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Annexure

I. List of Constitutional Amendments of India (1st to 103rd Amendment)

Amendment Year Objectives
Added Ninth Schedule to protect the land reform, Added
three more grounds of restrictions on freedom of speech
and expression, viz., public order, friendly relations with
1st Amendment Act 1951
foreign states and incitement to an offence. Empowered
the state to make special provisions for the advancement
of socially and economically backward classes.
Readjusted the scale of representation in the Lok Sabha
2 Amendment Act
nd
1952 by providing that one member could represent even
more than 7,50,000 persons.
Empowered the Parliament to control the production,
supply and distribution of the food stuffs, cattle fodder,
3rd Amendment Act 1954
raw cotton, cotton seed and raw jute in the public
interest.
Made the scale of compensation given in lieu of
4 Amendment Act
th
1955 compulsory acquisition of private property beyond the
scrutiny of courts.
Empowered the president to fix the time-limit for the
state legislatures. Extended the reservation of seats for
5th Amendment Act 1955 the SCs and STs and exclusive representation for the
Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the state legislative
assemblies for a period of ten years (i.e. up to 1970)
Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than
6 Amendment Act
th
1956 newspapers, where such scale or purchase takes place in
the course of inter-state trade or commerce.
7th Amendment Act 1956 State reorganization
8th Amendment Act 1959 Extended the reservation of seats for the SCs and STs
Facilitated the cession of Indian territory of Berubari
9 Amendment Act
th
1960 Union (located in West Bengal) to Pakistan as provided
in the Indo-Pakistan Agreement (1958).
Incorporated Dadra and Nagar Haveli in the Indian
10th Amendment Act 1961
Union
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Changed the procedures of election of the vice-president

by providing for an electoral college instead of a joint
meeting of the two Houses of Parliament. Provided that
11th Amendment Act 1961
the election of the president or vice-president cannot
be challenged on the ground of any vacancy in the
appropriate electoral college.
12th Amendment Act 1962 Incorporated Goa, Daman and Diu in the Indian Union.
Gave the status of a state to Nagaland and made special
13th Amendment Act 1962
provisions for it.
14th Amendment Act 1962 Incorporated Puducherry in the Indian Union.
Increased the retirement age of high court judges from
15th Amendment Act 1963
60 to 62 years.
Included sovereignty and integrity in the forms of oaths
or affirmations to be subscribed by contestants to the
16th Amendment Act 1963
legislatures, members of the legislatures, ministers,
judges and CAG of India.
Prohibited the acquisition of land under personal
17th Amendment Act 1964 cultivation unless the market value of the land is paid as
compensation.
The power of Parliament to form a new state also includes
a power to form a new state or union territory by uniting
18th Amendment Act 1966
a part of a state or a union territory to another state or
union territory.
Abolished the system of Election Tribunals and vested
19th Amendment Act 1966
the power to hear election.
Validated certain appointments of district judges in the
20th Amendment Act 1966
UP which were declared void by the Supreme Court
Included Sindhi as the 15th language in the Eight
21st Amendment Act 1967
Schedule.
Facilitated the creation of a new autonomous State of
22nd Amendment Act 1969
Meghalaya within the State of Assam.
Extended the reservation of seats for the SCs and STs
and exclusive representation for the Anglo-Indians in
23rd Amendment Act 1969
the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for a
further period of ten years (i.e. up to1980)

Affirmed the power of Parliament to amend any part

of the constitution including fundamental rights. Made
24th Amendment Act 1971
it compulsory for the president to give his assent to a
Constitutional Amendment Bill

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Curtailed the fundamental right to property. Provided

that any law made to give effect to the Directive Principles
25th Amendment Act 1971 contained in Article 39 (b) or (c) cannot be challenged
on the ground of violation of the rights guaranteed by
Articles 14, 19 and 31.
Abolished the privy purses and privileges of the former
26th Amendment Act 1971
rulers of princely states.
Empowered the administrators of certain union
27th Amendment Act 1971
territories to promulgate ordinances.
Abolished the special privileges of ICS officers and
28th Amendment Act 1972 empowered the Parliament to determine their service
conditions.
Included two Kerala Acts on land reforms in the Ninth
29th Amendment Act 1972
Schedule.
Did away with the provisions which allowed an appeal
to the Supreme Court in civil cases involving an amount
30th Amendment Act 1972 of 20,000 and provided instead that an appeal can be
filed in the Supreme Court only if the case involves a
substantial question of law.
31st Amendment Act 1973 Increased the number of Lok Sabha seats from 525 to 545
Made special provisions to satisfy the aspirations of the
32nd Amendment Act 1973
people of the Telangana region in Andhra Pradesh.
Provided that the resignation of the members of
Parliament and the state legislatures may be accepted
33rd Amendment Act 1974
by the Speaker/Chairman only if he is satisfied that the
resignation is voluntary or genuine.
Included twenty more land tenure and land reforms acts
34th Amendment Act 1974
of various states in the Ninth Schedule.
Terminated the protectorate status of Sikkim and
conferred on it the status of an associate state of the
35th Amendment Act 1974 Indian Union. The Tenth Schedule was added laying
down the terms and conditions of association of Sikkim
with the Indian Union.
Made Sikkim a full-fledged State of the Indian Union
36th Amendment Act 1975
and omitted the Tenth Schedule.
Provided legislative assembly and council of ministers
37th Amendment Act 1975
for the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh.
Empowered the president to declare different
38 Amendment Act
th
1975 proclamation of national emergency on different
grounds simultaneously.

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Placed the disputes relating to the president, vice-

president, prime minster and speaker beyond the scope
39th Amendment Act 1975
of the judiciary. They are to be decided such authority
as may be determined by the Parliament.
Empowered the Parliament to specify from time to time
the limits of the territorial waters, the continental shelf,
40th Amendment Act 1976
the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and the maritime
zones of India.
Raised the retirement age of members of State
41 Amendment Act
st
1976 Public Service Commission and Joint Public Service
Commission from 60 to 62.

It is also known as Mini-Constitution. It was enacted

to give effect to the recommendations of Swaran Singh
Committee). Added three new words (i.e. socialist, secular
and integrity) in the Preamble. Added Fundamental
Duties by the citizens (new Part IVA). Made the president
bound by the advice of the cabinet. Added three new
Directive Principle viz., equal justice and free legal
aid, the participation of workers in the management
42nd Amendment Act 1976
of industries. Shifted five subjects from the state list to
be concurrent list, viz., education, forests, protection
of wild animals and birds, weights and measures and
administration of justice, constitution and organisation
of all courts except the Supreme Court and the high
courts. Empowered the Centre to deploy its armed
forces in any state to deal with a grave situation of law
and order.

Restored the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the

43 Amendment Act
rd
1977 high courts in respect of judicial review and issue of
writs
Empowered the president to send back once the
advice of cabinet of reconsideration. However, the
reconsidered advice is to be binding on the president,
Replaced the term ‘internal disturbance’ by ‘armed
44th Amendment Act 1978 rebellion’ in respect of national emergency. Made the
President declare a national emergency only on the
written recommendation of the cabinet. Deleted the
right to property from the list of Fundamental Rights
and made it only a legal right.
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Extended the reservation of seats for the SCs and STs

and exclusive representation for the Anglo-Indian in
the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for
45th Amendment Act 1980
a further period of ten. Facilitated the extension of
President’s rule in Punjab beyond one year without
meeting the two special conditions for such extension.
46th Amendment Act 1983 Interstate sale tax
Land reforms enacted for the state of Assam, Bihar,
47th Amendment Act 1984
Harayana, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.
48th Amendment Act 1984 Continuation of force in Punjab.
Gave a constitutional sanctity to the Autonomous
49th Amendment Act 1984
District Council in Tripura.
Empowered the Parliament to restrict the Fundamental
Rights of persons employed in intelligence organisations
50th Amendment Act 1984
and telecommunication systems set up for the armed
forces or intelligence organisations.
Provided for reservation of seats in the Lok Sabha for
STs in Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and
51st Amendment Act 1984
Mizoram as well as in the Legislative Assemblies of
Meghalaya and Nagaland.
This amendment is popularly known as Anti-Defection
Law, Provided for disqualification of members of
52nd Amendment Act 1985 Parliament and state legislatures on the ground of
defection and added a new Tenth Schedule containing
the details in this regard.
Made special provisions in respect of Mizoram and
53rd Amendment Act 1986 fixed the strength of its Assembly at a minimum of 40
members.
Increased the salaries of the Supreme Court and high
54th Amendment Act 1986 court judges and enabled the Parliament to change them
in the future by ordinary law.
Made special provisions in respect of Arunachal Pradesh
55th Amendment Act 1986 and fixed the strength of its Assembly at a minimum of
30 members.
Fixed the strength of the Goa Legislative Assembly at a
56th Amendment Act 1987
minimum of 30 members.
Reserved seats for the STs in the legislative assemblies of
57th Amendment Act 1987 the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram
and Nagaland.
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Provided for an authoritative text of the Constitution in

58th Amendment Act 1987 Hindi language and gave the same legal sanctity to the
Hindi version of the Constitution.
Provided for the declaration of national emergency in
59th Amendment Act 1988
Punjab on the ground of internal disturbance.
Increased the ceiling of taxes on professions, trades,
60th Amendment Act 1988 callings and employments from Rs.250 per annum to
Rs.2,500 per annum.
Reduced the voting age from 21years to 18 years for the
61st Amendment Act 1989
Lok Sabha and state legislative assembly elections.
Extended the reservation of seats for the SCs and STs
and exclusive representation for the Anglo-Indian in
62nd Amendment Act 1989
the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for the
further period of ten years (i.e., up to 2000)
Repealed the changes introduced by the 59th
Amendment Act of 1988 concerning Punjab. In other
63rd Amendment Act 1989
words, Punjab was brought at par with the other states
in respect of emergency provisions.

Facilitated the extension of the President’s rule in Punjab

64th Amendment Act 1990
up to a total period of three years and six months.

Provided for the establishment of a multi-member

65th Amendment Act 1990 National Commission for SCs and STs in the place of a
Special Officer for SCs and STs.
Included 55 more land reforms Acts of various states in
66th Amendment Act 1990
the Ninth Schedule.
Facilitated the extension of the President’s rule in Punjab
67th Amendment Act 1990
up to a total period of four years.
Facilitated the extension of the President’s rule in Punjab
68th Amendment Act 1991
up to a total period of five years.
Accorded a special status to the Union Territory of
69th Amendment Act 1991 Delhi by designing it as the National Capital Territory
of Delhi.
Provided for the inclusion of the members of the
Legislative Assemblies of National Capital Territory of
70th Amendment Act 1992
Delhi and the Union Territory of Puducherry in the
Electoral College for the election of the president.

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Included Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali languages in

71st Amendment Act 1992 the Eighth Schedule. With this, the total number of
scheduled languages increased to 18.
Provided for reservation of seats for the STs in the
72nd Amendment Act 1992
legislative assembly of Tripura
Granted constitutional status and protection to the
Panchayati-raj institutions. For this purpose, the
73rd Amendment Act 1992 Amendment has added a new Part-IX entitled as ‘the
panchayats’ and a new Eleventh Schedule containing 29
functional items of the panchayats.
Granted constitutional status and protection to the
urban local bodies. For this purpose, the Amendment
74th Amendment Act 1992 has added a new Part IX-A entitled as ‘the municipalities’
and a new Twelfth Schedule containing 18 functional
items of the municipalities.
Provided for the establishment of rent tribunals for the
adjudication of disputes concerning rent, its regulation
75th Amendment Act 1994
and control and tenancy issues including the rights,
title, and interest of landlords and tenants.
Included the Tamil Nadu Reservation Act of 1994
(which provided for 69 percent reservation of seats in
educational institutions and posts in state services) in
76th Amendment Act 1994
the Ninth Schedule to protect it from judicial review. In
1992, the supreme court ruled that the total reservation
should not exceed 50 percent.
Provided for reservation in promotions in government
77th Amendment Act 1995
jobs for SCs and STs.

Included 27 more land reforms Acts of various states in

the Ninth Schedule. With this, the total number of Acts
78th Amendment Act 1995
in the Schedule increased to 282 But, the last entry is
numbered 284.

Extended the reservation of seats for the SCs and STs

and exclusive representation for the Anglo-Indians in
79th Amendment Act 1999
the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for a
further period of ten years (i.e., up to 2010)

Provided for an ‘alternative scheme of devolution’ of

80th Amendment Act 2000
revenue between the Centre and state

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Empowered the state to consider the unfilled reserved

81st Amendment Act 2000 vacancies of a year as a separate class of vacancies to the
filled up in any succeeding year or years

Provided for making of any provision in favour of the

SCs and STs for relaxation in qualifying marks in any
82nd Amendment Act 2000 examination or lowering the standards of evaluation,
for reservation in matters of promotion to the public
services of the Centre and the states.

Provided that no reservation in panchayats need be

83rd Amendment Act 2000
made for SCs in Arunachal Pradesh

Extended the ban on readjustment of seats in the Lok

Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for another
84th Amendment Act 2001
25 years (i.e., up to 2026) with the same objectives of
encouraging population limiting measures.

Provided for ‘consequential seniority’ in the case

of promotion under the rule of reservation for the
85th Amendment Act 2001
government servants belonging to the SCs and STs with
retrospective effect from June 1995

Made elementary education a fundamental right. The

newly added Article 21-A declares that ‘the State shall
provide free and compulsory education to all children
of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as
the State may determine. ‘Changed the subject matter
86th Amendment Act 2002 of Article 45 in Directive Principles. Added a new
fundamental duty under Article 51-A which reads – ‘It
shall be the duty of every citizen of India who is a parent
or guardian to provide opportunities for education to
his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen
years’.

Provided for the readjustment and rationalization of

territorial constituencies in the states by the population
87th Amendment Act 2003
figures of 2001 census and not 1991 census as provided
earlier by the 84th Amendment Act of 2001

(Article 268-A) – The Centre levies taxes on services.

88th Amendment Act 2003 However, their proceeds are collected as well as
appropriated by both the Centre and the states.

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Bifurcated the erstwhile combined National

Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
into two separate bodies, namely, National Commission
for Scheduled Castes (Article 338) and National
89th Amendment Act 2003
Commission for Schedules Tribes (Article 338-A).
Both the Commission consist of a Chairperson, a Vice-
Chairperson and three other members. The President
appoints them.
Provided for maintaining the representation of the
Scheduled Tribes and non Scheduled Tribes in the Assam
90th Amendment Act 2003
legislative assembly from the Bodoland Territorial Areas
District (Article 332 (6)
The total number of ministers, including the Prime
Minister, in the Central Council of Minister, shall not
exceed 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha (Article
75 (1A)). The total number of ministers, including the
91st Amendment Act 2003 Chief Minister, in the Council of Ministers in a state shall
not exceed 15% of the total strength of the Legislative
Assembly of the state. However, the number of ministers,
including the Chief Minister, in a state shall not be less
than 12 (Article 164 (1A)).
Included four more languages in the Eighth Schedule.
They are Bodo, Dogri (Dongri), Maithili (Maithili) and
92nd Amendment Act 2003
Santhali. With this, the total number of constitutionally
recognised languages increased to 22.

Empowered the state to make special provisions for

the socially and educationally backward classes or the
Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes in educational
institutions including private educational institutions.
93rd Amendment Act 2005 This Amendment was enacted to nullify the Supreme
Court judgment in the Inamdar case (2005) where
the apex court ruled that the state cannot impose its
reservation policy on minority and non-minority
unaided private colleges, including professional colleges.

Freed Bihar from the obligation of having a tribal welfare

minister and extended the same provision to Jharkhand
94th Amendment Act 2006 and Chhattisgarh. This provision will now apply to
the two newly formed states and Madhya Pradesh and
Orissa.
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Extended the reservation of seats for the SCs and STs

and exclusive representation for the Anglo-Indians in
95th Amendment Act 2009
the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for a
further period of ten years, i.e., up to 2020 (Article 334).

Substituted ‘Odia’ for ‘Oriya’ Consequently, the ‘Oriya’

96th Amendment Act 2011 language in the Eighth Schedule shall be pronounced
as ‘Odia’.
Gave a constitutional status and protection to
co-operative societies. It made the right to form
co-operative societies a fundamental right (Article 19).
It included a new Directive Principle of State Policy on
97th Amendment Act 2011
the promotion of co-operative societies (Article 43-B).
It added a new Part IX-B in the constitution which is
entitled as ‘The Co-operative societies’ (Articles 243-
ZH to 243-ZT).

To empower the Governor of Karnataka to take steps to

98th Amendment Act 2013
develop the Hyderabad-Karnataka Region.

It provided for the establishment of National Judicial

99th Amendment Act 2014
Commission.
This amendment is the Land Boundary Agreement
100th Amendment Act 2014
(LBA) between India and Bangladesh.

101st Amendment Act 2016 Goods and Service Tax (GST).

Constitutional status to National Commission of

102nd Amendment Act 2018
Backward Classes.

103rd Amendment Act 2019 10% Reservation for Economically Weaker Section.

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Key Terms

Acquired Territories – வாஙகிை பி�ரதசங்கள்

Administrative Reforms – நிரவா்க சீரதிருததங்கள்
Administrative Reforms Commission – நிரவா்க சீரதிருதத ஆடைைம்
All India Services – அகில இநதிைப் �ணி்கள்
Amnesty International – சரவரதச ப�ாது ைன்னிப்பு சட�
Arthasastra – அரததசாஸ்தி�ம்
Asian Development Bank – ஆசிை வளரச்சி வஙகி
Asian Investment Infrastructure Bank – ஆசிை முதலீடு ைறறும் ்கடைடைப்பு வஙகி
Asserting Identity – அடைைாளதடத உறுதிப்�டுததுதல்
Barbarism – நா்கரீ்கைறை நிடல
Bicameral Legislature – ஈ�டவச் சடைைன்ைம்
Bicameralism – ஈ�டவ சடைைன்ைமுடை
Boycott – புைக்்கணிப்பு
Budget – வ�வு பசலவுத திடைம்
Burdensome – சுடைைாை
Bureaucracy - அதி்கா�ததுவம்/ஆடசி�ணிைர
Business Advisory Committee – பதாழில் ஆரலாசடை குழு
Cabinet – அடைச்ச�டவ
Capitalism – முதலாளிததுவம்
Carbon colonialism – ்கரிை ்காலனிைாதிக்்கம்
Civil Disobedience – சடை ைறுப்பு
Collective responsibility – கூடடுப் ப�ாறுப்பு
Collegiate executive – கூடடு பசைலாடசி
Colonial Regime – ்காலனிததுவ ஆடசி
Committee of Privileges – உரிடை்கள் குழு
Committee on Delegated Legislation – ஒப்�டைப்புச் சடைமிைறைலுக்்காை குழு
Committee on Estimates – ைதிப்பீடடுக் குழு
Committee on Government Assurances – அ�சாங்க உறுதிபைாழி்கள் குழு
Committee on Public Accounts – ப�ாதுக் ்கைக்குக் குழு

Committee on Public Undertakings – ப�ாதுததுடை நிறுவைங்களுக்்காை குழு

Committee on Rules – விதிமுடை்களுக்்காை குழு

Committee Stage – குழு நிடல

Communal Violence – வகுப்புவாத வன்முடை

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Communalism – வகுப்புவாதம்
Communism – ப�ொதுவுடைமை
Commutation – தண்டனையைக் குறைத்தல்
Concert of Europe – ஐர�ோப்பிய ஒப்பந்தக் கூட்டமைப்பு
Concurrent List – ப�ொதுப்பட்டியல்
Congeries of Races – பந்தயங்களின் கூட்டாளிகள்
Consolidated Fund of India – இந்தியாவின் நிரந்தர த�ொகுப்பு நிதி
Constitution – அரசமைப்பு
Constitutional Democracy – அரசமைப்பிலான மக்களாட்சி
Conventions – மரபுகள்
Co-operative Federalism – கூட்டுறவுக் கூட்டாட்சி
Cosmopolitanism – உலகளாவிய குடிமை
Coterminous – சமஎல்லையுடையவை
Cottage Industries – குடிசைத் த�ொழில்கள்
Council of States – மாநிலங்களவை
Covenanted Service – உடன்படிக்கை சேவை
Criminal Law – குற்றவியல் சட்டம்
Cultural diversity – பண்பாட்டு பன்முகத்தன்மை
Decentralization – அதிகாரப்பரவல்
Defacto – நடைமுறை அதிகாரம் பெற்ற
Democratic Federalism – மக்களாட்சி கூட்டாட்சி
Democratic socialism – மக்களாட்சியிலான சமதர்மம்
Democratic state – மக்களாட்சி அரசு
De-subsidization - தள்ளுபடி
Dharma – தர்மம்
Diplomacy – தூதாண்மை
Distribution of Powers – அதிகாரப் பங்கீடு
Division of powers – அதிகாரப் பகிர்வு
Double ballot electoral system – இரு வாக்குச்சீட்டு வாக்காளர் முறைமை

Dual Citizenship – இரட்டைக் குடியுரிமை

Dyarchy – இரட்டையாட்சி

Economic Reforms – ப�ொருளாதார சீர்திருத்தங்கள்

Election Commission – தேர்தல் ஆணையம்

Electoral College – வாக்காளர் த�ொகுதி முறைமை
Electors – வாக்காளர்கள்

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Embassies Abroad – வெளிநாடுகளில் தூதரகங்கள்

Embodiment – வடிவமாகும்
Emergency – நெருக்கடிநிலை
Environmental degradation – சுற்றுச்சூழல் சீர்கேடு
Environmentalism – சுற்றுச்சூழலியம்
Envisaged – சிந்தித்தவர்
Equality – சமத்துவம்
European Colonization – ஜர�ோப்பிய குடியேற்றம்
Evolved Constitution – பரிணாம வளர்ச்சியிலான அரசமைப்பு
External Aggression – வெளிப்புற ஆக்கிரமிப்பு
Extremism – தீவிரவாதம்
Fascist – பாசிசவாதி
Federalism – கூட்டாட்சி
Feudal rule – நிலப்பிரபுத்துவ ஆட்சி
Finance Commission – நிதி ஆணையம்
Flexible Constitution – நெகிழும் அரசமைப்பு
Foreign exchange – அந்நிய செலாவணி
Fraternity – சக�ோதரத்துவம்
Gazette of India – இந்திய அரசுப் பதிவிதழ்
General Assembly – ப�ொதுச் சபை
Geographical Landscape – புவியியல் இயற்கை
Globalization - உலகமயமாக்கல்

Glorious Revolution – மகத்தான புரட்சி

Good and Services Tax (GST) – சரக்கு மற்றும் சேவை வரி
Grants-in-Aid – நிதி நல்கைகள்/நிதியுதவி
Gun Salute – துப்பாக்கி வணக்கம்
Hegemonic Usurpation – மேலாதிக்க விர�ோதம்
Homogeneity – ஓரினத்தன்மை
House of the People – மக்களவை
Human Rights Watch – மனித உரிமைகள் கண்காணிப்பகம்
Humanity – மனிதகுலம்

Impartial Civil Services – பாரபட்சமற்ற ப�ொது சேவை

Impeachment – கண்டன தீர்மானத்தின் மூலம் பதவி நீக்கம்

Imperialism – ஏகாதிபத்தியம்
Indian Administrative Service (IAS) – இந்திய குடிமைப் பணி

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Indigenous People and their Rights – பூர்வ குடிமக்களின் உரிமைகள்

Indologist – இந்தியவியல்
Industrial pollution – த�ொழிற்சாலை மாசுபாடு
Industrialization – த�ொழில்மயமாதல்
Institutional Memory – நிறுவன நினைவகம்
Intellectual property – அறிவுசார் ச�ொத்து
Intensive Area Development Programme (IADP) – தீவிர வட்டார வளர்ச்சித் திட்டம்
Interim Constitution – இடைக்கால அரசமைப்பு
International Court of Justice – பன்னாட்டு நீதிமன்றம்
International Labour Organization – பன்னாட்டுத் த�ொழிலாளர் அமைப்பு
International Monetary Fund – பன்னாட்டு நிதி முனையம்
International Monetary Fund – சர்வதேச நாணய நிதியம்

International Non-Governmental Organizations – பன்னாட்டு அரசு சாரா அமைப்புக்கள்

International organizations – பன்னாட்டு அமைப்புக்கள்

International Peace Conference – பன்னாட்டு அமைதி மாநாடு
International solar Alliance – பன்னாட்டு சூரிய மின் உற்பத்தி கூட்டணி
International Telecommunication Union – பன்னாட்டு த�ொலைத்தொடர்பு அமைப்பு
Internationalism – சர்வதேசியம்
Inter-State Council – மாநிலங்களுக்கு இடையேயான குழு
Judicial Positions – நீதித்துறை நிலைகள்
Jurisdiction – அதிகாரவரம்பு
Large scale industries – பெரிய அளவிலான நிறுவனங்கள்
Lawful Intervention – சட்டரீதியான தலையீடு
League Council – சங்க குழு
League of Nations – பன்னாட்டு சங்கம்
Legislature – சட்டமன்றம்
Legitimacy – சட்டபூர்வமான தன்மை
Liberalism – தாராளவாதம்
Liberty – சுதந்திரம்
Manusmriti – மனுநீதி
Materialism – ப�ொருள் முதல்வாதம்
Mixed Economy – கலப்புப் ப�ொருளாதாரம்
Mobilising Movements – இயக்கங்களை அணிதிரட்டுதல்
Monarch – அரசர்
Monarchic Lineage – முடியாட்சி மரபு

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Money Bill – நிதி முன்வரைவு

Monopolistic - முற்றுரிமை / ஏகப�ோகம்
Monotheistic God – ஓரிறை வழிபாடு
Morality – நீதிநெறிமுறைமை
MRTP – எம்.ஆர்.டி.பி
Munich Conference – மூனிச் மாநாடு
Myriad - எண்ணற்ற
Nation – தேசம்
National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) – தேசிய பால் ப�ொருட்கள் மேம்பாட்டு வாரியம்
National Development Council – தேசிய வளர்சிக்குழு
National Emergency – தேசிய நெருக்கடிநிலை
National exchequer – தேசிய கருவூலம்
National Fraternity – தேசிய சக�ோதரத்துவம்
National Milk Grid – தேசிய பால் கட்டுப்பாட்டு வலையமைப்பு
Nationalism – தேசியவாதம்
Nationalist – தேசியவாதி
Native Elites – ச�ொந்த உயரடுக்கு
Natural Rights – இயற்கை உரிமைகள்
Nepotism – தகுதியாலன்றி (வேண்டியவருக்கு ஆதரவு)
NITI Aayog – நிதி ஆய�ோக்
Non- profit non- Government organization – ஆதாயமில்லா அரசு சாரா அமைப்புக்கள்
Non-Money Bill – நிதி சாரா முன்வரைவு
Non-tax Revenue – வரி சாரா வருவாய்
Non-Violence – வன்முறையின்மை
Oath – உறுதிம�ொழி
Official Parlance – அதிகாரப்பூர்வ பேச்சு
Operation flood – வெள்ள நடவடிக்கை
Ordinances – அவசரச்சட்டம்
orthodox – பழமைப்பற்று
Ozone layer – ஓச�ோன் படலம்
Parliamentary Constituencies – நாடாளுமன்றத் த�ொகுதிகள்
Passive Resistance – சாத்வீக எதிர்ப்பு/செயலற்ற எதிர்ப்பு
Patriotism – தேசப்பற்று
Patronage - ஆதரவு
Permanent Court of Arbitration – நிரந்தர நடுவர் தீர்ப்பாயம்
Permanent House – நிரந்தர அவை

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Personal Dignity – தனிமனித மாண்பு

Pluralistic Nation – பன்முக நாடு
Police State – காவல் அரசு
Political Autonomy – அரசியல் சுயாட்சி
Political Extremism – அரசியல் தீவிரவாதம்
Political Fragments – அரசியல் துண்டுகள்
Polity – அரசியல் முறையமைவு
Polygamy – பலதாரமணம்
Polytheism – பல தெய்வக்கொள்கை
Portfolios – துறைகள்
Poverty Alleviation – வறுமை ஒழிப்பு
Prerogative – தனிச்சிறப்புரிமை
Primary sector – முதல்நிலை துறை
Princely State – சுதேச அரசு
Private Member Bill – தனி நபர் மச�ோதா
Proclamation of Emergency – நெருக்கடிநிலைப் பிரகடனம்
Proletariat – பாட்டாளிகள்
Propaganda – பரப்புரை
Proportional Representation – விகிதாச்சார பிரதிநிதித்துவம்
Proportional representation system – விகிதாச்சார பிரதிநிதித்துவ முறை
Provincial Autonomy – மாகாண சுயாட்சி
Quasi Sovereignty – ஓரளவிலான இறையாண்மை
Quota – இட ஒதுக்கீடு
Radical Humanism – தீவிர மனிதநேயம்
Ramification – கிளைத்தல்
Rationalism – பகுத்தறிவு வாதம்
Renaissance – மறுமலர்ச்சி
Renewable energy – புதுபிக்கத்தக்க ஆற்றல்
Republic – குடியரசு
Republicanism – குடியரசுவாதம்
Reputable Profession – மரியாதைக்குரிய த�ொழில்
Resentment – சீற்றமாக
Revenue Affairs – வருவாய் விவகாரங்கள்
Rigid Constitution – நெகிழா அரசமைப்பு
Royal Entitlements – அரச உரிமை

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Rule of law – சட்டத்தின் ஆட்சி

Salute States – வணக்கமுறைமை சுதேச அரசுகள்
Sanatan Dharma – சனாதன தர்மம்
Sati – உடன்கட்டை ஏறுதல்
Satyagraha – சத்தியாகிரகம்
Satyagrahi – சத்தியாகிரகி
Scheduled and Tribal Areas – அட்டவணை மற்றும் பழங்குடியினப் பகுதிகள்
Scientific Humanism – அறிவியல் சார் மனிதநேயம்
Secondary sector – இரண்டாம் நிலைத் துறை
Secular – மதச்சார்பற்ற
Secularism – மதச்சார்பின்மை
Select Committee – தேர்வுக் குழு
Self determination – சுய நிர்ணயம்
Self-Realisation – சுய புரிதல்
Small scale industries – சிறிய அளவிலான நிறுவனங்கள்
Social Justice – சமூக நீதி
Social Revolution – சமூகப் புரட்சி
Social Stigma – சமூக களங்கம்
Social Transformation – சமூக மாற்றம்
Socialist – சமதர்மவாதி
Socialization – சமூகமாக்கல்
Sovereign – இறையாண்மையுள்ள
Sovereignty – இறையாண்மை
Speaker – அவைத்தலைவர் / சபாநாயகர்
Standing Committee – நிலைக்குழு
State – அரசு
Statesman – ராஜதந்திரி
Statutes – விதிகள்/சட்ட விதிகள்
Statutory Bodies – சட்டப்படியான அமைப்புக்கள்
Sustainable development – நீடித்த மேம்பாடு
Sustainable Development Goals – நீடித்த மேம்பாட்டு இலக்குகள்

Swaraj – சுயராஜ்யம்

Swatch Bharat Abhiyan – தூய்மை இந்தியா திட்டம்

Tax Revenue – வரி வருவாய்

Tertiary sector – கடை நிலைத் துறை

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The Chief Electoral Officer – தலைமை தேர்தல் அதிகாரி

Traditional Leader – பாரம்பரிய தலைவர்

Transnational Forces – சர்வதேச சக்திகள்

Trusteeship – ப�ொறுப்பாண்மை

Trusteeship Council – ப�ொறுப்பாண்மை குழு

Tyranny – க�ொடுங்கோலாட்சி

Unethical - நெறிமுறையற்ற

Unified State – ஒன்றுபட்ட அரசு

Union Public Service Commission – மத்திய அரசுப் பணியாளர் தேர்வாணையம்

Union Territories – ஒன்றியப் பிரதேசங்கள்

Union Territories – ஒன்றியப் பிரதேசங்கள்

Unionised Organisation – த�ொழிற்சங்க அமைப்பு

Unitary – ஒற்றையாட்சி

United Nations – ஐக்கிய நாடுகள்

Universal adult franchise – வயது வந்தோர் வாக்குரிமை

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) – அனைத்துலக மனித உரிமைகள் பிரகடனம்

Universal Postal Union – சர்வதேச தபால் அமைப்பு

Universalism – சர்வதேசத்துவம்

Unlawful - சட்டவிர�ோத

Untouchability – தீண்டாமை

Varna – வர்ணம்

Vernacular Languages – வட்டார ம�ொழி

Veto – ரத்து அதிகாரம்

Voluntary Associations – தன்னார்வ அமைப்புக்கள்

Water Disputes Tribunal – நதி நீர் பிரச்சனை தீர்ப்பாயம்

Welfare State – மக்கள் நல அரசு

World Bank – உலக வங்கி

Zonal Councils – மண்டலக் குழுக்கள்

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