ae VAAYUSASTRA ‘AEROSPACE PVT LTD. DRONE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT FDP REPORT Submitted by C. VISHWASIRASINI 912320105023, In complete fulfillment for the award of the certificate for Course completion In the area of “VIMAAN” IN SACS MAVMM ENGINEERING COLLEGE ALAGARKOVIL MADURAI-625301 SUBMITTED TO: VAAYUSASTRA AEROSPACE, Pyt.LTD IIT MADRAS RESEARCH PARK KANAGAM, THARAMANI CHENNAI TAMILNADU 600113BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this FDP report “DRONE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT" is the bonafide work of “C.VISHWASIRASINI” who carried out the course. Signature Signature Dr.P.SUNDARAVADIVEL Facilitator, CSE Department Drone design, Testing and HOD fabrication, Nan Mudhalvan SPOC, Vaayusastra Aerospace pvt. Ltd, SACS MAVMM ENGINEERING COLLEGE ITM Research Park, Alagarkovil ‘Tharamani, Chennai, Madurai-625301 Tamil Nadu-600113 Signature Facilitator, Drone design, Testing and Fabrication Vaayusastra Aerospace pvt. Ltd IITM Research Park, ‘Tharamani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu - 600113 Submitted for completion of FDP programme on 06.10.2023ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At this delightful moment of having accomplished our report we extend our sincere thanks to honourable Mr. M. K. Stalin, chief minister of Tamil Nadu, for providing us with all the amenities for completing this Faculty Development Programme. We extend our sincere thanks Vaayusastra Aerospace IIT Madras incubated startup in aerospace and aeronautical education sector for empowering us with excellent infrastructure, admi DEVELOPMENT. ration and opportunity to learn about DRONE DESIGN ANDTABLE OF CONTENT S.NO TITLE INTRODUCTION HISTORY TYPES OF DRONES TYPES OF DRONES BASED ON SIZE REQUIREMENTS PARTS OF DRONE QUADCOPTER DESIGN AND FABRICATION CLASSIFICATION OF DRONES APPLICTAION OF DRONES CONCLUSION‘What are they and who uses them? Some call them drones, some apply the label “quadcopters” as a blanket term—though they can have any number of rotors or even be planes—the FAA calls them “unmanned aerial systems” (UAS). I prefer to call them “unmanned aerial vehicles” (UAVs), a neutral term broad enough to safely include pretty much the whole gamut, from Hubsan nano drones up to commercial and military aircraft weighing hundreds of pounds and basically the size of small ‘manned planes. DII Phantom 4 Quadeopter UAVs are and aren't new, Starting somewhere around 2013, a new trend emerged in the tech toy and aerial imaging market—an explosion in popularity of compact multi-rotor RC aircraft, perhaps most notably the DJI Phantom 4, a compact quadcopter featuring a gimbalstabilized aerial camera, RC enthusiasts will, of course, ery foul, They will point out RC—unmanned—aircraft havebeen around for decades—nay, longer*—not to mention that pilots have been equipping them with cameras for FPV since cameras got small and video transmitters got cheap. While this is true, the market was always a niche one, the exclusive realm of dedicated model-builders (a handful of professional users aside) to whom few on the outside paid much attention or of whom they were even aware. If there is one overwhelming breakthrough that put consumer and prosumer UAVs on the ‘map, it was computerized flight-control systems and multi-rotor technology, the latter not possible without the former. Traditional RC aircraft require skill to fly and many become quite expensive (you may have to remote gage your house to pay for some). Many are powered by tiny gas engines, some even turbines, and fly at scaled speeds competitive with manned aircraft. Multi-rotor UAVs, as distinct for helicopters by tue of the complexity of their control systems, req a computer to regulate control input. Unlike planes, there is no rudder, no ailerons; just propellers. The only way to modulate flight is by spinning the rotors at different speeds, and there is just no way to do this manually. A side effect of this fly-by-wire implementation that they can basically pilot themselves, especially when equipped with GPS, optical flow, and other guidance systems This means just about anyone can fly; though I suppose it’s an open question if just anyone should fly. Because they can follow very precise flight patterns, as well as hover in a fixed position (assuming GPS or optical flow), it was inevitable that one of the most popular-use cases for multi- rotors would be imaging. And, as luck would have it, at the same time, HD and 4K cameras have gotten really compact and really cheap (compared to the quality that they pump out), making strapping one to a UAV pretty much a no-brainer. 1. HISTORY OF DRO! ‘The radio control airplane was invented in 1938 by the GOOD BROTHERS, WALT and BILL. The concept of the radio transmitter and receiver was started by the good brothers. In 1937 Dr. Walter Good and his twin brother had a hobby of building RC model airplanes and they started working on it,‘The flight was made 8- foot Free Flight model and the brothers installed a primitive RC equipment and they built their Dream airplane Big Gutf (1st RC plane) in the year 1938. FROM THE BEGINNING OF AVIATION TO THE END OF WORLD WAR IL In 1903 with the first flight taken by the Wright brothers, developments in aviation accelerated and soon the first Unmanned Aerial Vehicle was created. It was the time of flying bombs, which is a manned or unmanned aerial vehicle or aircraft carrying a large explosive warhead, a precursor {0 contemporary cruise missiles. In contrast to a bomber aircraft, which is intended to release bombs and then return to its base for re-use, a flying bomb crashes into its target and is therefore itself destroyed in its attack. During the First World War it was very difficult to replace the lost a planes and pilots, which happened quite frequently due to the mass introduction of warplanes. To solve this problem, military leaders started to think about using Unmanned Aircraft, in certain issions. According to the theory of Douhet, a nation’s resistance could be broken and a country could be defeated by terror bombings. The use of flying bombs seemed to be a good asset for this task. The first prototype of such a machine was linked to the American Elmer Sperry, who created an aircraft that was controlled by autopilot, Military professionals saw big potential in the UAV and they gave seven Curtis N-9s to be mounted this autopilot system. First test flights were carried out in 1917 with a pilot in the cockpit. This pilot was responsible for the take-offs and landings. However, the other phases of flight were guided by the autopilot. After flying 48 km the bombs were ejected, but it couldn’t hit closer to the target than 3 km. EVOLUTION OF AVIATION IN THE FIRST DECADES OF COLD WAR After the Second World War, researches related to the UAVs continued, which was supported by the big development of automatic systems. In the 1950s with the appearance of aircraft and mis les flying over the speed of sound, the air defense units needed new assets to simulate targets like these, Military leaders wanted to develop pilot less target aircraft with supersonic speed. In 1953 the Radio plane branch of Northrop started working on the AQM-35 supersonic PTA, which carried out its first take-off in 1956.It was able to fly as fast as Mach 1.55. Its main task was to help with the training of air defense missile units against supersonic airplanes. Even though it was possible to launch it from the ground, most of the cases it was launched from an airplane, from where it was controlled. All together 25 models were built, but the program was stopped, because the UAV was so fast that the air defense systems couldn’t track it, so they were unable to lock on this UAV [13]. FROM THE END OF VIETNAM WAR TO THE END OF 1990S After the end of Vietnam War in 1975, from the late 1970s and early 1980s the rapid electronic development gave a huge push for the airplane research. From these years digital technology was used intensively, thanks to the cheap CPUs and software developments. (One of the biggest military conflicts of this time was the Arab-Israeli War. According to the doctrine of the small country, it invested a lot in its air force. To prepare for the war, intelligence and information gathering turned out to be a crucial point, in which Israel seemed to be the best. It was carried out largely by UAVS, on the basis of the US experiences in the Vietnam War. In the 1970s Israel was the leading UAV manufacturer country. This era’s rapid technologic development, that I have already mentioned, helped this process. Two of the most successful ce a 1, TYPES OF DRONES “Drones” can be classified on a different basis ~ say based on usage ‘like Drones for Photography, Drones for aerial Mapping, Drones for Surveillance etc. However, the best classification of “Drones” can be made on the basis of aerial platforms. Based on the type of aerial platform used, there are 4 major types of drones. * Multi Rotor Drones + Fixed Wing Drones+ Single Rotor Helicopter + Fixed Wing Hybrid 1, Multi Rotor Drones:~ Out of all the 4 drone types (based on aerial platform), multi-rotor drones are the easiest to Multi Rotor drones are the most common types of drones which are used by professionals and hobbyists alike. They are used for most common applications like aerial photography, aerial video surveillance etc. Different types of products are available in this segment in the market ~ say multi- rotor drones for professional uses like aerial photography (whose price may range from S00USD to 3K USD) and there are lots of variants for hobby purposes like amateur drone racing, or leisure flying (price range from SOUSD to 400USD). manufacture and they are the cheapest option available as well. Fig: Quadcopter drone ‘Multi-rotor drones can be further classified based on the number of rotors on the platform. They are Tri copter (rotors), Quadcopter (4rotors), Hex copter (Grotors) and Octocopter (8 rotors). Out of these, Quadcopters are the most popular and widely used variant, Although easy to manufacture and relatively cheap, multi-rotor drones have many downsides. The prominent ones being it’s limited flying time, limited endurance and speed. They are not suitable for large-scale projects like long distance aerial mapping or surveillance. The fundamental problem with the multicopper is they have to spend a huge portion of their energy (possibly from a battery source) just to fight gravity and stabilize themselves in the air. At present, most of the multi-rotor drones out there are capable of only a 20 to 30 minutes flying time (often with a minimal payload like a camera).2. Fixed Wing Drones: Fixed Wing drones are entirely different in design and build to multi-rotor type drones. They use a ‘wing’ like the normal airplanes out there. Unlike multi-rotor drones, fixed wing type models never utilize energy to stay afloat on air (fixed wing types can’t stand still on the air) fighting gravity. Instead, they move forward on their set course or as set by the guide control (possibly a remote unit operated by a human) as long as their energy source permits. Fig: fixed wing drone Most fixed wing drones have an average flying time of a couple of hours. Gas engine powered drones can fly up to 16 hours or higher. Owing to their higher-flying time and fuel efficiency, fixed ‘wing drones are ideal for long distance operations (be it mapping or surveillance). But they cannot be used for aerial photography where the drone needs to be kept still on the air for a period of time. ‘The other downsides of fixed-wing drones are higher costs & skill training required in flying. It’s not easy to put a fixed wing drone in the air. You either need a ‘runway’ or a catapult launcher to set a fixed wing drone on its course in the air. A runway or a parachute or a net is again necessary to land them back in ground safely. On the other side, multi-rotor drones are cheap — anyone with a few hundred dollars to spare can buy a decent quadcopter. Flying a quadcopter doesn’t require special training. You just take them to an open area and fly it. Guiding and controlling a quadcopter can be learned on the go. Single Rotor Dones:Single rotor drones look very similar in design & structure to actual helicopters. Unlike a multi rotor drone, a s gle rotor model has just one big sized rotor plus a small sized one on the tail of the drone to control its heading. Single rotor drones are much efficient than multi rotor versions ‘They have higher flying times and can even be powered by gas engines. In aerodynamics, the lower the count of rotors the lesser will be the spin of the object. And that’s the big reason why quadcopters are more stable than octocopters. In that sense, single rotor drones are much efficient than multi-rotor drones. Fig: gle rotor drone However, these machines come with much higher complexity and operational risks. Their costs are also on the higher side. The large sized rotor blades often pose a risk (fatal injuries have been recorded from RC copter accidents) if the drone is mishandled or involves in an accident. Multi-rotor drones, often owing to their small rotor blades have never been involved in fatal accidents (though a scar on human body is likely). They also demand special training to fly them on air properly (though they may not need a runway or a catapult launcher to put them on air). 3. Hybrid VTOL: ‘These are hybrid versions combining the benefits of Fixed wing models (higher flying time) with that of rotor-based models (hover). This concept has been tested from around 1960's without much success However, with the advent of new generation sensors (gyros and accelerometers), this concept has got some new life and direction, Hybrid VTOLs are a play of automation and manual gliding. A vertical lift is used to lift the drone up into the air from the ground. Gyros and accelerometers work in automated mode (autopilot concept) to keep the drone stabilized in the air. Remote based (or even programmed) manual control is used to guide the drone on the desired course.‘There are some versions of this hybrid fixed wing models available in the market. However, the most popular one is drone used in Amazon commercials (for its Prime delivery service). 3. TYPES OF DRONES BASED ON SIZE nano (weighing up to 250 g), micro (250 g to 2 kg), small (2-25 kg), medium (25-150 kg), and large (over 150 kg) There are many parts of an s own specific purpose. Let’s look at the main components of an airplane and get a better understanding of their function, REQUIREMENTS: ‘Some of the major components for constructing this cleaning drone are Frame Electronic Speed controller - 4 Flight controller Propellers -4 Rotors -4 MOTORS: Motors are considered to be the main part of the drone, the motors are of two 1. Brushless motor : brushless motors for drones and UAV applications, ranging from miniature- class multi-rotors, to heavy-lift systems used in industrial and military flight operations. Our brushless motors for drones lead the market in performance and vibration-less flight operation, From commercial and industrial heavy lift operations to personal and hobby brushless motor upgrades. This type of motor is used in drones due to their high speed rotation. 2. Brushed motors: A brushed DC elec motor is an internally commutated electric motor designed to be run from a direct current power source. T Main Controller (MC): not used in drones since the power loss is more compared to brushless motors. DJLESC Center Board and MC V2 for Phantom 3 Professional/Advanced Quadcopte The heart of the flight-control system, this can be thought of as the “brains” of the UAV. It is an embedded computer (many run Linux) that has custom software for controlling the aircraft, sometimes user- reprogrammable through a software development kit (SDK). In some designs, the MC is a separate module with connection ports. On others, especially consumer products, there may be a single circuit board (PCB) that includes the MC, gyros/sensors, electronic speed controllers (ESCs), and other core flight electronics With modular designs, some form of connectivity—analogous to SATA ports inside a computer—is provided, allowing peripherals and user upgrades to be installed. CAN-Bus is widelyused. This is an automotive serial interface technology developed in the 1980s that has been repurposed in a diverse range of control-by-wire vehicles including, among other things, combines. ‘Modular systems have the advantage that they can usually be replaced or upgraded. Early on, a major part of DJI’s business model was selling its Naza- M and triple-redundant A3 Pro flight controllers to third-party UAV makers and individual multi-rotor builders. Gyros/Sensors: Fig. Heli Max TAGS-FX Control Board for 230Si Quadcopter For autonomy to work, the MC needs to track how the aircraft is flying. To accomplish this, some form of sensor array is provided. Generally, it will include accelerometers, inertial measurement units (IMUs), and gyros, and may also work in conjunction with positional data from an optical flow system or GPS/compass. Basically, these sensors tell the UAV how fast its acceleration is changing, in what direction, and whether itis right-side up. Those familiar with motorized gimbal camera stabilizers may recognize the same sensor technology being employed here as in gimbals. Electronic Speed Controllers (ESCs): Fig.- HUBSAN ESC for H501S X4 FPV Quadcopte Each motor has an ESC (though some designs put all on one board). In its most basic form, an ESC regulates power going to the motor with which it is paired. More sophisticated systems can also relay data back to the MC, such as vitals about how the motors are performing. With six or more rotors, active feedback makes it possible to keep flying (enough to land safety) if one motor fails. Receiver: This receiver is for the radio control system. It pairs (“binds”) with the controller the pilot or operator holds, which logically, if confusingly, is known as the “transmitter.” Modem receivers typically operate in the 2.4GHz range (like other license-free radio systems, such as Wi-Fi) and have four or more channels, extra channels enabling custom functionality to be relayed via the control signal, in addition to basic piloting inputs. In the hobby world, these extra channels might be usedfor anything from retracting/extending landing gear to firing off a smoke generator. In aerial imaging applications, the extra channels can sometimes be dedicated to gimbal or camera control, ig.-Spektrum AR400 4-Channel DSMX RC Aircraft Receiver Propelle Fig.-veho Self-Tightening Propeller Blades for Muvi Drone Light UAVs use plastic propellers, which resist breaking on impact because they are flexible, and they are safer. Heavier models use carbon fiber or other more rigid materials (planes frequently use wood or nylon/glass). Carbon fiber propellers are dangerous, even deadly, and should be used only by experienced pilots and well away from people. Unless extreme performance is a concern, the benefits of carbon fiber overplastic are marginal on multi-rotors. ‘TransmitterFig.3DR 2.4 GHz, 9-Channel Transmitter for IRIS Quadcopter This is the radio controller. For an increasing number of tech toy and entry-level UAVs, the “transmitter” is simply the combination of a mobile app and a Wi-Fi-enabled tablet or smartphone (Parrot uses Wi-Fi control for all of its quadcopters). UAVs equipped with receivers, such as Spektrum and Futaba, can work with a range of transmitters. This allows the user to select the best fit, depending on what features they are looking for and what their budget might be. It should be noted: these tend to be proprietary, so with a Brand X receiver you'll probably need a Brand X or, at the very least, a Brand X-compatible transmitter, ‘Systems that include a transmitter (as well as other basic accessories required for flying) are dubbed “ready-to-fly,” and are the simplest to jumpstart the beginner. ‘When investing in a transmitter, generally, compatibility can be determined by referring to the specs for the receiver. It will need to support the same protocol as the receiver and support at least as many channels as the receiver requires. So, for example, a DSMX 4- channel receiver will work happily with a DSMX 6-channel transmitter. For advanced configurations, one also needs to consider secondary systems that will need to inter-operate with the transmitter, such as a telemetry radi ‘Transmitters can range anywhere from simple two-joystick jobs for remote-control toys up to highly sophisticated pieces of electronics with advanced programming to support myriad aircraft configurations, expandable model memory, telemetry displays, audible feedback, and trainer ports In many ways, high-end transmitters are more complex than aircraft they fly. Other hardware systems that are not essential to the archetypical UAV but are nonetheless common, include: . GPS GPS: Fig.-Parrot GPS Board for BeBop 2 Drone ‘Once you transcend the toy category, GPS—often generically referred to as GNSS to include GLONASS and other systems—is pretty standard on multi-rotors. By providing (relatively) precisepositional data, GPS enables flight modes including fixed hovering, auto return home, orientation control, and safety “bubbles” that limit how close the UAV can get to the pilot GPS also provides an extra level of granularity to further enhance flight stability. UAVs that are equipped with GPS can generally fly without it, but will lose some of their autonomy. Thus, they are more dependent on the skills of the pilot to stay airborne. For GPS to work, a compass is also required to provide bearing, and compass calibration may involve a baroque but essential pre-flight routine.ELECTRONIC SPEED CONTROLLER An electronic speed control (ESC) is an electronic circuit that controls and regulates the speed of an electric motor. It may also provide reversing of the motor and dynamic braking. Miniature electronic speed controls are used in electrically powered radio controlled models. BATTERY SS Lithium polymer (LiPo) batteries are among the most common battery types used for ize and drones because they offer the advantage of high energy density in relation to their weight, with a higher voltage per cell, so they can power the drone’s on-board systems with fewer cells than other rechargeables.Quadcopter Design and Fabrication Sandeeep Khajure!, Vaibhav Surwade', Vivek Badak' Department of Computer Engineering, Savitribai Phule Pune University, AISSMS COE, Pune, India! Abstract: Quadcopter, Quadrotor, Drones, unmanned aerial vehicle various names, various aspects and various implementations given to the single device. A device that can be controlled from a remote location, monitor it, get a video or image data, process it and act according to it. The various quadcopters designed are to be focused on their weight, designing, application etc. The quadcopter that we are ahead to develop mainly emphasis on the cost effectiveness and the sensors implemented in it. Most of the quadcopters are application oriented they are limited to their own application. The efforts from us are made to erase these problems and derive a feasible solution that is going to overcome all these problems. Keywords: Quadcopter, Autonomous Flight, UAV, Py Quad Sim. I. QUADCOPTER MOVEMENTS ‘The thrust and torque are the very basic two things used for movement of quadcopter. ‘The movement are decided on the input values (x, y, 2,0, 6, y) provided to it, The movements are Yaw Rotat Each of rotors on the device produces both thrust and torque. Initially there are frontleft and rear-right motors both rotate counter clockwise and other two rotate clockwise, the net aerodynamic torque will be zero [6]. Yaw decides the direction of the quadcopter, Fig. 1. Yaw Rotation Pitch Rotation :Motion of the Quadcopter about the lateral axis is termed as pitch. It decides the movement of quadcopter either forward or backward. 2. Pitch Rotation otation : Motion of the Quadcopter about the longitudinal axis is called as roll. It makes Quadcopter to fly either right or left. Fig. 3. Roll Rotation II. LITERATURE SURVEY The literature survey has been done in aspects with the history of copters, the techniques used, selection criteria for the hardware and the software compatibility. Tulio Salazar, "Helicopter Dynamics, Simulation and Control”, June 2011 This paper emphasis on the thermodynamics properties. Helicopter or Plane was the first flying machine to be developed. It had certain problems of which the main problem was the hovering. This is the problem of sustaining in one place for long time.b, Anton Nakazawa and Bai Xiang Jin, “Quadcopter Video Surveillance UAV”. December 2013 This paper stress on the data captured through the camera. The data can be audio or video. To obtain a clear vision of the data or what is going in the video the basic need is the use of professional and a clear vision camera lens in the device which are more expensive. c. Board Selection Criteria As all the command has to be provided through the board so there are certain criteria which need to be understood before selecting the board. The very first thing is to make sure that the board fulfil the requirements of the application. It should also be easily programmable and user friendly also the thing to be point out is the cost of the board. d, Languages Used To program a copter or device the selection criteria for the languages to be used can be on the basis of its implantation and compatibility with the hardware. MATLAB and Java are the two languages which have proved to be the best languages in support with the hardware. But also, Python language can be proved to be the best language for programming boards for working of copters. III. DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY FlightPlan Altitude PathPlanner StabilizationDesired 1 ‘Manualcontrolcommand [Arie — Stabilization | ActuatorDesired Actuator Fig. 4. Propose Architecture Currently we are Integrating Graphical User Interface (GUI) with the hardware to achieve the desired goal of building autonomous quadcopter which will allow direct control over the system. For this we are using Python- Quadcopter-Simulator (Py Quad Sim). It is open-source framework which is used for controlling the flight of quadrotor. Powerful Virtual Robot Experimentation Platform (V-REP) is used in this framework. Also, we can add thevarious sensors and features as per our requirement by modifying the source code written in python.CLASSIFICATION OF DRONES: During the past 50 years, surveying and engineering measurement technology has made five quantum leaps: the electronic distance meter, total station, GPS, robotic total station and laser scanner. Unmanned aircraft systems or drones will be the sixth quantum leap in technology [5]. UAS have demonstrated capabilities operating in dark, fog, and difficult decreased visibility confined situations. Furthermore, this platform is considered perfect for aerial view of areas i airspace using accelerometer and gyroscope when manned helicopter cannot operate. Referring to a plethora of a new class of appliances, some are capable to access structures using autocontrolled navigation systems. These areas are too small, tall and inaccessible for a manned aircraft (top of the banks or bottom of the valley) or satellite multispectral imaginaries to get up close. This explosion of electronic intriguing and most published technology is driving to a rapidly expanding market in search and rescue tasks, monitoring the status of water bodies, highways, conservation. Drones, also, assist in detecting and mapping the region of natural and other types of disaster risk- analysis, transport and agricultural aviation, forest fires. They are finding increasing application in the area of search and rescue. In addition, they revolutionize management of natural hazards like tornado, flood, or earthquake, drones with proximity sensors. They support aiding actions and monitoring to relocate people in remote and wild areas (steep slopes or dam facings) and deliver emergency supplies and medication, UAS are leading to the organization of communication and the regulation of traffic in major cities Emergency Firefighters can operate drones to find if anyone alive is caught in a building on fire, The noteworthy example is shown in Fig.2. They can assist firefighters in safely accessing building on fire, and they perform a navigation to coordinate a not dangerous traceable flight path through, the fire. Moreover, unmanned vehicles deal with forest fire monitoring and automatic route flights. Fig. 2. Aerial view from firefighter drone in order to rescue for vietims or aliveSearch and rescue and disaster management missions with drones share many objectives. Drones for surveillance carry out a location that must be observed with geographically accurate models over time such as hurricane, volcanic eruptions, earthquake, or flood. The concept of humanitarian aid in natural hazards research and monitoring include flood mapping, hyperspectral imaging, sea ice flow observations and plume dispersion and tracking. In addition, unmanned vehicles access road weather information systems collecting weather, fire and flood information while communications interface software send data to ground station, Cargo drones can play a key role in courier services, re ‘il operations, and hospitality venues that perform delivery services delivering certain items, For example, the ambulance drone created from Alec Moment is ready for emergency response as it is shown in Fig. 3. It focuses, 6on the most pressing use case: delivery of an automated external defibrillator - where a decrease in response time of just one-minute leads to an inerease of 10% in the survival rates, Earth science Surveyors and GIS professionals could rely on UAS mapping to save time and cost on mized. surveying and mapping projects. Time require for gathering precise data is drastically mi By producing accurate detailed data below the cloud level ~ geo-teferenced digital form — surveyors can collect repeatable 3-D point clouds autonomously in a small flight for some square kilometers surface. Relatively short time-frame spent on the ground-level indicates staff safety is ensured by evaluating hazard to surveyors when out metering areas named with construction location, actual slope shapes or heavy traffic paths with inexpensive collection, Advances in photogrammetric and CAD software in drones assist in professional orthophotography. Other complementary activities involve main litho logical limits, identification of differences between slopes and soil stockpiled volume and geo-structural features such as slope geometry identification. Furthermore, drone could help scientists in cloud microphysics, weather forecasting and meteorology, physical oceanography, magnetic fields, vegetation, ozone chemistry, radiation levels, tropospheric pollution and air quality, Media businesses, such as film and motion picture industry, newscasters, and professionals could operate a UAS that shown to achieve spect cular aerial images or livestreaming videos shot. This flying platform is capable of generating high spatial resolution photos in cases where a conventional manned helicopter for aerial footage does not exist, or for areas that cannot be reached by aircraft or plane, Drones also assist in aerial advertising and commercial imaging and an illustrative example is shown in Fig. 5.Fig 5. A commercially available product for aerial photography in media, Archaeology can be supported with ortho photo stereo plotted on the geological map. The UAS can be programmed by students who operate the latest model calibrated camera systems and scan land not easily reached capturing geo-referenced 2-D ortho-photo mosaics, 3-D data, contour lines and design perspectives. Huge demand has stimulated competition regarding scientific applications of drones involving atmospheric monitoring, hyperspectral imaging. Environment With increased frequency, these devices can support activities evaluation of erop's health (Fig. 6), agricultural surveys, fend off pests. Farmers are permitted to survey drone-generated ‘maps to recognise farmland of crop variation and subtle changes with the Digital Terrain Model. UAS assist in estimating root- causes of damage (nutritional stress on corps) and offering solutions, pasture performance in considerable detail for future verification. Additionally, farmer experts use satellites to monitor crop health below the cloud level from large scale to small scale palm tree counts and coconut oil yield and are able to conduct irrigation and drainage models with thermal cameras. Fig 6. A product for monitoring crop’s health. Drones are finding a growing number of uses for scientific purpose and learning activities, in scholarly research both for faculties and students, The use of UAS in labs, group projects, class is still new but gaining in popularity while could support from filming of student movie to an opening of a variety of academic fields not previously available. These highlysophisticated machines offer new dimensions capturing easily repeatable imagery for biology, wildlife, botany and agricultural studies. Finally, they support sea ice flow observations, plume dispersion and tracking, soil moisture imaging and aerosol and gas level in clouds. Defense and security On the defense side, traffic surveillance (Fig. 7) is a fast growing area for drone adoption. Unmanned vehicles are used for transportation surveillance data and planning while they are programmed off-line and combined with real time navigation. Close to the emergency segment, applications such as incident/accident/- emergency response, choose the best route above the road network, track a network of traffic signals, traveler times, provide emergency vehicle services and inform the police for the best route, track vehicle movements in an intersection, ‘measurement of traditional queue lengths, assist in parking, monitor Origin-Destination (OD) flows [15]. Drones intended for use in traffic control are reaching incredible speeds, relatively lower cost, fast and safer while they are not prevented from road network, very bad weather or evacuation conditions aim at observation of gathering flows, speeds, estimate traffic densities and vehicle trajectories [15]. Fig 7. UAV monitoring traffic. anchers and fishery technici ns are trying to test the technology in order to examine drones’ feature for cost-say 1g benefit of performing patrols and inspection work representing an important step in the investigation process. Long-range inspection drones are being used as a blocking out technology, catching illegal fishing vessels in nature region. They allow a bird’seyeview assisting the continuous distributed surveillance forces of government organization assisting in inspecting of sensitive sites, drug monitoring and intervention, domestic traffic surveillance, pipeline patrol and port security. Finally, they assist in Nuclear, biological, chemical (NBC) sensing/tracking APPLICATION OF DRONES 1) Agricultural Application: Agriculture is yet another important application of the technology, where drones are offering farmers affordable and effective methods to_monitor crops. Drones equipped with infrared sensors are especially helpful in monitoring crop health, giving farmers faster and more reliable_information_to_take precautionary measures to improve crop conditions and yield. According to estimates, drone technology will cover 80% of the agriculture industry in the coming few years. 2) Terrain Mapping: Scientists and researchers are using drones fitted with LIDAR sensors and 3D cameras to capture 3D imagery of terrains for terrain mapping. The Al-powered drones are pre-programmed to fly over a defined course without any need for human intervention. The drone can either store recordings onboard or send live videos/images to the ground stations for further processes. This drone application is especially useful for creating powerful and precise Digital Elevation Models (DEM) of terrains, which are used in various scientific research, including remote sensing and GIS. 3) Livestock Management: Apart from agricultural management, drones are also being used for livestock management, The Al-powered drones can be preprogrammed to monitor and track livestock in the fields, giving ranchers a realtime aerial view of the livestock for better management and monitoring of livestock. Thermal sensors equipped with drones are also used for nighttime surveillance of livestock and identification of any issues in real-time. 4) Solar Panel Inspection: Solar energy has become an important renewable sector with meteoric growth and development in recent years. Countries worldwide have developed massive solar energy parks to generate clean and renewable energy. AI drone solar panel inspection equipped with multiple5) 6) 7) 8) sensors and image detectors offers authorities reliable, consistent, and affordable technology to inspect the solar panels and identify any potential issues that may compromise the efficiency of the solar parks. The AI drones not only offer a great consistent solution for monitoring solar parks, but they are also much more affordable and reliable than manual checking. Aerial Photography: Aerial photography represents one of the first applications of drones. The predecessor of drones (air balloons) was used during WWI by various countries as reconnaissance tools for information gathering of enemy positions. Today, drones are widely used to capture footage of remote and inaccessible areas as a much cheaper alternative to helicopters. From individual Vloggers to Hollywood production houses, drones are used worldwide as the most potent, versatile, and affordable tool to capture stunning aerial photography. Even many news agencies use drones to collect first-hand information and live broadcasts. Shipping & Delivery: While shipping and delivering is still a relatively new application of drone technology, it’s being taken up by some of the biggest names in the tech industry, including; Amazon and DHL. The technology enables delivery companies to fasten their delivery system and offer better customer service by taking to the skies. Amazon is especially taking drone technology to the next level by integrating the AI positioning system to deliver same-day parcels to customers. Geographic Locations: Professional and government agencies increasingly use drone technology to access high-definition imagery of remote locations like rugged mountains and inaccessible mountaintops, islands, and coastlines. Modern drones can carry various imagery sensors, which may be used to create 3D maps of geographic locations or contribute towards crowd-sourced mapping. Disaster Management: Disaster management is also one of the most important and widely used technology tools that have been adopted worldwide. The unique ability of drones to access disaster struck areas faster and safely makes them the most potent and affordable tool to gather information from ground zero and make relief operations plans. With special sensors, cameras,and radars, drones can assist rescue workers in getting the complete picture of the level of disaster and make any relief and rescue plans accordingly. 9) Search and Rescue: The thermal sensors onboard enable drones to become potent tools for nighttime surveillance. Drones can be used to track lost persons, across forests, mountains, and rugged terrains, whereas they can be equipped with infrared and thermal sensors for equal effectivity day and night. Many modern drones are capable of operating in harsh conditions, as well, making them effective search and rescue tools. Apart from their role in search of lost persons, drones can also be used to airdrop essential supplies to disasterstruck or war-torn areas, For instance, drones can be loaded with GPS locator, food supplies, medicines, and other essential supplies to help stuck people survive until the help arrive. 10) Weather Forecast: A recent trend in drone technology is the development of special drones for weather monitoring and forecast. Weather and Climate agencies across the world are utilizing drones to monitor and track hazardous weather patterns like hurricanes, low-pressure systems over oceans, and other weather events to receive first-hand information about the magnitude, behavior, and trajectory of the event and disseminate it with the local people. 11) Wildlife Monitoring: In Africa, drones have been used for quite some time as a deterrent to poachers. The unique ability of drones to keep surveillance over large areas consistently across all weather makes them ideal technology feat to monitor wildlife in deep forests or massive grasslands. Apart from acting as a deterrent against poachers, drones are also used by scientists to track endangered animals, as well as study their behavior and habitat. 12) Law Enforcement: Law enforcement agencies widely use drones to maintain law and order situations. The applicability of drones becomes even more crucial during protests, where the technology enables law enforcement agencies to closely and consistently monitor the situation of protest and spot any unlawful event before it spirals out of control. Apart from its application in maintaining law and order in cities, drones are also used by border management agencies to track smugglers and illegal transportation of drugs through remote, inaccessible areas or coastlines.13) Entertainment: Drones are increasingly used in the entertainment industry, including concerts, fight clubs, and even to capture videos and footage for videos. The Al-powered drones enable singers and Vloggers unique ability to capture the landscape’s stunning beauty or make uniquely angled videos for entertainment purposes. More recently, drones are also being used in fight clubs where two drones fight alongside their contenders. 14) Military Reconnaissance Uses: The military was the first user of drone technology, which was used to gather crucial enemy information from the battleground. Technology today has only boosted its efficiency in terms of gathering crucial information not just from the battlefield but during peaceful times as well. Today, powerful drones flying thousands of miles above the sky and equipped with the most powerful imaging tools can gather complete information about the enemy’s military presence inside its territory. Small quadcopters are also routinely used for border surveillance to get real-time information about the forward posts of enemies. Conclusion: We successfully studied all about what is UAVs or drone, different parts of drone, how it work, how types of exist use of application of drone, for who it is applicable why drone need in this days, future scope of drone , what are the different types of forces act on drone and different concept applied in making it, Nature of load acting on drone ,what are the advantage and disadvantage from this in day today life ,what are the facing drone users ,what are the various feasible manufacturing material can be used for drone manufacturing and which material will be best one and which is usually used yet, which type of improvement need in current drone ,how to make drone for performing well in different operation which is impossible or not properly to do by human being or dangerous like data collection from remote places and other navigation and control purposes, what are the innovation required for drone. As I think rocket propulsion can be very efficient concept for making drone faster as our technology growing very fast so in this age faster drone may be very beneficial for mainly for military purpose and by fat drone, we can make observation in less by collecting data from drone. I found different feasible material which can be used for drone and how to make more strength material by using composite material concept. Which tests were accomplished by finite element test (ANSYS) software. I have analyzed for different shape and different materials. Out of them I found some composite material which most feasible for drone manufacturing Like composite of balsa wood and carbonfiber for that data analysis are also included in this paper .On results analysis of different composite materials and various pure materials it can conclude that this time composite material of balsa wood with carbon fiber will be most feasible and efficient manufacturing material for UAVs..As composite of balsa wood and carbon fiber have high bending and torsional as compare to other material, also it has high corrosive resistance easily mould in different shape and size.