PROPOSED MULTI-STOREY CAR PARK FOR OSOGBO OSUN STATE

BY

ADEBAYO FARADEEN MUHAMMED

AH/HND/F21/0598

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, SCHOOL

OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OFFA, KWARA
STATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN ARCHITECTURE

DECEMBER, 2023
 CERTIFICATION

This project titled “PROPOSED MULTI-STOREY CAR PARK” is prepared and

submitted by Adebayo Faradeen Muhammad in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of HND in Architecture is hereby accepted.

___________________________ _______________

Arc. Adeaga W.O DATE

Supervisor

_______________________ _______________

Arc. Adeaga W.O DATE

Head of Department

___________________________ _______________

EXTERNAL EXAMINER DATE

___________________________ _______________

RESEARCHER DATE
 DECLARATION

I, ADEBAYO FARADEEN M. with matriculation number AH/HND/F21/0598 declare

that this research work title “PROPOSED MULTI-STOREY CAR PARK” is my original work
and was not been presented elsewhere for award of any degree of the best of my knowledge. All
information obtained from published and unpublished works of others have been daily
references and acknowledged.
 DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to the Almighty God the I AM THAT I AM the one who has bring
me this far, he that stands by me throughout the HND program.

Also to my Loving parents Mr. and Mrs. Adebayo and to all my brothers and sisters
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to God, for providing me with strength,
guidance, and perseverance throughout this journey and forever would his name be praise.

Special appreciation to my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Adebayo whose unwavering support, love,
and encouragement have been my rock and foundation throughout this successful journey. My
family, for their understanding, patience, and belief in my aspirations.

And also to my friends, who stood by me, offered their invaluable advice, and kept me
motivated.

To all the lecturers, whose knowledge, mentorship, and insights have enriched my learning
experience

More also My supervisor, Arc. Adeaga W.O (MNIA) for his expertise, guidance, and
continuous encouragement that shaped this project.

This accomplishment would not have been possible without each of you. Thank you for
being a part of my journey.

Feel free to personalize it further to reflect your own sentiments and experiences!
 Table of content

Title Page i

Certification ii

Declaration iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgments v

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction 1.0

Historical background 1.1

Aim and objectives 1.2

Justification for the project 1.3

Scope of the project 1.4

Research Methodology 1.5

CHAPTER TWO

Case Study One 2.0

Case Study Two 2.1

Case Study Three 2.2

CHAPTER THREE

Historical Background 3.0

Geographical location of the site 3.1

Climatic Condition 3.2

Site Location 3.3

Site Analysis 3.4

Site Layout 3.5

CHAPTER FOUR

Design Brief 4.0

Surroundings features 4.1

Site Selection Criteria 4.2

Topography 4.3

Design concept 4.4

Design Consideration 4.5

Spatial Arrangement 4.6

Relationship of allocated space 4.7

Architectural Design 4.8

CHAPTER FIVE

Method and techniques of construction 5.0

Lighting and ventilation 5.1

Acoustics 5.2

Stairwells and lift 5.3

Plumbing 5.4

Waste disposal 5.5

Material treatment 5.6

 CHAPTER SIX

Criticism and conclusion 6.0

Special problem solved 6.1

References 6.2
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

An automobile is a road vehicle, usually with four wheels and powered by an internal
combustion engine, designed to carry a small number of passengers (Microsoft Encarta, 2007)

Automobiles changed the world during the 20th century, particularly in the United States and
other industrialized nations. From the growth of suburbs to the development of elaborate road and
highway systems, the so-called horseless carriage has forever altered the modern landscape. The
manufacture, sale, and servicing of automobiles have become key elements of industrial economies.

But along with greater mobility and job creation, the automobile has brought noise and air pollution.
Automobile accidents rank among the leading causes of death and injury throughout the world. But
for better or worse, the 1900s can be called the age of the automobile, and they will no doubt continue
to shape our culture and economy well into the 21st century. (Microsoft Encarta, 2007)

In the words of Jane Holtz Kay 2001 "In repose, as well as in motion, it took space." One
outward and most unpredictable thing the motorcar brought was the need for its own storage,
especially in the city centers where this new-found love was vastly used in everyday life. Since
architecture in its true sense deals in space management, and a new space occupying element had been
introduced by man for his convenience without thinking of its consequences, it thus follows that
architecture has to adapt or respond to this new space occupant. According to Jonathan Glancey
(2005) "..the automobile evolved in tandem with modern architecture, created myths, legends and new
building types".

As a result of the problem of parking, the role of the sidewalk has been diminished with its
attending destruction of the vibrant city street life for which Lagos is known for. With time,
diminishing pedestrian congestion became a missing character on the streets and thus the loss of the
lively sidewalk activities that supported a real sense of urbanity. The automobile and the parking lot
dominated the pedestrian and the sidewalk spaces, whose diminished vitality further encouraged
 widespread automobile uze. As a result, the parking lot or lack of it became one of the defining
features of Lagos city. ("History of Lagos, 2008)

The parking lot is the North American term that refers to a cleared area that is more or less level
and may be paved with asphalt, bitumen or gravel, intended for parking vehicles. Usually, the term
refers to a dedicated area that has been provided with a durable or semi-durable surface it is known as
car park to the British (Wikipedia encyclopedia). It is also an area in which motor vehicles can be
parked temporarily.

Parking spaces have traditionally been an overlooked element of development projects by

governmental oversight and the recent trend has been to provide regulations for the configuration and
spacing of parking lots, their landscaping, drainage and pollution abatement issues.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this research is to effectively manage space by the design of a multi-storey car
parking decks to curb the automobile litter in the high density central cores with particular reference to
old garage road Osogbo, Osun state, in a quest to effectively manage what is left of the spaces in
urban centers including the volume of cars going to business areas, offices and other places in Osogbo
which is quite high is made to provide an insight into how an architectural solution can be arrived at,
so that parking problems can be greatly reduced.

Objectives:

 To provide a complex where cars can be parked without a little inconvenience as possible, and where
cars and contents are safe from fire and from collision

 To optimally utilize the urban space, without affecting neighboring property negatively.

 To strengthen the economic base of the local council.

 To create a landmark for commercial community

 To reduce congestion and its consequent hazard.

 To achieve an efficient and effective functional integration of secondary use with the car park.

 To utilize the result obtained in the research as a guiding principle in the design of the car park.

 To ensure that the interests of business establishments along streets are enhanced by good parking
provision and preserve the character of the neighborhood.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT

The peculiarity of Osun in terms of shortage of land for expansion purposes cannot be
overlooked, hence the congestion in terms of housing, shops and markets, traffic and other land uses
competing for the limited land space hence a multi-storey car park complex is proposed.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The scope of this research shall be restricted to space planning and management in the design
car complex. The design shall cover a detailed planning proposal for construction by the Osun State
Government as a part of the ongoing Mega City project embarked upon for construction of a multi-
storey car park for osogbo Osun State.

The project is based on analysis of the case studies, interviews, journals, questionnaires etc. The
scope of work is based on the population it is intended to serve. Osogbo is a once residential zone that
the increase in the number of businesses and retails outlets that have moved there has created
considerable pressure resulting in increased traffic volume and indiscriminate parking on the street As
a multi-storey complex, it will serve as a commercial building, public building as well as a car park
generating revenue. Thus the scope shall include: ancillary facilities such as let-able shops, restaurant,
lounge/ relaxation area, Auto mechanic Workshop and car wash. Other facilities such as ticketing
booths, arrivals, departure, and information counters, and offices spaces.
 1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLGY

The methods that will be employing to carry out this project are:-

1. Oral interview
2. Case study
3. Research
 Oral interview: - this is an interactive method used to find out how and manner at which they
deals with each person in their center and it is confirm that there is visiting day for the family
of each adult in the center.
 Case study:- This is the practical aspect of the research, which involve visiting of some old
people’s home to study their designs and see how the building meet the necessary requirements
and also their limitation. I also wrote the merit and demerits which are the advantage and
disadvantage.
 Research:- This is the act of gathering data from various sources such as gathering of people
to ask them more about the lining project and it can also be from online methods.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 CASE STUDY REVIEW

CASE STUDY I

ZENITH CAR PARK 3-9 MOLADE OKOYA THOMAS STREET, VICTORIA ISLAND
LAGOS STATE

Source of Information

Visit to the multi-storey car park, interviews conducted, sketches and photograph taken.

Client

ELALAN

Architect

Designed by Advanced Concrete Technologies Ltd (ACTL), the car park boasts a contemporary
design that marries functionality with aesthetics. Its multi-level structure maximizes space utilization
without compromising on safety and accessibility. The design prioritizes efficient traffic flow within
the parking facility, ensuring ease of movement for vehicles navigating the structure.

Structure/Description

The construction of the Zenith Multi-Storey Car Park relied on the innovative precast concrete
method. This technique involves fabricating concrete components off-site, optimizing quality control
and construction efficiency. These precast elements were then assembled on-site, streamlining the
construction process and accelerating the project timeline and the built area is 18000m².
At every level and on every floor to the 5 th floor, there are sprinklers which line up the entire soffit.
Each floor has six rows of fire-sprinkler water-piping running its entire length at equal spacing The
sprinkler discharge outlets are fitted to the pipes at regular intervals of about four meters spacing.
Along with the sprinklers are various fire alarm points are fitted at the entrances to the stairwell.
 Fig 1: showing the building exterior part

Ventilation techniques

The building is designed to have maximum natural ventilation as is required to remove all
exhaust fumes from the vehicles. This is achieved by having the exterior walls I'm high all through the
building with hand rails.

Flooring

The entire structures of this building are made of pre-cast concrete on a system of cross beams
supported on large circular columns of 800mm diameter. The floor is finished with cement-sand
screed and asphalt

Fig 2: showing the asphalt of the floor

Capacity

The car park offers a significant number of parking spaces, catering to the burgeoning needs of
the area.

Fig 3: showing the building capacity

Accessibility

Multiple entry and exit points, along with strategically positioned ramps and elevators, facilitate easy
access for vehicles and pedestrians.
 Fig 4: showing different access with good and well tiled road

MERITS

The ramp at the east and west side of the car park are for entry and exit which separates traffic and
reduces congestion during rush hours.

Sign and direction boards are at every point to ensure that drivers can get direction easily.

The stair cases are at strategic positions to aid vertical movement. Payment for parking is efficient.
Drivers pay depending on the amount of hours their automobile will be parked.

Sprinklers are at the soffit of each floor in event of fire outbreak. The walls are dwarf for free flow of
air and lighting.
DEMERITS

* Lack of ancillary facilities for effective functioning of the car park.

* Lack of provision for the disabled.

* Separation of the parking stalls for long and short stay users was not considered.
 CASE STUDY II
MTN MULTI-STOREY CAR PARK FALOMO IKOYI, LAGOS

Source of Information

Visit to the multi-storey car park, interviews conducted and photograph taken.

Client

MTN group of company

Architect

The multi-storey car park was designed by DHT Architects and completed in 2007.

Structure/Description

The MTN Multi-Storey Car Park, much like other modern parking facilities, aims to provide a
convenient, safe, and efficient parking solution for the city's residents and visitors while considering
contemporary architectural and technological advancements.

The MTN Multi-Storey Car Park, located in Lagos, is a state-of-the-art parking facility designed to
accommodate a significant number of vehicles efficiently. It was constructed by a team of architects
and engineers who focused on creating a modern, functional, and secure parking structure. With the
GIA(gross internal floor area) of 31,454m² with parking bay for 810 cars located on the ground floor
to the 6th floor the 7th floor serves as a recreation zone with an event hall, gymnasium and bar
specifically for the clients needs
Construction

Capacity

It's designed to accommodate a large number of vehicles, catering to the parking needs of an urban
area like Lagos

Fig 5: showing the park capacity

Security

Security measures, including surveillance cameras, lighting, and manned security personnel, are
typically integrated to ensure the safety of parked vehicles and visitors.

Fig 6: showing the entrance

Technological Integration

Many modern parking facilities like this incorporate technology for automated ticketing, guidance
systems to direct drivers to available spaces, and mobile apps for ease of payment and navigation
within the structure.

Fig 7: showing the signal for parking and also the floor

Accessibility

Emphasis is placed on accessibility for all, including designated spaces for people with disabilities and
efficient traffic flow systems within the structure.

Fire Safety Features

The entire stricture is designed to have fire safety features. Along the steel stanchions are fire hydrants
attached for high pressure water supply in the case of a fire outbreak. The stairwells are also well
distributed for this reason.

Lighting

The multi-storey car park is open on all sides so that lighting is not a problem except at areas
towards the middle of the building mass. These are taken care of with the use of mechanical lighting
which are regularly distributed all through the building hanging to the soffit of the floor.

Merits
●The multi-storey car park is well lit and open on all sides.

●Sprinklers are at the soffit of each floor in event of fire outbreak.

The cases are at strategic positions to aid vertical movement and for emergency exit.

Demerits

●During peak hours, the split ramp system used causes traffic congestion.

●Lack of sufficient direction/sign board for better movement of drivers

Fig 8: showing the stair and exterior part of the park

FOREIGN CASE STUDY

Case study III

LINZ MULTI-STOREY CAR PARK AUSTRALIA

Client

VOESTALPINE STAHL GMBH 800 VEHICLES

Structure/Description

Linz Multi-Storey Car Park is a frame structure located in Linz city, Australia. Each level consist of an
access and exit ramp as well as three lifts, one of which leads directly to the bus station. The
surrounding office building can be directly to the connected to the upper level of the car park via
footbridge. The daily route of the drivers from car to workplace becomes shorter and more convenient
and an optimal vertical distribution of the car park usage is therefore encouraged

Construction

There are two supporting towers containing stair access, Rach level of car park is therefore
uninterrupted, so that when viewed from a distance the sky is visible through the structure. A cafe unit
in a contrasting box structure sits above the top tier of the car park connected to the access towers by
an expressed glazed 'bridge' and an open walkway. The cafe has large windows providing views
across the Tyne Valley.

Stairs and Lifts

Stairs are located at the end side of the entire parking structure running from the 7 floor right to
the ground. A fully accessible lift is available which operates between floors 1 to 7.

Other facilities

Motorcycles may park free of charge in this car park; There is one lift in operation; There is
CCTV in operation and also on foot security.
Merits

* The multi-store car park has provision for parking of motorcycles.

* The security system is efficient

* Vertical movement through stair and lift accesses all the floors

Demerits

The landscaping ultimately created an exposed and unattractive shopping precinct on two levels with
poor access.

The roof top cafe failed to find a tenant due to its poor location for business, and was deemed unsafe
and never opened.

Insufficient parking for the disabled.

Fig 9: showing views of the park
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

The early cars, being objects of ostentation for the rich, dwelled in old carriage houses or
stables which were miniature replicas of the main house as the shelter for automobiles was not a thing
for design consideration. Over time, the carriage house evolved into a form of its own as the then rich
would have it: a wash and waxing shop for their expensive toys, often with a lowly chauffeur-cum-
mechanic living above or by its sometimes appearing with a gas pump out at the front (Holtz, 2001).

As middle-class suburban dwellers bought their own cars, their smaller houses developed
wooden or brick garages - detached from the house to avoid dangers that the new loved machine
might pose to the family. This more modest homeowner's garage might still be built to match the
architecture of the parent house. Soon, a more stylish home for the new vehicle emerged when Frank
Lloyd Wright, as enthralled with the motorcar, brought not only architectural modernity but mobility
to one of his Oak Park homes in the form of a built-in garage and sketched a design for a service
station (Holtz, 2001).

A clearer view of the history of public parking in the United States would have to be broken down to
before and after the World Wars I & II.

BEFORE WORLD WAR II

The period between the World War I and II found car parks to be a vital element of the
cityscape. Developed nations such as the United States recorded car parking to rave reduced
downtown street area by one third to one half. Against this, the increase in technology and mass
production techniques further increased the number of cars in use worldwide to an extent whereby
parking at the curbs met only a small percentage of the total parking requirements for the average city.
At this point, efforts began to be made to ban or limit curb parking and to increase off-street parking
to relieve congestion and to house vehicles during the busiest times of the day.

As early as 1917, the first noted commercial car park in the United States was established by
Max Goldberg in Detroit, Michigan, although some attribute this to Herman R. Schmitt in Duquesne
Pennsylvania in 1914 (Jackle, John and Sculle, 2004). During this period, parking lots were usually
vacant lands converted for such use by land owners so as to finance property taxes, especially in the
United States where companies such as the Ford Motor Company ensured that the motor car was
made available to the general masses. With time and the increase in automobile use, land owners
found the business of parking cars on their properties to be a very profitable one with little or no
liabilities attached. Land owners found that parking lots required little or no site renovation,
maintenance or operating fees. It was also discovered that in some areas, renting a parking stall on an
hourly or daily basis proved to be more advantageous than leasing square footage in a building on a
monthly or yearly basis. The early car parks were so profitable and easy to manage that owners began
tearing down unsuccessful buildings to pave more surfaces for parking. The parking lot was beginning
to assume a key role in the definition of the city's landscape.

As the use of motorcars continued to increase in the urban centers, the government began
developing car parks between road lanes and by the sides of the roads in places such as New York.
This solution only solved the problem for the moment, but the increasing car use soon simply
overwhelmed the solution.

Plate 2.1: Downtown Parking in New York

Source:http://www.autolife.umd.umich.edu/Environment/E-Casestudy/Parking
ArC urb.htmilclose
As early as 1922, New York and Philadelphia banned parking on their major streets, with other
cities following their lead. Also in the 1920s, "No Parking" areas were designated by distinctive
painted lines and curbs giving way to the first stipulated parking related law in Columbus, Ohio State
in the United States, in August 1923, where requirements were composed which prescribed that off-
street parking spaces be provided in connection with multiple-family dwellings. This period also saw
the emergence of "Traffic engineering" as a profession, and with it came off-street parking's first
appearance in zoning.

Plate 4 below, probably from the 1930s, shows a new parking system in Detroit: the lane of cars
against the curb to the right is parked, but those cars in the lane next to it must have the driver at the
wheel

Plate 2:2; Street side parking in Detroit

Source:http://www.autolife.umd.edu/environment/E-cassestudy/parking

Att arb.htmtclose
 More effective was the introduction of the parking meter in Oklahoma City in 1935, with
almost 3,000 towns and cities (worldwide) utilizing them by 1950s. In recent years, central city
parking of the United States has been generally more available than in European and Asian cities, but
the problem has not disappeared. It is compounded by the fact that not only motorists, but merchants,
property owners, commercial fleets, taxis, and mass transportation all have needs and responsibilities
for adequate parking.

By 1925 in the United States, 20% of commuters drove to work in a private automobile. This
increasing statistics of the motorcar led inventors into relentless works on mechanical solutions to ease
the congestion of car parks. The United States Conference of Cities declared parking, "the most
widely discussed and relevant issue in cities today", and the House of Tomorrow featured a two-car
Garage.

(hrs/www.autolife,und.umich.edu/Environment/ Case study/Parking AtCurb.htm#close)

The Mechanical Garage

The first mechanical garage in the United States was built in Cincimati In 1932. I was designed
to accommodate nearly 400 cars and used a converted elevator system to host individual vehicles from
a central receiving area to any one of its 24 floors. vehicle reaches the appropriate floor, dollies and/or
a live attendant pushed he vehicle into its parking space .This garage was in constant use until it was
shut down and demolished to make room for new buildings in 1979.
(http://www.roboticparking.com/productline Jitmi).

The advantages of the mechanical garage included the fact that it offered pollution free alternative. No
cars are running inside, so there are no choking car emissions to have to deal with inside the garage.
Also, because cars do not have to circle around and around the block looking for spaces, there are less
pollution and less traffic from cars driving at slow paces for extended periods of time, Cars get off the
street faster.
 Figure
2.1(a)
Plan of
the
garage
lift
system
(b) Cross-section (c) Transverse stacking

Source: Neufert, 2000

The mechanical garages function such that a car is driven onto a pallet at the entrance. This
pallet is transferred to the desired floor for storage on stacking lifts from which the cars are then
moved to compartments on the pallets.

Figure 2.2(a) vehicle being pushed on pallets (b) A view of lift area

Source: http://www.narpas.org/intho.bim
Figure 2.2 Ⓒ Elevator system for mechanical our park

The mechanical garage idea was not so vast in United States for a long, why due to the fact that
there was plenty of land and parking spaces, whereas in Europe. Asia and Japan, where land is so
scarce, hundreds of mechanical garages were built between the mid 1950’s and the late 1980’s. Most
are still in operation. The largest of these garages, accommodating 849 cars, is an underground garage
built by the former Krupp Manufacturing.

By the mid-1930 the mechanical garage, which seemed so full of promise a decade earlier, was
being replaced by the multi-story "cage garage". This change was due to the imperfections of these
early technologies, which eventually proved unsatisfactory, as installation costs were high, mechanical
and electrical malfunctions were common, and, perhaps most damning, these mechanical garages did
not satisfy the demand for speedy service during peak traffic flows (Jackle, John and Sculle, 2004).
The principal advantage of the cage garage was its open deck design. The "Cage Garage" was the first
open-deck parking garage, developed in 1933 by Sam Elliot in Boston, Massachusetts (Jacklo, John
and Sculle, 2004). There was no envelope, and subsequently, no ventilation or fire protection systems.
This is tum considerably lowered construction and maintenance costs, making the cage garage an
attractive option for parking developers. The 1930's saw two other critical events in parking: the
appearance and widespread use of the parking meter, and a legal construct of parking.

Shortly before the World War II there were vast changes in the way car parks were viewed in
the United States which brought tremendous change to the parking industry.

AFTER WORLD WAR II

With the increased need for speedy economic growth and stability after the world war, clearly a
lot of things changed. The open spaces which were previously used for parking was no longer
adequate to house the large numbers of the automobiles being used by the city dwellers. A 1981
transit study hypothesized that if an automobile is in use for every two people, then each automobile
in a city might need two off-street parking spaces of 250 square feet per space. This would mean that
 for every 10,000 people, fifty acres would be required for parking alone, which adds 15 to 25 percent
to urban land requirements or street space.

By 1946 over 90% of Americans were traveling by car. Downtown parking was in such demand
that it was estimated 30% of traffic during shopping hours was devoted to the quest for a parking
space. The gradual revelation of these facts made the government in its planning to begin passing into
legislation the expansion of the roles of the car and the parking lot rather than restraining them. In
response to the increasing demand, more land and municipal funds were devoted to parking. By 1948,
parking had become the most important single problem facing the Central Business Districts of large
cities and was the subject of numerous publications.

By 1951 a National Parking Association had been formed in the United States, nearly200 cities
had adopted minimum off-street parking requirements in their zoning, an increase of over 275% over
six years, and a variety of multistory parking types had begun to develop. The distinguishing feature
of the multistory park was its ramp system or vertical circulation. At this time there were already three
primary ramp systems in use: spiral, continuous and opposed, and modified split level.

THE MULTI-STOREY CAR PARK

"A multi-storey car park is a building (or part thereof) which is designed specifically to be for
automobile parking and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place. It
is essentially a stacked car park"

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking-garage).

The vertical movement of cars between floors is possible by either of the following means

 Interior ramps-the most common type

 Exterior ramps - which may take the form of a circular ramp

 Vehicle lifts - the least common

The multi-storey car park is a feature that had already come into existence even before World War II,
but was not so commonly used. The mechanical garage seemed to be the preferred technology at that
period. Due to several failures and maintenance challenges, the multi- storey car park was chosen as
an alternative.

The earliest known multi-storey car park was built in 1918. It was built for the Hotel La Salle in
Chicago, IL at 215 West Washington Street in the West Loop area of downtown. It was designed by
Holabird and Roche. The Hotel La Salle was demolished in 1976, but then parking structure remained
because it had been designated as preliminary landmark status from the city of Chicago. Jupiter Realty
Corp. of Chicago is constructing a 49-storey apartment tower in its place, with construction to being in
September 2007.

Relative economic and domestic stability thrived in the United States during the 1950s probably
due to the stable political and international relations platform that the country operated from at that
period. This made the single family detached home with a two car garage away from the troubles of
the city become a reality for millions - the America dream, due in part to new suburban infrastructure
created through the Federal Highway Acts of the 1940s and 1950s. One of the most popular of this
acts passed in 1956 was often referred to as "the greatest public works project in history". This act
differed from its predecessors in terms of the scale. The then President, Dwight Eisenhower,
envisioned broad ribbons of roadway crossing the country and his idea was in complete accord with
many Americans who were coming to value individual mobility as a cornerstone of the American way
of life. This act included the provisions of parking spaces at every destination off the interstate.

This act was seen to have had tremendous effects in solving the problems of parking in the
United States. It calls for all new buildings to make ample provision for parking space required for its
own uses. At this time automobiles had grown since their introduction at the turn of the century,
necessitating larger stalls, and more maneuvering room. Wide aisles ample berths, and convenient
footways resulted in greater ease, efficiency and safety entering and leaving (Mayer, 2005).

A good comparison can be set between can be set between the year 1925 and 1954, the
percentage of early morning commuters in an automobile was 20% in 1925 and doubled to 40% by
1954. In 1946, 12 states had specific provisions in their zoning for off-street parking: by 1953 the
number had grown to 33.
 A remarkable development in multi-storey car park was in The Republic of Ireland, though with
a population of just over 4 million, it had almost 1.3 million private cars up from 800,000 in 1990. The
development of multi-storey car parks did not seriously being until about 1980, and now currently
possesses above 70 purpose-built public multi-storey car parks which date back to the last 15 years
(Keilthy, 2001).

PROLIFERATION OF AUTOMOBILE USE IN NIGERIA

Pre-colonial Nigeria

Societies in pre-independence Africa countries have been predominantly rural for the most part
of their history. By the mid-20th century, most Africa countries began to gain independence from their
colonial masters which led to apparent changes in their social and economic lives. The emerging
independent countries experienced a rapid and profound reorientation of their social and economic
lives that caused attraction towards cities leading to urbanism. Urbanization was first noticeable in the
state capitals and later in various expanding cities and trade routes.

Post Colonia Nigeria

Nigeria has experienced a phenomena growth in population and urbanization, but its experience
has also been unique in scale, in pervasiveness, and in historical antecedents. Nigeria became an
independent country on October 1, 1960 with her capital in Lagos. It became a republic on October 1,
1963, thus breaking all the ties with British colonialist.

The "oil boom" of the 1970 and 1980 brought about an unprecedented prosperity and
development of the nation with primary focus being on Lagos State, the then Federal Capital. New
roads were There were massive improvements on infrastructural development. New roads were
constructed with bridges linking the Lagos Mainland with the Island to ease accessibility of people.
There were also growing manufacturing industries, large construction companies, and governmental
institutions, along with a great variety of small business enterprise, many in the informal sector.

These negative effects of transport manifest in different degrees in the urban centers of Nigeria.
Because most Nigerian cities pre-date the automobile, houses and activity space have to be destroyed
to give room for parking lots and right of way for the automobile. The expansion of roads and the
building of flyovers in various parts of metropolitan Lagos led to the destruction of residential houses
and the displacement of many families. Also in the new Federal Capital territory, a large number of
houses were destroyed recently in Nyanya to give room to the dual carriage way being constructed
between Nyanya and Abuja city. Although in these cases, such displaced persons are relocated and/or
compensated, there is usually a permanent break in friendship that has been cultivated over a long
period of time. Traffic congestion is another major transportation problem of Nigerian cities. The
chaotic situation is observable in virtually all the streets of metropolitan Lagos. The streets of Ibadan,
Abuja, Kano, Kaduna, Onitsha, Aba, and Port Harcourt depict various levels of traffic congestion.
Even the medium urban centers like Ilorin are beginning to witness congestion problems. The cost of
congestion in urban centers of Nigeria if computed will be enormous. In a study on the contribution of
freight vehicles to congestion problems along Wharf Road in Apapa, Lagos, Ogunsanya (1982a)
estimated that the cost of congestion on that route alone amounted to N22.4 million in 1984 or N3.3
billion at 2002.

Nigeria's urbanization rate is put at a conservative estimate of 5% (Sado, 1973). Automobiles

have had the most far reaching effects on the physical growth of cities. They essentially remove the
past limitations on urban expansions. Nigerian cities like other cities in the world are becoming more
and more dependent on the use of the automobile and this, in turn, is responsible for a high proportion
of the fuel consumption in the country. Although the level of private car ownership is still very low,
for example the number of automobiles per 1000 population of Lagos is only 22.8 in 1970 as
compared to 316 and 248 per 1000 population in Washington and Paris respectively (World Bank,
1975). The rate of growth of automobile use in Nigeria has been phenomenal. Whereas the rate of
growth of population of Lagos between 1960-1970 was about 7.9% the rate of growth of automobiles
was 15.5% in the same period (World Bank, 1975).

Osogbo is an urban complex that embodies tremendous contrasts national capital and the major
port of one of the largest country in Africa, it is a powerful magnet for migrants from all over Nigeria.
The rapid urban growth which Nigeria has experienced is well manifested in Lagos, the major parts of
which are the product of modern economic, social and political forces in interaction with traditional
culture which was the factor that distinguished life in the city from that in the countryside.
 Consequent upon that, the vast majority of salaried jobs, the increased opportunity connect
with the rich and powerful, opportunity for great varieties of informal sector business enterprises, and
the excitement of night life that was non-existent in most rural area, some of the factors that made the
city lively and attractive. The pull into Lagos State be increasingly phenomenal that the State has
become legendary for its congestion and urban problems.

In a bid to keep congestion under control the government in urban centers such as Osogbo
began implementing some laws such as the Osogbo Traffic Edict that placed bans on certain types of
cars or certain categories of cars plying certain routes in the congested zone, regulation of parking
spaces and amounts charged for it.

3.2 LOCATION OF SITE

The site measuring approximately 1 hectares is bounded on two of its sides by roads. The Site
lies in the freedom park Osogbo Osun state. The flat topography will permit good planning without
excessive grading cost.

3.3 CLIMATE CONSIDERATION

The climate in Osogbo is similar to that of the rest of south west of Nigeria. There are two rainy
seasons, with the heaviest rains falling from April to July and a weaker rainy season in October and
November. There is a brief relatively dry spell in August and September and a longer dry season from
December to March. Monthly rainfall between May and July averages over 300 mm (12 in), while in
August and September it is down to 75 mm (3 inches) and in January as low as 35 mm (1.5 inches).
The main dry season is accompanied by harmattan winds from the Sahara Desert, which between
December and early February and can be quite strong. The average temperature in January is 27°C (79
F) and for July it is 25°C (77°F). On average the hottest month is March; with a mean temperature of
29°C (84°F); while July is the coolest month. (BBC - Weather Centre - World Weather - Average
Conditions Osun- state)
Figure 5.1 Map of Nigeria and Osun state, showing Local Government Divisions

Source: www.wikipedia.org

3.4 SOIL CONDITIONS

On the survey map of Osogbo, the soil is composed of hydromorphic and alluvial soils. The soil
has a load bearing capacity of 75 tones per square feet.

3.5 VEGETATION

There is no vegetation on the site

3.6 SITE SELECTION

The site is located in a high income mixed-use zone where land cost is relatively high. The site
is located beside Nelson Mandela Freedom Park and Bristol family Fun Park, opposite Orisunbare
shopping complex Osogbo Osun state. The site is boarded on two of its sides by roads.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 USERS REQUIREMENT

• Cashiers Booth/Ticketing areas

• Administration Offices

• Management Offices

• Security Post

• Parking Stalls

• Auto-Mechanic workshop

• Car Wash

• Vulcanizer's workshop/garage

• Conveniences

• Stairwell

• Store

• lifts

• Ramps

PUBLIC AREA

• Restaurant

• Snack Bar

• Lettable shops & office

• Convenience
4.1 SURROUNDINGS FEATURES

The proposed site was currently used as commercial parking space and its also used as petty business
users and a police station.

4.2 SITE LAYOUT

4.3 DESIGN CONCEPT

Form follows functions this is the principle of design associated with late 19 th and 20th century
architecture and industrial design in general, it says that the shape of a building or object should
primarily relate to its intended functions or purpose

4.4 DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Parking as part of an overall transportation system is one of the crucial issues of our times. As
the number of automobiles increases exponentially, the need to house them in close proximity creates
a challenging design problem. Although car parks can take many forms as stand-alone or part of a
mixed-use structure, self-park or valet, and automated in urban or rural settings, all car parks should
seek to meet the following basic criteria:

Functional Requirements

The car park or lot must foremost deal with the Functional/Operational need - as in providing
for safe and efficient passage of the automobile. This is a very complex challenge as automotive,
engineering and traffic issues relat site locations must be integrated to create the appropriate solution.
Therefore designing the parking garage requires an integrated design approach of many professionals.
Parking has often been reduced to the construction of the most minimal stand-alone structure or
parking lot without human, aesthetic or integrative considerations. This has given parking a poor
public perception and has frequently disrupted existing urban fabric. However, many architects,
engineers, and planners have envisioned and constructed far more complex, aesthetic, and integrative
structures. This should be the goal of good parking design.
 The car park should account for the complex spatial needs of the driver and the automobile:

 The size, height, and turning radius of current automobiles as well as past and future trends of
automobile size and statistical quantity must be taken into account these are called parking geometries.

 There are many ramp design configurations and different ones are appropriate for the primary purpose
of the facility to insure that your intended use is compatible with ramp design.

● The streets surrounding the garage and their traffic flow must be taken into consideration when
planning entrances and exits and deciding on ramp designs.

● The entrances and exits are very important to the smooth functioning of the garage, with the type of
use again determining the length from the opening and placement of the entry booths, as well as the
quantity of entrances and exits.

● The type of equipment and the necessity of a booth and office are also determined by the garage use.

● Optimizing site potential, by choice of site and its relationship to walking, driving, other
transportation linkages and good design opportunities.

● The operation and maintenance of a garage is very critical. Revenue control equipment and other
issues related to the smooth functioning of the garage must be taken into account during the design
process.

●Provide for appropriate work space for the staff, such as cashier and monitoring equipment.

●Provide an area or room for the storage and maintenance issues. This area should be heated/air-
conditioned and contain a mops sink.

●Accommodate technological tools for future upgrades of operational systems and facility expansion.
Plan for a backup power system.

●Ventilation is an issue within some types and some areas of parking garage design. New
technologies are increasing the effectiveness in design and monitoring of these areas for concern.
Natural ventilation is always a good method however detailed study is required in some areas and
types of parking garage design to determine its effectiveness.
Structural Integration

The efficient integration of structure is crucial to maximum functioning of the garage;

The parking garage is typically an exposed structure and must be designed to withstand all aspects of
environmental conditions.

There are ideal structural bays that allow for maximum number of parking spaces and flow of
automobiles dependent upon site and structure.

Cast in place concrete, pre-cast concrete and structural steel can be used for the structural design.

Typical construction issues such as natural hazards in the location of construction apply and
compound the solutions in designing a structure that is completely exposed to the weather and
constant movement from automobiles.

Size and length of some structures compound the expansion and contraction issues already of key
importance in garage design.

The surface of the "floor" of the garage is important to slippage issues as one must always design a
garage as a fully exposed building for the safe use by both the automobile and pedestrian.

Drainage and floor slope is very important, as ponding water can create long term maintenance
problems.

Safety and Security

Safety and security of the people using the garage are of paramount importance:

●Open, glass stairwells and glass-backed elevators.

Security devices such as video, audio and emergency buttons that call into the booth or local police
station.

● Public telephones

●Eliminate potential hiding places, such as under open stairs.

Handicap accessibility with vehicles close to stair and elevator cores having a direct path to key
movement patterns of the garage.

To avoid carbon monoxide build-up, air flow is adequately designed for through mechanical and/or
natural ventilation.

●Non-slip floor surface

Design for the points of intersection between man and the automobile for adequate safety of
movement.

Energy efficient lighting is very important in garage safety but can pose problems with spillage out of
the garage onto neighboring communities. A balance between day lighting, interior lighting and
exterior control can be addressed in many ways on the exterior design of the façade while providing
adequate lighting within. Lights should be vandal resistant and easy to maintain.

Signs and direction

Color-coding, numbering, visual cues, music, and even machines for marking your ticket with your
exact location to locate your car for easy retrieval

● Locate signs in areas where driver can read in a timely fashion.

●Clear, simple, and direct messages.

●Floor coding can be useful

Signage should locate all major internal pedestrian access points as well as external major roads and
buildings.

Aesthetics

Aesthetics of garage design has become very important to communities across the country:

Recently garage design has become part of an architectural style of the surrounding architecture,
respecting the language of design and using the design process.
The historic preservation movement was one of the key issues in garage design as garages were
needed to revitalize dense older urban fabrics without destroying the architectural context. Many
excellent examples can be found across the country solving these contextual issues.

The Parking garage itself is now also part of the historic preservation movement as some older
existing structures can and should be designated for preservation.

Architecturally breaking down the scale of the large structure along its façade. Designing beautiful
stairs and elevator cores to enhance the community and walking The Parking Facility has played an
important role in design evolution throughout its history often being the leader in many crucial design
issues; it is truly a unique and important civic building. Perhaps one of the most important design
laboratories of the 20th century it has become the gateway to our buildings and cities.

Maintain the urban street front by having the sidewalk condition of the garage contain stores or
provide a safe and pleasant walk experience. Using landscaping and changes in architectural materials
forms, and scales to enhance the garage façade along the street. Use landscaping to shield and enhance
parking lot design experience.

Integrated and Mixed-Use Design

Multi-Storey car parks are often connected to other uses:

The garage has always been a mixed-use structure combining and often connected with all other
building types.

●Plan for any loading or unloading conditions required by mixed-use, so as not to interfere with
garage traffic.

Separate roofing and structural system for any human-occupied space within garage.

Provide for simple and well-designed movement systems for pedestrian and automobiles.

Many garages are combined with almost any use imaginable such as a playing surface on the roof
requiring green architecture, so enjoy the possibilities of integrating a fully functional structure
requiring many technological advances.
Surface parking lots can be designed to become mixed-use plaza spaces. The

Garage has often in its history been part of a multi-modal system linking different forms of
transportation.

Environmental Issues

The car in its' early years was the environmental saviour of our cities and towns, eliminating
animal waste and carcasses in our streets, part of the cause of many health and environmental hazards
at the beginning of the century. But as their numbers and use have increased dramatically they have
become part of the current environmental problems. New fuel sources for the automobile can
eliminate these air pollution hazards and automobile manufacturers are working on the solutions.
Parking lots as large areas of paved surfaces contribute to warming trends in cities and have altered
local weather patterns. Large areas of paving that have absorbed oils, fuels, road salts, and other
materials contribute to problems in water runoff and pollution. Garages and parking lots need to
address these issues exploring porous paving in lots and best practices of water run-off issues.
4.5 SPACE ALLOCATION

S/NO SPACE Area (m2) Quantity Total

1. Cashiers Booth/Ticketing Areas

2. Administration Offices.

3. Management Offices

4. Security Post

5. Parking Stalls

6. Auto-Mechanic Workshop

7. Car Wash

8. Vulcanizer's Workshop/Garage

9. Conveniences

10. Store

11. Stairwell

12. Lifts

13. Ramps

PUBLIC AREA

14. Restaurant

16. Snack Bar

17. Lettable shops & offices

 19. Convenience

4.6 SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT

Spatial organization is the way in which structures within a space are related to each other and
organized into coherent patterns of form and space. Organization may be based on geometrical or
topological principle but in general, organization is based on the Gestolt theory of laws of
organizations. These are:

 Proximity: Which state that; "the simplest form of organizations is in which objects are arranged
closed together their relative closeness offers the strongest tendency in connection between them"

 Similarity: Which state that; "it elements have similar qualities that tend to be tied into stable
relationships". These may be of size, color, volumes, and texture of contours.

 Continuance: Which state that; "the arrangement of figures so that they have good continuance will
be seen more easily". Application of this concept is to binding together heterogeneous elements.

 Closure: Which state that; "Optical units tend to be shaped into closed component wholes by forces of
organ organization as such almost completed figures tend to look whole".

These principles help to structure building elements into a coherent whole, thus giving the total
individuality.

4.7 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

 CHAPTER
FIVE

5.0 MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION METHOD

5.1 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

A major issue for pedestrian into the building was emphasized on, artificial lighting and ventilation
will only be used to complement the natural. It is easy to address many of the facets that impact on
these lighting levels are critical, with minimum standard of 100 lux at 1m.

5.2 ACOUSTICS

The functional requirements of the building component (i.e wall, floors, doors, window, ceilings etc)
are sound insulation fire resistance, and thermal insulation. Acoustics means something having to do
with sound or hearing.

5.3 STAIRWELLS AND LIFT

These are spaces designated for vertical movement within the building structure. They are to be
well distributed around the building for ease of movement around. The stairwells are to be well lighted
and open to prevent crimes. Average stair riser height should not exceed150mm as the building has
mixed users. The building facility would have rush hour period son an almost daily basis on various
hours and as such, the stairwells must avoid turn along their lengths. This makes wide straight flight
stairs the most suitable for use. Also, because of the rush hour traffic, the stairs must be wide enough
to be able to accommodate at least three people walking side by side. In the entrance of the building
the staircase will be used as means of assess from the staircase.

5.4 PLUMBING
The plumbing and sanitary work are done by the use of duct & underground service and the plumbing
service is neatly done by experienced technician and the neatly laying of pipe from the toilet to the
sewer tank.

5.5 WASTE DISPOSAL

Waste shall be taken away from the premises to avoid environmental pollution which can be toxic and
harmful to people health. Sewage disposal is accomplish with the use of appropriate sizes of pipes to
the septic tank via inspection chamber

5.6 MATERIAL TREATMENT

Reinforce concrete on structural principle of beam and posts and on waffle is used for the structure.
Steel lattice trussed is use for the roof with long span aluminum roofing sheets.

Timber roof rafter were used the office with small span. Brick facing and stucco were employed as
wall finishes and exterior surface of the building would be painted.

The finishes of the floors to the offices, corridor, restaurant, shops are hard wearing pigmented
terrazzo, Toilets are to be in white ceramic tiles up to lintel level and partitions are to be 150mm
hollow clay pots rendered and painted. In parking structure, floors are finished with concrete troweled
smooth with hardener and oil resisting agent.

CHAPTER SIX
6.0 CRITICISM AND CONCLUSION

Having gone through the basic requirement of Multi-Storey Car Park. It is totally of human experience
aspiration, hope and knowledge translated through architectural requirement.

However, throughout this project some essential factor are carefully look into and they were critically
analyzed and given approved, tackled in a comprehensive and modern form so as to meet the standard
of A Multi-Storey Car Park. Conclusively it is glaring and doubt flow that the project will be a
befitting building to behold.

6.1 SPECIAL PROBLEM SOLVED

* Putting to use of the precious land space that has laying idle for year in a CBD..

* Application of forms and function in achieving and editing structure.

 6.2 REFERENCES

 Chambers W. L. (1944), "Garage Turn and Perking Space: Your Car and Yew

Angles", Landscape Architecture,

 Childs M. (1999) Parking Spaces, McGraw-Hill, New York 199

 Ching D.K. and Adams C. (2001), Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley and Sons, Third
Edition.

 Devlin G. A. (1960). "Automatic Parking Devices", Transportation Quarterly,

 Holtz Kay J. (2001): "A Brief History of Parking: The Life and After-life of Paving the Planet",
Architecture Magazine

 Perkins L.R.R. (1997) "Why Reduce Automobile Dependence", Livable Cities.

 Gibbons J. (1999). "Parking Lots", University of Connecticut,

 Heyman J. H. (1968). "Parking Trends and Recommendations. Transportation

Quarterly,

 Holtz Kay J. (2001): "A Brief History of Parking: The Life and After-life of Paving the Planet",
Architecture Magazine

 Ilocje N.P. (1977): A New Geography of West Africa, Longman Press

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 Kanaan G. and Witheford D. K. (1973): "Parking Lot Design Standards, Transportation Quarterly.

 Koenig R. O. (1937): "The Economics of the Parking Lot", The Planners' Journal.

 Kressel S. (2000): "Suburbanization from Within: Are We Retrofitting Our Cities For Parking Lots?",
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 Langdon P. (2005): "Pave paradise? No, ditch the parking lot", New Urban News.
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Thesis,

 McDonald S. S. (2007). "Parking Facilities", National Institute of Building.

 McQuade W. (1960): "Where are the parked cars?", Architectural Forum

 Neufert E & P (2000): Architects' Data, Blackwell Publishing.

* Perkins LRR. (1997) "Why Reduce Automobile Dependence", Livable Cities

Rock M. (1992): "The Automobile and the Environment", Chelsea House Publishers

Shoup D. (1997): The High Cost of Free Parking", Journal of Planning Education and Research.

INTERNET

 Advameg Inc (2007): "Lagos history" http://www.city-

data.com/worldcities/Lagos.huml

 "Bosch multi-storey car park" http://www.messe-stuttgart.de/cms/messegelaende-

parkhaus.0.html?&L-1

 Brown J. (2002): GatesheadCarPark,

http://mysite.wanadoomembers.co.uk/owenluder/page5.html

 Haag, G. (1997): "Robotic Parking

Http://www.roboticparking.com/productline.html

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Dream (Page 1 of 1).htmlAutomobile, (2007). Microsoft Encarta 2007. Microsoft

Corporation.
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* "History of Lagos", http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/c/portal/layout?p_l_id-PUB.1095

●KeilthyL. (2002): "Car Park Engineering Design- Working Together for

'Win-Win' Solutions", http://www.parkrite.ie/design2.htm

 Litman T. (2006): "Parking Management Strategies, Evaluation and Planning.

Victoria Transport Policy Institute, http://www.vipi.org

 Litman T. (2006): "Parking Management: Innovative Solutions to Vehicle Parking

Problems", Planetzen www.planetizen.com/node/19149.

 Melosi, M. V. (2007). "The Automobile Shapes The City, Automobile in American

Life and Society,

http://www.autolife.umd.umich.edu/EnvironmentVE_Casestudy/ casestudy m

 Multi-Storey car parks,

http://www.gateshead.gov.uk/Transport%20and%20Streets/Parking/carparks/Carpark

s.aspx

* http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/pipexdsl/o/aouq09/getcarter/list.htm

http://Newcastlephotos.blogspot.com/2007/04/trinity-center-multi-storey-cat park.html

* http://www.asphaltnation.com/Articles/index.html

* http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5893696-description.html

* www.schreiberstahlbau.de

OTHERS
 Microsoft Encarta (1997): "International Style", Microsoft Corporation.

 Sport England (1999), "Car Park and Landscape Design"

 NARPAC Inc (2007): "The Missing Link in Public Transit: Public Parking