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Biomolecules Notes

Biomolecules are essential for life and include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each type has specific functions: carbohydrates provide energy, proteins support growth and enzymes, lipids store energy, and nucleic acids carry genetic information. Additionally, enzymes speed up reactions, and vitamins and minerals are crucial micronutrients for metabolism.

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6 views2 pages

Biomolecules Notes

Biomolecules are essential for life and include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each type has specific functions: carbohydrates provide energy, proteins support growth and enzymes, lipids store energy, and nucleic acids carry genetic information. Additionally, enzymes speed up reactions, and vitamins and minerals are crucial micronutrients for metabolism.

Uploaded by

santoshsheoran7701
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Biomolecules - Simplified Notes

1. Major Types of Biomolecules

Biomolecules are molecules essential for life found in all living organisms. Four major types are:

- Carbohydrates: Provide energy (e.g., glucose, starch)

- Proteins: Help in growth, repair, enzymes (e.g., enzymes, hemoglobin)

- Lipids: Store energy, make membranes (e.g., fats, oils)

- Nucleic Acids: Carry genetic information (e.g., DNA, RNA)

2. Carbohydrates

Made of C, H, and O. Types include:

- Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (glucose)

- Disaccharides: Two sugars (sucrose)

- Polysaccharides: Long chains (starch, cellulose)

Function: Main energy source.

3. Proteins

Made of amino acids. Structures:

- Primary: Sequence of amino acids

- Secondary: Alpha-helix or beta-sheet

- Tertiary: 3D structure

- Quaternary: Multiple chains

Function: Build structures, enzymes, transport.

4. Lipids

Made of fatty acids and glycerol. Types:

- Saturated: Solid (butter)

- Unsaturated: Liquid (oil)

Function: Long-term energy, insulation, membrane.

5. Nucleic Acids

DNA & RNA made of nucleotides:


Biomolecules - Simplified Notes
- Each nucleotide = Sugar + Phosphate + Base

DNA stores genes; RNA helps make proteins.

6. Enzymes

Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

- Have active sites where substrates fit

- Work best at specific pH and temperature.

7. Vitamins and Minerals

Micronutrients needed in small amounts.

- Examples: Calcium (bones), Iron (blood)

- Help metabolism and bodily functions.

Summary Table

Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides - Energy

Proteins - Amino Acids - Enzymes, structure

Lipids - Fatty Acids + Glycerol - Storage, membranes

Nucleic Acids - Nucleotides - Genetic code

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