Punctuation

Come in let’s eat grandma.

ROKO MAT JANAY DO
UTHO MAT BAITHO
2017

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Comma ,
Semi colon ;
Colon :
Full stop .
Question mark ?
Exclamation mark !
Apostrophe ‘
Dash/Hyphen –
Quotation marks / inverted commas “How are you?”
Three dots/ ellipsis (…)

COMMA: (pause- small pause)

After comma the next word’s first letter is NEVER capital except I
and a proper noun.

1. Parenthesis:
Sassi , our English teacher , has brown hair.
Sassi has brown hair.

Allama Iqbal, poet of the east, was born in Sialkot.

The internship programme, which Dr. Sassi designed, will start in December.

2. Series:
My fav animals are dogs, cats, tigers and lions.
Oxford comma (THE COMMA WHICH COMES BEFORE “AND”)
I like daffodils, roses, jasmines, orchids, and sunflowers.

3. Proper noun: (addressing a person)

Ali, sit down.
Ali is drinking tea.
Ali drinks coffee
Ali, do you want a cup of coffee

When we are addressing a person that is when we put a comma

4. After transition phrases:

however,
Therefore,
For example,
Finally,
At last,
Furthermore,
Anyhow,
Consequently,

It has stopped raining hence, we are coming

5. OMISSION OF VERBS:
SHE GOT A PEN AND HE GOT A PENCIL.

She got a pen and he a pencil.

She got a pen and he, a pencil.

I ATE AN APPLE AND SHE ATE A BANANA.

I ate an apple and she a banana.

She has a cat and he a dog.

(she has a cat and he has a dog.)
She has a cat and he, a dog.

I READ ONE BOOK AND SHE READ 10 BOOKS.

I read one book and she ten books.

In exam:
She bought a phone and he bought a book.
She bought a phone and he, a book.
 6. COORDINATE CONJUCTIONS: (, BEFORE FANBOYS)
FANBOYS
,FOR (KU KAY) BECAUSE-SINCE
,AND lekin - (he called her, and not me) -(but) XXX
,NOR (WHICH IS USED WITH NEITHER)
,BUT
,OR (WHICH IS USED WITH EITHER)
,YET
,SO

I am making a cake for Ali. (exchange for with because)

He failed the exam, for (ku kay) he had not prepared for it.
I did not prepare for exam.
he got head injury, for he was not wearing helmet.

This for can be replaced with “because”

You like red or black colour?

Either red, or black is your favourite colour.
Either saima, or Sana is the thief.

You have a son or a daughter?

Either she stole my phone, or he did.

Neither he stole my phone, nor she did.

,BUT

I was about to come, but it started raining.

Although he is poor, yet honest.

,AND

Sassi and sana are friends

Ahmad called Sana, and not me.
I was trying to teach, and she was constantly disturbing me.
My fav flowers are daffodils, roses and jasmines.

SO:
I was running fast, so I reached in time
 7. DIRECT SPEECH:
HE SAID , “I AM HAPPY.”
REPORTING SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

He said, “I am happy.”
“I am happy,” he said.

8. EXPLANATORY CLAUSES:
SERIES
Explain 1 object/subject
The vessel was oblong, three feet in length, two feet in breadth and
8 inches in depth.

9. PRINCIPLE CLAUSES/ SUBORDINATE CLAUSES:

Condition applied..

Principal VS principle= RULE

If you work hard you will pass.

Sequence
1. Subordinate clause (condition apply)
2. principle clause (full sentence)

you MUST put a comma between the two

If you work hard , you will pass.

IF YOU do not WORK HARD, YOU WILL not PASS.

As he is an old man, he walks slow.
if
When
Because
Unless
As
Even if
Provided that
Only if
since

WHEN SHE GROWS UP , SHE WILL GO TO COLLEGE.

Lekin:
YOU WILL PASS IF YOU WORK HARD.

He walks slow as he is an old man.

As she is a smart girl she will qualify CSS.

Because he is old he has no teeth.
When I get my salary I shall buy a new phone.
I am rich because my father has money.
Because my father has money I am rich.
He is panicking as he did not prepare for the exam.

10. SALUTATIONS:
Dear Sir,
Dear Madam,
Respected Sir,

Dear is NOT OFFICIAL at all..

Your’s truly, xxx
Yours truly,
Yours respectfully,
Yours obediently,

11. After an interjection(an abrupt remark):

Yes,
No,
Indeed,
Of course,
Definitely,

Mostly sentence starting with these.

SSS:
S: start
S: Stress
S: Side effect koi nai

SEMI COLON ;
1. LONGER PAUSE.

1. She coloured her hair red he coloured his hair blue.

2. As he is intelligent he won the presidential election.

1. IF SHE GOES TO LAHORE SHE WILL FIND THE BOOKS.

2. HE HAS A PEN SHE HAS A DOLL.
 DETECT PAUSE, ADD “AND” , IF IT SOUNDS CORRECT, LONGER
PAUSE, LAGAY GA ;

A. IF YOU WORK HARD YOU WILL PASS

B. I like to read he likes to write

As he is a strong man he can lift this

Exercise makes a man healthy proper diet is necessary for good
health.

Detect pause
Put “and”
Correct
Longer pause
; use

Small letter after semi colon except I and a proper noun

2. (COHESIVE DEVICES)
; however, (. However, ,however,)
; therefore,
; for example,

He is a good friend; however, he fights with me.

sometimes. (LEKIN / BUT) OR
He is a good friend. However, he fights with me.
(this should never be the next paragraph)

JITNA MARZI:

1. No matter ,however, good he is he will never be

my friend. (jitna bhi/jitna marzi)
 2. He is a good cook ,however, well he cooks he will
never be as good as my mother. (JITNA BHI)

2021:
The familiarity produces neglect has been long
observed (the effect of all external objects however
great or splendid ceases with their novelty.)

A sentence may start with however but never start a para with
however.

PARAGRAPHS NEVER START WITH HOWEVER!

Therefore:
-comes between two independent clauses.

It was raining ; therefore, I could not come.

The letter after semi colon always small. (except I and

proper nouns)

,therefore, (mid sentence - when it interrupts the

flow):
It is, therefore, requested to submit your forms.
The team, therefore, decided to take a different
approach.
 1. However (contrast)
2. Therefore (cause and effect)
3. Moreover (addition)
4. Thus (consequence)
5. Furthermore (addition)
6. Nevertheless (contrast)
7. Consequently (result)

Colon:

:-
:
-

- The silent expression of “which is/ as follows”

1. To introduce an example
2. To introduce an explanation
3. To introduce a list/series in a sentence

Definition: It is defined as….

She has lived in three major cities: Paris, New York and
Dubai.
Items to be bought from market: Apples, juices,
vegetables and coke.

Time:

4:30 pm
4:00 am

Always first letter capital after colon.

FULL STOP/ Period:

Letter after full stop always capital.

1. My name is Sassi I am 31 years old I teach English

2. She is a girl She is happy She has got a puppy

TITLES:
Mister Mr. Ali
Miss Ms. Anum
Missus Mrs. Sassi Malik Sher

My name is Mr. Ali.

Mr. Ali is my name.

Doctor Dr. Sassi Malik

Engineers Engr. Ammara

Eg:
For the little girl dr brown reached her house in time.
Engineer did his work.
Engr. Arsalan did his work.

Only one title at a time.

,etc.

, etc. (if etc at the end of sentence)

I like animals like dogs, cats, elephants, etc.

,etc., (if the sentence continues)

Dogs, cats, etc., are my favourite animals.

Etc means (and the rest so and is included within)

, e.g., (full form: ;for example,)

I have many friends ;for example, Anam, Aliya and Sana.
I have many friends ,e.g., Anam, Aliya and Sana.

,i.e., (id est = that is)

Submit an assignment in two days, i.e., by Sunday.

Question Mark (?)

sawal
Direct speech
Always within the inverted commas
“What is your height?”

No full stop after the question mark.

Question mark always stays within the “----”

The teacher said, “What is your height?”
The teacher asked me what my height was.
He said, “What are you doing?”
He asked me what I was doing.

The next letter after ? should always be capital

No full stop

EXCLAMATION Mark: !
Direct speech
Within inverted commas
Shows an expression of sorrow, happiness, wonder.
No full stop after !

Words:
“Oh!
“Alas! My dog has died.”
“Ouch! The scorpion bit me.”
“Hurrah! We have won the match.”
“Wow!
“Ah!

The next letter after ! shall be capital

1. Expression exclaimed in a sentence.

He said, “I am mad at you.”

Direct speech:
He exclaimed, “I am mad at you!”

Indirect form
He exclaimed with wonder that, that house was beautiful .

DASH/ hyphen:

SPECIAL WORDS: (compound word)

Mother-in-law
Coca-cola
No-fly-zone
Covid-19

Use of to:
Lhe-Khi
5-9 pm
Mon – Thu
1947-2009

Explain further: (use of colon)

Explanation:- (wrong)
Explanation- / Explanation:

Dash is supposed to be in centre of two line – (X_)

Allama Iqbal- our national poet- was also a great philosopher.

Allama Iqbal, poet of the east, was a great philosopher. (equal

importance)

Allama Iqbal( poet of the east) was a great philosopher. (not imp at
all) never use these in CSS
Allama Iqbal - poet of the east - was a great philosopher.
(focus middle information most imp one)

Please call my superviser – Ma’m Anum – to get details of precis

lecture.

I love these things - luxury cars, leisurely drive and soft music. (colon)
He lost everything - love, honour and title. (like a colon :)

Hyphen/dash:
N dash (to + compound words)
M dash (parenthesis sentence)

From/ between:
JFK was a president from 1961-1963.
JFK was a president from 1961 to 1963.

If line ends, do not break a word into 2 parts and shift half in the next
line NEVER.

APOSTROPHÉ:

Malik,s  Malik’s
POSESSION (KA/KI/ KAY)
Sassi’s phone
Ahmad’s house
Amnah’s book
Ali’s kids

NAMES THAT END ON S & Z & X

Sassi’s book
Sundus book

SUNDUS’S BOOK

SUNDUS’ BOOK

MOIZ’S KIDS
MOIZ’ KIDS
Faraz’ car

Alex’s dog
Alex’ dog

Parent  parent’s advice (1)

Parents  parents’s advice  parents’ advice (2)

Hen’s egg (1 hen)

Hens’s eggs  Hens’ eggs (many)

Teacher’s advice
Teachers’s advice  Teachers’ advice

PLURALS:
MY STUDENT’S REGISTER (1)
My students’s registers. (many)  my students’ registers

My students’ registers.
TWO APOSTROPHÉS NEVER COME TOGETHER
MY FRIEND’S BROTHER’S WIFE GAVE BIRTH TO A DAUGHTER.
THE WIFE OF MY FRIEND’S BROTHER GAVE BIRTH TO A DAUGHTER.

CONTRACTIONS:
THERE IS - there’s
YOU ARE  you’re
I AM  I’m
YOU WILL  you’ll
HE IS  he’s
SHE IS  she’s

IT IS  IT’S
It is raining
it’s raining

This is a dog, its leg is fractured.

This is a dog, it’s leg is fractured

THIS IS A DOG IT IS LEG IS FRACTURED.

Its

This is a dog, its leg is fractured

IT IS CORRECT  IT’S
IT IS XXXX  ITS
Its a table ; its old.
It is a table ; it is old
IT’S (IT IS) A TABLE ; IT’S (IT IS) Old.

Its a cat and its legs are broken.

ITS (IT IS) A CAT and ITS (it is) LEGS ARE BROKEN.
It’s a cat and its legs are broken

It’s a book and it’s mine.

A dog and its tail.

It’s a dog.

“Its” is avoided with non-living things as they cannot possess

anything. Ali can own a phone. Ali’s phone. But a car or a house
cannot own anything.
Examples where a non-living thing can own something e.g., Pakistan
is a country (non-living) and it has a flag, we do not write:
Pakistan’s flag XX
It will be:
Flag of Pakistan

It is  it’s

-yours
-its
-theirs
-hers
-his
No apostrophe with any of these

INVERTED COMMAS: “___” ‘_____’

“ ” AMERICAN
‘ ’ BRITISH

HE SAID = REPORTING PART

“DKHSKDHSKFHSFKH” = REPORTED PART
THERE MUST BE A COMMA BETWEEN REPORTING & REPORTED

He said , “I am happy.”

“I am happy,” he said.

“What is your name?” , he said.

HE SAID, “Do read the book ‘Alchemist’ as it is a good

read.”

He said are you happy I am happy she said.

He said, “Are you happy?” “I am happy.” she said.

He said, “Are you happy?” “I am happy,” she said.

He said, “Are you happy?” , “I am happy,” she said.

He said , “Are you happy?”

“I am happy,” she said.
“----”  1st letter always capital

He said, “Are you happy?” The girl in the forest was crying all alone.
“I am happy,” she said.

Ellipsis mark (…)

Direct speech and inside inverted commas

“… God is one.”

“God is one…”

The crow said, “The lion did not run away because of your braying, it
ran away because…” The lion turned back and ate the donkey.

Do not write the un-punctuated para in answer sheet. Write whole

punctuation in ink, mark your punctuation marks with a marker +
capitalise with marker.

Hw: 2017 punctuation!

It has been ages and I have not seen her

It’s been ages and I have not seen her

It is/it has  it’s

Have not  haven’t

Did not  didn’t
Had not  hadn’t
Cannot  can’t
The END!