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mail to: lymonmoses5@gmail.com

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©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

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𝐂𝐎. 𝐍.𝐃𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐀𝐋. 𝐒 𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐄𝐒

𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊 𝒕 𝒊 𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔

 Are adverbial clauses in which a certain result is achieved after a condition.

The clause usually begins with; 𝒊 𝒇 , 𝒖𝒏𝒍 𝒆𝒔𝒔, 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝒕 𝒉𝒂𝒕 , 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒊 𝒏𝒈 𝒕 𝒉𝒂𝒕 , 𝒆𝒕 𝒄.
This is also known as the adverb clause of condition or the "if" clause.
𝙵𝚘𝚛 𝚎𝚡𝚊𝚖 𝚙𝚕𝚎,
𝚒.Unless you are careful, you will fall.
ii. If I had lost it, I would have told you.
iii. Funny would weep if she saw Lymon.

🅽. 🅾 🆃. 🅴.
♦ When the sentence begins with the subordinate clause, a comma is inserted. But when it
starts with the main clause the comma is not used.

𝐓𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢 𝐭 𝐢 𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬

𝒂. 𝑳𝒊 𝒌𝒆𝒍 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊 𝒕 𝒊 𝒐𝒏𝒔

 These clauses are also known as open future conditions. They take a verb in simple
present tense in the if-clause( subordinate clause) and the future tense in the main
clause.

Main clause(future tense) = subordinate clause (If + present tense)

𝙴𝚡𝚊𝚖 𝚙𝚕𝚎𝚜

1. If she 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑠 the letter, she 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑙 𝑟 𝑒𝑔𝑟 𝑒𝑡 .

2. If you 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 local language, you 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙 𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑛 English.

3. Moses 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑙 𝑔𝑜 to LUANAR if he 𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑑𝑖 𝑒𝑠 with seriousness.

𝒃. 𝑼𝒏𝒍 𝒊 𝒌𝒆𝒍 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊 𝒕 𝒊 𝒐𝒏𝒔

 These have simple past tense in the subordinate clause and the conditional tense in
the main clause.

Main clause (would/should+ simple present) =Subordinate (if + simple past)

𝙴𝚡𝚊𝚖 𝚙𝚕𝚎

1. If I 𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑒 you, I 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙 𝑑 𝑘𝑖 𝑙 𝑙 him.

2. If Ethel 𝑤𝑒𝑛𝑡 to school, she 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙 𝑑 𝑙 𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑛 English.

3. Paul 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙 𝑑 𝑏𝑒 a teacher if he 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 well.

𝒄. 𝑼𝒏𝒇 𝒖𝒍 𝒇 𝒊 𝒍 𝒍 𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊 𝒕 𝒊 𝒐𝒏𝒔

 These have verbs in past perfect tense in the if-clause and perfect conditional tense
in the main clause.

Main clause (would+have+past participle)=subordinate clause (if+had+participle)

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

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𝙴𝚡𝚊𝚖 𝚙𝚕𝚎

1.If I ℎ𝑎𝑑 𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑒 there, I 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙 𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛 your son.

2.𝐻𝑎𝑑 I 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛,I 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙 𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑟 𝑟 𝑖 𝑒𝑑 Lucky.

3. He 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙 𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 well if he ℎ𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑟 𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑑 well.

🅂🄴🄻🄵 🄰🅂🅂🄴🅂🄼🄴🄽🅃
𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑙 𝑒𝑡 𝑡 𝑒𝑟 (𝐴,𝐵,𝐶𝑜𝑟 𝐷) 𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙 𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑠 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠.

1.The workers would have given up if they_____________________

a. were threatened c.had been threatened

c. are threatened d. had been threatened

2.We would have responded if she_____________________us.

a. has invited b.had invited

c. Will invite d. invites

3. Unless the army worms are controlled, people_________________poor harvest.

a. would have b.will have

c. Will not have d. would not have

4. Had we known, we ____________________ extra food

a. would bring b. would have brought

c. will have brought. d. will bring

5. They said they will go to the function provided transport_________________on time.

a. comes b.will come

c.would come d.will have come

6. If Gracious had joined them, he ___________________himself.

a.will enjoy b.had enjoyed

c.would have enjoyed. d.would enjoy

7. If the sun _________________ tomorrow, we'll go on picnic.

a.will shine b.shines

c.is shining. d. will be shining

8. If my father were here he ___________________for us all.

a.would pay b.would have paid

c.will pay d. will have paid

9. Evelyn will wash your clothes, provided she______________________the time.

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

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a.has b. had

c. would have. d. will have

10. If I had a hoe, I _____________________the field.

a. will till b. would till

c. will have tilled. d. would have tilled

11. If Chimwemwe __________________the examinations, he will go to college.

a. would pass b.is passing

c.passed d.passes

12.If she __________________me, I would have told her the truth.

a.has been asking b.had been asking

c. has asked d.had asked

13. Bingala would have travelled to Masenjere if he___________________ a car.

a. has b. had c. had had d. has had

14. If Thoccoh had worked extra hard, he ____________________excelled in his studies.

a. Shall have b.would have c. Will have d. Could have

15. If Amon ________________ tomorrow, I shall accompany him.

a. comes b. came c.may come d. Will come

16. I shall be grateful if you_________________me the goods.

a. Will send b. Send c. Are sending d. Shall send

17. Many will pass the MSCE examinations if they________________hard in form three.

a. had worked b.will work

c. Worked d. Have worked

18. I would not sleep if l_________________to bed now.

a. Go b.went

c. Would go. d. Had gone

19.If he ________________our advice, he would not do things this way.

a. Seek b. Sought c. Could seek d. Had sought

20. The mistake_____________avoided if you had been careful in the first place.

a. Could be b.will have been c.would be d. Could have been

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𝐎𝐑𝐃𝐄𝐑 𝐎𝐅 𝐀𝐃𝐉 𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐈 𝐕𝐄𝐒

𝑨𝒏 𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒊 𝒗𝒆 is a word that is used to describe a noun or a pronoun. An adjective provides
information about the word it describes by answering the questions, "𝚠𝚑𝚊𝚝 𝚔𝚒𝚗𝚍?" "𝙷𝚘𝚠 𝚖𝚊𝚗𝚢?"
"𝚆𝚑𝚒𝚌𝚑 𝚘𝚗𝚎?" etc.

𝑨𝑫𝑱𝑬𝑪𝑻 𝑰𝑽 𝑬𝑺 𝑽 𝑺 𝑷 𝑹𝑶𝑵𝑶𝑼𝑵𝑺

(Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those) may stand alone as pronouns.

For examples:

i. What is 𝒕 𝒉𝒂𝒕 ?

ii. What are 𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒆 for?

The same pronouns above may equally function as adjectives.

For examples:

i. Abraham brought 𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒆 things to God.

ii. 𝑻𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒆 cases belong to Dumboh.

The pronoun"these" explains the noun things while"those" explains the noun cases.
Therefore, they are adjectives.

The way the pronouns"these" and "those" have been used would equally apply to "this" and
"that" when used as adjectives.

The interrogative pronouns (which, what) may be used as adjectives as long as they describe
that particular noun.

For example:

i. Which food belongs to Lymon?

The pronoun "which" explains the noun "food". Therefore, "which" is an adjective.

For example:

i. What law are you talking about?

Indefinite pronouns (with the exception of none) may be used as adjectives.

Take a good look at the following examples;

i. Some children like to study English while others do not.

ii. One person enjoys reading and yet another person does not.

Interrogative pronouns (what, which, whose) also stand alone as pronouns.

For example:

i. Which colour do you prefer?

ii. In which room is my girlfriend lying?

Indefinite pronouns (all, another, any, either, neither, most, several,some, few, most, each,both)
also stand alone as pronouns.

For examples;

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i. Many went to the war, but few returned.

ii. Few were available and we could not cook.

iii.Either of them was present.

iv. Neither of us is right.

When these very same indefinite pronouns are used before nouns, however, the become
adjectives.

For example;

I. You will be the owner of many shops in the future.

ii. Many men have tried and failed.

iii. Funny supported neither party.

iv. The fishermen are on either side of the river.

Possessive pronouns (my, our, your, his,her,its, their) if used before nouns are sometimes
called possessive adjectives.

For example:

i. I will make your name famous.

ii. They did not cut their tails as of they were not told.

𝐎𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐝𝐣 𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐢 𝐯𝐞𝐬

Sometimes several adjectives appear before a noun in a sentence. This chain of adjectives is
not written anyhow qualifying that particular noun. They follow a pattern or an order called
order of adjectives.

For this reason, a simple formula has to be used when arranging adjectives. This formula is
abbreviated as:𝐃𝐎𝐒𝐀𝐒 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐔𝐍

𝐃 𝐎 𝐒 𝐀 𝐒 𝐂 𝐎 𝐌 𝐔 𝐍

𝑫𝒆𝒕 𝒆𝒓𝒎 𝑶𝒑𝒊 𝒐𝒏 𝑺𝒊 𝒛𝒆 𝑨𝒈𝒆 𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝑶𝒓𝒊 𝒈𝒊 𝒏 𝑴. 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑵𝒐𝒖𝒏
𝒊 𝒏𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒕 𝒆𝒓𝒊 𝒂
𝒍

A, an, Good, Big, Young, Round, Orang Malaw Silk, Walkin Feed,
the, bad, small, old, oval, e, red, ian, golde g, plate,
some, poor, large, ancien rectan green, Chines n, cookin ring,
a few, hard, long, t, gular, brown, e, diamo g, table
many, expen short, latest, circula black Europe nd, swim
more, sive, tall, middl r, an, silver ming,
little, tough, mediu e, spiral Germa eating,
such, excelle m, morde n mornin
some, nt, oversi n g,
two, simple, zed evenin
there, cute, g
none difficul
t,
marvel
ous

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🅂🄴🄻🄵 🄰🅂🅂🄴🅂🄼🄴🄽🅃
𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑙 𝑒𝑡 𝑡 𝑒𝑟 (𝐴, 𝐵,𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝐷) 𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙 𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑠 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠

1. It was_____________moment.

a. a long unbelievable embarrassing. b. an embarrassing unbelievable long

c. a long embarrassing unbelievable d. an unbelievable long embarrassing

2. They published the story of the__________________writer.

a. young creative Malawian. b. Malawian young creative

c.creative young Malawian d. Malawian creative young

3.Maimo found the bull in a________________field.

a. vast rectangular grazing. b. grazing vast rectangular

c. rectangular vast grazing d. vast grazing rectangular

4. He carried ____________________ bags.

a. many heavy stripped shopping b. many stripped heavy shopping

c. stripped heavy shopping many d. heavy many shopping stripped

5. We demanded for the ____________________ dancers.

a. best Malawian vimbuza b. best vimbuza Malawian

c. vimbuza Malawian best d. Malawian best vimbuza

6. The old man was treated by a __________________ doctor.

a. young sympathetic Malawian medical b. sympathetic young Malawian medical

c. Malawian young sympathetic medical. d. young medical Malawian sympathetic

7. Kaombe is always in his ________________________ dressing

a. Chewa ancient good traditional b. good ancient Chewa traditional

c. ancient good traditional Chewa d. good Chewa traditional ancient

8. I saw Funny buying ______________________ ring.

a. an Italian new interesting b. an Italian interesting new

b. a new interesting Italian c. a interesting new Italian

9. On her birthday, Precious was given several__________________ portraits.

a. beautiful big multi-colored family b. big multi-colored beautiful family

c. big family beautiful multi-colored. d. beautiful multi-colored family big

10. The Reserve Bank has introduced_________________coins.

a. new hexagonal small silver b. small silver new hexagonal

c. new small silver hexagonal c. small new hexagonal silver

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

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11. The school has bought________________ tables.

a. brown small wooden dining b. small brown wooden dining

c. dining small brown wooden d. small brown dining wooden

12. The road has been paved with_________________ slab.

a. huge stone grey b. huge grey stone

c. grey stone huge d. grey huge stone

13. Lyford bought his wife some ___________________ sandals.

a. green leather new Bata b. new leather green Bata

c. green new leather Bata d. new green leather Bata

14. Tobias knew that he had to face up to his _________________ responsibility.

a. new moral heavy b. heavy moral new

c. moral heavy new d. heavy new moral

15. Where are___________________ boys?

a. both those young two b. those two both young

b. both those two young d. those both young two

16. Monica said she had bought a_________________ scarf as a present for her sister.

a. beautiful brand-new silk b. silk beautiful brand-new

c. brand-new beautiful silk d. brand-new silk beautiful

17. The priest admired______________ lawnmower.

a. a small Hungarian yellow b. a Hungerian small yellow

c. a small yellow Hungarian d. a yellow small Hungarian

18. They sang ____________________ hymns.

a. soothing modern Pentecostal b. modern soothing Pentecostal

c. modern Pentecostal soothing d. soothing Pentecostal modern

19. He wore a __________________ robe.

a. new woven Islamic Turkish b. woven new Islamic Turkish

c. new woven Turkish Islamic d. woven new Turkish Islamic

20. Many people like to wear_________________ jeans.

a. faded bue American casual b. casual faded American blue

c. blue faded casual American d. American blue faded casual

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𝐐 𝐔 𝐄𝐒 𝐓𝐈𝐎 𝐍 𝐓𝐀𝐆. 𝐒
𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒊 𝒐𝒏 𝒕 𝒂𝒈𝒔

 These are questions which are asked not because we need information but
confirmation of what we already know.

The speaker wants the person addressed to agree with him or her.

For example:

a. Expecting the answer"yes"

They like tea, don't they?

b. Expecting the answer "no"

They don't like tea, do they?

So, question tags are grammatical phrases in form of questions which are added to
statements.

𝑹𝑼𝑳𝑬𝑺 𝑮𝑶𝑽 𝑬𝑹𝑵𝑰 𝑵𝑮 𝑻 𝑯𝑬 𝑭 𝑶𝑹𝑴𝑨𝑻 𝑰 𝑶𝑵 𝑶𝑭 𝑸𝑼𝑬𝑺 𝑻 𝑰 𝑶𝑵 𝑻 𝑨𝑮𝑺

1.𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖 𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖 𝑡 𝑖 𝑣𝑒(𝑎𝑓 𝑓 𝑖 𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡 𝑖 𝑣𝑒), 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖 𝑜𝑛 𝑡 𝑎𝑔 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡 𝑖 𝑣𝑒.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

a. Lymon is at LUANAR, isn't he?

b. You can speak Sena, can't you?

c. His brother will defend him , won't they?

2.𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖 𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡 𝑖 𝑣𝑒, 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖 𝑜𝑛 𝑡 𝑎𝑔 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖 𝑡 𝑖 𝑣𝑒.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

a.Mr. Kaombe is not our Biology teacher, is he?

b. Believers do not lie, do they?

c. She cannot ride a lion, can you?

🅽🅾🆃🅴
𝑨𝒍 𝒍 𝒂𝒖𝒙𝒊 𝒍 𝒊 𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒃𝒔 𝒊 𝒏 𝒕 𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒆𝒅 𝒊 𝒏 𝒕 𝒉𝒆 𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒊 𝒐𝒏 𝒕 𝒂𝒈𝒔, 𝒆𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 :

𝐼 . 𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝑒 𝑎𝑟 𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖 𝑡 𝑖 𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑦 𝑖 𝑛 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑟 𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑟 𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑑 𝑖 𝑛 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑡 𝑎𝑔.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

.a. We need to build a good house, don't we?

b. He dared to stone the police vehicle, didn't he?

𝐼 𝐼 .' 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡 𝑜' 𝑖 𝑠 𝑡 𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑓 𝑢𝑙 𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑏 𝑟 𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑢𝑥𝑖 𝑙 𝑖 𝑎𝑟 𝑦.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

a. Gift used to visit us, didn't he?

b. Yankho and Roderick used to quarrel, didn't they?

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𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 . 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑒 𝑖 𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑓 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 𝑙 𝑖 𝑘𝑒 ''𝑎𝑚𝑛'𝑡 𝐼 ?'' ; 𝑖 𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑤𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑦 ''𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛'𝑡 𝐼 ''

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦.𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

a. I am very happy, aren't I ?

b. I am coming from Masenjere, aren't I?

3. 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑖 𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑖 𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑠, 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖 𝑜𝑛 𝑡 𝑎𝑔 𝑡 𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 ''𝑑𝑜'' ''𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠" 𝑜𝑟 "𝑑𝑖 𝑑"
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑏 𝑖 𝑛 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖 𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 .

𝐼 . 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑖 𝑛𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑟 𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑖 𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙 𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑖 𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑏, 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖 𝑜𝑛 𝑡 𝑎𝑔

𝑡 𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 ''𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠'' 𝑓 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑡 ℎ𝑖 𝑟 𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖 𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙 𝑎𝑟 .

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

a. Dzingomvera plays football, doesn't he?

b. Mkanthama teaches Agriculture at Masenjere secondary school, doesn't he?

𝐼 𝐼 . . 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑖 𝑛𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑟 𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑙 𝑢𝑟 𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑖 𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑏, 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖 𝑜𝑛 𝑡 𝑎𝑔

𝑡 𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 ''𝑑𝑜"

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

a.Mada and Linly like music, don't they?

b. The three girls pass every examination, don't they?

𝐈𝐈𝐈.𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑖 𝑛𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑖 𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑏, 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖 𝑜𝑛 𝑡 𝑎𝑔 𝑡 𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 ''𝑑𝑖 𝑑"'

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

a. Hilda liked eating mangoes, didn't she ?

b.The girls scored good grades, didn't they?

4. 𝑆𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖 𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑖 𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑤𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑠 𝑎𝑠 '𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑙 𝑦','𝑛𝑜','𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 ','𝑠𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑚','𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑦','𝑛𝑜𝑡 ℎ𝑖 𝑛𝑔','𝑛𝑜
𝑜𝑛𝑒' 𝑎𝑟 𝑒 𝑡 𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡 𝑖 𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓 𝑜𝑟 𝑒 𝑡 𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖 𝑡 𝑖 𝑣𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖 𝑜𝑛 𝑡 𝑎𝑔.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

a. Nothing we said, was it?

b. No man is an island, is he?

c. I have never played football, have I?

d. I seldom make mistakes, do I?

e. Limbani rarely comes here, does he?

f. They barely visited their parents, did they?

g. They have offended no one, have they?

5. 𝐴𝑛 𝑖 𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑖 𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑖 𝑛𝑡 𝑜 𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑟 𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖 𝑡 𝑖 𝑜𝑛

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

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𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑓 𝑓 𝑖 𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡 𝑖 𝑣𝑒 𝑡 𝑎𝑔 𝑖 𝑛 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑓 𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑟 𝑒 𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒. 𝐴𝑙 𝑙 𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖 𝑐ℎ 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑒𝑖 𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟

𝑚𝑜𝑟 𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑓 𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑟 𝑒 𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑟 𝑘𝑒𝑟 "𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑙 " 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛 "𝑦𝑜𝑢" 𝑖 𝑛
𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖 𝑜𝑛 𝑡 𝑎𝑔. 𝑇ℎ𝑖 𝑠 𝑖 𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡 𝑖 𝑣𝑒(𝑓 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑖 𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑡 𝑡 𝑒𝑟 𝑠)

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

a. Pass me sugar, will you?

b. Open the door, will you?

c. Stand up, will you?

6. 𝐴𝑙 𝑙 𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖 𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑟 𝑡 𝑤𝑖 𝑡 ℎ "𝑙 𝑒𝑡 '𝑠" 𝑡 𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑓 𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑟 𝑒 𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑟 𝑘𝑒𝑟 "𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙 𝑙 " 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 ℎ𝑒
𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛 "𝑤𝑒" 𝑖 𝑛 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖 𝑜𝑛 𝑡 𝑎𝑔.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

a. Let's go, shall we?

b. Let's sort this out, shall we?

c. Let's talk about AIDS, shall we?

7. 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗 𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖 𝑠 '𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦','𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑜𝑛𝑒' ,'𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑒','𝑠𝑜𝑚

𝑒𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦','𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑜𝑛𝑒','𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦','𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑛𝑒','𝑛𝑜𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦','𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒','𝑛𝑒𝑖 𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑟 ' 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛 '𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑦' 𝑖 𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑡 ℎ𝑒
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗 𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑡 𝑎𝑔.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

a. Nobody recognised her, did they?

b. Everyone warned you, didn't they?

c. Neither of them attended the party, did they?

d. I don't think anyone will come, will they?

🅂🄴🄻🄵 🄰🅂🅂🄴🅂🄼🄴🄽🅃
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙 𝑒𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑓 𝑜𝑙 𝑙 𝑜𝑤𝑖 𝑛𝑔 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖 𝑜𝑛 𝑡 𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑖 𝑛𝑔 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝑖 𝑜𝑛(𝐴,𝐵,𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝐷)

1. Andrew is coming for the party,_________________?

a. is he b. isn't he

c. will he d. won't he

2. Let us concentrate on our work,_________________?

a. shall we b. can we

c. can't we d. shouldn't we

3. They handed in their work very late,_______________?

a. did they b. didn't they

c. had they d. hadn't they

4. We can have the door closed,________________?

a. could we b. can't we

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

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c. couldn't we d. can we

5. There aren't any pupils in the hall,________________?

a. are they b. aren't there

c. are there d. aren't they

6. The girl ought to know the correct answer,_____________?

a. does she b. doesn't she

c. ought she d. oughtn't she

7. We will be traveling to Mbwanzi next week,_______________?

a. aren't we b. are we

c. won't we d. will we

8. Let us inform him tomorrow,________________?

a. should we b. shall we

c. shouldn't we d. shan't we

9. They prepared a delicious meal for us,_______________?

a. did they b.didn't they

c. have they d. haven't they

10. There isn't anything better than there,_____________?

a. are there b. Is it

c. is there d. Isn't it

11. You had too much chew,__________________?

a. didn't you b. hadn't you

c. wasn't it d. had you

12. Neither Nyansa Bullets not Mighty Mukuru wanderers could find the back of the
net,_____________?

a. did it b. didn't they

c. could it d. Could they

13. They hardly paid tribute to the late musician,______________________?

a. had they b. did they

c. didn't they d. hadn't they

14. I nearly missed the bus,_______________?

a. Isn't it b. Wasn't I

c. Hadn't I d. Didn't I

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

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𝐏𝐇𝐑𝐀𝐒 𝐄𝐒
THE PHRASE

A phrase is a group of related words which does not include a finite verb.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. My books are in the house.

2. The clothes hanging on the line are mine.

3. We have been friends since our youth.

4. Teachers are teaching large classes.

 A phrase functions as a single part of speech in a sentence. However, each word

within the phrase has a specific function in a sentence.

𝑻 𝒀 𝑷 𝑬𝑺 𝑶𝑭 𝑷 𝑯𝑹𝑨𝑺 𝑬𝑺

 Phrases are identified according to the functions they perform in sentences. Although
some

 phrases start with a preposition and end with a noun or pronoun (Prepositional
phrases) they are usually identified as either adjective, adverb or noun phrases
depending on the function they perform in a sentence.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. The hat with a hole in it was thrown away. (With a hole is Qualifying noun ‘hat’)

2. The bus will arrive in the afternoon. (In the afternoon is modifying verb ‘will arrive’)

𝑨. 𝑨𝑫𝑱 𝑬𝑪𝑻 𝑰 𝑽 𝑨𝑳 𝑷 𝑯𝑹𝑨𝑺 𝑬

 These do the work of an adjective by qualifying nouns in sentences.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. The woman with golden hair is my aunt.

2. The girl running down the steps seems to be in a hurry.

3. They ate at the restaurant near the gorge.

4. The guest brought by Mr. Lapozo was rude.

5. The books on the shelves should be given away.

𝐁. 𝑨𝑫𝑽 𝑬𝑹𝑩𝑰 𝑨𝑳 𝑷 𝑯𝑹𝑨𝑺 𝑬

 Adverbial phrases do the work of adverbs by modifying verbs in sentences.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. There is a river near the near the school.

2. They talked in a lovely manner.

3. He left the place in a hurry.

4. We waited for him before his arrival.

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

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5. We have been friends since our youth.

𝑪. 𝑵𝑶𝑼𝑵 𝑷 𝑯𝑹𝑨𝑺 𝑬

 A noun phrase does the work of a noun in a sentence. Although this group of related
words may contain a participle or an infinitive, it is classified as a noun phrase
according to the function they perform in a sentence.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. Reading newspapers is one of John’s hobbies.

Function: Subject of the verb is

2. To dance with you will be exciting.

Function: Subject of the verb “will be’

3. To come with you would be a pleasure.

Function: Subject of the verb ‘would be’

4. Catching grasshoppers is fun for children

Function: Subject of the verb ‘is’

𝑫. 𝑷 𝑹𝑬𝑷 𝑶𝑺 𝑰 𝑻 𝑰 𝑶𝑵𝑨𝑳 𝑷 𝑯𝑹𝑨𝑺 𝑬

 A group of words which begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun,
but which does not include a finite verb

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. The girl ran into the house.

2. I received a letter from my brother.

3. The uniform for the dance was bought in Blantyre.

 It is called an adjective phrase when it does the work of an adjective and an adverb
phrase when it does it does the work of an adverb.

𝑬. 𝑽 𝑬𝑹𝑩𝑰 𝑨𝑳 𝑷 𝑯𝑹𝑨𝑺 𝑬

 A verbal phrase is a group of related words that contains a participle, a gerund, or an

infinitive.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. Writing poems is my hobby. (Gerund Phrase)

2. We saw something floating in the water. (Participle Phrase)

3. I need something to wear to the dance. (An infinitive Phrase)

 A verbal phrase is not a verb phrase. A verb phrase contains a main verb and one or
more auxiliary verbs.

A. Infinitive Phrases

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

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 These can be used as noun phrases, adjective phrases or adverb phrases. Infinitive
phrases as noun phrases in subject positions.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. To remain free is our goal.

2. To succeed in life is his ambition.

3. To come with you would be a pleasure.

 Infinitive phrases used as noun phrases in object positions

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. I would like to know the truth.

2. Yamikani wants to be a doctor.

3. The student wants to become a teacher.

 Infinitive phrases used as noun phrases in apposition to a noun.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. Your desire to help Nellis is a good thing.

2. Her request to serve the country was granted.

3. His ambition to become a doctor will soon be realized.

Here the infinitive phrases, functioning as noun phrases, refer to the same thing as the nouns
beside which they have been placed. They are in apposition to the nouns which precede them.

Infinitive phrases used as adjectives.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. This is the way to draw a picture.

2. He gave me money to spend freely.

3. His ability to play a fast game was limited.

 Infinitive phrases used as adverbs

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. They came to have a talk with you.

2. Moses went to KUHES to study bachelor of science in dental surgery.

3. Agness was very eager to please everyone.

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

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4. Richard went to Nsingano to visit his brother.

𝑩. 𝑷 𝑨𝑹𝑻 𝑰 𝑪𝑰 𝑷 𝑳𝑬 𝑷 𝑯𝑹𝑨𝑺 𝑬

 A participle phrase is a group of related words that contains a participle. Participle

phrases can be used as adjectival phrases.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. The student smiling at us is my friend.

2. The guest brought by Mr Msobwe was rude.

3. The man announcing the results is the chairman.

4. Singing happily, the boys marched along the road.

𝑪. 𝑮𝑬𝑹𝑼𝑵𝑫 𝑷 𝑯𝑹𝑨𝑺 𝑬

 A gerund phrase is a group of related words that contains a gerund. A gerund phrase
can be used as a noun and as an adjective.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. Boys enjoy playing volleyball.

Function: Object of the verb ‘enjoy’

2. Catching grasshoppers is fun for children.

Function: Subject of the verb ‘is’

3. Caution in driving a car is essential for safety.

Function: Qualifying the noun ‘caution’

4. Whipping students has been abolished in schools

Function: Subject of the verb ‘is’

𝐃. 𝑨𝑷 𝑷 𝑶𝑺 𝑰 𝑻 𝑰 𝑽 𝑬 𝑷 𝑯𝑹𝑨𝑺 𝑬

An appositive is a noun or pronoun that is placed next to another noun or pronoun to

identify or give additional information about it.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

i. Lymon’s brother Amon is studying the same course his sister studied.

The noun in bold, Amon, is an appositive as it identifies the brother of Lymon.

ii. Mr Limbani, the teacher, has given us a tough assignment.

An appositive phrase is, therefore, an appositive plus any words that modifies the noun.

Sometimes, commas are used to set off appositives that are not essential to the meaning of
a sentence.

Appositives phrases function as noun phrases, in apposition to the given nouns or pronouns.

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

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Examples of appositive phrases:

i. Take your son to Masenjere school, a secondary after Fatima Secondary, to have good
education.

ii. After eating his favourite food, nsima with chambo, she left for work.

iii. Martse, the hip hop musician, died a shocking death.

iv. Russia, neighbor of Ukraine, is a rival of the USA.

v. Mr Chizimu wrote a good short story“The missed opportunity” two years ago.

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𝐂𝐋𝐀𝐔𝐒 𝐄𝐒
 A Clause is a group of related words with a finite verb. The main difference between a
clause and a phrase is that, a clause contains a finite verb while a phrase does not.

 A clause has the main and subordinate components. The main clause is that part of a
sentence that can stand on its own. The subordinate clause cannot stand on its own
while the subordinate clause cannot stand on its own.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞

I don’t know where he slept.

 But sometimes both the main clause need to depend on each other.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞

This is not what I told you.

In this sentence, the main clause, "This is", cannot stand on its own. And the subordinate
clause, "what I told you," can’t too. The main and the subordinate clause here are
interdependent (they depend on each other).

TYPES OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

There are three types of subordinate clauses namely:

a. Adjective clause

b. Noun Clause

c. Adverbial Clause

1. 𝐀𝐃𝐉 𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐈 𝐕𝐄 𝐂𝐋𝐀𝐔𝐒𝐄

This is a group of words which does the work of an adjective by qualifying a noun in a
sentence. The noun being qualified is called an antecedent. An adjective clause is normally
introduced by a relative pronoun such as who, whom, which, why, where, when and that. It
answers the question Which?

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬:

1. The shirt that you bought is torn.

2. The book which you lent me was interesting.

3. Thank you for the help that you have given me.

🅽🅾🆃🅴
Sometimes the relative pronouns can be omitted but the subordinate adjective clauses can
still be understood. This is when the relative pronoun stands in place of an object.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬:

1. The book I want is on the table.

Function: It qualifies noun ‘book’

2. The man you sent to me has run away.

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

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Function: It qualifies noun ‘man’

3. The man you spoke to is my brother.

Function: It qualifies noun ‘man’

TYPES OF SUBORDINATE ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

1. Defining Adjective Clauses

2. Non-defining Adjective Clauses

A. 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇 𝒊 𝒏𝒊 𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒊 𝒗𝒆 𝒄𝒍 𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆

It is the one which tells precisely who or what the noun is. This is a clause which when
removed from the sentence; the sentence does not make perfect sense.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. I have read the book which he wrote.

2. The boy who is in the house is a thief.

3. This is the girl who has come out with a distinction.

B. 𝒕 𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏_𝒅𝒆𝒇 𝒊 𝒏𝒊 𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒊 𝒗𝒆 𝒄𝒍 𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆

These are clauses that are not very important to the words they qualify. They merely give
additional information or a mere remark. They are normally separated from the rest of the
sentence by the use of commas.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. My father, who came last week, is a great man.

2. The book, which I bought last week, has proved to be useless.

3. Mr. Mission, who was here a few hours ago, was once a driver.

Even if this clause is removed, the sentence still has definite meaning and makes a complete
sense.

2.𝐍𝐎𝐔𝐍 𝐂𝐋𝐀𝐔𝐒 𝐄

 A Noun Clause is the one which does the work of a noun. It answers the question
what? It performs a number of functions in sentences. There are five functions which
a noun clause performs in a sentence. A noun clause may be:

a. Subject of a Verb

 A noun clause functions as a subject of a verb when it occurs before a principal

clause. It always precedes its main clause.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. What he said bored everybody.

2. What you are doing seems very difficult.

3. That he will refuse the offer is very unlikely.

4. Whoever answered that question should have been intelligent.

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

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b. Object of the Verb

 A noun clause functions as the object of a verb when it occurs after the principal
clause.

The verb in the main clause is an action verb. Noun clause which is object of a verb may be:

(a) A statement direct or indirect

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. He said “where do you live?”

2. He told me that the debt had been paid.

(b) A question, direct or indirect

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. He asked me where I lived.

2. He said, “Where do you leave?”

3. Can you tell me what the time is?

c. The object of the Preposition

 A noun clause functions as the object of a preposition governed by a preposition

when it occurs immediately after the preposition.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. You can have this for what I paid for it.

2. The headteacher was pleased with what he said.

3. They will be very thankful for whatever you can give them.

4. The student always pays attention to whatever the teacher is saying.

d. The Complement of a Verb

 A noun clause functions as a complement of a verb if it completes the meaning to

the state or linking verb. The verb does not make complete sense without the clause.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

a. This is what I want.

Function: Complement of the verb ‘is’

b. It appears it will rain.

Function: Complement of the verb ‘appears’

c. The fact is that he doesn’t really try.

Function: complement of the verb ‘is’

d. It seems that Juliet has never been in love before.

Function: Complement of the verb ‘seems’

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

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e. The winner will be whoever scores highest points.

Function: Complement of the verb ‘will be’

f. In apposition to a noun

 A noun clause performs this function when it explains more about a noun to give
further information. Usually the noun appositioned is an abstract noun.

For example:

a. The rumour that she had passed pleased us.

Function: In apposition to noun ‘rumour’

b. The fact that the prisoner was guilty was plain to everyone.

Function: In apposition to noun ‘fact’

c. The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.

Function: In apposition to noun ‘news’

d. The idea that you can do this work without thinking is quite wrong.

Function: In apposition to noun ‘rumour’

4.𝐀𝐃𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐁𝐈𝐀𝐋 𝐂𝐋𝐀𝐔𝐒 𝐄𝐒

 Adverbial clauses do the work of adverbs in sentences. They modify verbs, adjectives
or other adverbs. They are introduced by such words such as when, where, while, as,
after, before, until, if, unless, because, since, so, that, although, than, provided that,
supposing that and as if. There are nine types of adverbial clauses and these are:

a. Adverbial Clause of Time.

 These modify verbs in sentences. They tell when an action was done and are
introduced by words such as when, until, after, before, since, as, while, and as soon as.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. We met once since he arrived from Mzuzu.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘met’

2. I learned a lot of French while I was in Paris.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘learned’

3. When it rains I usually go to the office by bus.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘go’s

4. The thief was arrested as he was leaving the bank.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘was arrested

b. Adverbial Clause of Manner

 Adverbial clauses of manner modify verbs in sentences. They tell how an action was
done and are introduced by words such as ‘as’, ‘as though’ and ‘as if’. They indicate
the manner in which something is done. They answer the question how?

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

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𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. He ran as if he was chased.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘ran’

2. They spoke as though they were mad.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘spoke’

3. I shall do the exercise as I have been told.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘shall do’

4. When I get the money, I shall spend it as I like.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘shall spend’

c. Adverbial Clause of Place

 Adverbial clauses of place modify verbs in sentences. They tell where an action was
done and are introduced by words such as where and wherever.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. I will follow you wherever you go.

Function: It modifies ‘are going’

2. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘rush’

3. They are sleeping quietly where I slept yesterday.

Function: It modifies ‘are sleeping’

4. The house stood where the Chilambula road meets the Kamuzu procession road.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘stood’

d. Adverbial Clause of Reason or Cause

 Adverbial clause of reason modifies verbs on sentences. They tell why an action was
done and are introduced by such words as because, since, as and for.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. They sent him back for he had no fees.

Function: it modifies the verb ‘sent’

2. The teacher punished us because we were late.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘punished’

3. Since the bus has already left, let us return home.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘return’

4. He repeated every class as he was a slow learner.

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

.........................................DISTINCTION IN MSCE ENGLISH.............................................

Function: It modifies the verb ‘repeated’

e. Adverbial Clause of Concession

 Adverbial clauses of concession modify verbs in sentences. They show contrast and
are introduced by words such as though, although, even though, occasionally by even,
if wherever, whenever, however, whether, or not, no matter, whether or not.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. Though he was late, he came at last.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘came’

2. Even if you try hard, you won’t succeed.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘won’t succeed’

3. Whatever you may say, I still think I did the right thing.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘think’

4. No matter whether you agree or not, I shall pay him the price he asks.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘shall pay’

5. Whether he works hard or not, I don’t think he will pass the coming examination

Function: It modifies the verb ‘think’

f. Adverbial Clause of Condition

 Adverbial clauses of condition modify verbs in sentences. They indicate

conditions under which an action can be done (indicate on what condition a thing
happens, happened or will happen). They are introduced by if, unless, provided
that, supposing that whether, as long as, or that (after supposing, provided, on
condition)

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. If you go I shall follow you.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘will follow’

2. I shan’t go unless he asks me.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘shan’t go’

3. Supposing that he asks you, will you go?

Function: It modifies the verb ‘will go’

4. I shall go as long as/provided that/on condition that he asks me.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘shall go’

g. Adverbial Clause of Purpose

 Adverbial clause of purpose modifies verbs in sentences. They tell a purpose for
doing a certain action. They are introduced by so that, in order that, for fear that,
lest

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

.........................................DISTINCTION IN MSCE ENGLISH.............................................

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. Some people eat so that they may live.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘eat’

2. Others seem to eat in order that they may live.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘eat'

3. I am telling you this lest you should make a mistake.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘am telling’

4. We worked hard so that we could pass the examinations.

Function: It modifies the verb ‘worked’

h. Adverbial Clause of Comparison

Adverbial clause of comparison modifies adjectives in sentences. They compare two

actions and are introduced by ‘than’ and ‘as’

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. She likes beer more than I do.

Function: It modifies an adjective ‘more’

2. This work is not easy as you think.

Function: It modifies adjectives ‘easy’

3. That question is easier than I thought.

Function: It modifies an adjective ‘easier’

4. Rose has done better than she did last year.

Function: It modifies an adjective ‘better’

i. Adverbial Clause of Result

Adverbial clauses of result modify adjectives and adverbs in sentences. They tell the
result of an action and are introduced by so … that.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. The sun was so hot that we sat in the shade.

Function: It modifies an adverb ‘so’

2. Gift was so intelligent that he passed every examination.

Function: It modifies an adverb ‘so’

3. He was speaking so quietly, that it was difficult to hear what he said.

Function: It modifies an adverb ‘so’

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

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🅽🅾🆃🅴
An adverb clause of result associated with degree is introduced by so … that, such …..
that, or so … as to.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥 𝐞𝐬

1. He ran so fast that I could not catch him.

Function: It modifies an adjective ‘fast’

2. It was such a warm day that I took off my jacket.

Function: It modifies an adjective ‘warm’

3. Would you be so kind as to carry this?

Function: It modifies an adjective ‘kind’

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A CLAUSE AND A PHRASE

A clause is related to a phrase in the sense that both are groups of words representing a
part of speech. The only difference between the two is that a clause includes a finite verb
whereas a phrase does not include a finite verb phrase does not include a finite verb.

🅂🄴🄻🄵 🄰🅂🅂🄴🄼🄴🄽🅃
Choose the letter(A,B,C, or D) that has the answer that best completes the sentences
1. I purchased the book for which you bid.

a. Noun clause object of “purchased” b. Noun clause object of preposition “for”

c. Noun phrase object of preposition “for” d. Adjective clause qualifying “book”

2. Mary and I once met when we were at school.

a. Adverb clause modifying “met” b. Noun clause object of “met”

c. Adverb phrase modifying “met” d. Adjective clause qualifying “I”

3. The cat slept under the tree.

a. Adjective clause qualifying “cat” b. Adverb clause modifying “slept’

c. Adverb phrase qualifying “slept” d. Adjective phrase qualifying “cat”

4. He left the place in a hurry.

a. Adjective phrase qualifying “place” b. Adjective clause qualifying “place”

c. Adverb phrase modifying “place” d. Adverb phrase modifying “left”

5. The pen which you left is lost.

a. Adjective clause qualifying “pen” b. Noun clause in apposition to “pen”

c. Noun clause object of “is lost” d. Noun clause complete of “is lost”

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

.........................................DISTINCTION IN MSCE ENGLISH.............................................

6. I thank you for the assistance you have given my daughter.

a. noun clause, object of verb “thank”. b. adverb clause, modifying “thank”.

c. noun phrase, object of verb “thank”. d. adjective clause, qualifying

“assistance”.

7. The head teacher asked me why I came late.

a. adjective clause, qualifying “me” b. noun clause, object of verb “asked”

c. noun clause, in apposition to “me” d. adverb clause, modifying “asked”

8. This is the farm I would like to buy.

a. adjective clause, qualifying “farm” b. noun clause, in apposition to “farm”

c. noun phrase, object of “farm” d. adverb phrase , modifying verb “is”

9. I shall discuss this issue with you when you come back.

a. noun clause, object of verb “shall discuss” b. noun phrase, object of verb “shall

discuss” c. adverb clause, modifying “shall discuss”

d. noun clause, in apposition to object “you”

10. The examination is not so easy as you think.

a. adverb clause, modifying “is not so easy” b. noun clause, object of verb “is”

c. adjective clause, qualifying “examination” d. adverb phrase modifying “ is not so

easy”

11. He told Dalo why he works hard.

a. noun clause, object of “told” b. adverb clause, modifying “told”

c. adjective clause, qualifying “Dalo” d. noun clause, complement of “told”

12. Clothes of the latest fashion are always sought after.

a. adverb phrase, modifying “are” b. noun clause in apposition to “clothes”

c. adjective phrase, qualifying “clothes” d. adjective clause, describing “clothes”

13. That was how we triumphed in the competition.

a. noun clause, object of “was” b. noun clause, complement of “was”

c. participle phrase, qualifying “was” d. adverb clause, modifying “was”

14. The match began once the rains had stopped.

a. noun clause, object of “began” b. adverb clause, modifying “began”

c. adjective clause, qualifying “match” d. adjective phrase qualifying “match”

15. She looked surprised at the door which was locked.

a. noun clause, in apposition to “surprised” b. adverb clause, modifying “surprised”

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

.........................................DISTINCTION IN MSCE ENGLISH.............................................

c. adjective clause, qualifying “door” d. adjective phrase, qualifying “door”

16. The thief was locked up in a room so that he should not escape.

a. adverb clause, modifying “locked up’ b. adjective clause, qualifying “room”

c. adjective phrase, qualifying “room” d. adverb phrase, modifying “was locked

up”

17. Cain works as hard as he can.

a. adjective clause, qualifying “Cain” b. noun clause, object of “Cain”

c. adverb phrase, modifying “works” d. adverb clause, modifying “works”

18. The house by the lake belongs to Chief Mapiri.

a. adverb phrase, modifying “belongs” b. noun phrase, object of “house”

c. adjective phrase, qualifying “house” d. adjective clause, qualifying “house”

19. What the nurse said surprised the patient.

a. noun clause, subject of “surprised” b. adverb clause, modifying “surpised”

c. noun clause, complement of “surprised” d. adjective clause, qualifying “patient”

20. Our assumption is that the situation will improve soon.

a. adjective clause, qualifying “assumption b. noun clause, complement of the verb “is”

c. noun clause, object of “is” d. adverb clause, modifying “is”

21. The students now realize that destroying school property is bad.

a. adverb clause, modifying “realize’ b. noun clause, complement of “realize”

c. noun clause, object of realize” d. adjective clause, qualifying “students”

22. We stayed at the hotel you recommended.

a. noun phrase, in apposition to “the hotel” b. adjective phrase, qualifying “the hotel”
c. adjective clause, qualifying “the hotel” d. adverb clause, modifying “stayed”

23. The driver wanted to know if we could hire him.

a. adverb clause, modifying “wanted” b. noun clause, object of “wanted”

c. adverb phrase, modifying “wanted” d. adjective clause, qualifying “driver”

24. After wearing his glasses, Mr. Phiri left home.

a. adjective phrase, qualifying “Mr. Phiri” b. adverb clause, modifying “left”

c. noun phrase, in apposition to Mr. Phiri. d. adverb phrase, modifying “left”

25. Cleaning of the streets is appreciated by many.

a. noun phrase, in apposition to “many” b. noun clause, in apposition to “many

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

.........................................DISTINCTION IN MSCE ENGLISH.............................................

c. noun clause, subject of “is” d. noun phrase, subject of “is”

26. Her passion was helping the under-privileged.

a. adverb clause, modifying “was” b. noun phrase, object of “was”

c. noun phrase, complement of “was” d. adjective clause, qualifying “passion”

27. The outgoing chairperson delivered her speech with deep emotions.

a. adverb clause, modifying “delivered” b. adjective clause, qualifying “speech”

c. adjective phrase, qualifying “speech” d. adverb phrase, modifying “delivered”

28. The path that passes through the grazing field is rarely used.

a. noun phrase, in apposition to “path” b. adjective clause, qualifying “path”

c. noun clause, in apposition to “path” d. adjective phrase, qualifying “path”

29. The mother went to the place where she could find her daughter.

a. adjective clause, qualifying “place” b. adverb clause, modifying “went”

c. noun phrase, object of “went” d. noun clause, in apposition to “place”

30. He begged that his friend’s life might be spared.

a. adverb phrase, modifying “begged” b. adjective clause, qualifying “he”

c. noun clause, object of “begged” d. adverb clause, modifying “begged”

31. How the thief got in is a mystery.

a. noun clause, complement of “is” b. noun clause, subject of “is”

c. noun phrase, subject of “is” d. adverb phrase, modifying “is”

32. He went there in the morning.

a. adverb phrase, modifying “went” b. adjective phrase, qualifying “he”

c. noun phrase, object of “went” d. adjective clause, qualifying “he”

33. The hospital, along the road, is being renovated.

a. noun phrase, in apposition to “hospital” b. adverb clause, modifying “is”

c. adjective phrase, qualifying “hospital” d. noun clause, subject of “is”

34. The girl next to me is my neighbour.

a. adjective clause, qualifying “girl” b. noun phrase, in apposition to “girl”

c. adjective phrase, qualifying “girl” d. noun clause, in apposition to “girl”

35. The boy jumped over the electric fence.

a. noun clause, object of “jumped” b. adverb phrase, modifying “jumped”

c. adjective phrase, qualifying “boy” d. adverb clause, modifying “jumped”

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

.........................................DISTINCTION IN MSCE ENGLISH.............................................

36. How he managed to cross the river will remain mystery.

a. noun phrase, subject of “will remain” b. adjective phrase, qualifying “mystery”

c. noun clause, subject of “will remain” d. adjective clause, qualifying “mystery”

37. The door leads to the crowded and dusty room.

a. adverb clause, modifying “leads b. adverb phrase, subject of “leads”

c. noun phrase, object of “leads” d. noun clause, object of “leads”

38. What surprised me was how he missed the train.

a. adjective clause, qualifying “me” b. adverb clause, modifying “surprised”

c. noun clause, object of “surprised” d. noun clause, complement of “me”

39. How the thief was caught remains a big puzzle.

a. noun clause, subject of “is” b. adverb clause, modifying “is”

c. noun phrase, subject of “is” d. adverb phrase, modifying “is”

40. Zione is the student whom we chose to represent us.

a. noun clause, subject of “is” b. noun phrase, object of “is”

c. adjective phrase, qualifying “student” d. adjective clause, qualifying “student”

41. Volunteers, boys or girls, are wanted.

a. noun clause, in apposition to “volunteers” b. noun clause, object “volunteers”

c. noun phrase, in apposition to “volunteers” d. noun phrase, object of “volunteers”

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜

.........................................DISTINCTION IN MSCE ENGLISH.............................................

©2024 𝐿𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜.....𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜......𝐹 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖 𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑜