.5 Response for questionnaire for principals

Table 4.5.1 age respondents

Frequency Valid Percent

36-40 2 33.3
41-45 3 50.0
over 45
1 16.7
years
Total 6 100.0

Figure table 1

Findings show that more principals ranging from (41-45) 50.0% (f=3) than principals ranging
from (36-40)33.3% (f=2) participated in the study. The study findings show that one students
participated in the study out of which 16.7% (f=1). Findings indicate that there were more
21
principals who ranged from (41-45) who had well with the understanding with issues
of dropout rate among students at their schools and were able to give relevant answer to
questionnaire

Table 4.5.2 gender respondents

Frequency Valid Percent

Male 4 66.7
Female 2 33.3
Total 6 100.0
Findings show that more male principals 66.7% (f=4) than females principals 33.3% (f=2)
participated in the study. The study findings show that 22 students participated in the study.
Findings indicate that there were more male, principals than females in the study. This
shows that male principals being employed was high than females and this did not provide
gender balance hence girl child were not well presented at school hence led to high dropout
of school

Table 4.5.3 teaching experience

Frequency Valid Percent

6-10 1 16.7
11-15 2 33.3
16-20 3 50.0
Total 6 100.0
From, a good tale percentage of principal (50.0%) that had just taught for 16-20 years in the
current school. principals’ experience could assist in identifying indicators to student drop
out and finding remedies. This was a clear indicator that they were still setting and adapting
to the trend of their
Schools in accordance to the strategies they had developed. The data implies that principals
had a considerable teaching experience in the current school to provide information on the
in factors contributing to teenagers school drop out.

22
Table 4.5.4 class

Frequency Valid Percent

form two 2 33.3
form three 4 66.7
Total 6 100.0
This data indicates that form three were the most students who dropped out of school
yearly by 66.7% as compared to form two by 33.3%.this shows most form three dropped out
school due to indiscipline cases ,stress, early marriage and teen pregnancy .they never
completed school cycle hence dropped out school

Table 4.5.4 education qualification

Frequency Valid Percent

diploma 2 33.3
bachelor 4 66.7
Total 6 100.0
The data on this table indicate that, majority of principals (66.7%) have bachelors while
(33.3%) have diploma in education. This indicates that the principals are qualified to handle
the students. This could be as a result that the current policy on promotion of principals by
Teachers Service
Commission (TSC) is pegged on not only merit but also academic qualification. A
Qualified staff is a better coordination of both human and physical resources.
Table 4.5.5 causes of student dropout

Frequency Valid Percent

early marriage 1 16.7
early pregnancy 2 33.3
financial constraints 3 50.0
Total 6 100.0
The data from this table, shows that the highest cause Was the financial constrains 50.0%
that affected most students to drop out of school to look for school fees and other school
essential personal needs .this shows that most students came a humble background
23
where their financial status was low to cater for their school fees and family needs at the
same time hence resulted them to drop out of school.

4.6 Response for parents

Table 4.6.1 gender

Frequency Valid Percent

Male 4 66.7
Female 2 33.3
Total 6 100.0

It’s through this study in table figure 1 shows that got that most of the students drop out of
due to financial constraints by f(3)50.0% . This contributed to most students to drop out of
school to look for fees and other essential needs at school such as uniforms and even home
needs such basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter. The study also shows that teen
pregnancy caused dropout by 33.3% and early marriage by 16.7%.
Table 4.6.2 parent occupation

Frequency Valid Percent

Not employed 4 66.7
Employed 2 33.3
Total 6 100.0
This table figure 2 above shows that most of the parents are not employed in large
numbers by f(4) 66.7% whereas those employed are less by f(2) 33.3% .the study indicates
that most parents are peasants hence they cannot cater for collar jobs to raise school fees
for their students who are in big school and other essential needs . This led to most the
students to drop out of school in order go out and engage in activities that could enable
them earn their daily living fact that many of the parents do experience financial challenges.
The Parents’ occupation determines financial status. If a parent’s financial status is low, then
they will not be able to pay the increased fee because of changing day schools into boarding
and this will make them drop out of school.

24
Table4.6.3 earning per month

Frequency Valid Percent

5000-10000 3 50.0
11000-15000 2 33.3
16000-20000 1 16.7
Total 6 100.0

The results from the table shows that majority of the students came from
Families where monthly income was in the range of Ksh. 5000-10000 (50.0%). Families with
a reasonable monthly income would be in a position to support their children complete
secondary school. Data showed that families had relatively low income, which may hinder
them from providing school needs for their children. This study shows that the earning per
month of the parents is not that balancing in order cater for their school fees and their
essential needs especially the basic needs at home and even need at school such as books
uniforms in order for them feel secure .

25
 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction
This chapter provides the summary of the study, conclusions and Recommendations of the
study. The study also offers suggestions for further Research.
The first objective was to determine the influence of early marriage in secondar The
respondents’ opinions indicate that
Students getting married at young age may increase students drop out in school. For
example students especially girl child get married at early age due some backward cultures
that are still practiced in the societies such F.G.M that push them to drop out of school at
the age of (14-16) (36.7%) .
Findings on the second research objective on the effect of teen pregnancy on Students’
dropout in secondary schools indicated that teen pregnancy is one of the major factors that
influences student dropout in schools. According to student respondents, 13.3% of girls
dropped out school due to early pregnancy for example majorly cited effects were;
indiscipline cases . Besides, class teacher, the parents and the principal indicated pregnancy
for girls to be a factor for students’ dropout. It was noted that indiscipline cases and
Pregnancy among girls have a significant role to students’ dropout. , teachers and head
teachers identified other issues to be family attitudes and beliefs, in addition, students’
negative attitude towards class work.

5.2 Study Conclusions

Based on the findings, it was concluded that:
Families with high income provided more resources to send their
Children to school and also play their pivotal role as parents . Class teachers and teachers’
provision of guidance and counseling to Students would enable them complete the four
years in secondary school. Through guiding and counseling most girls would achieve their
dreams in life by avoiding early pregnancy. Poor performance of the school, repeating of
classes, absenteeism, lack of school fees, transfer to other schools and inadequate learning
facilities could lead to dropout. Constituency Development Funds, bursary schemes and
free day secondary school tuition to be provided by the government should curb dropout.

26
5.3 Recommendations of the study
Basing on the already stated findings and conclusions, the study recommended the
following; Parents to offer full support to their students and to work hand in hand with
teachers to curb issues of absenteeism and enable students complete school. Day schools to
be equipped with adequate teaching and learning resources to enable students’ complete
school. The government initiative in decentralizing and reviewing bursary funds
management to constituency level should be closely monitored. Clear guidelines should be
developed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness in order to increase access to secondary
education. To address income in inequalities in the society, a special assistance scheme and
Preferential policies should be developed to target vulnerable groups such as Students from
marginalized communities, students with special needs and Orphaned and vulnerable
children.

5.4 Suggestions for further research

The following are the suggested areas for further research;
The role Ministry of Education and other collaborating partners to curb dropout in day
secondary schools in Kenya. This could enable in identifying more ways of funding students
to complete school. The problem of dropout rate of a girl child should be a concern of every
member of society since it has negative consequences at both the individual and social level.
Thus dropout is not a mere problem that affects or impacts an individual but it is a problem
that affects the entire community

27
 REFERENCES

Achoka, K. (2007). In search of remedy to secondary school dropout pandemic in Kenya: a

role of the principal, Educational Research and Review vomonograph Kakamega,
Masinde Muliro University
Brown, G. (2012). Out of wedlock into School Combating Child Marriage thorough Education
educationenvoy.org/press/Gordon-brown-on-education- firs
FAWE (1994). School dropout and Adolescent Pregnancy: African Education Ministers count
the cost Mauritius Government
Graduates Conference: Cape Town
Hardly (2010); Seasonality and Access to Education the case of primary Education in
sub-Sahara Africa create pathways to access research monograph
Huggins, A., Randell, S., & Shirley. (2007). Gender equality in education in Ruanda: What is
happening to our girls? Paper presented at the South African Association of
Women
Maslow, (1954 Abraham Maslow's the difference levels from the basic highest levels
Molosiwa, S., & Moswela, B. (2012). Girl-pupil dropout in secondary schools in Botswana:
Influencing factors, prevalence and consequences. International Journal of Business
and Social Science, 3(7), 265-271.
UNESCO. (2003). Education for All Global Monitoring report 2003; Gender and Education for
All. Paris: UNESCO) effects of the principal's
Yambo .J.M.O.and Tuitoek.J.K.F.(2014 ) Decision making in the management of the private
secondary schools in Kisumu District ,Kenya Development b3(4);5260.

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 APPENDICES
Appendix I:
Letter Of Introductory

Masese Christine
Kisii National Polytechnic
P.O BOX 4022,
Kisii.

Dear Sir/ Madam

RE: PARTICIPATION IN RESEARCH
I am an undergraduate Student at the Kisii National Polytechnic
undertaking a research titled:
“Factors contributing to s c h o o l dropout among the teenagers in Nyaigesa
village Nyamira county, Kenya" I seek your permission to conduct a
research in your institution. The information provided by the respondents
will be used only for this research In addition, their identity will be treated
with strict confidentiality.
Thank you.

Yours faithfully

Masese Christine

29
Appendix II Questionnaire for the students

1. Indicate your age in bracket?

(14 – 16) years [ ] (17 – 19) years [ ] (Over 19) years [ ]
2. Indicate your gender? Male [ ] female [ ]
3. Which is the occupation of your parents?
a) Farmer [ ] b) employed [ ] c) self-employed [ ] d) others
4. Who is paying your fee?
a) Parents [ ] b) government [ ] c) others (specify)

5. Which class are you? Form [two] or form three [ ]

6. Which is the cause of the dropout in secondary schools ?

[A].Early marriage [B].Early pregnancy [C].Financial constraints

30
Appendix III Questionnaire for class teachers

1. Indicate your age bracket in Years?

25 – 30 [ ] 31 – 35 [ ] 36 – 40 [ ] 41 – 45 [ ] Above 45 [ ]

2. Indicate your gender? Male [ ] Female [ ]99l(>p

3. How long have you been teaching?
a) 1 – 5 [ ] b) 6 – 10 [ ] c) 11- 15 [ ] d) 16 and above [ ]
4. Indicate your highest academic qualification?
Diploma [ ] Bachelors [ ] Masters [ ] PhD [ ]

5. Which is the cause of dropout in secondary school student?

Early marriage [ ] early pregnancy [ ] financial constraints [ ]

31
Appendix IV Questionnaire to the principal
1. Indicate your age bracket in Years?
25 – 30 [ ] 31 – 35 [ ] 36 – 40 [ ] 41 – 45 [ ] Above 45 [ ]

2. Indicate your gender: Male [ ] Female [ ]

3. Which class records the highest students dropout each year? Form two [ ] or form three [ ]

4. Indicate your highest academic qualification?

Diploma [ ] Bachelors [ ] Masters [ ] PhD [ ]

5. How long have you been teaching ? 1 -5 years [ ] 6 - 10years [ ]

11-15 years [ ] 16 – 20 years [ ] over 20 years [ ]

6. Which is the cause of the dropout? [A] Early marriage [B]early pregnancy [C] financial
constraints

32
Appendix V: Questionnaires for parents
1. Indicate your gender? Male [ ] Female [ ]

2. Indicate your occupation? Employed [ ] not employed [ ]

3. Indicate your earning per month in ksh.? 5000-1000 [ ] 11000-15000 [ ] 16000-20000 [ ]

21000-25000 [ ]

4. Which is the cause of the dropout?

Early marriage [ ] early pregnancy [ ] financial constraints [ ]

33