A RECONFIGURABLE SMART SENSOR INTERFACE FOR

INDUSTRIAL WSN IN IOT ENVIRONMENT

A Project Report Submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BY

P.V.G. Lakshmi 226T5A0414

Ch. Mary 226T5A0404
A. Divya 226T5A0419
G. Vasu 226T5A0406
Y. Abhishek 216T1A0439

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mrs. MOHAMMED. ANSARJAHA, MTech.

EDUCTIONAL INSTITUTIONS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICSAND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

PYDAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to J.N.T.U.K, Kakinada)

(Accredited by NAAC” A” & ISO Certified Institution)
Yanam Road, Patavala, Kakinada - 533461

2024 – 2025
 PYDAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to J.N.T.U.K, Kakinada)
Yanam Road, Patavala, Kakinada - 533461

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

EDUCTIONAL INSTITUTIONS

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “A RECONFIGURABLE SMART

SENSOR INTERFACE FOR INDUSTRIAL WSN IN IOT ENVIRONMENT” is submitted
by P.V.G. Lakshmi, Ch. Mary, A. Divya, G. Vasu, Y. Abhishek in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING to PYDAH College of
Engineering, PATAVALA, is a record of a Bonafide work carried out by her under my guidance
and supervision during the academic year 2024 - 2025.
The results embodied in this thesis have not been submitted to any other University or
Institute for the award of any degree.

Mrs. Mohammed. Ansarjaha, MTech Mrs. K. Durga Devi, MTech

Project Guide Head of the Department

Submitted for the university viva voice examination held on ……………….

External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The successful completion of any work is incomplete without mentioning the person who
did it wouldn’t have been possible without their hard work and time so, at the outset of the project
work, we would like to acknowledge the help of various people who made it possible.
We are very much grateful to our Principal Dr. P. V. SURYA PRAKASH for giving the
encouragement that helped us to complete the project successfully.
We are very much grateful to our Dean Dr. M. VEERA DURGA RAO for giving the
encouragement that helped us to complete the project successfully.
We express our sincere thanks and gratitude to our Academics Head of the department of
Electronics and communication engineering Mrs. K. DURGA DEVI, MTech Assoc. Professor
for his support and encouragement at each stage of this endeavour.
We express our extremely thankful and gratitude to Mrs. Mohammed. ANSARJAHA,
MTech Assoc. Professor, & beloved Project guide for his simulating guidance and profuse
assistance, valuable suggestions throughout the project. We shall always cherish our association
with him for his encouragement and freedom of thought and action.
We are highly indebted to our parents for their constant support and encouragement they
offered throughout our career. Without their blessings it could not have been possible for us to
achieve our goal.
We are thankful to both teaching and non-teaching staff of ECE department for their kind
cooperation and all sorts of help bringing out this project work successfully.

P.V.G. Lakshmi

Ch. Mary

A. Divya

G. Vasu

Y. Abhishek
 DECLARATION

We here by declare that the project entitled “A RECONFIGURABLE SMART SENSOR

INTERFACE FOR INDUSTRIAL WSN IN IOT ENVIRONMENT” has been taken by us and this
work has been submitted to PYDAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru
Technology University, Kakinada and Approved by AICTE in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication
Engineering. We further declare that this project work has not been submitted in full or partial for the
award of any degree in any other educational institution.

Signature of the Candidates:

P.V.G. Lakshmi 226T5A0414
Ch. Mary 226T5A0404
A. Divya 226T5A0419
G. Vasu 226T5A0406
Y. Abhishek 216T5A0439

Place: Patavala
Date:
 INDEX
NAME OF THE CHAPTER PAGE NO
List of Figures i

Abstract ii

1 INTRODUCTION 1-14
1.1 Introduction 2

1.1.2 Block Diagram 8

1.2 Embedded System 4

1.2.1 Block Diagram of Embedded System 5

1.3 IOT Technology 7

1.3.1 Features of IOT 8

1.3.2 IOT Architecture 9

1.3.3 Applications 9

1.4 Sensors 10

1.4.1 Applications 10

2 LITERATURE 11-14
2.1 Literature 12

3 COMPONENTS 15-29
3.1 Microcontrollers 16

3.2 Node MCU 16

3.3 ESP8266 Arduino Core 17

3.4 WI-FI 18

3.5 Ethernet Cable RJ45 19

3.6 Relay 20

3.7 DC Motor 23

3.7.1 Working Principle of a DC Motor 23

3.7.2 Operation of a DC Motor 24

3.7.3 Speed Control Methods of DC Motor 24

3.8 Sensors 25

3.8.1 Temperature Sensors 25

3.9 Light Dependent Resistor 26

 3.9.1 Introduction 26

3.9.2 Light Dependent Resistor Circuits 27

4 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE 30-43

IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 Hardware Implementation 31
4.1 Circuit Connection 32
4.2 Software Implementation 33
4.2.1 Arduino IDE Compiler 33
4.3 Writing Sketches 36

4.4 Blynk App 39

4.4.1 Procedure for Creation and Connecting Blynk to 40

Microcontroller
5 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 44-46
5.1 Hardware Implementation 45

5.2 Software Implementation 45

5.3 IOT Platform Integration 46
5.4 User Interface Development 46
5.5 Integration And Testing 46
6 RESULTS 47-48
7 ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS 49-50
7.1 Advantages 50

7.2 Applications 50

8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 51-52

8.1 Conclusion 52

8.2 Future Scope 52

REFERENCES 53-54
APPENDIX-A i-vi
Source Code ii
 LIST OF FIGURES
S.NO FIGURE NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO.
NO.
1 Figure 1.1.2 Block Diagram 3
2 Figure 1.2 Embedded System 5
3 Figure 1.2.1 Building Blocks of Hardware of an Embedded 5
System
4 Figure 1.3 IOT Technology 8
5 Figure 1.3.2 IOT Architecture 9
6 Figure 3.2 Node MCU 16
7 Figure 3.2.1 Node MCU Configuration 17

8 Figure 3.3 ESP8266 Arduino Core 18

9 Figure 3.4 WI-FI Module 19

10 Figure3.5 Ethernet Cable RJ45 19

11 Figure 3.6 Automotive-Style Miniature Relay 20
12 Figure 3.6.1 Simple Electromechanical Relay 20
13 Figure 3.6.2 Small Relay as Used in Electronics 21
14 Figure 3.6.3 Pole and Throw 22
15 Figure 3.7.1 DC Motor 23
16 Figure 3.7.2 Operation of DC Motor 24
17 Figure 3.8.1 Temperature Sensor LM35 25
18 Figure 3.8.2 Circuit Diagram of Temperature Sensor 26
19 Figure 3.9.1 LDR 27
20 Figure 3.9.2 Dark Activated Switch 28
21 Figure 3.9.3 Light Activated Switch 28
22 Figure 3.9.4 Relay Drive Circuit 29
23 Figure 4.1 Hardware Circuit 31
24 Figure 4.2.1 Arduino 34
25 Figure 4.3 Create a New Sketch 37
27 Figure 4.4 Blynk Interfacing 40
28 Figure 4.5 Creation of Blynk Account 41
29 Figure 4.6 Creation of a Project 41
30 Figure 4.7 Generation of Auth Token 42
31 Figure 4.7 Internal of Joystick 43

i
 ABSTRACT

This project focuses on designing a reconfigurable smart sensor interface for industrial
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Built using Node MCU and Arduino, it enables dynamic
selection of sensors (temperature, LDR, fire sensor) and real-time data monitoring via the Blynk
platform. Reconfigurability is achieved through modular software design, facilitating easy addition
or modification of sensor configurations, leading to a significant improvement in data acquisition
speed compared to static interfaces, making it crucial for modern industrial IoT environments. The
interface physically measures industrial parameters like temperature, fire, sensor and harmful
gases, which are exceptionally troublesome for industries. The proposed framework overcomes
the limitations of remote wireless condition estimation by ensuring accurate temperature, fire, and
light intensity. By using IoT technology, the system reduces the difficulty and cost associated with
sending sensor data to authorized personnel.

Keywords: Smart Sensor Functionality, Industrial WSN, IoT integration, Security

Protocols.

ii
 A Reconfigurable Smart Sensor Interface for Industrial WSN In IOT Environment

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Industrial IoT demands flexible sensing. Traditional WSNs lack adaptability. Reconfigurable
smart sensor interfaces solve this by dynamically altering functionality for evolving industrial needs.
This work designs such an interface for industrial WSNs in IoT, focusing on adaptable integration of
key sensors like LDR and temperature. This enables optimized resource use, diverse application support,
and enhanced system resilience in smart industrial environments.
Importance of this project
A reconfigurable smart sensor interface is vital for industrial WSNs in IoT, enabling flexible
integration of diverse sensors with varying signals and protocols. It enhances adaptability to changing
application needs and future sensor technologies. This approach reduces hardware complexity and cost
while simplifying deployment and maintenance. Local data processing capabilities enable smart data
acquisition and real-time decision-making at the edge. Reconfigurability optimizes resource utilization
and facilitates seamless integration with IoT infrastructure through standardized interfaces. Ultimately,
it leads to more efficient, cost-effective, and intelligent industrial IoT solutions.
The importance of a reconfigurable smart sensor interface for industrial WSNs in IOT
Environments project is:
* To develop a sensor interface device that is essential for sensor data collection of industrial wireless
sensor networks (WSN) in IOT environments.
* The project is to design a reconfigurable smart sensor interface device that integrates data collection,
data processing, and wired or wireless transmission together.
* The device can be widely used in many application areas of the IoT and WSN to collect various kinds
of sensor data in real time.
* To program IP core module in its Node-MCU.
* Therefore, the interface device can automatically discover sensors connected to it, and to collect
multiple sets of sensor data intelligently, and parallel with high-s

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1.1.2 Block Diagram

Node Section

POWER SUPPLY

IOT MODULE

LDR SENSOR Node MCU MOMODULE

Relay-AC
Bulb
TEMPERATURE
SENSOR LEDs

DC
FAN

Fig 1.1.2: Block diagram

Monitoring section:
MOBILE
PHONE

WORKING
The system operates by the LDR and temperature sensors continuously monitoring their
respective environmental parameters and sending these readings to the central Node MCU. This
microcontroller then processes the incoming sensor data according to pre-defined rules or commands
received through the IoT module (likely its Wi-Fi connectivity). Based on this processing, the Node
MCU controls the connected output devices – switching the AC bulb via a relay, adjusting the DC fan,
and potentially changing the state of the LEDs. Users can remotely monitor the sensor data and interact
with the connected devices through a mobile phone application, effectively creating a basic smart
environment for sensing and control.

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1.2 EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Introduction

Embedded systems form the intelligent core of reconfigurable smart sensor interfaces, enabling
local data acquisition, processing, and control within industrial WSNs. These systems, typically
microcontrollers like the Node MCU, manage sensor readings from LDR and temperature sensors,
execute reconfiguration commands, and handle communication within the IoT environment. Their
programmability allows for dynamic adjustment of sensing parameters and functionalities, crucial for
adapting to diverse industrial needs.
In a reconfigurable smart sensor interface for industrial WSNs in IoT environments, the
embedded system plays a central role. It's the "brain" of the sensor node, responsible for managing sensor
data acquisition, processing, and communication.
Core Functions of the Embedded System:
* Sensor Data Acquisition:
* Controlling the timing and sampling of sensor data.
* Performing signal conditioning and analog-to-digital conversion.
* Data Processing:
* Filtering and noise reduction to improve data quality.
* Performing calculations and feature extraction to reduce data volume.
* Implementing algorithms for anomaly detection and local decision-making.
* Communication Management:
* Handling wireless communication protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.15.4, LoRa WAN, Zigbee).
* Managing data transmission and reception.
* Implementing security protocols (encryption, authentication).
* Power Management:
* Controlling power consumption through sleep modes and duty cycling.
* Managing energy harvesting (if applicable).

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Fig 1.2 Embedded System

* System Management:
* Running a real-time operating system (RTOS) for efficient task scheduling.
* Managing memory and other system resources.

1.2.1 Block diagram:

Fig 1.2.1: Buildings Blocks OF Hardware of An Embedded System

This image is a simplified block diagram illustrating the fundamental architecture of a typical
embedded system or a basic computer system.
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU):
* This is the "brain" of the system. It's responsible for executing instructions and performing
calculations.
* It fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and carries out the specified operations.
* It controls the flow of data between different components.

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2. Read Only Memory (ROM):

* This type of memory stores data that cannot be easily modified or erased.
* It typically contains the system's startup instructions (like the BIOS in a PC) or firmware (software
permanently embedded in the device).
* The data in ROM is non-volatile, meaning it's retained even when the power is turned off.
3. Random Access Memory (RAM):
* This is the system's main working memory.
* It stores data and program instructions that the CPU is currently using.
* RAM is volatile, meaning its contents are lost when the power is turned off.
* It allows for fast read and write access.
4. Input Devices:
* These are used to provide data or instructions to the system.
* Examples include keyboards, mice, sensors, buttons, etc.
* They convert real-world signals into a format that the CPU can understand.
5. Output Devices:
* These display or communicate the results of the processing done by the CPU.
* Examples include displays, speakers, LEDs, motors, etc.
* They convert the CPU's output into a form that can be understood by humans or other devices.
6. Communication Interfaces:
* These allow the system to communicate with other devices or networks.
* Examples include USB ports, Ethernet ports, serial ports, wireless modules, etc.
* They enable data exchange and connectivity.
1.2.2 Applications:
* Smartphones
* Digital Cameras
* Televisions
* Home Appliances (Washing machines, Refrigerators, Microwaves)
* Gaming Consoles

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* Navigation Systems
* Robotics
* Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)
* Routers and Switches
* Mobile Communication Devices
Internet of Things (IoT):
* Smart Home Devices (Thermostats, Lighting, Security systems)

1.3 IOT Technology

Introduction:
IoT (Internet of Things) technology refers to a system of interrelated physical devices that are
connected to the internet and capable of collecting, sharing, and analyzing data. These devices, which
can range from household appliances and wearable gadgets to industrial machines and environmental
sensors, are embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity tools that enable them to communicate
with each other and with centralized systems. The primary goal of IoT is to enhance automation, improve
efficiency, and provide real-time insights across various sectors such as healthcare, agriculture,
transportation, and smart homes. For example, smart thermostats can adjust temperatures based on user
behavior, while industrial IoT can predict equipment failures before they occur.
The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a significant evolution in computing, extending the reach
of computer networks beyond traditional devices like desktops and laptops to encompass everyday
physical objects.
Core Concept:
* At its essence, IoT involves embedding sensors, software, and network connectivity into physical
"things" – from household appliances to industrial machinery – enabling them to collect and exchange
data.
* This creates a network of interconnected devices that can communicate with each other and with larger
computer systems, often through the internet.

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Fig 1.3 IOT Technology

1.3.1 Features of IOT:

• Remote Reconfiguration: IoT enables wireless modification of sensor parameters and
functionalities over the network.
• Real-time Data Access: Sensor data (like LDR and temperature readings) is accessible anytime,
anywhere via the internet.
• Cloud Connectivity & Analytics: IoT facilitates data storage, processing, and advanced analysis
on cloud platforms.
• Scalability & Network Management: Easily add or manage numerous reconfigurable sensor
nodes within the industrial WSN.
• Over-the-Air Updates: IoT allows for remote firmware updates and feature enhancements for the
sensor interfaces.
• Interoperability: Standard IoT protocols enable seamless integration with other industrial
systems and applications.
• Remote Monitoring & Control: Users can monitor sensor data and send control commands to the
reconfigurable interfaces from distant locations.

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1.3.2 IOT Architecture

Fig 1.3.2 IOT Architecture

The provided image shows a common IoT architecture, illustrating the flow of data from sensors
and smart devices through gateways to a cloud gateway. This data is then processed by streaming data
analytics and stored in a data lake/warehouse. Control applications and machine learning models utilize
this data for insights and actions, accessible through web and mobile applications. Device administration,
user administration, and security monitoring are crucial supporting layers within this
interconnected ecosystem.
1.3.3 Applications
• Smart Industrial Lighting and Energy Optimization
• Adaptive Environmental Monitoring for Critical Industrial Processes
• Reconfigurable Thermal and Light Sensing for Predictive Maintenance

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1.4 Sensors
Introduction:
Sensors, particularly LDR and temperature sensors in this context, are the fundamental data
acquisition units in a reconfigurable smart sensor interface for industrial WSNs within the IoT. They
convert physical phenomena into electrical signals, providing crucial real-time information about the
industrial environment. The reconfigurability of the interface enhances their utility by allowing dynamic
adjustments to their operational parameters based on specific application needs and evolving monitoring
requirements within the connected IoT ecosystem.
Temperature Sensors
Temperature sensors are vital components of reconfigurable smart sensor interfaces in industrial
IoT WSNs, providing critical data for process monitoring, safety, and energy management. Their
integration allows for real-time thermal awareness, enabling proactive responses to temperature
fluctuations. The reconfigurability of the interface enhances their application by permitting adjustments
to sampling rates and sensitivity based on specific industrial needs. Within the IoT framework,
temperature data contributes to broader analytics and control strategies, optimizing operational
efficiency and preventing potential equipment failures.
LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR
The Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) serves as a key sensing element in reconfigurable smart
interfaces for industrial IoT WSNs, providing crucial data about ambient light intensity. Its variable
resistance based on incident light allows for applications like smart lighting control and presence
detection. Within a reconfigurable interface, the LDR's sensitivity and sampling rate can be dynamically
adjusted via the IoT network to optimize energy usage and adapt to diverse industrial lighting
requirements. This adaptability enhances the efficiency and flexibility of industrial automation and
monitoring systems.
1.4.1 Applications
• Adaptive Lighting Control via Reconfigurable LDR Sensing
• Dynamic Temperature Monitoring for Process Optimization
• Integrated Light and Temperature Data for Environmental Regulation
• Reconfigurable Sensor Fusion for Enhanced Condition-Based Maintenance
• Context-Aware Sensing for Smart Industrial Automation

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

Qing ping Chi et al. proposed a new method to design a reconfigurable smart sensor interface for
industrial WSN in IOT environment, which is CPLD i.e., complex programmable logic device is adopted
as the core controller which provides reading data in parallel and in real time with high speed on multiple
different sensor data. Complex programmable logic device solved all previous problems like the current
connect number, sampling rate, and signal types of sensors are generally restricted by the device means
each sensor connected to the device is required to write complicated and cumbersome data collection
program code. In this system the standard of IEEE1451.2 intelligent sensor interface specification are
used so that system can collect sensor data intelligently. Fig. 3 shows the System’s block function design.
This system is based on IEEE1451 protocol and by combining with CPLD and the application
of wireless communication; it is very suitable for real-time and effective requirements of the high-speed
data acquisition system in IoT environment. The system achieved good effects in practical application
in taking real time monitoring of water environment in IoT environment as an example and also more
flexible and extensible.
Shi feng Fang et al., presents an integrated approach to water resource management based on
geo-informatics including technologies such as Remote Sensing (RS), Geographical Information
Systems (GIS), Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Enterprise Information Systems (EIS), and cloud
services. This paper also introduces a prototype IIS called WRMEIS i.e., Water Resource Management
Enterprise Information System that integrates functions such as data acquisition, data management and
sharing, modeling, and knowledge management. This system provides best management for water
security and flood for human society which is future for human life. This system is combination of
Snowmelt Flood Forecasting Enterprise Information System i.e., SFFEIS, which is based on the Water
Resource Management Enterprise Information System. This system contains operational database,
Extraction-Transformation Loading (ETL), information warehouse; in which it contains information
management that allows any participant play the role as a sensor as well as a contributor to the
information warehouse, temporal and spatial analysis, simulation/prediction models to predict the
atmospheric condition, knowledge management is useful for the taking decision; which is provided by
both users and public play the role of providing data and knowledge, and other functions.

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This system is a prototype water resource management IIS which integrates geo-informatics,
EIS, and cloud service. This system provides the crucial importance of a systematic approach toward
IISs for effective resource and environment management.
Cheong, P. et al., paper presents a ZigBee-based wireless sensor network node for the ultraviolet
i.e., UV detection of flame. This system is based on the sensor node; which is composed of a Zn Se UV
photo detector and also contains current-sensitive front end including a high-gain current-to-voltage
amplifier with 120 dB and a logarithm converter, a transceiver operated at a 2.4-GHz industrial,
scientific, and medical band. For converting the ultraviolet emission of flame into pico-amperes the
passive photo detector is designed or set in a such a way that it will having a cutoff at 360 nm and system
can detect the flame at the speed of 70ms. System also contains mixed signal processing for the speed
of flame detection is as fast as 70ms and ZigBee transmission provides send data from the sensor to the
central processor system or to the application layer. The systems sensor node consumes only an average
of 2.3mW from a 3.3-V supply. This system is tested under the condition such that the luminous flame
was imaged onto the sensor node with different angles ranging from -30° to 30° and distances of 0.1,
0.2, and 0.3 m enabling effective fire safety applications.
Gaurav Tiwari and Riyaz Qazi, present Autonomic Smart Sensor Interface for Industrial in IOT
Environment. Sensors are generally restricted by the device because of the current connect number,
sampling rate, and signal types and if required to connect devices required to write complicated and
cumbersome data collection programming code. To solve this problem this paper provides the new
method i.e., design a functional smart sensor interface for industrial WSN in IoT environment, in this
field programmable gate array device (FPGA) is adopted as a core-controller. Fig. 4a and 4b shows the
proposed system i.e., Autonomic Smart Sensor Interface for Industrial in IOT Environment.
Field programmable gate array device read data in parallel and in real time with high speed on multiple
different sensor data and the standard of IEEE1451.4 intelligent sensor interface specification is adopted
for this design.
R. Kar pa Priya, T. Kapoor Eshwar, and K. Akhil mar, presents an Industrial WSN in IOT
Environment Interface with Smart Sensor Using ARM. This system is to develop a sensor interface
device is essential for sensor data collection of industrial Wireless Sensor Networks i.e., WSN in Internet
of Things (IoT) environment. In the proposed system ARM is adopted as the core controller at the time
of interfacing for industrial WSN in IOT atmosphere so that it will scan information in parallel and in
real time with high speed on multiple completely different device information and for this Intelligent
device interface specification is adopted. Different Sensors are used to provide the values of
Temperature, Vibration, Gas present in the industrial environment, so that critical situation

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can be avoided and preventive measures are successfully implemented. The result of the system gives
values of Temperature is 67.4c. If Vibration and Gas sensor is either Low or Medium, it means Low
indicates that there is no gas and vibration, and then Medium indicates there is a Gas and Vibration
present.
Bharani M., S.E-lang, Ramesh S.M., and Preet, presents an embedded based monitoring system
for industries by interfacing sensors with at mega Microcontroller. In this system various sensors are
being used for measuring the temperature, pressure, gas etc. In the proposed system, sensors are
interfaced with the microcontroller ATmega328p which provides a high performance Atmel 8-bit AVR
RISC-based microcontroller combines 32KB flash memory with read while-write capabilities, 1024B
EEPROM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible
timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable, a byte
oriented 2-wire serial interface, serial port, a 6-channel 10- bit A/D, programmable watchdog timer with
internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. Using Zigbee the measured values
are sent from monitoring station to the controlling station and then sent via WAN to the Internet if
needed. Received values are compared with the threshold value if any mismatch is found then the
workers will be informed to take corrective measures.
S. Pandit and R.S. Vetrivel, presents an IoT and GSM based design of smart home controlling
system. This paper provides architecture, which enables the users to control and monitor smart devices
through internet and also it creates an interface between users and smart home by using GSM and internet
technologies, or it can say that it creates GSM based wireless communication from the web server into
the smart home. Users give commands through web then the users inputs are converted into GSM-SMS
commands, then these commands are sent to an embedded system module. This embedded system
directly connect with devices through GSM network, and finally the user commands are parsed and
executed by microcontroller to control any electronic objects like home appliances, lights, etc and it
sends the acknowledgement.

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CHAPTER 3
COMPONENTS

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CHAPTER 3
COMPONENTS

3.1 Microcontrollers
Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems products.
Microcontroller is a programmable device. A microcontroller has a CPU in addition to a fixed amount
of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer embedded all on a single chip. The fixed amount of on-chip ROM,
RAM and number of I/O ports in microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications in which cost
and space are critical.
3.2 Node MCU
Node MCU is an open-source IoT stage. It consolidates firmware that abrupt spikes notable for
the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Express if Systems, and stuff which relies on the ESP-12 module. The
articulation "Node MCU" usually implies the firmware rather than the Dev Kit. The firmware uses the
Lua scripting language. It relies on the Lua undertaking and subject to the Express if Non-OS SDK for
ESP8266. It uses many open sources project, for instance, Lua - Jason, and spiffs.

FIG 3.2: Node MCU

Key Specifications:
• Microcontroller: ESP8266 32-bit microcontroller.
• Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n (2.4 GHz).
• Flash memory: 4 MB.
• SRAM: Around 64 KB.
• Operating Voltage: 3.3V. (Operable via 5V micro-USB).
• Input Voltage: 4.5V - 10V (via VIN pin).

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• Interfaces: UART, SPI, I2C, PWM.

• USB: Micro-USB for power and programming.
• Operating Temperature: -40°C to +125°C.

Fig 3.2.1 Node MCU Configuration

3.3 ESP8266 Arduino Core

An Arduino cc began ending up being new MCU sheets reliant on non AVR processors like the
ARM/SAM MICROCONTROLLERS and used in the Arduino Due, they expected to change the
Arduino IDE with the objective that it would be generally easy to change the IDE to help substitute tool
chains to allow Arduino C/C++ to be referenced for these new processors. A "middle" is the blend to
orchestrate an Arduino C/C++ source record for the goal MCU's machine language. Some ESP8266 fans
developed an Arduino social class for the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC, noticeably called the "ESP8266 MCU.
This form a focal programming development stage for the undeniable ESP8266-based modules and
improvement sheets, including Node MCUs.

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3.3 ESP8266 Arduino Core

3.4 WI-FI
The WI-FI module used in this undertaking is ESP8266. It follows TCP/IP stack and is a focal
processor which is less in cost. This focal processor licenses microcontroller to interface with a WI-FI
relationship, by using Hayes style request affiliations are done or made through TCP/IP partnership.
ESP8266 has 1MB of trademark impacted, single-chip contraptions masterminded to relate WI-FI.
Express if structures are the creators of this module, it is a 32digit microcontroller. There are 16 GPIO
sticks in this module. This module follows the RISC processor. It has a 10 cycle DAC. Later Express if
structures passed on a thing progress kit (SDK) which is used to program on the chip, so another
microcontroller isn't used. A piece of the SDK's is Node MCU, Arduino, Micro Python and Mongoose
OS. SPI, I2C, I2S, UART are used for passing on between two sensors or modules.

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Fig 3.4 Wi-Fi Module

3.5 Ethernet Cable RJ45
Ethernet first of all competed within large element proprietary structures, Token Ring and Token
Bus. due to the fact, Ethernet changed into able to adapt to marketplace realities and shift to a lot less
expensive and ubiquitous twisted-pair wiring, those proprietary protocols soon decided themselves
competing in a market inundated via Ethernet merchandise and via way of the give up of the Eighties,
Ethernet become surely the dominant community era. Within the machine, 3Com has grown to be a
primary agency that three hundred and sixty-five days commenced out promoting adapters for PDP-11s
and VAX, in addition to Multi bus-based definitely Intel and solar Microsystem laptop structures. This
has emerged as accompanied brief using DEC's Uni-bus to Ethernet adapter, which DEC provided and
used internally to assemble its very non-public corporate network, which reached over 10,000 nodes
through 1986, making it considered one of the most crucial laptop networks inside the worldwide at that
element.

Fig 3.5: Ethernet Cable RJ45

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3.6 RELAY:

Fig 3.6: Automotive-style miniature relay, dust cover is taken off

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a
switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where
it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between
control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first
relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and
re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers
to perform logical operations. A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly drive
an electric motor is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts,
instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating
characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from
overload faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments
still called "protective relays".
BASIC DESIGN AND OPERATION:

Fig 3.6.1: Simple electromechanical relay

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Fig 3.6.2: Small relay as used in electronics

A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire surrounding a soft iron core, an iron
yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and one or more
sets of contacts (there are two in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically
linked to one or more sets of moving contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-
energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in
the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of
contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to
the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the armature, and the
circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.
When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that attracts the
armature and the consequent movement of the movable contact either makes or breaks (depending upon
construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-
energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the
contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force,
approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided
by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured
to operate quickly. In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current
application it reduces arcing.
When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode is often placed across the coil to dissipate
the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise generate a voltage
spike dangerous to semiconductor circuit components. Some automotive relays include a diode inside
the relay case. Alternatively, a contact protection network consisting of a capacitor and resistor in series
(snubber circuit) may absorb the surge. If the coil is designed to be energized with alternating current
(AC), a small copper "shading ring" can be crimped to the end of the solenoid, creating a small out-of-
phase current which increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle.

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A solid-state relay uses a thyristor or other solid-state switching device, activated by the control
signal, to switch the controlled load, instead of a solenoid. An optocoupler (a light-emitting diode (LED)
coupled with a photo transistor) can be used to isolate control and controlled circuits.

TYPES:
a) LATCHING RELAY
b) REED RELAY
c) MERCURY-WETTED RELAY
d) POLARIZED RELAY
e) MACHINE TOOL RELAY
f) CONTACTOR RELAY
g) SOLID-STATE RELAY
h) SOLID STATE CONTACTOR RELAY
i)BUCHHOLZ RELAY
j) FORCED-GUIDED CONTACTS RELAY
k) OVERLOAD PROTECTION RELAY
l) POLE AND THROW

Fig 3.6.3: Pole and Throw

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The following designations are commonly encountered:

• SPST – Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or
disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is ambiguous
whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology "SPNO" and "SPNC" is
sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity.

• SPDT – Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others.
Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total.

• DPST – Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two SPST
switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay has six
terminals in total. The poles may be Form A or Form B (or one of each).

• DPDT – Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent
to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight terminals,
including the coil.

EN 50005 are among applicable standards for relay terminal numbering; a typical EN 50005-
compliant SPDT relay's terminals would be numbered 11, 12, 14, A1 and A2 for the C, NC, NO, and
coil connections, respectively.
3.7 DC Motor
3.7.1 Working Principle of A DC Motor
A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on DC electricity. It works on the principle of
electromagnetism. A current carrying conductor when placed in an external magnetic field will
experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor.

FIG 3.7.1: DC MOTOR

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3.7.2 Operation of A DC Motor

There are two magnetic fields produced in the motor. One magnetic field is produced by the
permanent magnets and the other magnetic field is produced by the electrical current flowing in the
motor windings. These two fields result in a torque which tends to rotate the rotor. As the rotor turns,
the current in the windings is commutated to produce a continuous Torque output this makes the motor
to run.

FIG 3.7.2: OPERATION OF DC MOTOR

3.7.3 Speed Control Methods of DC Motor
They are various methods used to control the speed of a DC motor. Some of them are:
1. Armature control method
2. Flux control method
3. Ward Leonard system.

Armature control method: Speed can be controlled by varying the voltage. As speed is directly
proportional to the voltage. As voltage increases speed increases and vice-versa. A simple voltage
regulation would cause lots of power loss on control circuit. so, we are going for PWM. In this method
the duty cycle determines the speed of the DC motor. Required speed can be attained by changing the
duty cycles. PWM also allows smooth speed variation without reducing the torque. It also eliminates
harmonics.

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Dc motor is an electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical motion. The reverse
task that of converting mechanical motion into electrical energy, is accomplished by a generator or
dynamo. In many cases the two devices are identical except for their application and minor construction
details.
DC motors are used when there is positioning requirement and also changes in load and torque.
DC motors can be conveniently interfaced to Bipolar DAC, or MPUs can generate PWMs to control
them.
The classic DC motor has a rotating in the form of an electromagnet. A rotary switch called a
commutator reverses the direction of the electric current twice every cycle, to flow through the armature
so that the poles of the electromagnet push and against the permanent magnets on the outside of the
motor. As the poles of the armature electromagnet pass the poles of the permanent magnets, the
commutator reverses the polarity of the armature electromagnet. During that instant of switching
polarity, inertia keeps the classical motor going in the proper direction. (See the diagrams below.)

3.8 SENSORS
3.8.1 Temperature Sensors
LM35 is an exact IC temperature sensor with its out-put related with the temperature (in C). The
sensor device is fixed and hence it isn't introduced to oxidation and specific structures. With LM35, the
temperature can be evaluated more as it should be than with a thermistor. It besides has low self-warming
and does not extend to than 0.1oC temperature upward air.
The working temperature value is from - 55°C to 50°C. The out-put voltage shifts by 10mV considering
each upward high/fall in appropriate incorporating temperature, i.e., its scale to.01V/C

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3.9 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

3.9.1 INTRODUCTION:

An LDR (Light dependent resistor), as its name suggests, offers resistance in response to the
ambient light. The resistance decreases as the intensity of incident light increases, and vice versa. In the
absence of light, LDR exhibits a resistance of the order of mega-ohms which decreases to few hundred
ohms in the presence of light.

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An LDR has a zigzag cadmium sulphide track. It is a bilateral device, i.e., conducts in both
directions in same fashion

Fig 3.9.1 LDR

A Light Dependent Resistor (aka LDR, photoconductor, or photocell) is a device which has a resistance
which varies according to the amount of light falling on its surface.

A typical light dependent resistor is pictured above together with (on the right hand side) its
circuit diagram symbol. Different LDR's have different specifications, however the LDR's we sell in
the REUK Shop are fairly standard and have a resistance in total darkness of 1 M Ohm, and a resistance
of a couple of k Ohm in bright light (10-20kOhm @ 10 lux, 2-4kOhm @ 100 )

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3.9.2 Light Resistor Circuits

There are two basic circuits using light dependent resistors - the first is activated by darkness,
the second is activated by Dependent light. The two circuits are very similar and just require an LDR,
some standard resistors, a variable resistor (aka potentiometer), and any small signal transistor

Fig 3.9.2 Dark Activated Switch

In the circuit diagram above, the LED lights up whenever the LDR is in darkness. The 10K
variable resistor is used to fine-tune the level of darkness required before the LED lights up. The 10K
standard resistor can be changed as required to achieve the desired effect, although any replacement must
be at least 1K to protect the transistor from being damaged by excessive current.

Fig 3.9.3 Light activated switch

By swapping the LDR over with the 10K and 10K variable resistors (as shown above), the circuit will be
activated instead by light. Whenever sufficient light falls on the LDR (manually fine-tuned using the 10K variable
resistor)

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Using an LDR in the Real World

The circuits shown above are not practically useful. In a real-world circuit, the LED (and resistor)
between the positive voltage input (Vin) and the collector (C) of the transistor.

Fig: 3.9.4 Relay drive circuit

A relay is used - particularly when the low voltage light detecting circuit is used to switch on (or
off) a 240V mains powered device. A diagram of that part of the circuit is shown above. When darkness
falls (if the LDR circuit is configured that way around), the relay is triggered and the 240V device - for
example a security light - switches on.

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CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
IMPLEMENTATION

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CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Hardware Model to Sensor Module: An IOT based reconfigurable smart sensor interface for
Industrial WSNs consists of several hardware and software components that work together to collect and
process the data. The hardware components include sensors, microcontrollers, and communication
modules. The software components consist of a mobile application.

Fig 4.1 HARDWARE CIRCUIT

* Arduino Board: The blue board with numerous pins strongly resembles an Arduino microcontroller.
This is a common platform for prototyping IoT and sensor-based projects. It can act as the central
processing unit for the sensor interface.

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* Sensor Modules:
* The small board connected with wires to the Arduino could be an ultrasonic sensor. These are often
used for distance measurement.
* There might be other small modules present that could be other types of sensors, but they are not
clearly identifiable as specific sensor types from this image alone.
* Servo Motor: The round white and black component with wires is a servo motor. These are used for
controlled angular movement.
* Relay Module (Blue): The blue rectangular module with screw terminals is a relay. Relays are
electrically operated switches, often used to control higher-power circuits with a low-power signal from
a microcontroller.
* LEDs: The orange/yellow components arranged on a brown board are likely LEDs (Light Emitting
Diodes), possibly used for visual indication or as part of a simple output.
* Light Bulb and Socket: A standard light bulb and its socket are visible. This could represent a load
being controlled by the system.
* Jumper Wires: Various colored wires are used to connect the different components.
* Power Supply: Although not explicitly visible, there must be a power source connected to the Arduino
and potentially other components. The black wire leading off-frame might be part of this.

4.1.1 CIRCUIT CONNECTION

* Sensor to Arduino:
* The analog output pin of the gas sensor would be connected to one of the analog input pins of the
Arduino UNO. This allows the Arduino to read the sensor's voltage, which varies with the concentration
of the light intensity.
* The power (VCC and GND) pins of the temperature sensor would be connected to the 5V and GND
pins of the Arduino, respectively.
* Arduino to Relay Module:
* A digital output pin from the Arduino would be connected to the control input pin of the relay
module.
* The relay module would also need its own power supply (often connected to the Arduino's 5V and
GND, but sometimes requires a separate supply depending on the relay's coil voltage).
* The Normally Open (NO) or Normally Closed (NC) contacts of the relay would be connected in
series with the power supply to the gas regulator or a shut-off valve. When the Arduino detects a gas
leak, it would activate the relay, cutting off the power.

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* Arduino to LEDs:
* Digital output pins from the Arduino would be connected to the positive terminals of the LEDs
* Power Supply:
* The power plug would provide the necessary voltage (likely stepped down through a power adapter,
not fully visible) to power the Arduino and potentially the relay.
Reconfigurability and IoT Aspects (Less Evident in the Image):
The image doesn't explicitly show features that would make this a highly "reconfigurable smart
sensor interface for industrial WSNs in IoT Environments." To achieve that, we would typically expect
to see:
* Wireless Communication Module: A module like ESP8266, ESP32, or a LoRa module would be
needed for the device to connect to a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and the broader IoT ecosystem.
* More Sophisticated Sensors: Industrial WSNs often involve multiple types of sensors (temperature,
humidity, pressure, etc.).
* Robust Enclosure and Wiring: Industrial environments require more rugged hardware than what is
depicted.
* Software and Platform Integration: The "smart" aspect implies data processing, analysis, and
communication with an IoT platform (e.g., AWS IoT Core, Azure IoT Hub, Google Cloud IoT). This is
not visible in the hardware itself.

4.2. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

4.2.1 Arduino IDE compiler:
Arduino is an open-deliver electronics platform based mostly on smooth-to-use hardware and
software utility. Arduino boards can observe inputs - slight on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter
message - and flip it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing a few components
online. You could tell your board what to do by sending a hard and fast of commands to the
microcontroller at the board. To do so that you use the Arduino programming language (based totally
mostly on Wiring), and the Arduino software (IDE), based on Processing.
Over the years Arduino has been the brain of lots of obligations, from regular gadgets to complex
medical gadgets. A worldwide community of makers - college students, hobbyists, artists, programmers,
and specialists - has collected spherical this open-deliver platform, their contributions have brought as
much as a terrific amount of available know-how that can be of terrific assist to novices and experts a
like Arduino has become born on the Ivrea interaction format Institute as a clean
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tool for instant prototyping, geared towards university college students without a historic past in
electronics and programming. As quickly as it reached a mile wider community, the Arduino board
started converting to conform to new dreams and traumatic situations, differentiating it provides from
smooth eight-bit boards to merchandise for IoT Programs, wearable, third printing, and embedded
environments. All Arduino boards are without a doubt open-deliver, empowering clients to assemble
them independently and ultimately adapt them to their unique dreams. The software program, too, is
open-supply, and its miles growing thru the contributions of customers globally.
The advantages of the Arduino IDE utility are
1. much less steeply-priced
2. The clean smooth programming surroundings
3. Extensible software program application utility and hardware

Fig 4.2.1 Arduino

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The Arduino venture gives the Arduino blanketed development surroundings (IDE), it really is a
go-platform software program software developed in the programming language Java. It is developed to
introduce programming application with software improvement.
It includes a code editor with features in conjunction with syntax highlighting, brace matching,
and automatic indentation, and offers a simple one-click mechanism to collect and load packages to an
Arduino board. A software program written with the IDE for Arduino is known as a "cool lively film".
Arduino IDE permits the languages C and C++ the use of special hints to set up code. The
Arduino IDE materials a software program software library called Wiring from the Wiring task, which
offers many, not unusual enter and output techniques. a massive Arduino C/C++ cool animated film
embodies abilities that might be compiled and related with a utility stub vital () into an executable cyclic
government software:
• Setup (): a feature that runs as fast as on the start of software and which can initialize settings.
• loop (): a characteristic called time and again until the board powers off.
• Writing Sketches
• Report
• Edit
• Caricature
• Equipment
• help
• Sketchbook
• Tabs, more than one documents, and Compilation
• importing
• Libraries
• Hardware
• Serial screen
• Possibilities
• Language assist
• Forums
The Arduino Software (IDE) - carries a text editor for writing code, a message location, a text
console, a toolbar with buttons for all functions, and a group of menus. It joins to the Arduino and Gen-
UINO hardware to add packages and talk with them.

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4.3. WRITING SKETCHES:

Packages written utilizing Arduino software application program (IDE) are called sketches.
Those sketches are written inside the textual content editor and saved with the document extension
information. The editor has capabilities for slicing/pasting and for searching/changing textual content.
The message area gives comments while saving and exporting and presentation errors. The console
shows text output thru the use of the Arduino software program (IDE), together with complete error
messages and distinctive records. The lowest right-hand nook of the window suggests the configured
board and serial port. The toolbar buttons permit you to verify and upload packages, create, open, and
keep sketches, and open the serial show.
• verify
Assessments your code for compiling it.
• upload
Compiles your code and uploads it to the board. See importing below for facts.
• Notice
if you are using an of doors programmer together with your board, you may hold down the "shift" key
for your pc while the usage of this icon. The textual content will trade to "add the use of Programmer"
• New
Creates an ultra-modern caricature.
• Open
In case you need to open a caricature overdue under the listing, use the document | Sketch book menu
as an alternative.
• hold
Saves your cool animated film.
• Serial display
Opens the serial screen.
Additional instructions are decided inside the five menus: record, Edit, caricature, gear, and help.
File:
• New
Creates today's instance of the editor, with the naked minimum form of a sketch already in the area.

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Fig:4.3. Create a new sketch

• Open
Allows loading a caricature file surfing via the pc drives and folders.
• Open current-day
Provides a brief listing of the maximum ultra-modern sketches, equipped to be opened.
• Sketchbook
Suggests the contemporary-day sketches in the sketchbook folder shape; clicking on any call opens the
corresponding cool animated film in a modern-day editor instance.
SERIAL MONITOR:
Indicates serial facts being dispatched from the Arduino UNO or Gen-UNIO board (USB or serial
board). To ship data to the board, enter textual content and click on at the "supply" button 36 2336 or
press enter. Choose out the baud price from the drop-down that fits to Serial. 12 Begin in your comic
strip. Be conscious that on domestic home windows, Mac or Linux, the Arduino UNO or Gen-UNIO
board will reset whilst you join with the serial display.
You could also interface to the board from Processing, Flash, Max MSP, and so on (see the 12interfacing
net page for information). Possibilities: A few picks can be set inside the options dialog (determined
under the Arduino menu on the 36 Mac, or document on home windows and Linux). The relaxation can
get in the options file, 12 whose region is confirmed in the choice conversation.
Arduino software (IDE) consists of the built-in to befit for the forums in the following listing, all
primarily based on the AVR MCU. The Boards manager included inner the fashionable set up allows
to feature assist

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for the growing variety of new boards based totally on special cores like Arduino UNO, Arduino 0,
Edison, Galileo and so on.
• Arduino YUN
An ATmega32u4 frequency at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12 Analog Input pins, 20 virtual I/O, and 7
PWM.
• Arduino/Gen-UNIO Uno
An ATmega328 frequency at 16 MHz with automobile-reset, 6 Analog Input, 14 virtual I/O, and 6 PWM.
An ATmega168 strolling at 16 MHz with car-reset.
• Arduino Nano w/ AT mega328
An ATmega328 has a frequency of 16 MHz with automobile-reset. Has eight analog inputs.
• Arduino/Gen-UNIO Mega 2560
An ATmega2560 has a frequency of at sixteen MHz with automobile-reset, 16 Analog In, 54 virtual I/O,
and 15 PWM.
• Arduino Mega
An ATmega1280 has a frequency of 16 MHz with vehicle-reset, 16 Analog In, fifty 4 virtual I/O, and
15 PWM.
• Arduino Mega ADK
An ATmega2560 on foot at sixteen MHz with vehicle-reset, sixteen Analog In, fifty-four digital I/O,
and 15 PWM.
• Arduino Leonardo
An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12 Analog Input, 20 virtual I/O, and seven PWM.
• Arduino/Gen-UNIO Micro
An ATmega32u4 has a frequency of 16 MHz with car-reset, 12 Analog Input, 20 virtual I/O, and seven
PWM.
• Arduino ESPLORA
ATmega32u4 jogging at sixteen MHz with car-reset.
• Arduino Mini w/ ATmega328
An ATmega328 has a frequency of 16 MHz with vehicle-reset, eight Analog In, 14 virtual I/O, and six
PWM.
• Arduino Ethernet
Equal to Arduino UNO with an Ethernet defend An ATmega328 jogging at 16 MHz with car-reset, 6

Analog In, 14 digital I/O, and six PWM.

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• Arduino FIO
ATmega328 jogging at eight MHz with automobile-reset. equal to Arduino seasoned or Pro Mini (3.3V,
8 MHz) w/ATmega328, 6 Analog In, 14 virtual I/O, and 6 PWM.
• Arduino BT w/ ATmega328
ATmega328 has a frequency of sixteen M Hz. The bootloader burned (four KB) consists of codes to
initialize the on-board Bluetooth module, 6 Analog In, 14 digital I/O, and 6 PWM.
• Lily Pad Arduino USB
An ATmega32u4 frequency at 8 MHz with vehicle-reset, four Analog In, nine digital I/O, and four
PWM.
• Lily Pad Arduino
An ATmega168 or ATmega132 walking at 8 MHz with vehicle-reset, 6 Analog Input, 14 virtual I/O,
and 6 PWM.
• Arduino seasoned or Pro Mini (5V, sixteen MHz) w/ ATmega328
An ATmega328 taking walks at sixteen MHz with vehicle-reset. Identical to Arduino DUEMILANOVE
or Nano w/ ATmega328; 6 Analog Input, 14 virtual I/O and six PWM.
• Arduino NG or older w/ ATmega168
An ATmega168 frequency at 16 MHz without car-reset. Compilation and add is identical to Arduino
DIECIMILA ATmega168, however, the bootloader burned has a slower timeout (and blinks the pin
thirteen LED three times on reset); 6 Analog Input, 14 virtual I/O, and six PWM.
• Arduino robotic manage
An ATmega328 frequency at 16 MHz with vehicle-reset.
• Arduino robotic Motor
An ATmega328 on foot at sixteen MHz with automobile-reset.
• Arduino Gemma
An ATtiny85 frequency at eight MHz with automobile-reset, 1 Analog In, three digital I/O, and more
than one PWM

4.4 BLYNK APP

How Blynk Works?
Blynk was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware remotely, it can display
sensor data, it can store data, visualize it and do many other cool things.

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There are three major components in the platform:

1. Blynk App - allows to you create amazing interfaces for your projects using various widgets we
provide.

2. Blynk Server - responsible for all the communications between the smartphone and hardware.
You can use our Blynk Cloud or run your private Blynk server locally. It’s open-source, could
easily handle thousands of devices and can even be launched on a Raspberry Pi.

3. Blynk Libraries - for all the popular hardware platforms - enable communication with the server
and process all the incoming and out coming commands.

Fig 4.1: Blynk interfacing

4.4.1 PROCEDURE FOR CREATION AND CONNECTING BLYNK TO MICRO

CONTROLLER
1.Create a Blynk Account
After you download the Blynk App, you’ll need to create a New Blynk account. This account is
separate from the accounts used for the Blynk in case you already have one.
We recommend using a real email address because it will simplify things later.

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 A Reconfigurable Smart Sensor Interface for Industrial WSN In IOT Environment

Fig 4.4 .1: Creation of Blynk account

2.Create a New Project

Fig 4.2: Creation of a project

After we have successfully logged into our account, start by creating a new project.

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 A Reconfigurable Smart Sensor Interface for Industrial WSN In IOT Environment

1. Choose Hardware

Select the hardware model that we will use.

Selection of controller

2. Auth Token

Auth Token is a unique identifier which is needed to connect our hardware to our smart phone.
Every new project that we create will have its own Auth Token. We will get Auth Token automatically
on your email after project creation. we can copy it manually. Click on devices section and selected
required device: and we see the token.

Generation of auth token

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 A Reconfigurable Smart Sensor Interface for Industrial WSN In IOT Environment

3. Blynk Tools Creation

Required tools are taken and laced in proper positions. Various tools, Switches, joysticks, sliders, etc.,
are available. The required video display, two joysticks, one button and GPS tools are taken.

App Appearance
4. Internal Of Joystick

Limits for the joystick are given and the refresh rate is also given so that the value is changed very
frequently.

Internal of Joystick
APPLICATIONS: Data collection is the essential application of WSN and more importantly it is
the foundation of other advanced applications in IOT environment
ADVANTAGES: Sensor data acquisition interface equipment is one of the key Parts in IOT
applications.

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CHAPTER 5
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

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CHAPTER 5
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
5.1. Hardware Implementation:
Component Selection and Justification:
Microcontroller (Node MCU/Arduino): Detailed explanation of why this specific MCU was
chosen, highlighting its features relevant to the project (Wi-Fi capability, processing power, number of
I/O pins, cost-effectiveness).
Sensor Interfacing Circuitry Design: Schematics and explanations of the circuits designed to
connect the temperature, LDR, fire, and harmful gas sensors to the MCU. This includes pin assignments,
voltage dividers, pull-up/pull-down resistors, and any level shifting if necessary.
Sensor Module Integration: Physical connection details of each sensor to the interface board/MCU,
including wiring diagrams and explanations of the communication protocols used (analog, digital I/O,
I2C, SPI).
Power Supply Circuitry: Description of the power source and any voltage regulation circuitry
implemented to ensure stable operation of the sensor node.
Enclosure and Physical Prototype: Details about the physical packaging of the sensor node for potential
industrial deployment considerations (protection, mounting).
5.2. Software Development:
Microcontroller Firmware Development:
Development Environment: Specify the IDE used (e.g., Arduino IDE, Platform IO).
Libraries Used: List and briefly explain the purpose of any external libraries used for sensor interfacing,
Wi-Fi connectivity, and communication with the IoT platform (e.g., ESP8266WiFi, DHT sensor library,
Blynk library).
Sensor Data Acquisition Code: Detailed explanation of the code responsible for reading data
from each sensor, including sampling rates and any initial data processing (e.g., unit conversion,
filtering).
Reconfiguration Logic Implementation: Explain how the reconfigurability feature is
implemented in software. This includes the commands or methods used to select active sensors or modify
their parameters, and how these commands are received and processed by the MCU.
IoT Communication Protocol: Detail the protocol used to send data to the IoT platform (e.g.,
MQTT, HTTP) and the data format (e.g., JSON).

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5.3 IoT Platform Integration:

Platform Selection and Setup: Justification for choosing the specific IoT platform (e.g., Blynk).
Detailed steps on setting up the account, creating a new project/device, and defining data streams (virtual
pins).
Data Transmission Configuration: Explanation of how the data from the sensor node is mapped
to the data streams on the IoT platform.
Rule Engine or Automation Logic (if implemented): Description of any rules or automated
actions configured on the IoT platform based on the sensor data.
5.4 User Interface Development (Mobile/Web Application):
Platform/Technology Used: Specify the platform or technology used to create the user interface (e.g.,
Blynk app interface builder, Android Studio, web development frameworks).
Interface Design: Describe the layout and functionality of the user interface, including how sensor
data is visualized and how users can send reconfiguration commands or control connected actuators (if
applicable, though not explicitly mentioned in the abstract).
Communication with IoT Platform: Explain how the user interface interacts with the IoT platform
to retrieve data and send commands to the sensor nodes.
5.5. Integration and Testing:
System Integration: Step-by-step process of integrating the hardware components,
microcontroller firmware, IoT platform, and user interface.
Unit Testing: Description of tests performed on individual components (e.g., sensor reading
accuracy, Wi-Fi connectivity).
Integration Testing: Explanation of how the different parts of the system were tested together to
ensure seamless data flow and control.
Reconfiguration Testing: Specific tests conducted to verify the functionality and reliability of the
reconfiguration feature (e.g., switching between sensors, changing sampling rates remotely).
Security Testing Implementation: Detailed explanation of the security measures implemented
and the tests conducted to evaluate their effectiveness, as highlighted in the abstract. This would involve
simulating potential security threats and verifying the system's resilience.
Deployment Simulation (if applicable): If the project aimed for a specific industrial scenario,
describe any simulations or small-scale deployments conducted to evaluate the system's performance in
a more realistic setting.

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 A Reconfigurable Smart Sensor Interface for Industrial WSN In IOT Environment

CHAPTER 6
RESULTS

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 A Reconfigurable Smart Sensor Interface for Industrial WSN In IOT Environment

CHAPTER 6
RESULTS

The result of a project focused on a reconfigurable smart sensor interface for industrial WSNs in
IoT environments using temperature and LDR sensors would be a functional system demonstrating the
interface's ability to dynamically adapt to and acquire data from both sensor types, process this
information, and reliably transmit it over the industrial WSN to an IoT platform for monitoring and
analysis. This would likely include a demonstration of the interface being configured to read temperature
and light intensity values, showcasing the flexibility of the design, and potentially illustrating a combined
application of both sensor readings within an industrial use case, along with performance metrics
highlighting accuracy, reliability, and ease of reconfiguration.

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CHAPTER 7
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

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CHAPTER 7
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

7.1 ADVANTAGES
• Flexibility and Adaptability
• Scalability
• Real-time performance
• Simplified Development
• Remote Configuration and Management
• Future Proofing

7.2 APPLICATIONS
• Industrial Automation
• Predictive Maintenance
• Environment Monitoring
• Smart Factories
• Water Quality Monitoring
• Safety and Security
• Automated Lighting and Climate controlling

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CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION AND FUTURESCOPE

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CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION AND FUTURESCOPE

1.1 CONCLUSION:
A reconfigurable smart sensor interface designed for industrial WSNs in IoT environments,
specifically accommodating LDR and temperature sensors, offers significant advantages by
enabling dynamic adaptation to diverse industrial needs, streamlining data acquisition through
unified signal conditioning, optimizing resource utilization via local processing, and expanding
the scope of potential applications like smart lighting and environmental monitoring. While
challenges remain in ensuring interoperability, managing complexity, and maintaining security,
this approach represents a crucial step towards more flexible, efficient, and intelligent industrial
automation and monitoring systems within the evolving IoT landscape.

1.2 FUTURE SCOPE:

The future of reconfigurable smart sensor interfaces for industrial WSNs in IoT,
particularly for LDR and temperature sensors, lies in their increasing adaptability through multi-
sensor support, dynamic reconfiguration, and standardized protocols, coupled with enhanced
performance via edge computing, energy efficiency, and real-time data acquisition. This will
environmentally be monitoring, quality control, precision agriculture, and security, enabled by
advancements in microcontrollers, wireless communication (LPWANs), and software-defined
sensors, ultimately leading to more flexible, intelligent, and efficient industrial IoT deployments.

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REFERENCES

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 A Reconfigurable Smart Sensor Interface for Industrial WSN In IOT Environment

REFERENCES

[1] S. Li, L. Xu, X. Wang, and J. Wang, “Integration of hybrid wireless networks in cloud services-
oriented enterprise information systems,” Enterp. Inf. Syst., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 165–187, 2012.

[2] Q. Li, Z. Wang, W. Li, J. Li, C. Wang, and R. Du, “Applications integration in a hybrid cloud
computing environment: Modelling and platform,” Enterp. Inf. Syst., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 237–271,
2013.

[3] L. Wang, L. D. Xu, Z. Bi, and Y. Xu, “Data cleaning for RFID and WSN integration,” IEEE
Trans. Ind. Informat., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 408–418, Feb. 2014.

[4] Y. Fan, Y. Yin, L. Xu, Y. Zeng, and F. Wu, “IoT based smart rehabilitation system,” IEEE
Trans. Ind. Informat., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1568–1577, 2014.

[5] W. He, G. Yan, and L. Xu, “Developing vehicular data cloud services in the IoT environment,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1587–1595, 2014.

[6] M. T. Lazarescu, “Design of a WSN platform for long-term environmental monitoring for IoT
applications,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Circuits Syst., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 45–54, Mar. 2013.

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APPENDIX-A
SOURCE CODE

i
 SOURCE CODE

SOFTWARE CODE FOR Node MCU:

/*************************************************************

This is a simple demo of sending and receiving some data.

Be sure to check out other examples!
*************************************************************/

/* Fill-in information from Blynk Device Info here */

#define BLYNK_TEMPLATE_ID "TMPL3C073kqVz"
#define BLYNK_TEMPLATE_NAME "Quickstart Template"
#define BLYNK_AUTH_TOKEN "Z2WCi9tAkiNqaHswMEsV-BNsRQyASPPp"

/* Comment this out to disable prints and save space */

#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial

//#include "BlynkEdgent.h"
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>
#define PIN_UPTIME V5
char auth[] = BLYNK_AUTH_TOKEN;

char ssid[] = "12345678";

char pass[] = "12345678";
BLYNK_WRITE(V0)
{
int value = param.asInt();
Serial.println(value);
if (value ==1)
{
digitalWrite(D2,HIGH);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(D2,LOW);
}
}
ii
BLYNK_WRITE(V3)
{
int value1 = param.asInt();
Serial.println(value1);
if (value1 ==1)
{
digitalWrite(D3,HIGH);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(D3,LOW);
}
}
BLYNK_WRITE(V4)
{
int value1 = param.asInt();
Serial.println(value1);
if (value1 ==1)
{
digitalWrite(D4,HIGH);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(D4,LOW);
}
}
/*BLYNK_WRITE(V1)
{
int sensorData1 = param.asInt();
Serial.println(sensorData1);
if (sensorData1 ==0)
{
digitalWrite(D1,HIGH);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(D1,LOW);
}
}*/

/*BLYNK_READ(V1)
{
//int value = param.asInt();
Serial.println(value);
iii
 if (value ==1)
{
digitalWrite(D1,HIGH);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(D1,LOW);
}
}*/
float temp;
int tempPin = 0; //analog pin 0
float sensorData;
int prevState = -1;
int currState = -1;
long lastChangeTime = 0;
int sensorData1 = 16;
int sensorData2 = 5;

BlynkTimer timer;

BLYNK_READ(PIN_UPTIME)
{
// // This command writes Arduino's uptime in seconds to Virtual Pin (5)
Blynk.virtualWrite(PIN_UPTIME, millis() / 1000);
sensorData1 = digitalRead(D0); //reading the sensor on A0
Serial.println(sensorData1);
sensorData2 = digitalRead(D1); //reading the sensor on A0
Serial.println(sensorData2);
sensorData = analogRead(A0); //reading the sensor on A0
Serial.println(sensorData);
//
Blynk.virtualWrite(V5, sensorData);
Blynk.virtualWrite(V1, sensorData1);//sending to Blynk
Blynk.virtualWrite(V2, sensorData2);//sending to Blynk
}

void myTimerEvent()
{
// You can send any value at any time.
// Please don't send more that 10 values per second.
Blynk.virtualWrite(V5, millis() / 1000);
sensorData = analogRead(0); //reading the sensor on A0
//Blynk.virtualWrite(V1, millis() / 1000);
sensorData1 = digitalRead(16); //reading the sensor on A0
iv
 sensorData2 = digitalRead(5); //reading the sensor on A0
Serial.println(sensorData);
sensorData = ((sensorData * 0.29765625)); // costance (1/1024*100)

Blynk.virtualWrite(V5, sensorData); //sending to Blynk

Blynk.virtualWrite(V1, sensorData1); //sending to Blynk
Blynk.virtualWrite(V2, sensorData2);
}

/*void checkPin()
{
// Invert state, since button is "Active LOW"
int state = !digitalRead(16);

//Serial.println(state);
// Debounce mechanism
long t = millis();
if (state != prevState) {
lastChangeTime = t;
}
if (t - lastChangeTime > 50) {
if (state != currState) {
currState = state;

//Blynk.virtualWrite(V1, state);
}
}
prevState = state;
}*/
/*void sendData()
{
Blynk.virtualWrite(V1, value);
if (digitalRead(IR))
{
Blynk.logEvent("IR","Person Fallen");

}*/
void setup()
{
// Debug console
pinMode(D4,OUTPUT);
pinMode(D2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(D3,OUTPUT);
pinMode(D0,INPUT);
v
 pinMode(D1,INPUT);
Serial.begin(115200);
//BlynkEdgent.begin();
Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass);
timer.setInterval(1000L, myTimerEvent);
}

vi