1ST QUARTER - REVIEWER IN Centrosomes - used to assist the
GENERAL BIOLOGY cytoskeleton.
Mitochondria - power house of the cell.
POSTULATES OF CELL Produces ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate.
Chloroplast - it is found only in plants.
Robert Hooke - used a microscope to look
at a thin slice of cork and observed tiny CELL MEMBRANE AND ITS
little shape like a room, He named it COMPONENT
"cellulae" that means "little rooms"
Cell Membrane - it is a barrier that
Matthias Schleiden - Discovered that all
separates the cell from its surroundings.
plants were made up of all cell.
4 Major Components
Rudolf Virchow - discovered that all cells
came from other cell. Phospholipid
Cholesterol
Protein
THEORIES Carbohydrates
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL - Describes the
1. All things are made of one or more structure of a cell membrane. Indicates that
cell. cell membrane is not solid but a flexible
and has similar structure to vegetable oil.
Note: plant and animals have two or
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER - major in fluid
more cell.
mosaic
2. Cell is the smallest unit of life. COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANE
3. All cell comes from the other cell.
MAJOR AND SUBCELLULAR OF CELL PHOSPHOLIPIDS -main fabric of the
membrane.
o Consist of 3 carbon glycerol
Cell Membrane – For the protection of cell.
backbone with no fatty acids'
Nucleus – Control center of cell. molecules attached to carbon
1 carbon 2 and a phosphate
Cytoplasm – fluid like substance (salt,
containing group attach to the
enzymes, and cell component)
3rd group.
Endomembrane System – consists of o HYDROPHILIC (HEAD) -
network of structure that ensures adaption, water loving
wrapping and transferring of protein in all o HYDROPHOBIC (TAIL)- water
parts. fearing.
CHOLESTEROL - It is made up of
Endoplasmic Reticulum – composed of
four fused carbon things.
networks of interlinked intermembrane. It
o Can be found interior portion
has two types: the soft and the hard.
of phospholipid bilayer.
Ribosomes - responsible in protein o It tends to dampen the effects
production. of temperature to the
membrane.
Vacuole - fluid filled vesicle unclosed by PROTEINS - They float in the lipid
membrane. It is the storage of water and bilayer. These can be extended into
waste materials. the plasma membrane.
Lysosomes - It recycles raw materials. o Types of Proteins
Integral Proteins -
Peroxisome - responsible for self-damage. they are embedded in
Golgi Apparatus - Transport materials the plasma membrane
and may span all of the CYTOPLASM - fluid like substance
membrane. (this serves
FLAGELLA - function as cellular locomotor
as channel, pumps to
that helps the cell to move over our body.
move materials)
Peripheral Proteins - RIBOSOMES - responsible in protein
an be found interior/ production.
exterior surface of cell
attached to the integral PLASMIDS - gene carrying, circular DNA
protein. structure but they are not involved in
If it is attached, it reproduction.
is called PARTS OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS
glycoproteins.
If not, it is called
glycolipids. EUKARYOTIC CELL - It has nucleus with
nuclear envelope. Contains mitochondria,
CELL MODIFICATION golgi apparatus and chloroplast.
CELL WALL - Provide support and maintain
Cell Modification - acquired by cell after the shape of the cell. It also prevents cell
cell division. from taking up too much water.
FLAGELLA - connected to ENDOPLASTIC RETICULUM - A factory for
cytoplasm. Whip-like structure that making and shaping proteins and lipids.
extend from cell body.
CILLIA - hairlike protrusion that CYTOSOL - known as the inner network as
cover most part of our cell it supports the cytoplasm structurally.
MECHANORECEPTOR - stimuli such
NUCLEUS - it handles the DNA.
as touch pressure and vibration and
NUCLEOLUS-active site for ribosomal RNA
sound
synthesis.
CHEMORECEPTOR - response to the
chemical stimula (sense of taste and RIBOSOMES - for protein synthesis.
smell)
PHOTORECEPTOR - refers to cell CYTOSKELETON - provides mechanical
that can found in retina (for the supports and helps cell motility.
reflection of light.) MITOCHONDRION - exact energy, produce
MICROVILLI- can be compare to a ATP.
tiny finger structure that protrude
from the cell membrane. (to absorb PEROXISOME - compose by enzymes to
nutrients) breakdown dangerous cells.
PSUEDOPODIA - like an amoeba GOLGI BODY - packing and shipment of
movement. Are temporary extension materials out of a cell.
of the cytoplasm.
LYSOSOMES - recycles materials in our
PARTS OF A PLANT CELL cell.
PLASMA MEMBRANE/ CELL MEMBRANE
PROKARYOTIC CELL - has no define - regulates movements of materials in or
nucleus because of the absence of nuclear out of cell. As it protects the internal part of
membrane. cell.
NUCLEIOD - it holds the single bacterial
DNA molecules.
HOW DEOS A CELL WORKS?
CAPSULE - helps the cell to adhere the
surfaces and nutrients.
Within cells, nutrients and organelles move
CELL WALL - Outer covering that protect around to carry out various cellular
the bacterial cell and give its shape. functions. This kind of internal movement is
called cyclosis, or cytoplasmic streaming. uncoiled and they are now distinct. (a new
The internal structure of cells, which is nuclear membrane is formed)
called the cytoplasm, creates a directional
CYTOKINESIS - separation of cytoplasm. It
flow that pushes the contents of the cells
ensures that both daughter cell have all the
around.
cell organelles in them including two nuclei.
An animal cell includes giving the animal's
KARYOKINESIS - separation of nucleus.
body its structure, absorbing nutrients to
convert to energy, and helping animals - complete division of the nucleus to
move. They also contain all the hereditary form two daughter nuclei. Assure the
material of an organism and can make equal distribution of genetic
copies of themselves. materials.
Plant cells have certain distinguishing USES OF MITOSIS
features, including chloroplasts, cell walls,
and intracellular vacuoles. Photosynthesis
takes place in chloroplasts; cell walls allow CLONING - a technique employed in
plants to have strong, upright structures; biotechnology to produce identical
and vacuoles help regulate how cells copies of DNA fragment. First
handle water and storage of other organism (sheep) dolly
molecules. TISSUE CULTURE - where cell
undergo division to form multiple
MITOSIS tissue (used in plants)
STEM CELL REGENERATION -
repair diseases or damaged tissues
Mitosis is the process of division of the
in people.
body cell. A type of cell division in which,
one cell (mother) divides to produce two SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS
new cell (daughter) that genetically
identical to itself.
Produce genetically identical cell.
MITOSIS STAGES helps to maintain number of body
cell.
helps in repairing damaged tissues.
PROPHASE - it is the first stage and
longest stage of mitosis. Takes about half of
the whole process of mitosis.
MEIOSIS
- The nuclear membrane and nucleoli
may still be present.
CROSSING OVER - exchange of genetic
METAPHASE - It is the shortage stage. material between non sister chromatid
Nuclear membrane disappears while they
highly coiled chromosomes aligned at the SYNAPSIS - pairing of homologous
metaphase. Spindle fibers are also formed chromosome.
as each spindle fiber binds to the CHIASMA - a point where the homologous
kinetochore. chromosome appear.
ANAPHASE - it is the stage where the MEIOSIS - division of gametes especially
separation of two sister chromatids brought the egg and sperm
about splitting of centromere under the
direction of spindle fiber. MEIOSIS STAGES
- paired centrosomes of each
chromosome separate toward the PROPHASE 1 - replication of chromosomes
opposite pole of the cell as they are it become thicker and shorter.
being pulled.
a. Leptotene - each chromosome is
TELOPHASE - chromosomes now are in made up of two long threads of sister
opposite poles of spindle. They start to get chromatids as a result of replication
b. Zygotene - begin to pair off genetic variation doesn't change.
homologous chromosome. (synapsis)
MEIOSIS
c. Pachytene - each chromosome may
no longer be identical to each other 8 stages
by their genetic materials. happens in germ cell.
d. Diplotene - the chromosome begins sexual reproduction
to uncoil 4 haploid cell
e. Diakinesis - paired chromosomes genetic variation increases
disperse in the nucleus.
MUTUAL TRAITS
METAPHASE I - paired chromosome
arrange themselves along the "equatorial Produce new cell.
plate" similar basic cell
start will a single cell.
ANAPHASE I - the pulling apart.
TELOPHASE I - cell form cleavage furrow.
MEIOSIS II
PROPHASE II - chromosome begin to
condense. Nuclear membrane and nucleus
disappears.
METAPHASE II - Preparation for
centromeres to divide in the next phase
(single chromosome nalang)
ANAPHASE II - separation of chromatids.
They go to opposite poles.
TELOPHASE II - cytokinesis follows
forming four new daughter cells.
PMAT 1 – separation of homologous
chromosomes
PMAT 2 – separation of chromatids
SIGNIFICANCE OF MEIOSIS
it reduces the number of
chromosomes into half
The gametes are produced and
prepared for fertilization.
Introduce genetic variation though
crossing over.
aids for genetic repairment
MITOSIS VS. MEIOSIS
MITOSIS
4 stages - happens somatic
for cellular proliferation
produce 2 diploid cell
chromosomes remains the same.
2ND QUARTER GENERAL BIOLOGY
