A COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT REPORT

ON

SAFE DRINKING WATER

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Submitted By

B. JYOTHSNA (21MG1A0565) K.L. MANIKANTA (21MG1A05B1)

K. SRAVANTHI (21MG1A0577) T. VENU (21MG1A05C3)

N. NIKHITHA (21MG1A0582) V. DINESH (21MG1A05C5)

G. RAMU (21MG1A05A7) Y. NAVEEN (21MG1A0C8)

K. ANANDKUMAR (21MG1A05B0) D. UMESH (22MG5A0508)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr. T. PRASAD M.Tech.,

Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SREE VAHINI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE & Govt. of A.P., Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada, NAAC “A” Graded, ISO Certified)
Tiruvuru, N.T.R District, Andhra Pradesh - 521 235.

2022-2023
 A COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT REPORT
ON

SAFE DRINKING WATER

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Submitted By

B. JYOTHSNA (21MG1A0565) K.L. MANIKANTA (21MG1A05B1)

K. SRAVANTHI (21MG1A0577) T. VENU (21MG1A05C3)

N. NIKHITHA (21MG1A0582) V. DINESH (21MG1A05C5)

G. RAMU (21MG1A05A7) Y. NAVEEN (21MG1A0C8)

K. ANANDKUMAR (21MG1A05B0) D. UMESH (22MG5A0508)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr. T. PRASAD M.Tech.,

Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SREE VAHINI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE & Govt. of A.P., Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada, NAAC “A” Graded, ISO Certified)
Tiruvuru, N.T.R District, Andhra Pradesh - 521 235.

2022-2023
SREE VAHINI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE & Govt. of A.P., Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada, NAAC “A” Graded, ISO Certified)

Tiruvuru, N.T.R District, Andhra Pradesh - 521 235.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report entitled “SAFE DRINKING WATER”, is a

bonafide work carried out by B. JYOTHSNA (21MG1A0565), K. SRAVANTHI (21MG1A0577),

N. NIKHITHA (21MG1A0582), G. RAMU (21MG1A05A7), K. ANAND KUMAR

(21MG1A05B0), K. L. MANIKANTA (21MG1A05B1), T. VENU (21MG1A05C3), V. DINESH

(21MG1A05C5), Y. NAVEEN (21MG1A05C8), D. UMESH (22MG5A0508), in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Technology in Department of Computer

Science & Engineering from Sree Vahini Institute of Science and Technology, Tiruvuru, AP

affiliated to JNTU, Kakinada, during the year2022-2023.

Internal Guide Head of the Department

Mr. T. PRASAD M.Tech., Dr. K. V. PANDURANGARAO M. Tech,PhD.,

Asst. Prof, Dept. of CSE Prof. Dept. of CSE
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

We, B. JYOTHSNA (21MG1A0565), K. SRAVANTHI (21MG1A0577), N. NIKHITHA

(21MG1A0582), G.RAMU (21MG1A05A7), K. ANANDKUMAR (21MG1A05B0), K. L.

MANIKANTA (21MG1A05B1), T. VENU (21MG1A05C3), V. DINESH (21MG1A05C5), Y.

NAVEEN (21MG1A05C8), D. UMESH (22MG5A0508), hereby declare that the project entitled

“COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT “ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER”, under the

esteemed supervision of Mr. T. Prasad M.Tech is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the awards of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering.

This is a record of work carried out by the team and the results embodied in this project have

not been reproduced or copied from any source. The results embodied in this project have not been

submitted to any other university or institute for the award of any other degree or diploma.

B. JYOTHSNA (21MG1A0565) K. L. MANIKANTA (21MG1A05B1)

K. SRAVANTHI (21MG1A0577) T. VENU (21MG1A05C3)

N. NIKHITHA (21MG1A0582) V. DINESH (21MG1A05C5)

G. RAMU (21MG1A05A7) Y. NAVEEN (21MG1A05C8)

K. ANANDKUMAR (21MG1A05B0) D. UMESH (22MG5A0508)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I consider it as our privilege to express our gratitude to all those who guided, inspired and helped

us in completion of this project.

I wish to express our deep gratitude to our project guide Mr. T. Prasad Assistant professor,

Dept. of CSE, Sree Vahini Institute of Science and Technology, Tiruvuru, for his timely cooperation

and his valuable suggestions while carrying out this project work.

I would like to thank Dr. K. V. Panduranga Rao, HOD, Dept. of CSE for his encouragement

and valuable guidance for completing our project successfully.

I express heartfelt thanks to Dr. R. Nagendra Babu, Principal, Sree Vahini Institute of Science

and Technology, Tiruvuru for the successful completion of our degree.

I would like to thank All faculty members of CSE Department, Sree Vahini Institute of

Science and Technology, Tiruvuru, for their timely cooperation and her valuable suggestions while

carrying out this project work.

I feel and deep sense of gratitude for our family who formed part of our vision and taught us the

good things that really matter in life.

B. JYOTHSNA (21MG1A0565) K. L. MANIKANTA (21MG1A05B1)

K. SRAVANTHI (21MG1A0577) T. VENU (21MG1A05C3)

N. NIKHITHA (21MG1A0582) V. DINESH (21MG1A05C5)

G. RAMU (21MG1A05A7) Y. NAVEEN (21MG1A05C8)

K. ANANDKUMAR (21MG1A05B0) D. UMESH (22MG5A0508)

 CONTENTS

S.NO NAME OF THE CONTENTS PAGE.NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1–4

1.1 Objective of the study 3

1.2 Defining the vulnerable population 3-4

2 Water Governance Systems in India 5-8

2.1 Central Government 6

2.2 Non-Government Organization 7-8

2.3 India’s Water and sanitation crisis 8

3 Drinking Water Scenario in India 9-18

3.1 Drinking Water Purifications Methods 9

3.2 Physical Methods 11-12

3.3 Boiling Methods 12-18

4 Questionnaire 19

5 Survey Work 20-49

5.1 Project Implementations 20-48

5.2 Our suggestions 49

6 Drinking Water Quality Standards 50

7 Result 51

8 Reference 51

9 Conclusion 52
 LIST OF TABLES

S. NO. TABLE NAME PAGE NO.

1 Classification of drinking water sources as per the Joint 1
Monitoring Program
2 BIS Standards for Various Chemical and Biological 50
Constituents
Water quality parameters

LIST OF FIGURES

S. NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

1 Water Crisis Admits 2
1.2.1 Defining the vulnerable population 4
2 Key Organization Players in drinking water Governance in 5
India
2.3.1 Water Sanitation Crisis 8
3.1 Fecal contamination in drinking water sources in Indian 10
S&UTs
3.2 Household drinking water treatment practices in Indian 11
households
3.1.1 Drinking water treatment technologies 12
3.3.1 Solar Disinfection method 13
3.3.2.1 Membrane filters 16
3.3.3.1 Chlorination Technique 17
 SAFE DRINKING WATER
ABSTRACT
Safe drinking water is one of the fundaments of society and experience has shown that a holistic national
framework is needed for its effective provision. A national framework should include legal requirements on
water protection, surveillance on drinking water quality and performance of the water supply system, and
systematic preventive management. Iceland has implemented these requirements into legislation. This case
study analyzes the success and challenges encountered in implementing the legislation and provide
recommendations on the main shortcomings identified through the Icelandic experience.

The results of the analysis show that the national framework for safe drinking water is mostly in place in
Iceland. The shortcomings include the need for both improved guidance and control by the central government
and for improved surveillance of the water supply system and implementation of the water safety plan by the
Local Competent Authorities. Communication to the public and between stakeholders is also insufficient. There
is also a deficiency in the national framework regarding small water supply systems that needs to be addressed.
Other elements are largely in place or on track. Most of the lessons learned are transferable to other European
countries where the legal system around water.
 LIST OF KEY WORDS

1. Safe drinking water.

2. Contamination.

3. under five-year-old children diarrhea.

4. drinking water disinfection techniques.

5. drinking water management Corporate Social Responsibility.

6. Public Private Partnership.

“Drinking water is the water intended for human consumption for drinking and
cooking purposes for many sources. It includes water supplied by any means that is for
human consumption”.
A COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION

Drinking water or potable water is a very valuable natural resource. Providing access to safe drinking
water for all is one of the most complex contemporary issues to solve, especially in a country like India. It is
riddled with technological, environmental, and socio-politico-economic challenges. The logistics of water
supply to every household is also a challenge. Freshwater, which is used for drinking purposes, is
disproportionately low on earth when compared to the 97% that occurs as saline or sea water. Two thirds of
the freshwater remain frozen as glaciers and polar ice caps, leaving very little for direct use as surface water
(in ponds, rivers, lakes etc.) or ground water (accessed through wells, bore wells etc.). Glaciers and rains
replenish these water sources. Water can also be sourced artificially through desalination of sea water and
condensation of atmospheric moisture. While the former is the predominant source of drinking water in
many Middle Eastern countries, the air-to-water technologies are still emerging.

Clean water is fundamental to human health and well-being. UN’s Sustainable Development Goal is to
provide all households with safe quality and adequate quantity of water by 2030. Equal and equitable access
to safe and affordable drinking water is part of that goal. The governments of countries have the
responsibility of providing access to safe drinking water to its populations through improved supplies. The
Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF tracks and
monitors global access to safe drinking water. For practical purposes of monitoring, the JMP classifies
drinking water supplies as improved water and unimproved water.
1. Piped supplies into their dwellings, yard, or plot

Improved 1. Public stand posts

watersources 2. Boreholes/tube wells

3. Protected wells & springs
4. Rainwater
5. Packaged water including bottled water and sachet
water
No- Piped supplies – unprotected wells and springs

Unimproved Surface water (rivers, lakes, ponds, stream, irrigation

channel)
watersources

Table 1: Classification of Drinking Water sources as per the Joint Monitoring Program

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A COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT INTRODUCTION
Nearly half the world's population is projected to live in extremely water-stressed regions by 2026.
Globally, ~30% (785 million) of the people already lack access to drinking water and every other Indian
does not have access to safe drinking water. Inadequate quantities and poor quality of drinking water make
people exposed to a variety of preventable illnesses and they remain trapped in morbidity and increased
DALY (disability adjusted life years). In 2017, 1.6 million people worldwide died of diarrhea, of which >0.5
million were U5 children. Incessant diarrhea also impacts the nutrition and growth of children, especially
those living in socio-economically compromised environments. Microbial contamination of drinking water
is closely related to poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), and influenced by the knowledge, attitude,
and practices (KAP) of individuals and communities.

Safe drinking water is simply defined by WHOM as “water that does not represent any significant risk
to health over a lifetime of consumption, including different sensitivities that may occur between life
stages”. Water becomes unsafe for consumption when it gets polluted with physical, chemical, biological, or
radiological contaminants. Of these, microbial contamination is by far the major concern, especially in low-
and-middle income countries like India. Pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, cyan bacteria and
helminths are examples of biological contaminants. Diseases caused by microbial contamination include
diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, dysentery, hepatitis A and E, poliomyelitis etc. Worldwide, infectious diarrhea
caused by bacteria and viruses is a leading cause of mortality of children under the age of five.
Diarrheagenic pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhoid, Shigella Flexner, Vibrio cholerae
and Rotavirus spread through water and food contaminated with human or animal feces.

Fig 1: water crises amidst

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A COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objective of the study

Mixing of sewage with water bodies and pipelines, open defecation, unsafe disposal of human and animal
wastes, poor water handling practices etc. are routes of drinking water contamination. According to WHO,
microbial safe water is that with no detectable (an indicator of fecal contamination) in 100 ml of sample.

Disinfection/removal pathogens are ways of making it safe to drink. Avoiding the contamination in the
first place would however be a more sustainable way of providing microbial safe water. This requires
structuring the country’s growth and development on the fundamentals of primordial prevention including
planning and monitoring for WASH in terms of structures, systems, and behaviors. Under the current
scenario in India, purification is one of the ways to provide microbial safe drinking water. There are several
techniques to disinfect/remove pathogens from drinking water including physical, chemical, biological or a
combination of these. Disinfection can be performed at a centralized, community level facility at the water
source, or at the household-level, or both. In India, drinking water comes under the control of the State and
Union Territories (S&UTs). S&UTs get schematic and financial support from the Central Ministry of
Drinking Water and Sanitation. The Government of India has launched several schemes that are being
implemented by the S&UTs to enhance the quality of drinking water, such as the Jell Jevons Mission and
Swatch Bharat Mission. The Central and State Pollution Control Boards (C & S PCB) monitor India's
primary drinking water sources, namely the surface and ground water sources. Healthcare, which is closely
related to safe drinking water, is also a matter of the state governments.

Several cost-effective techniques and innovations have been brought about in India to provide safe
drinking water to the masses. Awareness among the public and the mission mode of operation to improve
water, sanitation, and hygiene by the local, state, and central governments in India have helped improve the
access to safe drinking water to a large extent. Over 100 million toilets were constructed and all villages in
India were declared as open defecation free (ODF) by the Swatch Bharat Mission – Garmin (Rural) in 2019
on the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. Yet, the published.

Phase -1 of the National Family Health Survey – 5 (NFHS-5) for 22 S&UTs in 2020, shows that the
meaningless deaths due to U5 children diarrhea continue unabated in India, reflecting gaps in addressing
factors other than toilet construction.

1.2 Defining the vulnerable population

Lack of access to safe drinking water and good WASH conditions particularly plague certain
segments of India’s population, because of the social/economic/environmental/political contexts they live
in. The children who die of diarrhea in India are likely to be from the 260 Man people living below the
poverty line, 450 Man migrant laborers, 1.2 Man tribal populations, 889 Man living in rural villages, 5 Man

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A COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT INTRODUCTION
of the internally displaced people, and 65 Man slum dwellers. Illiteracy among ~311 Man people would also
affect the WASH awareness and behavior (Fig 1). Any technological and other interventions to provide
access to safe drinking water would therefore need to be appropriate to these contexts, to be sustainable. At
the same time, the technologies would also need to consider the long-term impact on the environment,
including the water sources themselves. Technologies that purify drinking water but pollute the environment
are not sustainable in the long run.

FFig 1.2.1: Defining the vulnerable population

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A COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT WATER GOVERNANCE SII

CHAPTER-2
1. Water Governance Systems in India

The first National Water Policy (NWP) established by the Government of India in September 1987 by
the National Water Resources Council (NWRC), indicates the national level commitment to the importance
of water and water utilization. It specifically mentions that water resource development should be taken up
as multi-spectral projects, giving top priority to drinking water. In NWP, there was a commitment to
providing access to safe drinking water facilities to the entire population (rural and urban), and that this
should not be affected because of use by the agriculture and industrial sectors. NWP was enacted to address
the growing disparities in not only the access toquality and quantum of drinking water, but also to access of
water for sanitation. The need for efforts in conservation and better management of water were particularly
highlighted in the 2012 policy. India has a federal system of governance wherein water (including drinking
water and other supplies, irrigation & canals, drainage and embankments, storage, and power) is a subject
matter of the 28 States and 8 Union Territories (S&UTs), under Article 246 of the Constitution of India.
However, the Central Government has an overall responsibility for appropriate functioning of waterrelated
activities. A third player in the drinking water sector is the non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
including the civil society organizations, academia, research institutions, private industry, and the corporate
social responsibility (CSR) units of private organizations (Fig 2).

Fig 2: Key Organizational Players in Drinking Water Governance in India

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A COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT WATER GOVERNANCE SII
1.1 Central Government
The Ministry of Water Resources, River Development, and Ganja Rejuvenation was renamed as the
Ministry of Jell Shakhty on June, with two departments: The Department of Water Resources, River
Development, and Ganja Rejuvenation (DWRRDGR) and the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation
(DDWS). The departments oversee regulation of the country's water resources, as well as establish policy
guidelines and schemes. The central ministry's main functions are overall planning, policy development,
collaboration, and guidance in the water resources sector; setting up of utilizable resources and formulation
of policies for optimal usage, supervision of and assistance to state level activities in ground water
development; and general organizational, technological, and scientific planning for development. It also
frames schemes and funds the S&UTs for better water management and facilitates inter-state consultations
to resolve disputes on water.

Water quality monitoring is a key component of water quality management. In India, there are 14 major
rivers, 44 medium rivers, and 55 minor rivers, in addition to numerous lakes, ponds, and wells that are used
as primary sources of drinking water. The Indian parliament enacted the Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974, with the goal of maintaining and restoring the cleanliness of our water bodies. The
CPCB monitors drinking water quality at district level in every S&UT and alerts the states. The CPCB
comes under the Ministry of Environment, Forestry, and Climate Change, and its key responsibilities
include preventing, tracking, and regulating water, as well as collaboration with State Pollution Control
Boards (SPCBs) as and when necessary. One of the CPCB's mandates is to collect, compile, and
disseminate technical and statistical data on water contamination and quality. The National Rural Drinking
Water Program (NRDWP) was launched by the Department of Drinking Water Supply (DDWS) in April.
This was an effort to bring all rural drinking water initiatives under one umbrella to ensure drinking water
security to the rural population in India. Recognizing the role of rural communities in managing the
drinking water, it incentivizes the State Governments to hand over the responsibility of planning,
maintaining, and managing drinking water to the Panchayati Raj Institutions. The Jell Jevons Mission
(JJM), a centrally funded initiative, was launched on August, by the Department of Drinking Water and
Sanitation, with an aim to link every rural household to a functional household tap connection (FHTC). The
Jell Jevons Mission (JJM) includes the State Water and Sanitation Mission (SWSM), District Water and
Sanitation Mission (DWSM), Gram Panchayat and/or its Subcommittees, such as the Village.

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A COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT WATER GOVERNANCE SII
1.2 Non-Government Organizations

Civil society organizations, trusts, academic and research institutions, private industries, and their
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) arms are the third kind of players who are involved in the drinking
water services (Fig 3). They contribute to either directly or indirectly providing Products or services for
drinking water. Large trusts like the TATA Water Mission works with the state and central governments and
undertake advocacy, communication, installation of purifiers and promote innovative projects for safe
drinking water. Private enterprises or individuals can also finance and own a venture completely, that is
fully responsible for all water related services. They charge a price that customers are willing to pay.
Private businesses may streamline operations by establishing consistent ownership and control over
activities, resulting in cost-effective services that can be maintained by revenue. Most are referred to as
social entrepreneurs because they have a stated objective that is obviously beyond a profit motive. Nandi
Community Water Services, Health point Services, Survival, Water life, and Spring Health are all notable
examples.

In recent times, Community managed systems have been experimented in India, wherein the
communities have been engaged especially in managing drinking water purification plants. Government/
NGOs provide capital support, the community invests a part of it and the technology partner assists with
device setup and training the community-based enterprise group in operations and maintenance of the plant.
The recurring costs are recovered as small customer charges. This model is used by NGOs, many of which
are funded by Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). As per Section VII of the Company Act, the
central government has mandated all companies to

dedicate CSR funds for societal programs including clean water, sanitation, and hygiene initiatives. Public-
Private Partnership (PPP) is essential for outreach and sustaining technology interventions for safe drinking
water at the ground level if governments are unable to deliver in a timely and quality manner. Given the
government's financial constraints and the private sector's increased productivity, public-private partnership
has emerged as one of the trending ways for the government to improve the infrastructure. Almost every
aspect of India's economy has changed because of economic reforms, privatization, and globalization. Multi-
national as well as national corporate is bidding for taking charge of water supply services. Although this
way of operation started in 1991 in sectors such as power, it has recently extended to include the water
sector, amid severe protests from civil society organizations. The protests are valid considering that right to
water is a basic human right that cannot be denied if unable to pay. Privatization of water can mean the
exchange of ownership from the government to a private sector, for profit companies. PPP which is
sometimes viewed as a means of achieving sustainability goals, can be counter-productive if solely profit

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A COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT WATER GOVERNANCE SII
driven. The objectives of serving people and conserving the natural resources need to be stated explicitly in
the agreements between the government and the private parties. Penalty for violation, and closure clauses are
also important to be put in place. Unless the governments are on their toes with appropriate and robust
monitoring and regulatory mechanisms, the PPP model can go horribly wrong over time. The PPP water
supply model used by three Karnataka cities Belgaum, Gulbarga, and Hubli-Dharwar has prompted water
delivery reforms in other Karnataka towns as well as Nagpur, Maharashtra.

1.3 India's water and sanitation crisis

With a population of 1.38 billion people, India is the second most populous country in the world. More
than 6% of this population lack access to safe water and about 15% of India’s population practices open
defecation. A lack of household water connections and toilets contributes largely to water-borne illnesses,
stunting, and death. In India and around the world, millions are navigating the COVID-19 pandemic with the
added challenge of living without access to safe water. Now more than ever access to safe water is critical to the
health of families in India. These factors, combined with the current political push to end this crisis, has created
unprecedented urgency to implement effective solutions to increase access to safe water and sanitation.

Fig 2.3.1: water and sanitation crises

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A COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT DWSII

CHAPTER-3
1. Drinking Water Scenario in India

India accounts for approximately 16% of world population, 2.45% of the world's surface area and 4% of
the world's water resources. The available surface water and replenish able groundwater is 1,869 cubic
kilometers. Surface water comes from four major sources, namely rivers, lakes, ponds, and tanks. The
country's total rain replenished groundwater resources are approximately 432cubic kilometers. Groundwater
is used extensively in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu, through wells, boreholes,
and hand pumps. However, some states, such as Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Kerala, use more of surface
water and only a small portion of their groundwater resources.

Severe water depletion and a lack of proper planning/implementation for water safety and security affect
two-thirds of India's districts. According to WHO, 37.7 Man Indians are getting infected by waterborne
diseases each year, accounting for 70–80 % of the country's overall disease burden and 780,000 deaths due
to polluted water. According to the National Family Health Survey 4, diarrhea was prevalent in 9.2 % of U5
children. NFHS 4 data further reports that 90% of Indian households have access to improved sources of
drinking water, covering 91% of urban and 89% of rural. A safe water supply is the backbone of a healthy
economy, yet is woefully under prioritized, globally. It is estimated that waterborne diseases have an
economic burden of approximately USD 600 million a year in India. This is especially true for drought- and
flood-prone areas, which affected a third of the nation in the past couple of years. Less than 50 per cent of
the population in India has access to safely managed drinking water. Chemical contamination of water,
mainly through fluoride and arsenic, is present in 1.96 million dwellings.

Excess fluoride in India may be affecting tens of millions of people across 19 states, while equally
worryingly, excess arsenic may affect up to 15 million people in West Bengal, according to the World
Health Organization. Moreover, two-thirds of India’s 718 districts are affected by extreme water depletion,
and the current lack of planning for water safety and security is a major concern. One of the challenges is the
fast rate of groundwater depletion in India, which is known as the world’s highest user of this source due to
the proliferation of drilling over the past few decades. Groundwater from over 30 million access points
supplies 85 per cent of drinking water in rural areas and 48 per cent of water requirements in urban areas.

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A COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT DWSII

Fig 3.1: Fecal contamination in drinking water sources in Indian S&UTs

Of the Indian S&UTs, >50% of the ground water sources that supplied drinking water in Kerala, Delhi,
Chandigarh, Sikkim, Dadra & Haveli, Daman & Diu were contaminated with fecal coli forms (>1/100 ml;
Fig 2). Kerala for example, had almost 80% of the tested samples contaminated. In most other states, <5%
of the ground water sources tested were contaminated. Only Goa and Pondicherry had all tested sources of
ground water free of fecal contamination. It is, however, striking to note the positive deviance that even
though Kerala and Sikkim had poor drinking water quality in the samples tested, the U5 children diarrheal
prevalence in both states was well controlled. This compels one to further explore the drinking water
purification techniques/practices in these two states. On the other hand, S&UTs like UP, Bihar,
Meghalaya, and Pondicherry.

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A COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT DWSII
high prevalence of U5 diarrhea (>10%) despite having reasonable drinking water quality (Figs 4 & 5). In
fact, Pondicherry had no contamination at the source of drinking water, and still had high (>10%) U5
diarrhea prevalence. This needs to be again explored further.

Do Indian households treat their water before drinking?

Majority (62%) of the Indian households do not treat their water before drinking (Fig 3). Treatment is less
common in rural households (29%) as compared to urban (47%). Some households practice simple water
treatment procedures like cloth filtration (14%), boiling (10 %) and other methods (13%) including alum,
bleach/chlorine, electric purifier, and filters (ceramic/sand etc.)

10%

62% 38% 14%

14%

No HWT used HWT adopted-Cloth HWT adopted-Boiling HWT adopted-

Fig 3.2: Household water treatment practices in Indian household

3.1 Drinking Water Purification Methods

Drinking water treatment technologies focus on removal of physical (e.g., turbidity, suspended particles
etc.), chemical (e.g., arsenic, iron, fluoride etc.), and biological (bacteria, virus, protozoan’s, etc.)
contaminants. The focus in this section is mainly on the commonly Methods/technologies used in India for
the removal and/or killing of microbial pathogens from drinking water, and their appropriateness for the
vulnerable population. The reasons for this focus are that unlike physical or chemical contaminants,
microbial pathogens in drinking water multiply and spread rapidly, killing 6000 U5 children every day
globally through diarrheal diseases. Cholera for e.g., can take away a child’s life in a few hours if not

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treated immediately. Simple technology and other interventions that provide microbial safe drinking water
can thus have a huge public health impact. Diarrhea and drinking water contamination with pathogens
burden the socio-eco nomically vulnerable populations more than those well-off, and therefore any water
treatment/intervention promoted should be simple, easy to use, intuitive, and affordable. While being
effective, they should be safe and sustainable. Dependence on external resources should be minimal instead
local resources should be used as far as possible. It is extremely difficult to identify technologies that meet
all the required criteria and therefore one or more appropriate technologies are being integrated. However,
academic and industrial organizations are constantly innovating to simplify existing technologies and in
making the appropriate for the target population.

Treatment technologies can be classified based on the methods used as Physical, Chemical (Fig)

Fig 3.1.1: Drinking Water Treatment Technologies

3.2 Physical Methods

2. Physical methods use heat to kill or materials to filter the microbial contaminants from drinking water.
3.3 Boiling
Boiling has been one of the most common and oldest methods of disinfecting household water
for drinking and cooking purposes. Most water-borne pathogens are killed by bringing the water to a roll
boil for at least 1 min, even though most are killed at lower temperatures

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Distillation Systems:
.
The most common separation technique is distillation. The mixed components in water are separated
using heat, the water vapor as it condenses, leaving behind several pollutants. This method is extremely
effective against pathogens like protozoa, bacteria, and viruses, as well as the most common chemical
pollutants like arsenic, barium, lead, nitrate, and a wide range of organic chemicals. However, the cost of
heating and the loss of minerals are the main limitations, particularly when scaling up.

Solar Disinfection:

Most pathogens are destroyed by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and increasing the temperature
of the water increases the effectiveness of the radiation. Solar energy is the most abundant renewable energy
source on earth, and it also happens to be the most abundant in areas that require clean water. i.e., the
developing countries. The method, which is based on radiation intensity, temperature, water muddiness, and
water height, is simple and inexpensive. It involves exposing water in clear plastic bottles (usually synthetic
resin, PET) to the sun for at least six hours (Fig 5).

Fig 3.3.1: Solar Disinfection Method

3.3.1 UV sterilization
A UV disinfection system for water treatment typically consists of one or more UV lamps and a pipe or
duct through which the water is exposed to radiation. UV light can pass through the cell walls of
microorganisms and be absorbed by proteins and nucleotides, interrupting the structure of the
microorganism's DNA or RNA and helping in its inactivation. The use of UV disinfection to treat water is
very successful and is a part of many communities use and household water purifiers.

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UV disinfection is a chemical-free procedure that produces no byproducts and has little effect on the
mineral content and organoleptic character of water. It is amenable to be standardized and scaling up,
making it a viable industrial option for large scale water disinfection process.

3.3.2 Filtration

Suspended particles, dissolved gases and certain liquids in drinking water are removed by adsorption
and filtration through materials with varying pore size. Low-cost filtering materials include cloth, sand and
gravel, vegetable husk, ion exchange resins etc. There are sophisticated synthetic neon and ultra- filtration
membranes, with varying pore size to exclude particulate matter including microbes.

Cloth Filters:
The seminal work by Dr. Rita Colwell demonstrated that even a simple, traditional filtering method
using old sure cloth removes Vibrato cholera and can reduce the incidence of cholera among U5 children in
Bangladesh. Cloth filters however do not remove bacteria /viruses and can cause fouling if not cleaned
properly.

Ceramic Filters:
Due to economic and ecological issues, exploration of ceramic filters are gaining popularity, using clay
materials. Recent works by several authors report the use of clay materials within the manufacture of water
filters. A ceramic filter may be obtained by the blending of dry clay with organic material (such as used
coffee powder, tea leaves, and husk or rice shells) with the addition of water to get a rigid mixture. The
ceramic filters are extensively tested for effectiveness in reducing varied waterborne microbial.

Diatomaceous Earth Filters:

Diatomaceous Earth (DE) is the skeletal remains of diatoms or aquatic, single celled microscopic
organisms. After the diatoms die, the porous exoskeletons that are made of silica remain as sediments,
which are collected and processed. DE being low density, high porosity and relatively inert, make for a
good filter material. The interior pore size can be as small as 0.1 µm and comfortably removes water borne
pathogens including and bacteria. The low-cost DE candles are installed in conventional household filters
and, also in food and beverage industries to purify water.

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Membrane Filters:
Membranes are made of various materials, which give rise to specific filtering characteristics (e.g.,
pore size, surface charge, and hydrophobicity) that determine the type of contaminant that can be excluded.
Ultra-filtration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), microfiltration (MF), and reverse osmosis are the four types of
membrane filtration (RO). Membranes made from synthetic materials including cellulose acetate,
polyamide, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) etc. are customized per the requirement by the
manufacturers. Hydrostatic pressure is used in membrane processes to remove suspended solids and high
molecular weight solutes while allowing water and low molecular weight solutes to pass through.
The performance of the membrane filters varies depending on the membrane form and the type of
contaminant. Microfiltration is a sub-micron extension of traditional filtration. Microfiltration can sieve out
particles larger than 0.05 mm in diameter, and is effective in removing protozoan, moderately effective in
removing a few bacteria but do not remove viruses. To tackle the new emerging water contaminants that are
smaller (in the range of 0.001-0.05 µm), ultra-filters developed. Bacteria and moderately effective in
removing the viruses. Nan filtration membranes that combine the properties of reverse osmosis and ultra-
filtration membranes, with pore sizes ranging from 0.008 to 0.01 µm, remove particles based on size,
weight, and charge. They are highly effective in removing bacterial, viral, and protozoa contamination.
Micro/ultra/ neon-filters are used online in sophisticated reverse osmosis (RO) plants. The smaller the pore
size, more the effectiveness in removal of pathogenic bacteria, and viruses (Fig 9). There are several
commercially available purifiers with appropriate membrane filters fitted to suit the households as well as
communities. The disadvantages of these filters are mainly the costs of initial investment, replacement and
maintenance, and the environmental damage during water purification and replacement of parts. Reverse
osmosis (RO) is a water purification method that has been one of the widely used technologies in the world
in recent times. In regular osmosis, water moves from its higher concentration to a lower concentration,
thereby diluting a concentrated solution. In RO on the other hand, the impure water is pushed through a
semi-permeable membrane under pressure and the pure water comes out. It typically eliminates salts, heavy
metals (like Arsenic), organic contaminants, dyes, pesticides, and microbes from household water. The
biggest disadvantages of RO systems are that they are environmentally damaging, wasting 4x of water to
obtain 1x of pure water and the prohibitive investment and maintenance costs for a rural community.
Besides water from RO systems is devoid of minerals which can further lead to poor bone health and other
deficiencies due to prolonged use.

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Fig 3.3.2.1: Membrane filters.

The filter strips are intended to be land areas of either planted or indigenous vegetation located
between a potential pollutant-source area and a surface-water body that receives runoff. Vegetated filter
strips (also known as grassed filter strips, filter strips, and grassed filters) are vegetated surfaces that are
used to treat sheet flow from adjacent surfaces.

3.3.3 Chemical method

Chemicals are used to kill or coagulate and flocculate the microbial and other contaminants
fromdrinking water.

➢ Chlorine based methods:

Chlorination is the most common process for disinfecting drinking water. It includes adding
chlorine or chlorine byproducts (sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite) to water, where the
chlorine reacts to create hypo chorus acid and hypochlorite ion, both products that can destroy
pathogenic microorganisms. Another bactericidal agent with a disinfectant strength equal to or greater
than chlorine is chlorine dioxide. Chlorine dioxide has a high oxidizing strength, which explains why it
has such a high germicidal potential. Disinfection mechanism involves the inactivation of enzymatic
systems or disruption of protein synthesis due to the high oxidative

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Strength. Chloramines are another type of chlorine-based product that is formed when ammonia
containing water is chlorinated or when ammonia is added to chlorine containing water. They are
powerful and fast acting microbicides. Typically, 99 % of the chlorine amine forming reactions gets
completed within a few minutes. The chemicals used to produce chlorine amine from ammonia and
chlorine gas vary according to the ammonia-based chemical. The dosing of chlorine-based products is
critical for effective and safe usage. Exposure to residual chlorine is known to cause adverse effects
including cancer and skin ailments.

Fig 3.3.3.1: Chlorination Technique

➢ Hydrogen Peroxide:
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a powerful oxidizer that is used to control biological growth in water.
The potency of H2O2 is greatly influenced by temperature, peroxide concentration, and response time.
Combining H2O2 with ozone or UV light has become a practice to circumvent its limitations in recent
times. Usage of these new technologies is increasing worldwide for groundwater treatment, potable
drinking water, and industrial water treatment.

➢ Copper and Silver Based methods:

Copper and silver have well established antimicrobial properties and have been used as
drinking Water storage vessels in ancient civilizations. It is a traditional practice in India to store
drinking water in copper or silver pots. Simple, passive storage of drinking water in copper pots has
been shown to kill water-borne diarrheagenic pathogens. A low-cost copper based; point-of-use
device was found to be effective in disinfecting household drinking water. Further, a copper-based
product called Tamaris was manufactured that was found to be safe and effective in disinfecting
pathogens at the community level.

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Tamaris is simple to use, affordable product, requiring no recurring Technologies applying the
copper of years, in the drinking water purification sector. In this technique, electrically charged copper
particles in the water neutralize particles of inverse polarities, like microorganisms and fungi. Copper
particles infiltrate the cell walls and make a passageway for silver particles, which enter the core of the
microorganisms and make them inert.

➢ Coagulation and Flocculation:

Dissolved solids and suspended particles in water that do not settle naturally are aided in
sedimentation by coagulants and flocculants. Aluminum sulfate (Alum) is one of the best-known
coagulants used in drinking water treatment. Ferric sulfate and Sodium aluminates are also regularly
used coagulants. The coagulants when added to water and mixed, neutralize the negatively charged
dissolved and small sized particles, like microbes, and make them stick together.

➢ Chlorination Works for Iron, Manganese, and Hydrogen Sulfide Removal:

• As it moves through rock, groundwater dissolves iron and manganese that occur naturally in the
rock. In dissolved form, these minerals are colorless. Chlorine oxidizes iron and manganese into
red-brown or black particle and hydrogen sulfide into yellow particles. These particles can then
be filtered.

• A pH between 6 and 8 is best when chlorinating for iron or hydrogen sulfide removal.
Manganese removal is most effective when the pH is greater than 9.5.

• A certain amount of contact time between the contaminant and the chlorine is required. Contact
usually occurs in the system’s pressure tank, although water might not remain in the tank long
enough for complete oxidation.

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4.QUESTIONNAIRE

1. How much of water do you drink per day?

2. Do you drinking water in a store?

3. Are you satisfied with the quality of drinking water?

4. What are you doing to improve drinking level quality?

5. In your opinion who should be responsible for drinking water quality?

6. Have you analyzed your drinking water quality in a laboratory?

7. Where do you think, water of the highest quality is found?

8. How much do you spend on drinking water per week?

9. Are you confident that the drinking water which water which you buy in a store is suitable for drinking?

10. Are you satisfied with your drinking water quality?

11. Do you pay attention to local drinking water quality?

12. when you have problems with the drinking water?

13. what are the chemicals in the water that are polluted?

14. what factors can affect the quality of water?

15. when you have problems with the water?

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5.SURVEY WORK

5. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 Survey Work

Our team (batch number: 09) conducted survey on “ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER” by
interacting with people living in public areas. Collected information related to safe drinking water.
Cooperated with us further survey. A survey form was designed and we have noted answers from them.

Family 1:
Name: Vijaya Lakshmi
House No:172
Street Name: Shree Ram Nagar
Mobile No:9640361793

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Our suggestions:
1. Boiled Municipal tap water - will kill the bacteria’s, viruses, parasites in drinking water).
2. Use Chlorine Bleach: will kill the most viruses, and batteries - Add 8 drops or a little less than1/8 of a
teaspoon.
Family-2
Name: B. Venu Gopal
House No:6-183/3
Street Name: C.P.M Office Road, Near Bose Bomma Centre
Mobile No:7799331457

Suggestions:
➢ Wastes Significantly More Than it produces. One of the biggest disadvantages to RO water system
is wasted water.
Remove Healthy Minerals present in water in water and decreases the pH value.
In our India drinking water pH value is 6.5 to 8.5.
Minimize use of mineral water or RO purified water.

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Family-3
Name: S. Khaja Meya
House No: 3-182
Street Name: Mahatma Gandhi
Mobile No: 9573409592

Which type of water would they drink: Municipal tap water

RO-PLANT DETAILS:
Name: B. Easwar
RO-Plant Holder Name: Sri Dhugipati Pandu ranga Rao
Street Name: Bhagat Singh Colony
RO (Reverse Osmosis) Plant-Certified by Municipality Tiruvuru.

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Reverse Osmosis Working: RO-Plant works by using a high-pressure pump to increase the pressure on
the salt side of the RO and force the water across the semi permeable RO membrane, leaving almost all
around95 to 99% dissolved salts in the project stream behind.
RO Water safe to drink long term: Actually not, in this low mineral total dissolved solid (TDS)
drinking water produced by RO or distillation is not suitable for consumption.

Family-5:

Name: Krishna veni

Colony: Senga Reni
House No: 4-351
Mobile No: 9493359368

Which type of water would they drink: Boiled Municipal tap water

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Gram Panchayat Office:

Name: B.N. Swami Nayak
Mobile No: 9100121382

RWS (Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department) Officer.

➢ Nodal agency in the state for providing drinking water and sanitation facilities in rural areas Under
RWS Sector.

Gram Panchayat/Village Water and Sanitation Committee (GPWSC/ VWSC):

A Gram Panchayat/Village Water and Sanitation Committee (GPWSC/VWSC) is to be set up as a

Standing Committee/ Sub-Committee in each Gram Panchayat for planning, monitoring,
implementation and operation and maintenance of their Water Supply Scheme to ensure active
participation of the villagers. This Committee may be merged with the Village Health Committee set
up under NRHM, so that water, sanitation and health issues are tackled together at the village
level.

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Family-6:
Name: M. Bujji
House No: 159-2
Street Name: Sugali Street
Mobile Number: 9963590690

Which type water would they drink: Municipal tap water.

Make water safe to drink:

• Boiled Municipal tap water (will kill the bacteria’s, viruses, parasites in drinking water).
• Use Chlorine Bleach: will kill the most viruses, and batteries.
• Adding a pinch of salt for each quart or liter of boiled water.
• After that drink water.

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Precautions: Check the bottled water container for any signs it has been previously opened and refilled. Check
the expiration date, if one is present, and check the bottle carefully for cracks. If you are in doubt about the safe
of the water, boil or treat the bottled water before using it.

Family-7
Name: T. Krishna veni
House No: 122-1
Street Name: Sundarayya Colony

Which type of water would they drink: Municipal tap water

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Family-8
Name: J. Sunitha
House No:152-249
Street Name: Madhira Road
Which type of water would they drink: Municipal tap water
Make water safe to drink:
Municipal tap water is generally a better Choice because it’s less expensive and doesn’t create single use
plastic waste.
1. Boiled Municipal tap water - will kill the bacteria virus.

2. Use Chlorine Bleach: will kill the most viruses, and batteries - Add 8 drops or a little less than1/8 of a tea.
3.Adding a pinch of salt for each quart or liter of boiled water.

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Precautions: While not the most intuitive option, it still makes water safe for drinking at home. If there are
thunderstorms or other natural disasters approaching, you may want to go to the store and pick some up.
Alternatively, if you don’t want to run up how much plastic you’re using, you can aim to fill reusable water
bottles at home. This way you have a decent stash of drinkable water in the event that the power goes out or
utilities are shut off.

You’ll want to keep your stored water tightly sealed and away from direct sunlight. Ideally, the water
should always start within 50-70° Fahrenheit, and this should keep it shelf-stable for around 6 months at a
time, according to the CDC. Be sure to keep the drinking water safe by not storing near toxic substances, such
as gasoline, cleaning products, and pesticides.

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5.2 Our Suggestions:

1. Municipal tap water is generally a better Choice because it’s less expensive and doesn’t create single use
plastic waste.
2. Boiled Municipal tap water - will kill the bacteria’s, viruses, parasites in drinking water.

3. Use Chlorine Bleach: will kill the most viruses, and batteries - Add 8 drops or a little less than 1/8 of a
teaspoon.
4. Adding a pinch of salt for each quart or liter of boiled water.

5. Bore water or ground water is the most common source of water in India. Assessed by drilling the ground
and pumping water from aquifers. An aquifer is a water-holding permeable rock or clay that’s holds ground
water. When such water pumped out, it carries dissolved salts, chemicals, and microorganisms which can be
potentially harmful to human body.
6. Bore well Water is not safe to drink.

7. Medical experts say that drinking hot water is good, but there are also disadvantages of drinking
hotwater too much.
8. Wastes Significantly More Than it produces. One of the biggest disadvantages to RO water system
iswasted water.
9. Remove Healthy Minerals present in water in water and decreases the pH value.

10. In our India drinking water pH value is 6.5 to 8.5.

11. Minimize use of mineral water or RO purified water.

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6. DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

Bis Standards for Various Chemical and Biological Constituents Water Quality Parameters

S. No. Drinking water

Parameters IS 10500: 2021
Permissible Limit Maximum Limit
1 Odour Agreeable Agreeable
2 Taste Agreeable Agreeable
3 pH 6.5 to 8.5 No relaxation
4 TDS (mg/l) 500 2000
5 Hardness (as CaCO3) (mg/l) 200 600
6 Alkalinity (as CaCO3) (mg/l) 200 600
7 Nitrate (mg/l) 45 No relaxation
8 Sulphate (mg/l) 200 400
9 Fluoride (mg/l) 1 1.5
10 Chloride (mg/l) 250 1000
11 Turbidity (NTU) 5 10
12 Arsenic (mg/l) 0.01 0.05
13 Copper (mg/l) 0.05 1.5
14 Cadmium (mg/l) 0.003 No relaxation
15 Chromium (mg/l) 0.05 No relaxation
16 Lead (mg/l) 0.01 No relaxation
17 Iron (mg/l) 0.3 No relaxation
18 Zinc (mg/l) 5 15
19 Faecal Coliform 0 0
20 E. Coli 0 0

Table 6.1: Bis Standards for Various Chemical and Biological Constituents Water Quality Parameters

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7. RESULTS

Our study shows that 22.47% of subjects discharged waters into the natural environment after use.
Then,65,55% (493/752) of households consumed bore hole water;53.69% of households rode between 1
to 5 km, 49.25% walked more than 15 minutes to collect water and 85,50% of households did not use a
water treatment method. Only 14.49% of subjects used a water treatment method. No household used
solar water disinfection (SODIS); 2/752 households (0.26%) had no latrine. Most of the households
(54.52%; 410/752) discharged domestic wastes on to the street.

8. REFERENCES

➢ https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102071

➢ www.worldscientificnews.com.

➢ http://cgwb.gov.in/Documents/WQ-standards.pdf
➢ https://ejalshakti.gov.in/misc/Docs/ProvenTech.pdf

➢ https://ourworldindata.org/diarrheal-diseases

➢ https://www.unicef.org/reports/lost-home-2020

➢ www.worldscientificnews.com

➢ https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/pdf/drinking/Household_Water_Treatment.pdf

➢ https://swealliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/EVALUATING-THE-
CURRENT-STATUS-OF-DECENTRALISED-GOVERNANCE.pdf
➢ https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/

➢ https://ourworldindata.org/diarrheal-diseases

➢ https://www.grandchallenges.ca/grantee-stars/0259-01/

➢ https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/SBMCMS/about-us.htm

➢ https://www.tatatrusts.org/our-work/water-sanitation-and-hygiene

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9. CONCLUSION

As water is a basic need for human life, access to clean, and safe drinking water is a basic human
right. As a criterion, an adequate, reliable, clean, acceptable and safe drinking water supply has to be
available for various users. Moreover, everyone needs access to safe water in adequate quantities for
drinking, cooking and personal hygiene and sanitation facilities that do not compromise health or dignity.
Access to water is one of the most important catalysts given high priority by the UN for sustainable
development. Despite these facts, there are inequalities in access to safe drinking water in the world.
There are a number of factors challenging the sustainable WSS. Some of the factors are related to infra
structures, clean water issues, natural factors, human factors.

❖ People cannot create water.

❖ But, by managing sources and distribution systems, they can maximize the amount of
available of water and make the most out of every drop.

SAFE - WATER-!!!!!!!

SAVE - LIFE-!!!!!

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