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 Chess Classics

Python Strategy
By

Tigran Petrosian

Quality Chess
www.qualitychess.co. uk
 First English edition 20 1 5 by Quality Chess UK Ltd
Previously published in Russian as CTJ>aTeriDI Ha,n;e:>KHOCTH
Copyright© 20 1 5 Quality Chess UK Ltd

Python Strategy
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
electrostatic, magnetic tape, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior
permission of the publisher.

Paperback ISBN 978-1 -78483-002- 1

Hardcover ISBN 978- 1 -78483-003-8

All sales or enquiries should be directed to Quality Chess UK Ltd,

Suite 247, 1 1 Bothwell Street, Glasgow G2 6LY, United Kingdom
Phone +44 1 4 1 204 2073
e-mail: info@qualitychess.co. uk
website: www.qualitychess.co. uk

Distributed in North America by National Book Network

Distributed in Rest of the World by Quality Chess UK Ltd through

Sunrise Handicrafts, ul. Poligonowa 35A, 20-8 1 7 Lublin, Poland

Translation from Russian by John Sugden

Typeset by Jacob Aagaard
Proofreading by Colin McNab
Edited and compiled by Oleg Stetsko and Eduard Shekhtman
Editing of English edition by Daniel McGowan
Cover design by Carole Dunlop, Vjatseslav Tsekatovski and Adamsondesign.com
Python photo© lifeonwhite.com/Getty Images International (iStock) 20 1 0
Printed i n Estonia by Tallinna Raamatutriikikoja LLC
 Contents
Biographical Data & Key to symbols used 4

Editor's Foreword by Oleg Stetsko 5

Compiler's Foreword by Eduard Shekhtman 6
The Logic ofTalent by Nikolai Krogius 7
The Man I Knew by Svetozar Gligoric 10
A Journey Across the Street by Nikolai Tarasov 14

Selected Games
1 1945-1948 21
2 1949-1951 31
3 1952-1953 51
4 1954-1956 68
5 1957-1958 92
6 1959-1960 117
7 1961-1962 148
8 1963 166
9 1964-1965 196
10 1966 207
11 1967-1968 231
12 1969 241
13 1970-1972 272
14 1973-1974 314
15 1975-1978 327
16 1979-1982 350

Appendix - Under the Microscope of the Computer by Karsten Mueller 369

Game Index 381
Name Index 384
Index of Openings 387
Petrosian's Tournament and Match Results 388
 Tigran Vartanovich Petrosian
Biographical Data
Born: 1 7 June 1 929, Tbilisi
Educated at V.Y. Briusov Pedagogical Institute, Yerevan
Graduated in philosophical sciences
Editor-in-chief of 64 weekly, 1 968-77
Representative of "Spartak" sport club
USSR Master of Sport from 1 952
International Master from 1 952
USSR Grandmaster and International Grandmaster from 1 952
Honoured Master of Sport from 1 960
World Champion 1 963-9, title successfully defended in 1 966
USSR Champion 1 959, 1 96 1 , 1 969, 1 975
USSR Junior Champion 1 945, 1 946
Member of winning team in World Chess Olympiads 1 95 8 , 1 960, 1 962, 1 964, 1 966, 1 968,
1 970, 1 972, 1 974
Member of winning team in European Team Championships 1 957, 1 96 1 , 1 965, 1 970, 1 973,
1 977, 1 980, 1 983
Holder of "Order of Friendship of Peoples" and "Order of the Badge of Honour" decorations
Awarded medal "For Labour Valour"; holder of Certificates of Merit of RSFSR Supreme Soviet
and Armenian SSR Supreme Soviet
Died: 1 3 August 1 984, Moscow

Key to symbols used

;!; White is slightly better a weak move
:j: Black is slightly better ?? a blunder
± White is better a good move
+ Black is better !! an excellent move
+- White has a decisive advantage !? a move worth considering
-+ Black has a decisive advantage ?! a move of doubtful value
equality # mate
iii with compensation
� with counterplay
CD unclear
Editor's Foreword

Thirty years have passed since the appearance ofTigran Petrosian's book The Strategy ofSoundness,
issued by the "Physical Culture and Sport" publishing house (renamed in this English edition
as Python Strategy) . But the creative heritage of the leaders of world chess is a thing of enduring
value, without which the development of the game of the wise would be unthinkable. And so
the decision by the "Russian Chess House" publishers to bring out a second edition of the ninth
World Champion's book seems wholly natural. The task of editing the book from the standpoint
of the elapsed years has been entrusted to me.
I belong to the generation whose essence was expressed figuratively by Mikhail Tal: "We all
derive from Botvinnik." The first Soviet World Champion was my idol, and when he lost his
match against Petrosian in 1 963, it was felt that fortune had rather favoured the challenger. But
when Petrosian retained his Champion's title in his match with Spassky, this opened our eyes: no
such thing had been achieved by such brilliant predecessors as Smyslov or Tal. Petrosian's further
career is staggering: after losing the Championship crown in 1 969 he played in four Candidates
cycles and five USSR Championships, with stable results on an astonishingly high level: he twice
won the Championship of the country (his overall total of gold medals was four) , and three times
shared prizewinning places. Such consistently high scores had not been attained by anyone else.
Only great champions are capable of these things!
I must confess it was only while editing this book that I became acquainted with Petrosian's
creative heritage to the proper extent. A different Petrosian appeared before me: not so much
the cautious pragmatist nipping his opponent's threats in the bud as a champion of play on the
grand scale, who created not only positional but also combinative masterpieces. Concerning the
reception of his legacy, I am inclined to agree with Mark Evgenievich Taimanov, whose sporting
career overlapped with Petrosian's for decades: "He remained an enigmatic player to the end.
He was so original, he cannot be compared to anyone else among the great. . . He had such a
capacity to sense danger in advance - when there was not even a threat, but just faint hints - and
he would take immediate measures! Apart from his remarkable intuition, he had phenomenal
tactical vision, tremendous imagination." I am convinced that chessplayers wishing to raise the
level of their chess culture and competitive results have much to gain from studying Petrosian's
games.
In editing the book I have endeavoured not only to preserve the legacy of Tigran Petrosian as
collected together by Eduard Shekhtman, and to leave the style unchanged while eliminating
some outdated and no longer topical material (from a number of interviews) . I have also
attempted to fill some gaps in the presentation of Petrosian's competitive career. The main task
was to supplement the book with some games of key importance in that career, particularly in the
matches with Spassky and Fischer.

Oleg Stetsko, USSR Master of Sport

Compiler's Foreword
In December 1 983 Tigran Petrosian finally decided to write a book. He agreed to do so when
urged by Viktor Chepizhnoi, the chess director of the "Physical Culture and Sport" publishing
house. Chepizhnoi's arguments were convincing, but the Champion already understood perfectly
well that the moment had come: he had already collected and classified practically all the games he
had ever played (they came to around two thousand) . For roughly a quarter of them, annotations
had been written, albeit in a compressed ("Informator"-style) arrangement.
For this book Petrosian wanted to annotate roughly 30-40 more games; together with those
published earlier, these would constitute the nucleus of the work. But his life took a different
turn. Tigran Vartanovich had been feeling unwell for some time. His play was off form, his games
showed some strange kinds of errors, some inexplicable blunders. An examination showed that he
was incurably ill. His robust frame endured two operations and he returned home. New plans, the
desire to play, to write, to work . . . Up until his final moments he didn't realize he was dying. Word
came through that Petrosian had been admitted to the Interzonal Tournament. He asked his wife
Rona Yakovlevna to find out where and when it was going to be. He was already back in hospital,
his strength was giving out, but he refused to believe he would not get up again.
On Monday 1 3 August 1 984, the ninth World Champion breathed his last.
The book that Tigran Vartanovich would have written might well have been quite different from
the one before you. I merely know that he did not want to alter anything in his old annotations,
which reflect the spirit of their time. He wished for chronology to be strictly observed . . .
From the most varied sources i t was possible t o collect a n extensive amount o f material, the
majority of it written by Petrosian himself. A number of games are annotated by his closest
assistants Isaak Boleslavsky and Igor Zaitsev, and also by some other Grandmasters. In what
follows, all games are annotated by Petrosian unless otherwise stated at the start of the game.
As a rule, Petrosian's annotations were written "hot on the heels" of the games - for bulletins,
special issues, magazines. In preparing this book he didn't want to adapt them to a present-day
format. Hence expressions like "the investigations of the past few years" must be taken as relating
to the time when the game in question was played. In some cases where the notes to games were
incomplete, the compiler or editor introduced some minor corrections, additions or alterations.
The introductory articles were written by people closely acquainted with Petrosian. Grandmasters
Nikolai Krogius and Svetozar Gligoric spent many pleasant hours with Tigran Vartanovich; they
took part in many chess battles together with him. Nikolai Tarasov was linked to Petrosian by
long years of friendship. They both put much effort and energy into reviving the publication of a
chess weekly. The first issue of 64 appeared in 1 968. Petrosian became its first editor, and Tarasov,
a journalist by profession, took charge of the young editorial team.
I am sincerely indebted to Rona Yakovlevna Petrosian, who greatly helped in the collecting of
material for this book. I hope this account of the ninth World Champion's contribution to chess
will make for interesting reading.

Eduard Shekhtman
The Logic of Talent
Leningrad. The warm, sunny summer of 1 946. In the majestic white marble building of the
Pioneers' Palace, the second post-war Junior Championship of the USSR was under way.
It was there that I saw Tigran Petrosian for the first time. He was then the only Candidate
Master among us, and already the adult Champion of Armenia.
The years quickly passed. Of course, many details from those days have been lost from my
memory. But to this day I can clearly see Tigran's candid, good-hearted smile. I also recall both
the speed and the precision of his chess thinking, which you immediately felt to be out of the
ordinary. On the whole, the human memory retains what is most essential, most important.
And so in this case it has retained what already distinguished Tigran in his young years and what
characterized him throughout his life: his talent, optimism and benevolence.
His native gifts, hard work and mental energy enabled Petrosian to achieve supreme success.
But I think that his name will be preserved for ever in the history of chess not only by reason of
his World Championship title and his victories in top-level contests. What is also significant and
unique is his creative contribution to the development of chess thought.
Let us recall Petrosian's famous predecessors. Steinitz formulated the fundamental laws of
positional play. Lasker demonstrated the significance of a practical approach to chess based
on the psychology of competition. Alekhine, the wizard of chess combination, gave us a new
understanding of dynamic positions, of the link between tactics and strategic principles. Alekhine,
Nimzowitsch and Botvinnik laid the foundations for a scientific approach to studying the theory
of chess and the problems of chess training. Botvinnik, for instance, succeeded in demonstrating
the potentialities of devising systems of play that united the opening and middlegame in a single
strategic plan (the method of obtaining "typical positions").
Petrosian of course leaned on the ideas of Steinitz, Alekhine, Nimzowitsch, Botvinnik and
other leading lights of chess. But Petrosian's name is also associated with a qualitatively new stage
in the understanding of chess strategy and its laws. He constantly stressed that he valued logic
above all else in chess. But this widely held view was reflected in his games in a new way.
In his time he is sure to have paid attention to the fact that the "logicality" of decisions taken
by masters contains contradictions and is far from unambiguous. For instance in complicated
positions the weight of some particular strategic factor often proves to be highly inconstant. In
addition, the level of technique and theoretical knowledge that had built up by the middle of the
present century meant that the number of "one-sided" games was reduced to a minimum. These
days, a struggle between equal opponents is likely to go through not one but several moments of
crisis.
Understanding this, Petrosian endeavoured to show that not only combinations and tactical
devices but also the strategy of contemporary chess was dynamic and many-faceted. Many of his
games show examples of play where the hierarchy of strategic factors, determining the assessment
of the position, undergoes change, and the plans and ideas are transformed. But his games not
only make us aware of dynamism as an attribute of modern chess strategy, they also teach us to
8 Python Strategy

anticipate and therefore control this process. In this connection the famous seventh game of the
1 966 World Championship match is worth recalling.
I think that this non-formal understanding of chess logic is Petrosian's chief contribution to the
development of chess thought.
Commentators quite often noted that above all else Petrosian strove for prophylaxis, for
restricting his opponent's activity; and it was only after achieving this (they said) that he would
start an offensive of his own. To a certain extent this opinion is just. Petrosian himself stated
that the following programme reflected his chess philosophy: "restriction of the opponent's
possibilities; a strategy embracing the whole board; encirclement of the enemy king, and the
gradual tightening of the ring round it."
I consider that playing to "restrict the opponent's possibilities" by no means contradicts what
has already been said about Petrosian's understanding of the logic of the chess struggle. On the
contrary, it was precisely on the strength of this understanding that he endeavoured to reduce his
opponent's dynamic potential while leaving himself with appreciable freedom of action.
This play for restriction also had its psychological reasons, associated with Tigran's character. It
was not a result of timidity, hesitancy or inward passivity. I think the explanation must be sought
in Petrosian's distinct and fully conscious system of views, which reflected, first, his extremely
responsible attitude to the matter in hand, and secondly, his objectivity in assessing his own
possibilities.
The feeling of responsibility that was characteristic of Tigran had probably been formed in
his difficult childhood years. Unlike many others of the same age, he never enjoyed the right to
"take a move back''. Every decision had to be taken once and taken correctly. The sources of his
objectivity and self-scrutiny should also evidently be sought in his childhood. Being confronted
at an early age with the need to solve the problems of life for himself without hoping for outside
help, Tigran no doubt learnt several harsh lessons, and whether he liked it or not, he had to
take a critical view of his own deeds. The requirement for self-knowledge, which continued to
distinguish Tigran Vartanovich in mature years, will have developed in these circumstances.
If the essence of the psychological struggle in chess can be briefly stated, it consists of the
following points. First you must study your opponent to determine his strength and weakness;
secondly, through self-analysis, you need to understand your own merits and defects; and finally,
you need the ability to compare yourself with your opponent and create situations unpleasant
to him and familiar to you. The majority of chessplayers are keen to solve the first problem; the
other person's defects are easier to perceive. But what is much more difficult is to assess yourself
correctly. A characteristic of very many players is that they forget about their own mistakes or
put them down to fortuitous circumstances. Petrosian, however, set a rare example by his ability
to appraise his own strength and possibilities objectively and without prejudice, and to compare
himself with others judiciously.
It is therefore understandable that Petrosian, an extremely self-critical person, nonetheless
objected to a number of commentators (especially in the 1 950s) who demanded a quick
improvement in his competitive results and a change in his style of play. These critics would not
or could not understand that the young Grandmaster was consistently progressing and was not
by any means devoid of ambition. But at the same time he realistically evaluated his possibilities
and knew what boundaries he could reach within a given stretch of time.
 The Logic ofTalent 9

Of course, apart from a good knowledge of your possibilities, you need the ability to realize
them in practice; and it is precisely here that we must remember Petrosian's celebrated strategy of
restriction, which allowed him to eliminate the will of his opponent to a great extent and shape
the play according to his own liking.
After the Junior Championship in Leningrad, I often met with Tigran at various chess contests.
On one occasion, when I was assisting his opponent in a match, we were "on opposite sides of
the barricades" . But even at that tense moment his equable and benign attitude did not change.
In the last few years I had the pleasure of getting to know Tigran more closely. I have grateful
memories of his cordiality, his sincere generosity, his faithfulness to his word and to his friends.
Every meeting with him was interesting. He possessed an inquiring mind and a wide range of
interests. But first and foremost of course, Petrosian was and remained a chessplayer.
On 1 7 June 1 984, his 5 5 th birthday, he was already severely ill, but still dreaming of taking part
in the match in London between the USSR and the rest of the world. He was talking about the
preparation of the book that is now open before the reader. But the life of this great chessplayer
was destined to be cut short within less than two months.

Grandmaster Nikolai Krogius

The Man I Knew

Champions usually have a sense of their calling, and this helps them to develop the abilities and
strength of will that are indispensable on the road to great achievements.
Tigran Petrosian was an exception. He reached the summit solely on account of his talent,
having no other advantages over his rivals. Petrosian was a modest man, which in itself of course
is not a failing; and yet modesty is considered the last quality to be characteristic of champions.
While still a schoolboy, Petrosian understood that nothing in life comes for free. He was self­
made in the full sense of the term, and succeeded in rising from obscurity to the summit of world
chess glory.
Tigran had nothing to boast about except his mental ability, but this is something an intelligent
human being will not brag about. Even if simplicity and objectivity had not been his innate
qualities, they would definitely have been nurtured in him by the deprivations and burdens of the
war years that he lived through in his youth.
At times, when he noticed people being vain and pompous, his face would take on the self­
assured expression of a man wise enough to understand the whole senselessness of vanity. He
enjoyed good-naturedly mocking his over-ambitious colleagues, and his ironic smile told you
how amusing they seemed to him.
Petrosian's gift for chess manifested itself in early childhood. But he understood that he could
hardly count on a great future while living in the provinces. For that reason, in 1 950 he moved
to Moscow. There he joined the "Spartak" sport club.
With the years, his heart-felt need to be surrounded by sincere friends was turned into a
boundless devotion to his club. It is widely supposed that chessplayers are interested in little else
but their chess, like artists who are wholly absorbed in their art. Tigran, however, loved sport
in general, he played a good game of table tennis and was an excellent skier. The way he would
suffer when his favourite team was defeated, or conversely his loud rejoicing when "Spartak" won,
presented a truly arresting spectacle. Petrosian's comical, childlike excitability was a distinctive
trait.
Petrosian knew how to love, and he possessed a natural wish to please. Ever since his youth,
for instance, he was considered one of the world's strongest "lightning" players. But when he was
playing blitz chess you had the feeling that he was interested not so much in the result of the
game as in the impression he was making on the spectators. A year before his premature death
he was at a tournament in Yugoslavia, and I saw how he organized a short "five minute" match
with the young Kasparov during an excursion out of town. Tigran's contagious cheerful laugh and
the comments with which he accompanied the play attracted a mass of onlookers, and his witty
remarks never ceased to raise outbursts of laughter around the table. It so happened that this trip
proved to be Tigran's last . . .
Nature made an absurd, unforgivable mistake by cutting short his journey s o early, seeing that
Petrosian was made for a long life and that his entire personal philosophy accorded with this.
 The Man I Knew 11

He was of a temperate disposition, he avoided over-exertion and never tried to disturb the natural
course of events. Frequently coming through tournaments as the sole undefeated participant, he
would allow others to take first place. However, while the names of the winners changed over
the years, Petrosian would invariably (with very rare exceptions) finish in the prize lists, over the
course of three decades. His consistency is striking!
I first met Tigran in 1 952 at the Interzonal Tournament in Stockholm. He was 23 years old. At
that time he already amazed me with his special ability to prevent his opponent from penetrating
his piece formation. Petrosian joined the world chess elite a year later by finishing in the top five
in the 1 953 Candidates Tournament at Zurich, just "one step" behind the strongest players of
that time: Smyslov, Keres, Bronstein and Reshevsky. Together with Bronstein he was the first
Soviet Grandmaster to visit Yugoslavia in 1 954. Possessing a gift for languages, he soon learned
to speak fluent Serbo-Croat.
The range of his interests was vast; he loved talking to people wherever his tournament life took
him, and his company was always a pleasure. Petrosian's charm flowed from his simplicity, as he
treated everyone as his equal. People in Montenegro have good memories of his last visits, and
when I spend my holidays there, they often tell me about their meetings with Petrosian.
Life treated Tigran with incomprehensible severity. He loved music, he enthused about new
developments in radio technology, he acquired a very good stereo system - yet with age his
hearing deteriorated, and he was compelled to rely on a hearing aid.
There is a curious story about that gadget, involving me. Once during a tournament game,
Petrosian offered me a draw. I had no winning chances, but something made me say "No!"
although I regretted it at once. I was on the point of retracting my refusal when I noticed that
Tigran had removed the hearing aid from his ear and could no longer hear me. I was forced to
continue the game; five moves later I was in a hopeless situation and lost, which in the end cost
me a substantial prize.
In spite of the ailments that dogged him, Petrosian always kept in good humour, remaining
spirited and cheerful. He came to know happiness in family life; he had a beautiful wife, whose
acquaintance I made in Leningrad in 1 957. It turned out that she had a good understanding of
chess. Rona became Petrosian's loyal helper in all his affairs. They were inseparable for many a
long year, and the warmth of his family, to which Petrosian was very much attached, enabled him
to bear the blows of fortune easily.
His quest for calm and tranquillity in life found complete fulfilment in his home surroundings.
Rona took upon herself the burden of all the day-to-day cares; the comfort of their flat, and the
wonderful environment in their country house not far from Moscow, were the work of her hands.
Tigran had nothing to worry about and could devote himself fully to his chess. At home he would
read, write, study chess, listen to music, cultivate flowers, play with his sons, his dogs and his cats.
Tigran and Rona knew how to receive guests and liked doing so. Whenever I came to Moscow
they would not forget to invite me to their home, and they would always try to make me feel
comfortable while a long way from my own country.
Petrosian's open and sincere character was as charming as his unique style of play. He would
usually play quickly, finding the best moves with ease; he was an unsurpassed master of manoeuvre,
and in his youth he already acquired the nickname of "boa constrictor" for his knack of gradually
"strangling" his opponent's position. I remember he impressed me with his win against Bisguier in
1 954, when against all the "rules" he left his king in the centre throughout the game (something
12 Pytho n Strategy

that would never have entered my head if I had been in his place!) and kept gaining space in a
leisurely manner until his opponent resigned.
Attaching an important meaning to the time factor in chess, Petrosian worked out his own
system against the popular Tartakower Variation. After l .d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.ltlc3 lt:l f6 4.ltlf3 il.e7
5.il.g5 h6, his continuation was 6.il.xf6 (instead of the usual 6.il.h4 b6) 6 . . . il.xf6 7.e3, enabling
White to save time and exert strong pressure on Black's central outposts.
But Petrosian's unique understanding of chess went far beyond the bounds of conventional
thinking. In the Queen's Indian Defence, after l .d4li:lf6 2.c4 e6 3.ltlf3 b6, his contribution was
in contrast to the line just mentioned; here he suggested a solution that was wasteful in terms
of time, namely 4.a3(!) , granting his opponent an important tempo to develop his bishop with
4 . . . il.b7. What could be the meaning of this? The answer is that White now plays 5.ltlc3 and
threatens to seize space in the centre with d4-d5, condemning the nimble bishop to inactivity.
Black is therefore forced to join battle in the centre early, by replying 5 . . . d5, but then after 6.cxd5
he is faced with an unpleasant dilemma: whether to block the bishop he has just developed
by retaking on d5 with the pawn, or to reply 6 . . . lt:lxd5 which weakens his central position.
Petrosian's ingenious idea gained recognition in Grandmaster practice!
Possessing a deep understanding of the principles of chess, Petrosian at the same time possessed
breadth of vision and was free from any prejudices. He did not cling blindly (say) to Lasker's
principle which states that knights should be the first pieces developed; in the Orthodox Defence
for instance, after l .d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.ltlc3, he proposed a particular order of moves: 3 . . . il.e7! and
only then 4 . . . lt:l f6, thus avoiding the unwelcome exchange that is possible after an immediate
3 . . . lt:l f6 (4.cxd5 exd5 5 .il.g5) .
Petrosian was renowned for his sense of danger, his ability to take prophylactic measures in
good time - which is why his losses were exceedingly rare. He was still only young when he took
part in five successive Championships of the USSR, coming through four of them without a
single defeat! Gaining the title of Soviet Champion just once is incredibly difficult, but Petrosian
achieved it four times - in 1 959, 1 96 1 , 1 969 and 1 975.
But Petrosian was by no means as placid and composed as he appeared on the outside. From the
ten Olympiads in which he took part, he amassed an unprecedented score: 79 wins, 50 draws and
one solitary loss! His temperament revealed itself to the full extent when, as I was told, he almost
threw the chess clock off the table in a fit of temper after that one defeat, at Huebner's hands . . .
Petrosian's wisdom and his aversion for unjustified risk i n chess were often misunderstood; he
was reproached with excessive caution. But the point is that he had a much deeper understanding
of chess than many of his critics, and his objectivity prevented him from overestimating his own
chances. His collection of beautiful games and unique combinations is the best answer to all the
accusations.
To tell the truth, in Petrosian you noticed a patent disparity between his immense chess talent
and his absence of ambition. When his hour struck at Curacao in 1 962, Petrosian was leading the
Candidates Tournament and agreed a quick draw in the last round, putting his trust in fate. And
fate rewarded him: his sole rival, Keres, got flustered, lost his composure, and suffered a defeat.
Petrosian was obviously surprised at the rare opportunity afforded to him to do battle with
Botvinnik. In the very first game of the World Championship match, in reverential dread of his
illustrious opponent, he went down to defeat with the white pieces on account of his passive play.
However strange it may seem, this defeat and the sequence of draws that followed helped Petrosian
 The Man I Knew 13

to regain confidence i n his own powers. I n the 2 2 games o f the match, Botvinnik managed to
score only one more win! Petrosian emerged as victor from this titanic struggle, having found a
convincing way to neutralize the World Champion's profound strategy and aggressive style of
play. Afterwards Botvinnik once admitted to me that in this match, for the first time, he had been
"unable to fathom the motives of the challenger's play'' .
For all his circumspection, Petrosian would quite often "contradict" himself by taking decisions
that amazed you by their beauty, even in the most crucial games. I shall never forget his first win
against Botvinnik, with the original king march across the whole board. Petrosian's games are
literally replete with such elegant solutions.
After his first match with Petrosian, Spassky once confessed to me: "You know, Gligo, Tigran
is above all else a stunning tactician." To be sure, Petrosian's reputation as a dry positional player
has become firmly established, and yet in his match with Spassky alone he sacrificed material
nine times!
Understandably, this happened in complicated situations where Petrosian was obliged to take
extreme measures. Two of these games are particularly impressive: the seventh, where his strategy
of "strangulation'' issued in a mating attack, and the other in which he achieved victory by a
spectacular sacrifice of his queen on the empty square in the corner of the board.
Petrosian the player is not easy to characterize in a couple of words, as his talent was uncommon
in its many-sidedness. Chess held no secrets for him, which is why Tigran called himself a
positional player and esteemed precisely this quality in himself. Yet at the same time he was
always ready to deal unexpected blows, as soon as he felt that strategically his position was ripe
for combinative solutions.
It might seem that Petrosian became World Champion virtually against his will. Having
gained this highest of titles, he continued to behave as though nothing had happened, playing
in tournaments that were ill-suited to sustain what we would call a champion's prestige. One day
Petrosian said to me, with his characteristic irony: "Sooner or later I'll lose the title of Champion,
but then I'll never part with the title of ex-Champion!"
Petrosian was destined to retain his title as the world's strongest chessplayer for six years. But
for many years afterwards, he still continued to take part in contests of the highest calibre. He
played in Candidates matches. Only a year before his premature death, he was unsuccessful
in the Interzonal Tournament at Las Palmas. In that last spring at his country residence, his
neighbour was Vasily Smyslov. Seeing Tigran at work in his garden plot, Smyslov praised him
for his knowledge of horticulture; he himself took little interest in such things, and was therefore
unable to savour the delights of life in the country the way that Petrosian did.
In Petrosian's reply, there was an unexpected trace of sadness: "Yes, but you are going to go to
the Candidates matches . . ." It was clear to everyone that although the well-being in his family
home made Petrosian happy, chess remained an inalienable part of his life until the very last day. . .

Grandmaster Svetozar Gligoric

A Journey Across the Street

Childhood. . . It is by no means always serene and easy. Especially in wartime. The childhood of
the ninth World Champion, Tigran Petrosian, was very hard, but it was these very years that in
many ways determined his fate.
He only needed to go out of the house, run across the road and hurl himself into the shadow
of the theatre entrance, where his own future was standing behind every column. But he and his
future were unknown to each other. No one is familiar with the future, especially their own. You
can at least guess at other people's future, but your own is always under seven seals.
"Once upon a time . . . "
Little Tigran can hear the guttural voice of "Babo", his old aunt, who came into their house in
the harsh days when he lost his brother and his mother died. This aunt survived his father and has
become the sole support of the family that fell apart under the blows of wartime.
It is long past the time for the thin boy with the large eyes to go to sleep, but he stares through
those round black eyes into the darkness and indulges in fantasies.
The country of his childhood was Rustaveli Avenue. Or more exactly, it was one side of it - the
side on your left as you look from Lenin Square towards the poet's memorial. On this side there
is the Officers' Club, where Tigran's family lived in the caretaker's room; there is the Pioneers'
Palace, where he played chess; and there is the chess club, where he was also sometimes allowed to
move the pieces around - the heavy pieces, loaded with lead - until the adults arrived.
Everything that happened afterwards happened on this main street of the city, first on its
left side and then on its right side. At the chess club, the son of old Vartan the caretaker would
become Champion of Tbilisi and a Candidate Master. On the stage of the Rustaveli Theatre,
Grandmaster Tigran Petrosian, the future World Chess Champion, would become Champion of
the USSR for the first time.
A journey across the street. . . but how much time this crossing would take!
Back to the Beginning
Viewed from the courtyard, a house in Tbilisi exhibits the eternal communal life of the South,
where the wheels of upended bicycles protrude from under white sheets hung out to dry like
flags, while on the iron balconies and iron stairways women bath their babies and men play
backgammon. But the yard where Tigran's childhood was spent was different. This was the
courtyard of an institution, where from the morning all was quiet, but in the evening, music
blared forth from the windows, fading away in the yard's deserted far end.
One day was like another. And yet each one contained something of its own, so that the close
of any day brought the feeling of something irrevocable, something lost for ever.
Playing at backgammon, Turkish draughts and other board games of the Orient, young Tigran
impressed the adults with his boldness and resourcefulness. Nothing gave his father more pleasure
than watching his son win games.
 A Journey Across the Street 15

It is said that the genius Capablanca learnt to play chess by watching others play. Petrosian was
not able to do this. He looked at the chessboard for hours, but the laws of this game remained
incomprehensible to him. And then came the day when a boy his own age opened up the world
of chess to Tigran; he showed him how the pieces move, and explained the sense and purpose of
their movements. And backgammon was forgotten. Turkish draughts too was discarded. Even
football, on which all boys in Tbilisi bestowed their love, now seemed to be something not very
important, not so essential.
Queuing for a Chess Set
His mother is still alive, and his brother has not yet been taken away to the army. His father scolds
Tigran's sister Vartush for lethargy or restlessness (both, in their family, call for reproof) , while
Tigran smiles once again at his own cunning: in the night, once again, he has moved the hands
of the grandfather clock forward by one hour.
He can set off for school.
The classroom is empty. Once again he is the first there. And for the next half hour, no one will
be calling his name out, no one will stop him from playing the game in which the world, so to
speak, is newly created according to laws that are known only to him, Tigran; a world in which
he is just as much an adult as Archil Ebralidze, the chess master and teacher from the Pioneers'
Palace.
Today, Tigran's opponent is the former World Chess Champion, Jose Raul Capablanca. He is
still handsome and young, and he has come to Tbilisi at Tigran's invitation. Tigran answers the
queen's pawn opening by playing the variation of the Armenian Defence that bears his name. The
celebrated Cuban is disconcerted. And no wonder! This variation isn't even in that famous book
that has been translated into Armenian - Maizelis's chess primer!
What now? It is quiet. The clock in the school entrance hall can be heard ticking. Then
Capablanca is saved by the bell. Tigran's classmates burst into the room. The world of fantasy has
collapsed. Lessons will shortly begin.
After school, Tigran goes home alone. Again he is immersed in his secret world. Arrangements
have to be made for continuing his match with Capablanca. The Cuban isn't very accommodating,
but seeing that tomorrow is Sunday - a difficult day for Tigran - he consents to resume on
Monday.
But why is Sunday, everyone's holiday, a difficult day for Tigran and his brother?
Tomorrow, for the last time, they are going to get up at four in the morning, shivering from the
cold; they are going to open the door cautiously and then run to the grocery store on the corner.
There will be plenty of people there already. But the boys have no need to be first. Everyone
huddling in the street at this early hour, in front of the closed doors of the shop, thinks that this
is a queue for meat, but for Tigran and Amayak (that is his brother's name) it is a queue for. . .
a chess set. At seven i n the morning they will sell their "turn" i n the queue to grown-up strange
women for two roubles, and in their secret children's money-box the necessary sum will finally
come together to realize their long-standing dream. In the afternoon they will both condemn
their own action and swear to each other that they will never again engage in speculation (a word
often pronounced angrily and disparagingly by their father) . Then they will take 3 1 roubles to
the sports shop and buy a chess set - a large genuine set with a wooden board and heavy lathe­
turned pieces.
16 Pytho n Strategy

But just now it is Saturday. They are in the fifth month of the first year of the war. Tigran is
twelve years old. At the Pioneers' Palace they love him. He loves chess. And chess responds in
kind.
The Pioneers' Palace
In the Pioneers' Palace, the chess club was a kind of state within a state. It had its subjects and its
laws. It also had its president . . .
Many years on, i n Moscow, after the 22nd game o f his match for the World Championship,
the as yet uncrowned Champion would set eyes on him in the foyer of the Estrada Theatre; he
would go up to him with a smile, and while laughing off the congratulations on his own victory,
he would congratulate the other man on receiving the Lenin prize - for outstanding achievements
in the field of science and technology. At the moment, though, this curly-haired boy, an evacuee
from Kharkov, is not even fifteen years old. His name is Vitya Bravinsky. He is cheerful and
carefree.
Banging the pieces down on the board and straight away pressing his clock, Bravinsky is playing
blitz chess (five minutes per game) , and the future chess king loses to him. True, neither of them
realizes this. And it seems to Tigran that he will never learn to play better than Bravinsky.
Here among the youngsters, but buried in his books and notes, and seemingly separated from
everyone by an invisible wall, Archil Ebralidze is preparing for a big tournament. His aquiline
profile is sharply outlined against the background of a large demonstration board. But he is not
demonstrating anything. The children don't disturb him, and he doesn't disturb them either. . .
Ebralidze has his own way o f working with children. As much independence as possible. If
something isn't clear, then ask - or better still, have a think about it yoursel£ Sometimes, to
be sure, he will move the chessboard aside and talk with passion about the great masters of the
past, the Grandmasters, the virtuosi; he will talk about the battle of ideas in chess, that strange
artificial world created by the human will and incorporating something of sport, something of
art, something of science - and something, quite simply, of life itself with its laws that remain far
from familiar.
Archil Ebralidze takes a liking to many of his pupils. But he has no illusions about Bravinsky's
successes. This boy takes everything too lightly. You feel that his main interest lies somewhere
outside the bounds of these 64 squares; you feel that he is merely giving his brain some exercise,
and that the pleasure he takes in the game has less to do with the mind than with the muscles,
like the pleasure of football or athletics. With Tigran it goes deeper. There is something in him.
He is thoughtful and not to be hurried. He is the son of a caretaker, but if he didn't have that
threadbare jacket and those grey flannel trousers, you could take him for the son of a lawyer or
doctor. He speaks Russian badly but forms the endings of the words with diffident precision, and
sometimes he constructs a sentence over-correctly like something out of a textbook. And he plays
like that: quickly but not rashly. His mistakes don't come out of the blue, they are connected with
a faulty plan. Nevertheless Ebralidze considers Shurik Busalev to be the most capable of all. He is
ingenious and resourceful. Ebralidze bestows his main attention on him.
Meeting Tigran in Tbilisi fifteen years later, his old teacher will say some rather embarrassed
words to him:
"Do forgive me. I didn't guess right away what your future was going to be. There were others
who were more noticeable, bolder, more confident . . . "
 A Journey Across the Street 17

And Grandmaster Petrosian will change the subject - he will smile and express his gratitude.
But he will not place Ebralidze beyond reproach and will not say to him what he will say to me
(after his teacher is dead) in his Moscow apartment, sitting at a chess table made for him by his
Yerevan fans in honour of his victory over Botvinnik. . .
The war i s i n its second year. Ebralidze i s not yet old. H e still plays i n tournaments and is
still in charge of the club at the Pioneers' Palace. And before his eyes, Vitya Bravinsky beats
Petrosian. In one tournament, the players competing alongside Tigran, albeit less successfully,
include Melor Sturua, now a well-known journalist; Vigen Arutyunian, later to be director of a
factory in Yerevan; Misha Paichadze, a cousin of the famous Georgian footballer; and many other
Tbilisi schoolboys of that time, which they will remember as the time of their childhood and in
which they will see more good things than bad.
But life never smiles on everyone. And in those years it smiled even more rarely and even more
selectively.

Three Blows

The war was in its second year. The Red Atmy was retreating. Hitler's forces were breaking into
the Caucasus. The hot breath of the battles was becoming more and more palpable in Tbilisi as
elsewhere.
Tigran's brother was drafted into the army. When he sent his second letter he was already at the
front, and his third letter never arrived. A year and a half later, at Avlabari market, someone told
his mother he had witnessed her son's end.
It turned out that Tigran's brother was alive, but his mother didn't know it; her grief killed her.
It is said that woes never come singly. In the autumn, Tigran fell seriously ill. He had to stay away
from school. And the ground began to shake beneath his feet.
Perhaps ever since that difficult time, the man who has now reached the summits of life has
been unable to endure chance occurrences - he has been averse to unstable situations.
It is hard to say what the boy's fate would have been in those days, if old Vartan's sister had not
come to his aid. It is thanks to her above all that Tigran is alive today.
Tigran called his aunt "Babo" (Grandma) . But she was not simply a grandmother to him. She
replaced his mother. To wrest the boy from the clutches of his illness and set him on his feet as
soon as possible, she gave Tigran all her own bread ration. For herself, she climbed up the slope
of Mount Mtatsminda with her last remaining strength, gathered some herbs that were known
only to her, and cooked a broth with them to preserve her own life which she devoted entirely
to others.
The boy recovered. He went back to school. He started playing chess again.

Nimzowitsch for Lunch

Tigran's father was over sixty. But he was hale and hearty.
Each morning his father gave Tigran a rouble for his school lunch, then went to work. Tigran
took the rouble, but he didn't have lunch every day. When he and his brother had bought their
chess set, they had promised never again to resort to dubious means to acquire money. But now
money was needed again - for books: collections of chess games, books of instruction . . .
18 Python Strategy

Tigran already knew Maizelis by heart. At that time there were no other chess books in the
Armenian language. And Russian books were expensive. Refusing his hot bread roll with tea,
Tigran would joke: "Today I'm having Nimwwitsch for lunch."
Aron Nimwwitsch's Chess Praxis was the cornerstone of the foundations on which the chess
preparation of the future World Champion was built. Repeating Nimzowitsch's words but
speaking them as if they were his own, Tigran would announce to the family with enthusiasm
and delight:
"To me a 'passed pawn' is not simply a pawn but, so to speak, a living, rational being with its
unexpressed desires, hopes and doubts . . . "
Old Vartan would get angry:
"You've quite gone off your head, lad. Chess isn't going to do you any good!"
Babo calmed him:
"The boy's doing well at school. Let him play if he likes."
And Tigran played. Fervently, insatiably.
Having attained the norm for the fourth category in the very first junior tournament in which
he took part, young Petrosian scored points in a few more novices' contests of this type, simply
for fun. In three tournaments at least, he happened to prove his right to second category status.
But the first category was not even to be spoken of: "You're still only fifteen! Why are you in such
a hurry?"
He himself couldn't answer this question. He simply wanted to play. As much as possible. And
with the strongest opponents.

King in Check

His father was taken ill. He was still fighting for his life, but his strength was deserting him.
Tigran carried on his studies at school with the same diligence. They also saw him at the
Pioneers' Palace chess club. He frequented the city chess club too. But on top of it all he now
had to work. Together with Babo he swept the streets and performed the other difficult duties
of a caretaker in a building where hundreds of people came every day, and where the noisy
club life was complicated by the special wartime requirements. The officers, posted to the rear
or serving in the reserve, were in no hurry to disperse to their quarters. They smoked a lot
and would not always leave the cigarette ends in the ash-trays. In winter things were harder
still. . .
I t s o happened that i n those days when his father had taken to his bed, the fifteen-year-old
Tigran was finally admitted to a first-category tournament, after a long period of arguments and
doubts.
The student from the eighth class in the 73rd Armenian secondary school saw his name on the
score chart of a major city tournament for the first time, and it was not without excitement that
he started play.
The Georgian Championship Qualification Tournament - such was its official name - was
distinguished by a very strong list of contestants. It could be said that this was Tigran's first great
examination. His test of chess maturity.
Petrosian had already scored his first points and joined the group of leaders when the well­
known master Vladas Mikenas said to him after one of his wins:
 A Journey Across the Street 19

"It all depends o n you. I f you go about your chess in the right way, you'll be a master in two
years' time."
Tigran played easily, confidently, strongly.
All was going well. At home too, it began to appear that everything was about to come right.
But the tournament was still only approaching its half-way stage when Petrosian, in play at the
time, was informed that his father had died.
There was a complicated position on the board. Tigran's king was in check, but he picked up
a different piece.
Tigran lost that game. He missed two other rounds. He pondered what to do next. What
would the neighbours say, if his father had just died and he was playing chess? But then, didn't
they know how much he had loved his father? Did they understand what chess meant to him
now?
Ever since he had moved a pawn two squares forward for the first time, chess had become part
of his life. His school and his family were another part. Now all that remained of the family was
Babo and himself.
Tigran decided to continue the struggle.

Nothing Accidental

Arriving at the club a few days after his father's death, Petrosian took his place at the table and
looked as though nothing had happened.
His move had been sealed. He now carried it out on the board. He started the clock.
For Petrosian, Tbilisi Chess Club became the temple where he received the constant
"communion" of high chess art. It was a temple in the literal as well as the figurative sense: the
building of a half-ruined church had been repaired and adapted for service to the goddess of
chess.
In this temple Archil Ebralidze, a player with a strict positional style, was Petrosian's first mentor.
He had singled him out from the midst of the pupils his age. He taught Tigran to understand
the beauty of logic, he introduced him to the ideas of Nimzowitsch and to Capablanca's virtuoso
technique.
In the same place, little Petrosian met admirers of Alexander Alekhine. The young David
Bronstein, who was resident in Tbilisi in those years, gave Tigran a glimpse into the bewildering
maelstrom of combinations.
''An idea has to be fetched from where it is," Ebralidze said. But Bronstein disagreed: "This idea
was not in the position, but I invented it and made it work for me."
Bronstein disagreed and he won. But what was Petrosian's attitude to their dispute?
Tigran was full of admiration for Bronstein's play - the flights of imagination, the brilliance of
the combinations. But he continued to believe Ebralidze, Nimzowitsch and Capablanca.
In among these grand names that the whole world knows, the name of a Georgian master that
almost everyone has forgotten cuts a strange figure to be sure. But it is the name of a teacher.
And the duty and right of a pupil is to cast on his teacher the light of his own worldwide renown.
"Nothing accidental!" was what Ebralidze taught the future World Champion. The only good
game was one where everything was logical, where each opponent at every stage found and played
the best move, and where the winner was he who saw and calculated further.
20 Python Strategy

Snow and Sleep

The war was nearing its end. This could be felt in everything. For one thing, at the city chess club,
after a long interval, the Championship of Georgia was taking place. Among the participants was
the first-category player Petrosian.
But the winter of 1 944 in Tbilisi was unusual. Snow was falling. The branches of the plane trees
in Rustaveli Avenue were bending under the weight of their hoods of snow. Along the pavements,
snow-drifts were building up.
The snow brought no joy to Tigran. He would call in at home after school to take a light snack
and do his homework. Then before going to the club for the next round, he would pick up a
shovel and go with the other caretakers to clear away the snow where it caused blockages.
The tournament was a difficult one. It was necessary to prepare for the games. There was not
enough time. And the snowy winter that the South had not expected did even more to spoil things
for Petrosian. Even after a win, he had to forgo the customary pleasure of playing through the
game again and looking at the rejected variations - the ones he had avoided for fear of disturbing
the logical interconnection of the moves and prematurely shaking the skilfully created balance.
After the end of a round, Tigran would quickly put the pieces back, fill in the result on the
tournament table and hurry home.
Midnight. Turning up the collar of the coat he has long since outgrown, a thin and weary Tigran
runs along the snow-covered avenue. The snow falls unrelentingly. But the light snowflakes that
swirl so prettily in the light of the street lamps arouse no feeling in Tigran other than bitterness
and vexation. In two or three hours he will be woken up again, he will take his shovel - the only
implement for fighting against the snowy element - and he will be clearing the pavement of its
damp and clinging white shroud.

***

When does childhood end? Who can answer this question?

You have obtained your school-leaving certificate. You have started work. Or you have gone on
to higher education. But your childhood is not over. It has stretched out its threads into your life
of the present, and drawing you into the circle of its images and attractions, it continues still. In
it lies the secret of youth.
Both the joy of discovery and the feeling of marvel at things you have done are characteristics
of childhood. The years can sharpen or erode them. But as long as they are there, you are young.
Childhood is with you, and old age has not yet arrived.
Petrosian became an adult much earlier than most people of his age. At fifteen he had taken
work and responsibility upon his weak shoulders. But fate had presented him with a treasured
gift: chess. It drew him into a lively and never ageing world of struggle, of victories and defeats.
And childhood remained with Tigran for ever. . .
Th e journey across the street proved to b e a journey across years.

Nikolai Tarasov
Chapter 1

1945- 1948

Tigran Petrosian recalls:

"In the summer of 1 94 1 , I was at a Pioneers' camp. I spent whole days in the open air, running
about and playing various games. And it was there that I learned to play chess. Some boy was my
first teacher. I had wanted to get to know the game for a long time, and now at last my wish was
fulfilled. However, this introduction to chess didn't spur me to make any special effort to master
the secrets of the game when the camp was over and I went home. And it was a daunting time -
the war had begun.
"I remember that in that year the Tbilisi Palace of Pioneers and Pre-Pioneers was opened.
I went there one day on an outing. We were shown around the Palace with its many rooms,
in which anyone could take part in the activity that interested them. That was when I entered
room 4 1 for the first time. It was the children's chess club. The children were listening to
explanations from their instructor, and some of them were writing them down. At that time it was
N.T. Sorokin, Candidate Master, who was in charge of the club. I decided to join it. Within
the space of a year (from August 1 94 1 to the summer of 1 942) I gradually managed to raise my
ranking from the fifth to the second category, and became one of the strongest players in the
Palace.
"But the main thing was that the wish to make a deep study of this fascinating game had been
awakened in me.
"The first serious work on chess with which I familiarized myselfwas Aron Nimzowitsch's Chess
Praxis. I analysed the games and positions from that book innumerable times, and was very fond
of reading it without using a chess set; small wonder that in the end I was able to recite it by heart.
"There are such things as special exercises for developing the technique of calculation, but at the
time all that was a secret to me. In mature years I have had no particular cause to complain about
poor calculation of variations, and what helped me to calculate properly was my habit of reading
chess books without looking at a board; I would of course try to follow the process of the struggle
from one diagram to the next. [Compiler's note: 1he following lines occur in Petrosian's rough draft:
'/1. chessplayer ought to be learning not only in moments ofstudy but also during play, in post-mortem
analysis, or when browsing through books and magazines. Ifa problem or study arouses your interest,
then go ahead and practise your calculation on it. Or say you come across a diagram accompanied by
an assessment of the position, and perhaps you don't agree with it - then set the position up, examine
it, seek advice about it. '7
''At the age of 1 3- 1 5 I played a lot of blindfold chess. My usual opponent was Vitya Bravinsky,
the long-standing champion of the Pioneers' Palace. Vitya had been evacuated from Kharkov to
Tbilisi in the terrible year of 1 94 1 . When we first became friends we were in the fourth category,
22 Python Strategy

but he very quickly outdistanced all his comrades and became, literally, the chess king of our club.
Unfortunately Bravinsky later gave the game up.
"It is always with great pleasure that I recall the relatively small but friendly chess club of the
Tbilisi Palace of Pioneers. Round about the end of 1 94 1 , Archil Silovanovich Ebralidze became
our club's instructor. A man of rare affability and kindness, Ebralidze was a master with a high
degree of chess culture. He was wholeheartedly devoted to chess, he personally put in a great deal
of work on it, he encouraged the interest we had begun to take in the secrets of the game.
"It was not the 'official' activities but the friendly conversations outside the teaching sessions
that were of particular use to us. Our tutor carted his very extensive chess library into the Palace,
and he would often engage in analysing various positions. Ebralidze not only allowed us to follow
his work, he also insisted we should ask him about everything that interested us.
"Ebralidze was an advocate of positional play, he believed in the inviolability of the basic
strategic laws and could spend hours looking for the refutation of some attack or combination if
the position, in his view, was not such as to permit of a 'violent' solution.
"But if a player let his advantage slip through hesitating when there were substantial preconditions
for forcing events, Archil Silovanovich would be absoutely convinced that there must have been
a tactical solution in the position. In arguments with other masters, he would zealously round on
anyone who was violating the fundamental principles of chess strategy. A look of disgust would
sometimes come over his face if he detected a patently 'anti positional' attitude.
"I will also add that Ebralidze was a great admirer of Nimzowitsch, Capablanca and . . . the Caro­
Kann Defence.
"I gradually read through a large quantity of chess books and decided who my favourite players
were: Capablanca, Nimzowitsch, Lasker. The books I studied most often were Capablanca's
Primer of Chess, Reti's Modern Ideas in Chess and Nimzowitsch's Chess Praxis. And by November
1 945, that is after four and a half years of working at it, I had transformed myself from a boy
unknown to anyone, into a Candidate Master who had repeatedly won tournaments at city level
and Georgian state level. I had twice been victorious in all-union junior tournaments.
"I once happened to rummage through the old notebooks and papers where the games of my
youth were recorded. The games of a player in mature years, in the period when he makes his
appearance in the national arena, find a more or less broad response in the chess press. But little
or virtually nothing is known of the games played by our top players in their formative period.
And yet these are the very games that allow us to trace the path that some particular master has
travelled. They are the material that enables us to study the formation of a chess character.
"In this context I would like to point out that it is wrong to regard young people aged 1 6- 1 8
as a kind o f raw material that you can mould into whatever you like. I think that at that age a
chessplayer ought already to possess a distinct philosophy. It is not a question of 'pushing' infant
prodigies. No. But life has convincingly shown that all chessplayers who achieve worldwide fame
have already been very strong players at the age of 1 6- 1 8 years.
"The two games given below, played in the years of my youth, show that I had mastered the
basic laws of chess strategy fairly well at an early age. The lessons learnt in the Pioneers' Palace
proved very useful."
 Chapter 1 - 1 94 5 - 1 948 23

has a major defect: he has "shelved" the task

of developing his kingside pieces and castling.
At that time I had already mastered one of
Tigran Petrosian - Nikolay Sorokin the important laws of chess strategy: if one side
has fallen behind in development, the game
Tbilisi 1 945
must be opened up to punish the offender.
l.c4 tLlf6 2.�c3 c6 3.d4 d5 4.cxd5
Ebralidze was a great adherent of this
Exchange Variation. It isn't surprising that I
followed in his footsteps.

4... cxd5 5.tLlf3 tLlc6 6 ..if4 .if5 7.e3 �b6

All according to the best paradigms of
1 945 theory. Sorokin may have wanted to
test whether I was familiar with the following
novelties.

8.a3!
In the game Makogonov - Ravinsky, USSR
a b c d e f g h
1 944, the master from Baku had employed
8.a3 as an innovation and won the game in 12.e4
splendid style; it was awarded a special prize. I well recall how satisfied I was to discover
I recalled this variation: 8 . . . \Wxb2 9.�a4 \Wc2 that 1 2 . . . \Wxb2 could be answered by 1 3 . .id2,
1 0.\Wxc2 hc2 1 1 .� c5, and exploiting the fact with dangerous threats.
that l l . . .b6 fails to 1 2 . .ib5 , White obtains
powerful pressure on the queenside. 12 ... dxe4 13.�xe4 �dS 14 ..ig3 �b3 15.�d2
After an exchange of queens, all the defects
8 . e6 9 ..id3
..
of Black's position would cease forthwith to
The children in our club had firmly absorbed play any significant role, while at the same
the principle that with this kind of pawn time other factors would gain in importance;
formation, an exchange of light-squared specifically, the light squares would become
bishops is in Black's favour. A short essay on good outposts and springboards for the black
this topic, under Ebralidze's auspices, was pieces.
written by A. Busalev who later became a
master. 15 ... �c4 16.�g5
I was hoping to take advantage of the black The temperature of the struggle rises. Black
queen's position on b6 to establish a pawn on has clearly gained the upper hand in the
b4 and then bring my knight to a4, gaining queenside battle, but there are other zones of
the initiative on the queenside. combat - the centre and kingside - where his
affairs are in a poor shape.
9 ... i.xd3 10.�xd3 gcS l l .0-0 �aS Of course there are no forced variations
Now the plan of b2-b4 and � a4 is not all leading to a win, but it cannot be doubted
that dangerous to Black, since his own knight that the overall assessment of the position is
will land on c4. Nonetheless Black's scheme in White's favour. This can be borne out by a
24 Python Strategy

fairly simple appraisal of the players' tactical This merely aids White's attack; 24 . . . f5 was
possibilities. For example if 1 6 . . . lLlxb2, one more tenacious.
strong answer is 1 7 _:gfb 1 , when the pin against
the knight on b2 is added to all Black's other 25.£5 gxf5 26.�xf5
troubles.
If Black tries giving his king a loophole with 8
1 6 . . .f6, then after 1 7. 'W g4 White already has
a concrete target - the e6-pawn. Would you 7
then play 1 7 . . . @f7, when White has 1 8 .lLlfg5t 6
in reply?
5
16 ... h6 17.�g4 h5 18.�g5 :gh6 4
Black has covered the g6-square and is
3
preparing . . . f7 -f6, in order afterwards to attend
to the queenside in earnest 2

1
8
a b c d e f g h
7 A picturesque position. White's centralized
6 army has developed maximum energy.
5
26 ...�xd4t 27,q,hl i.e7
4 The pawn on f7 is indefensible. On 27 . . . 'Wg7,
3
White has the decisive stroke 28.'Wxd5 . The
curtain could already be drawn at this point.
2

1 28.�xf7t q,d7 29.l00 �h8 30.i.e5 �h7

3 1 .�xh7 :gxh7 32.hb2 gc2 33.i.d4 ha3
a b c d e f g h 34.ttle5t q,d8 35.ttlg5 gh5 36.ttlxe6t q,e7
19J:�ael 37.ttlg6t q,d6 38.ttlgf4 ttlx£4 39.ttlxf4
This simple move, bringing one more piece Black resigned.
into the battle, demonstrates that Black is in a 1-0
bad way. A threat of 20.'Wxd5 exd5 2 1 .lLlf6t
@d8 22.:ge8# has arisen, and on 19 . . . f6 White
decides the game with 20.'Wxd5 exd5 2 1 .lLlc5t
and 22.lLlxb3.
Vladimir Dunaev - Tigran Petrosian
19 ... tLlxb2 20.ttlfd2 �b5 21.£4 Leningrad 1 946
The pawn plays the role of a battering ram
which will knock down the flimsy fortifications l.e4 c5 2.ttla d6 3.d4 c:x:d4 4.ttlxd4 t0f6
in the way of White's major pieces. 5.ttlc3 e6 6.i.e2 a6 7.a4 i.e7
Of course, from the viewpoint of
2l..,:gg6 22.�xh5 :gh6 23.�0 �d3 24.'Wf.2 "theoretically correct" opening play, objections
g6 can be raised against both opponents' handling
 Chapter 1 - 1 945- 1 948 25

of this line. Specifically we should note that for him. If he didn't like 1 6.f5 on account
at present a sceptical view is taken of a2-a4, of 1 6 . . . tt::l e5, he could have thought about
which weakens the b4-square, especially 1 6 . .ig4.
if Black is able to develop his knight on c6.
Yet this judgement is constantly subject 16 .. J�b8 17.'fld2 �c6 18.�a4 gb4
to change. We were obviously both in agreement in
If this game had been played 1 5 years later, judging that 1 8 . . . .ixa4 1 9.l:!xa4 l:!xb2 20.'1&c3,
it would most likely have gone as follows: followed by 2 l .'iMxg7, would be in White's
7 . . . tt::l c6 8 .tt::l b 3 (intending 9.a5) 8 . . . tt::l a5 . favour.

8.�e3 'f!c7 9.� b3 b6 1 0.£4 �b7 l l .�f3 19.b3 gxe4

� bd7 12.0-0 If you compare the positions resulting from
19 . . ..ixe4 20.c3 .ixf3 2 l .cxb4 .ib7 22.bxc5
and 1 9 . . J::!:xe4 20 . .ixe4 .ixe4, the latter clearly
comes off better. I felt that in the former case
the disruption of the queenside would give
White counter-chances; I was also worried
about the simple 20 . .ixe4 l:!xe4 2 l .c4, with
22.tt::l c3 to follow.

a b c d e f g h
12 .. J:!c8
If Black had foreseen the following events,
he would have played 1 2 .. J::!: b 8. White cannot
do without advancing his g-pawn, and in
consequence Black will have to play . . . tt::l c5,
freeing d7 for the other knight. To meet the
attack on the e4-pawn, and with the assurance
that . . . d6-d5 will not be playable, it is highly 20.c4
likely that White will exchange on c5, leading Obviously aiming to pick up the audacious
to closure of the c-file. rook in exchange for a minor piece other than
This analysis would have prompted Black to the light-squared bishop.
ensure that his rook was "in the right place",
not formally but in substance. 20 ...h6 21 .g6?
The correct line was 2 1 .tt::l c3 l:!xe3 22.'iMxe3
13.g4 �c5 14.�xc5 bxc5 1 5.g5 � d7 16.a5 hxg5 23.fxg5 tt::l e 5 24 . .ixc6t 'iMxc6, with a
White appears to have had no clear complex struggle.
conception of the attacking possibilities that
the advance of his pawn mass has opened up 21. .. £5 22.�c3 �f6
26 Python Strategy

pleasing to the young player: "Petrosian's

success is the rightful result of the gradual
growth of his young talent. In the sphere of
the opening, Petrosian possesses knowledge
that some experienced masters could envy.
He has a good feel for the position; in most
of his games, he has strategically outplayed
his young rivals and then finished them off
with quick tactical strokes. He has quite good
combinative vision, and rarely makes mistakes
in calculation."
Mikhail Beilin recalls:
"I became closely acquainted with Tigran in
It's now clear that Black's powerful centre, the autumn of 1 947 near Riga, where the final
once set in motion, will sweep aside everything of the 'Spartak' club's individual championship
before it. was taking place. He was already Junior
Champion of the USSR; he had won the
23 ..\\xe4 fxe4 24J'!adl dS 25.cxd5 exdS Championship of Georgia in 1 945 and the
26.£5 d4 27..\\f4 Wfcs 2s.ttle2 WfxfS 29 ..\\g3 Armenian Men's Championship in 1 946. You
Wfxg6 30.ttlf4 Wff7 3 1 .Wfc2 gS 32.ttl e2 d3 didn't need to be a prophet to predict a great
White resigned. future for Tigran. And his highly promising
0-1 competitive achievements were not the only
thing or the main thing. You only needed to
In 1 946 Petrosian gained a brilliant victory listen to his comments after the end of the game
in the all-union junior tournament for the to be struck by his depth of understanding,
second time, winning 1 3 games and conced ing , the accuracy of his judgements, his superb
2 draws. He travelled to Yerevan and won memory.
the Championship of Armenia, ahead of "In Petrosian's character, elements that
International Master Genrikh Kasparian, the were sharply distinct from each other, indeed
leader of Armenian chess; again Petrosian came diametrically opposed, were surprisingly
through without a single defeat. His successes combined. Already in those days he was sure
were greeted with astonishment by that veteran of his own powers and yet at the same time,
of Russian chess, Dus-Chotimirsky: on occasion, he would prove unexpectedly
"What? Just a boy - and he didn't lose a peaceable. But the latter case affected only the
single game?" result of this or that individual game. Petrosian
In 1 947, the veteran had occasion to was in no doubt that he ought to devote all
convince himself of the young man's strength his strength to perfecting himself in the art of
personally. This was in the next Armenian chess. The environment best suited to this was
Championship, where they both shared in the capital, and he became a Muscovite.
2nd-4th places with Kasparian - behind "Here is what I was told at that time by
Grandmaster Bondarevsky, who, like Dus­ Nikolai Sergeyevich Kolobov, the coach of the
Chotimirsky, was playing hors concours. Moscow 'Spartak' club, a modest and kind
The authoritative testimony of another man whom old 'Spartak' members recall even
Russian veteran, Grigory Levenfish, was also now:
 Chapter 1 - 1 945- 1 948 27

'"I put a proposal to the directors for helping learn from them - chances you don't and can't
Tigran Petrosian to move to Moscow. Of get in Yerevan. What's more, you'll always be
course they asked me questions - what about in the eye of the chess authorities, the whole
his lodging, what about his pay? And I said, he sporting establishment in fact - and that's very
needs very little - tickets to football matches, important. So don't worry about it. Move to
and money for. . . ice cream. They decided the capital."
to settle him for the present in a hostel in
Tarasovka, where footballers train.
'"In this way, the close association •GAM
lit E 3'�'�::I;'
between the words Petrosian, 'Spartak' and
Moscow originated. This steadfastness of his Tigran Petrosian - Igor Bondarevsky
commitments in life, this unfailing loyalty to Yerevan 1 947
the objects of his enthusiasm, belonged to his
nature. Petrosian's love of football, hockey and l .d4 d5 z.<�jf3 tLlf6 3.c4 e6 4.g3 dxc4 5.VMa4t
tennis, his genuine interest in sport, remained .id7 6.VMxc4 c5 7..ig2 J.c6 8.0-0
with him throughout his life. Being endowed An inaccuracy. White should play 8.dxc5
by nature with a delicate musical ear, he literally tt:lbd7 9 . .ie3 (but not 9.b4? a5 1 0.b5 .idS ,
could not live without music; he would sing all with a capture on c5 to follow) .
kinds of songs, he had an interesting collection
of gramophone records."' 8 tLlbd7 9.dxc5
•..

But we should note that Petrosian didn't Forced; 9.tt:lc3 leads to a difficult position
immediately agree to the proposal to move after 9 . . . b5!. Then 1 O.tt:lxb5? loses to l O . . tt:J b6,
.

to Moscow. It wasn't easy for him to part while the queen's retreat is met by . . . c5-c4,
from his Yerevan friends. As the well-known giving Black the advantage on the queenside.
journalist Valery Asrian recounted many years
later, it was Vladimir Makogonov, Honoured 9 hc5 lO.tLlc3 0-0 l l .b4 .ie7 12.a3 a5
.•.

Master of Sport, who had the decisive word 13 ..ie3 axb4

in the matter. In 1 948 Tigran took part in The immediate 1 3 . . . 1"k8 was stronger.
the Trans-Caucasian Republics tournament
and had to concede first place to that famous 14.axb4 �c8 15.VMb3 tLlg4 16 ..td2
player. Makogonov was above all struck by
the astounding positional flair that the youth
displayed in many of his games. Once when
they were taking a walk after the end of the day's
round, Petrosian confided in him that he had
been invited to Moscow but hadn't yet decided
what to do. Hearing this, Makogonov was
emphatic: "Don't think twice about it, Tigran,
just go. If I'd moved to Moscow in better years,
say ten years ago, my life would have turned
out differently. I'd have become a Grandmaster
ages ago. Believe me, in Moscow you'll have
such an opportunity to improve, you'll be able
to meet the best players in the country and
28 Python Strategy

16 � de5 17.i.f4 �g6 18.b5 Lf3 19.Lf3

•••

�xf4 20 .ixg4! •

It looks as if 20.gxf4 wins the pawn on b7,

but after 20 . . . lt:lxf2! White is the one who Tigran Petrosian - Gavriil Veresov
emerges a pawn down.
Moscow 1 947

20 i.f6
l .d4 �f6 2.c4 e6 3.�c3 i.b4 4.Wfc2 d5
•••

Better 20 . . . '&d4. Black was reckoning on a

5.cxd5 exd5 6.i.g5
piece sacrifice, but noticed at the last moment Botvinnik considers 6.lt:\f3 to be stronger, as
that it wasn't clear enough.
was played in Veresov - Botvinnik, Moscow
1 944. That game continued: 6 . . . c5 7 . .ig5 h6
2 1 J�acl 8 .ixf6 '&xf6 9.a3 .ia5 , and now with 1 0.dxc5
(instead of 1 0.0-0-0) White could have
gained the advantage.

6 ... h6 7 .i.x£6
In the game Mikenas - Botvinnik, Moscow
1 940, White tried out 7 . .ih4 c5 8.0-0-0,
which led to a sharp struggle.
In Keres - Botvinnik, Leningrad 1 94 1 ,
8 .0-0-0 was again played. After 8 . . . ixc3
9.'&xc3 g5 1 0 . .ig3 cxd4! (better than 1 0 . . . lt:\ e4
as in Belavenets - Simagin, Moscow 1 940)
1 1 .'&xd4 lt:lc6 1 2.'&a4 .if5 , White came under
a crushing attack. Following that game, the
a b c d e f g h
variation with 7.ih4 and 8 .0-0-0 disappeared
2 I . .ixc3
•.
from practice.
Black had been preparing 2 1 .. .Wfd2
22.gxf4 '&xf4 23 . .if3 .ie5 (23 .. J::!: c 5 deserves 7 Wfxf6 8.a3 i.a5?!
.••

attention) 24J::!: fd 1 '&xh2t 25.<j;>fl '&h3t, but A dubious move, giving White the chance to
then 26.<j;>e l follows (not, however, 26.<j;>g l ? take the offensive on the queenside with gain
allowing mate in 4 moves) . of tempo.

22.:Sxc3 :Sxc3 23.'&xc3 �d5 24.Wfc5 Wfc7 9.b4 i.b6 10.e3 J.5 l l .i.d3 .ixd3
25.Wfxc7 �xc7 26.i.f3 ttlxb5 Perhaps Black had been counting on
Draw agreed. 1 1 . . .'&g6, but then realized that after 1 2 . .ixf5
1/:z- :Y:z '&xg2 1 3.f4 '&xh 1 14.0-0-0 h5 (the threat was
1 5 . .ig4) 1 5 .Wff2, he would lose his queen.

12.Wfxd3 c6 13.ttlf3 0-0 14.0-0 ttl d7

 Chapter 1 - 1 94 5 - 1 948 29

White was in no haste to play it, retaining it

instead as a threat.

22 ge7 23.g3 gbs 24.lLl d2

•••

A simple move which, by threatening

25.lLldb l Wfal 26.1'!a2, compels Black to give
up material.

a b c d e f g h
1 5.a4 l:Ue8 16J:Ucl Vd6 17.b5 fi.c7
White would answer 1 7 . . . Aa5 with 1 8.bxc6
bxc6 1 9.Wfa6 Axc3 20.1'!xc3 ll:l b6 2 1 .lZld2,
after which his advantage is not in doubt.

18J:�a2 ge6 19.gac2

First 1 9.bxc6 bxc6, and only then 20.1'!ac2,
would have been more exact.
a b c d e f g h
25.Vxc6?
The correct course was 25.lLlxc4 dxc4
26.Wfxc6 Axa5 27.lLld5, followed 28.Wfxc4.
Instead White starts to "combine" and
miscalculates, whereupon the struggle flares
up with new vehemence.

25 tll xd2 26.tiJxd5 ha5

•••

This is the move White had missed. Now

Black temporarily acquires a material plus.
However, the scattered state of the black pieces
a b c d e f g h allows White to seize the initiative and obtain
19 Va3! 20.bxc6
•••
chances of victory after winning the a7 -pawn.
A second inaccuracy, after which Black could The concluding part of the game was played
have obtained good chances with 20 . . . 1'!xc6, in mutual time trouble.
for instance: 2 1 .Wfb5 ll:lb6 22.a5 a6! 23.Wfb l
Wfxa5! 24.1'!a2 Wfxc3 25.1'!xc3 :!'!xc3 . 27.tll xe7t Vxe7 28.Vd5 /i.b4 29.gc7 Vf6
[Ed. note: Exchanging queens would give
20 bxc6? 2 1 .YlYa6 lLlb6 22.a5
•••
Black more chances of salvation: after 29. . Wf e6
.

Another strong move was 22.Wfb7, but 30. Wf xe6.fice6 31. 1%xa7 Aj8, with 32. . . lLl e4 to
follow, he consolidates his forces.}
30 Python Strategy

30J�xa7 t;)f3t 3 I .i>hl ttlg5 32.£4 c!Ll e6 34 ... i>h7?

There is no improvement in 32 . . .'\We6 The final mistake, after which Black loses by
33.'1Wxe6 lt:lxe6 34J:!b 1 . force. After 34 . . . .!f8 or 34 . . . lt:l f8 he could still
have defended for a long time.
33.ga8
Better 33.:l'!b l , with an unpleasant pin. 35.�e4t g6
Black also loses with 35 . . . g;,g8 36.d5 Ad2
33 ... gxas 34.�xa8t 37.dxe6 Axel 38.e7.

36.d5 .td2 37J�dl

In this case (with the black king on h7) ,
37.dxe6 Axel 38.e7 fails to 38 . . . '1Wa6!, drawing.

37 ... t;)cs 38.�d4

Black overstepped the time limit, but this
was in a hopeless position, as can easily be
verified: 38 . . .'1Wxd4 39.exd4 lt:le4 40.l'!xd2
lt:lxd2 4 l .d6, and the pawn queens.
1-0

a b c d e f g h
Chapter 2

1 949- 195 1

In the spring of 1 949 in Tbilisi, a semi-final of the 1 7th national Championship took place,
and Petrosian finished second behind Geller. At last young Tigran's quality of play had brought
tangible results - he had qualified for the Championship final. Here is how Ratmir Kholmov,
the third qualifier, characterized Petrosian's performance: "The second finalist - the young master
Petrosian - plays with exceptional ease. His play still perhaps lacks the necessary depth, but he
copes expertly with tactical complexities."
So the 20-year-old Petrosian took part for the first time in the final of the USSR Championship.
And his first acquaintance with the "top brass" left him in a state of shock - he finished in sixteenth
place. But the setback did not discourage him, and his play gradually gained in confidence.
Immersing himself in the life of the capital, Petrosian started to improve dramatically. In an
amazingly short space of time he transformed himself from a promising master into one of the
claimants to the chess crown. An important test was the 1 950 Championship of Moscow, in
which Tigran came third.
In his survey of that tournament, the Izvestia columnist Vasily Panov wrote: "Of all the new
appearances in the Moscow Championship, the most interesting was undoubtedly the chess
debut of the young Armenian master Petrosian, who was playing in the final of this event for
the first time since he moved to Moscow. There was nothing at all wrong with this debut, as his
third-place finish testifies. Petrosian's talent, which recalls the style of Averbakh, is still in a process
of evolution. I feel like advising the young master to display more of the southern temperament
and less northern rationality. Of course, Petrosian's numerous draws can partly be blamed on the
powerful line-up of the Championship and his unfamiliarity with his opponents' strength of play,
which necessitated caution. At any rate, Petrosian showed himself to be a solid, determined and
excellently prepared chess competitor."
In the 1 95 1 Moscow Championship, Petrosian was the winner. Everyone was amazed at how
easily he would find the best continuations. Time trouble was foreign to him - one of the qualities
of Capablanca in his youth. At blitz chess, Tigran had practically no equals; he was to win the
Moscow lightning championship several times. And when he began travelling abroad, he easily
beat everyone at it, including Najdorf, a great blitz specialist.
The growth of his strength and mastery recalled the climbing of a mountain - slow, but sure.
Petrosian qualified again for the USSR Championship final (the 1 8th) , where he improved on his
showing of the previous year; he shared 1 2th- 1 3th places.
In the following national Championship (the 1 9th, in 1 95 1 ) Petrosian lost his first two
games but went on to share 2nd-3rd places with Geller, half a point behind Keres but ahead
of Botvinnik and Smyslov. Apart from the official reward, he received a special prize for the
32 Python Strategy

best result against Grandmasters. This was a 12 ...£6?

triumph for the young master, not only from Now White succeeds in seriously weakening
the competitive standpoint but in the quality his opponent's kingside.
of his play. Assessing Petrosian's play in the
Championship, Panov wrote that "he has an
8
excellent command of the art of positional
manoeuvring, and strives to ground his 7
subtle strategic plans in deep and accurate 6
calculation."
From that time on, Petrosian was to take 5
part regularly in the national Championship 4
final.
3

1
�������
Tigran Petrosian - Iosif Pogrebissky a b c d e f g h
Tbilisi 1 949 13.exf6 exf6 14.ltlxh7 �xh7 15.bxc5 � c6
16.J.b2 V!!c7
l.d4 ltlf6 2.c4 g6 3.ltlf3 J.g7 4.g3 0-0 s.J.g2 The start of a passive plan that quickly leads
d5 6.cxd5 ltlxd5 7.0-0 c5 to Black's downfall. A more energetic line was
Another move frequently played is 7 . . . ttlb6. 1 6 . . . .if5 .

8.e4 ltlf6 17.ltld2 J.e6 1 8.�e4 gads 19.h4 V!!d7

The continuation 8 ... ttl b6 9.d5 e6 1 0 ..ig5 20.h5 J.g4
f6 l l . .ie3 f5! ? is interesting. After 1 2.e5 White Black tries to intercept the white queen's
probably gains the advantage. Black's 8 . . . ttl f6 action along the d l -h5 diagonal, but White
has been tested in practice plenty of times. In has a small combination that immediately
the present game Black tries to carry out a plan decides the outcome of the struggle.
of attacking the e5-pawn.

9.e5 �fd7 10.�g5 cxd4 1 1 .£4 � c5

A possibility was l l . . .ttlc6, not fearing 12.e6
ttlc5 1 3.exf7t �h8.

12.b4
The point of 1 0.ttlg5 becomes clear from
the variation 12 . . . ttle6 1 3.ttlxe6 fxe6, after
which the bishop on g7 is shut out of play for
good. However, with 1 3 . . . .ixe6! 1 4 . .ixb7 .id5
1 5 ..ixa8 .ixa8, Black could have cast doubt on
White's strategy which was to be vindicated in
the game. a b c d e f g h
 Chapter 2 - 1 949- 1 95 1 33

2 1 .hxg6t @xg6 22.f5t Axf5

8
On 22 . . . Wxf5 White has the decisive
23.Wb l ! . 7

6
23.ll:ld6!
This "quiet" move contains the point of the 5
combination. 4

3
23 ...Ag4 24.Ae4t @h5 25JU4 f5 26.�xg4
fxg4 27.�d2 �h8 28.@g2 2
Black resigned.
1
1-0
a b c d e f g h
1 3 ... ll:l d8
Instead 1 3 . . . lt'lf4 is dubious in view of
Tigran Petrosian - Andor Lilienthal 1 4.j,xf4 exf4 1 5 .e5 dxe5 1 6.lt'lxe5 . For
example, 1 6 . . J:id8 1 7.c4 b5 1 8 .Wf3 j,b7
Moscow 1 949 1 9.�ad l bxc4 20.j,xc4 �d6 2 1 .j,b3, or
1 8 . . . bxc4 1 9.d6 Wb7 20.Wxf4 with advantage
l .e4 e5 z..!t:l f3 ll:l c6 3.ltlc3 ll:lf6 4.Ab5 Ab4 to White.
Black may also play 4 .. .lt) d4, which usually
leads to a sharp fight. White can, however, opt 14.ll:lh4 ll:l e8 15.g3
to simplifY the position with 5.lt'lxd4 exd4 Preparing 1 6.f4.
6.e5 dxc3 7.exf6 Wxf6 (7 . . . cxd2t 8 .j,xd2 Wxf6
9.0-0 is dangerous, as Black is too far behind 15 ...�e7 16.ll:lf5
in development) 8.dxc5 WeSt 9.We2 etc. Forcing Black to capture on f5 . Otherwise
White would continue with 1 7.lt'le3 and bring
5.0-0 0-0 6.d3 hc3 7.bxc3 d6 8.Ag5 We7 the knight to c4.
Black selects the defence that involves
transferring the knight from c6 to d8 and e6. I6 ...Axf5 17.exf5 Wf6 I8.�g4 �e7
He can't play 1 8 . . . g6 because of 1 9.j,g5! and
9.�el ltl d8 IO.d4 tlJ e6 n .Acl 20.j,e7, winning the exchange; while 1 8 . . . h6
If l l ,j,h4, then after the manoeuvre . . . lt'l e6- would set up a target for a possible pawn attack
f4-g6 the white bishop will be forced to by White. Black's 1 7 . . .Wf6 turns out to have
abandon the h4-d8 diagonal. been a waste of tempo.

l l . .. c5 I9.Ag5 �d7
Black often plays 1 1 . . .c6. If 1 9 . . . lt'l f6, then 20.Wd l .

I2.Afl zo.a4 f6 2 1 .Ad2 g6 22.Ah3 �xf5 23.�xf5

Another possibility is 1 2 .j,d3. gxf5 24.Ax£5 ll:lg7 25.Ad3 f5
Black should have played 25 . . . lt'lf7, keeping
12 ...�c7 13.d5 the position closed. With 25 . . . f5 he is helping
White to open it up.
34 Python Strategy

26.£4 e4 3 c5 4.c3 �c6 5.�f3 �b6 6 .ie2 cxd4

.•. •

Even now, 26 . . . lLlf7 would have been better. 7.cxd4 �ge7 8.b3 �f5 9 .ib2 .ib4t lO.®fl
•

h5
27 .ie2 gcs 28.c4 ttl eS
• All this had been seen in the game Aitken
- Bondarevsky, radio match 1 946, which
continued 1 1 .h4 .id7 1 2.lLlc3 .ixc3 1 3 ..ixc3
8
l'!ac8 1 4.l'!h3 lLlce7 1 5 .Wfd2 .ib5 1 6.lLlgl
7 lLlg6, and Black won on the 34th move.
6
1 1 . ttl c3 .ixc3
5 Of course not l l . . .lLlxd4? 1 2.lLla4. In the
4 event of l l . . . .id7, Black didn't like the look
of 1 2.lLla4 followed by a2-a3 and b3-b4, when
3
his position is very cramped.
2
12 .ixc3 .id7 13.%Yd2 a5
1
•

Black's plan involves an exchange of light­

a b c d e f g h squared bishops, but 1 3 . . . lLl ce7 would fail to
29.h3! 14 . .ia5 Wfc6 1 5 .l'!c l . With . . . a7-a5 he defends
Preparing 30.g4, after which Black's position against this threat.
becomes critical.
14.g3
29 l2Jf6 30.g4 fxg4 3 1 .hxg4 gc7 32.<i!?f2 h6
.••
Probably 1 4.h4 was better. Black now
33.ghl e3t obtains the possibility of weakening the white
Trying to create counter-chances, but king's position.
without success.
14 h4 1 5.g4 �fe7
•••

34 .ixe3 lLle4t 35.®g2 lLlf7 36 .id3 ge7

• •

37.gael gfe8 38 .icl ttl c3 39.gxe7 gxe7

•

40.a5 b6 41 .axb6 axb6 42 ..id2 lLl e2 43.c3

hs 44. ® a
Black resigned.
1-0

Ratmir Kholmov - Tigran Petrosian

Moscow 1 949

a b c d e f g h
l.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.e5
After this move Black easily obtains a good 16.h3
game by creating pressure against the central On 1 6 .Wfg5, Black intended 1 6 . . . 0-0-0
d4-pawn. with complications. Yet that is how White
 Chapter 2 - 1 949- 1 95 1 35

ought to have played. After 1 7.§1xg7 �g6 (or Now either 25.E:el E:d8 26.§1c4 � f4 27.E:h2
17 .. J'�hg8 1 8.§1f6 E:xg4 1 9.�xh4±) 1 8.§1f6 E:d2 or 25 .E:cl � f4 would be in Black's
White's chances are better (but not 1 8.§1xf7 favour. The variations are highly complex and
� ce7 1 9.E:cl mbs 20.h3 E:df8 2 I .§Ig7 i.b5 interesting. A thorough analysis may well be
22.� gl E:hg8 23.§1h6 E:f7 24.E:h2 E:gf8 able to prove an advantage for one side or the
25 .§1d2 �c6 26.hb5 §lxb5t 27.�e2 � f4 other, but in a practical game the black side
28.§1e3 �d3 29.a4 §la6 30.E:c2 E:f3 3 I .§Id2 would be a good deal easier to play.
�xf2) . A worse option would be 1 7.�xh4 f6!.
23.E:h2?
16 ... £6 17.1i!?g2 E:£8 18 .id3?
• A crucial error.
By depriving Black of the g6-square, White
forestalls a knight sortie to f4. However, 23 0-0-0 24 .ic4
.•• •

after 1 8 .exf6 gxf6 ( 1 8 . . . E:xf6 is bad in view

of 1 9.�xh4 followed by f2-f4) 1 9 .�xh4 e5
20.E:ad 1 , it wouldn't be easy for Black to prove
that his attacking chances compensated him
for White's extra pawn. As the game goes, he
obtains a promising position.

18 ... &e5 19.c!L\xe5

White would lose at once with 1 9.dxe5
E:xf3! 20.'�xf3 d4 2 I .i.b2 �xe5t 22.me2
�xd3 23.'�xd3 i.b5t 24.mc2 §lc6t.

19 c!L\xe5 20.dxe5 d4! 2 1 .bd4 .ic6t

•••

22.1i!?gl �c7? a b c d e f g h
With this move Black gives White the chance 24. ..l�g6?
to rid himself of all his difficulties by sacrificing An error in return, letting the win slip. In his
the exchange with 23.§1e3. With the queen calculations Black had been intending to win a
sacrifice 22 . . .§1xd4! Black could have reached piece by 24 . . . §1d7 25.E:dl i.f3, exploiting the
a position where the active placing of his pieces bad placing of the white pieces on the d-file.
would make White's defence very difficult. However he rejected this line on account of
For example: 23.i.g6t �xg6 24.§1xd4 E:f3 26.§1xa5 (26.i.e2 i.xe2 27.§1xe2 �c6 28 .§1c4
(evidently the strongest move) . E:f4-+; 26.§1c3! �c6 [26 . . . mb8 27.i.a7t+-l
27.E:d2 §lf7 28 .i.e3 E:xd2 29.i.xd2 E:d8
30.i.b5 §lg6) 26 . . . � c6 27.§1a8t me?
28 .i.b6t, overlooking that after 28 . . . mxb6
29.E:xd7 he could play 29 . . . E:xa8 . Hence he
decided to bring up his knight to join the
battle.

25.�e3
On making this move White offered a draw,
which Black declined. However, after thinking
a b c d e f g h
36 Python Strategy

for 40 minutes without finding any realistic An inaccuracy, allowing White to acquire
chances to play for a win, he consented to the active play by invading on e5 with his knight.
draw after all - incurring a reprimand from the The right move was 7 . . . Wc7.
masters who were present. They maintained
that 25 .. Jhd4 26.Wxd4 tLlxe5 27.ie2 if3 8.tLle5!
would have won. But this is unconvincing in The key move. If White doesn't succeed in
view of 28.'1We3 ixe2 29-l:kl ic4 (29 . . . tLlf3t establishing a knight on e5, his entire system
30.ct;>g2) 30.f4, and it is White who wins. of play promises him nothing. You can now
True, in place of 27 . . . if3 Black could understand the reason for recommending
continue with 27 . . . tLlf3t 28.ixf3 hf3. Then 7 . . . Wc7. The knight wouldn't then be able
in the long run White would be obliged to give to go to the key square, and if White tried
the exchange back, and the outcome would bringing his bishop into the fight for the
probably be a peaceful one anyway. e5-point with 8 .if4, Black would parry with
For the next 1 5 moves Black only had 8 . . . id6. No matter how many times I played
8 minutes left, and under the pressure of this system later, I never gained any advantage
approaching time trouble he accepted the if l didn't manage to set up a knight outpost on
draw offer. e5. Fortunately though, not all my opponents
lf2-lf2 in those years took the system with ig5
seriously; evidently to them it was like some
rustic inventor's bicycle.

8 tLlxe5 9.dxe5 tLl d7 IO .i£4!

••. •

Tigran Petrosian - Victor Liublinsky An exchange of bishops would be wholly

Moscow 1 949 senseless. The pawn on e5 is cramping Black's
position - and any exchange, reducing the
l .d4 �f6 2.tLla e6 3 ..ig5 c5 4.e3 .ie7 quantity of pieces on the board, would
The most active continuation is 4 . . . \Wb6. alleviate his lot. After all, the fewer pieces there
White is then practically forced to go in for a are, the less space is needed for manoeuvring.
pawn sacrifice with 5.tLlbd2, seeing that 5 .b3 Apart from that, after I O.ixe7 Wxe7 l l .f4 or
or 5 .\Wcl would be too passive. I I .tLlf3, Black could start an immediate attack
against White's pawn wedge with I I . . .f6.
5.�bd2 d5 6.c3 � bd7 7 .id3 0-0?!
•

8
8 7
7 6
6 5
5 4
4 3
3 2
2 1
1
a b c d e f g h
a b c d e f g h
 Chapter 2 - 1 949- 1 95 1 37

But now if 10 .. .f6, the reply 1 1 .Wfh5 is diagonal at once with . . . ltJ e4 if the need should
most unpleasant for Black. It forces 1 1 . . . 5 , as arise.
l l . . .g6 would be met by the obvious sacrifice
1 2.�xg6 hxg6 1 3.Wfxg6t �h8 1 4.h4. White's 13.�f3
threats are then scarcely to be fended off - for I dare say 1 3.g4 would have been more
instance, 14 . . . fxe5 1 5 .Wfh5t �g8 1 6.�h6 l:!f6 resolute. Today I consider both these moves to
1 7.l:!h3. Black's wish to cut off any possible be of equal worth, but we all know how hard it
threats on the b 1 -h7 diagonal without delay is sometimes is to make the correct choice even
therefore natural. between pleasant options.
With 1 3.lDf3 White has set up the concrete
10 ... 6 threat of 14.lDg5, after which his opponent
Not at all a bad move in the present would face an awkward choice. Clearly Black
situation. It now looks hard for White to preferred 1 2 . . . b5 to any other move because
think about attacking. But what other plan is he wanted to push this pawn further in a
he to choose? Prepare to castle long? But then hurry, but after 1 3.lDf3 it becomes clear that
Black would try to set his queenside pawns in 1 3 . . . b4 14.lDg5 sets him some difficult
motion quickly, with his advanced pawn on c4 problems. If 14 . . . lDc5, then 1 5 .Wfh5 h6
acting as the equivalent of White's pawn on 1 6.Wfg6. On the other hand after 14 . . .hg5
e5. He would only need to push his b-pawn 1 5 .hxg5 Wfe7, a familiar sacrifice occurs:
to b4, and he would clearly be ahead ofWhite 1 6.l:!xh7, with an attack of which the following
in developing his attack. Castling kingside is variation demonstrates the power: 1 6 . . . �xh7
senseless for White, nor is it simple to carry 1 7.Wfh5t �g8 1 8 .g6 ltJ f6 1 9.Wfh2! (better
out - after 1 1 .0-0 g5 1 2.�g3 f4 the bishop than 1 9.exf6 gxf6 20.�d6 Wig?) . The threat
perishes. Of course, the right to castle could of 20.�e2 and 2 1 .l:!h1 forces Black to attack
be earned, for instance by the precaution the g6-pawn at once with 1 9 . . . Wfe8, but then
of withdrawing the bishop to g3. As long as White can play 20.exf6 Wfxg6 2 l .fxg7 �xg7
White has not castled short, it makes no sense 22.�e5t �f7 23 .�d l , winning.
for Black to advance his g-pawn.
But then, White didn't select this formation 13 ... � c5 14.g4 b4 1 5.gxf5
merely in order to dream about castling on Hastily played. I felt that my opponent was
one side or the other after 1 0 moves had been starting to outpace me. Obviously I didn't like
played: 1 5 .cxb4 lDd3t 1 6.ixd3 �xb4t 1 7.�fl cxd3
1 8 .Wfxd3 fxg4 (or 1 8 . . . a5) , after which no
l l .h4! trace of White's attack remains.
An important blockading move! The safety A stronger move was 1 5 .ltJd4. The point is
of the bishop on f4 is now guaranteed, and that positionally White's affairs are in good
another thematic move - g2-g4 - is placed on shape. On d4 the knight has a splendid post;
the agenda. We will note in passing that the when the exchange on f5 takes place, Black will
capture on h4 is fatal owing to the obvious be forced to recapture with his e-pawn, leaving
1 2.Wfh5 . the d5-pawn backward and potentially weak.
However, I went in for a forced variation,
l l ... c4 12.�c2 b5 reckoning that it would bring victory.
The immediate 1 2 . . . ltk5 would be better,
enabling Black to shut off the white bishop's 15 ... exf5 16.ttlg5
38 Python Strategy

Tigran Petrosian - Alexander Tolush

Moscow 1 950

I .tl:}f3 c!L!f6 2.c4 e6 3.c!Llc3 d5 4.d4 c6

The game has transposed to a position
frequently encountered in the tournaments of
the last few years.

5.cxd5 exd5 6.V;Vc2

Stopping the bishop from developing on f5 .
16 g6?
•••

Black wants to keep the enemy queen out 6 .id6

•••

of h5, but he overlooks a fairly obvious threat. In the game Petrosian - Aronin from the
After 1 6 . . . h6 17.WI'h5 tt:\d3t 1 8 .i.xd3 cxd3 6th round, Black played more accurately
1 9.WI'g6 hxg5 20.hxg5 Wl'e8 2 I .WI'h7t 'it>£7 with 6 . . . i.g4 7.i.g5 i.e7 8.e3 tt:\bd7 9.i.d3
22.�h6 �g8, the outcome of the game would i.h5 I O.tt:\h4 0-0 I I .lLlf5 i.g6, and achieved
be unclear. Black could also meet 1 7.WI'h5 with equality.
17 . . . WI'e8, after which White would retain no
more than a positional plus. 7 ..ig5 0-0 8.e3 .ig4 9.c!Lle5 .ih5 10.£4

17.h5!
8
Now the h-file is opened, seeing that after
1 7 . . . i.xg5 1 8.i.xg5 Wl'xg5 1 9.WI'xd5t i.e6 7
20.WI'xc5 White's advantage is not in doubt.
6

17 tl:}d3t 18 ..bd3 cxd3 19.hxg6 hxg6

•.•
5
With 1 9 . . . i.xg5, Black would be setting a 4
small trap: 20.WI'h5 h6! . But after 20.�xh7! he
would still lose. 3

2
20.V;Vxd3 bxc3 21 .bxc3 .bg5 22.hg5
1
V;Va5 23.J.f6 �e8 24.V;Vd4 'it>f7 25.e6t �xe6
26 . .id8! a b c d e f g h
Black resigned.
10 V;Va5?
1-0
•••

Of course passive defence is not in Tolush's

style, but this premature attempt at counterplay
with his queenside undeveloped meets with
a decisive rebuttal. He should have played
I O . . . WI'e8, ridding himself of the awkward pin
without removing his queen from the battle
 Chapter 2 - 1 949- 1 95 1 39

zone. He would then probably have obtained

adequate counter-chances, answering 1 1 .i.d3
with l l . ..tlJg4, or l l .h3 with l l . . . tiJ fd7.
Paul Keres - Tigran Petrosian
l l .i.d3 h6
Moscow 1 950
There was hardly any improvement in
1 l . . .:B:e8. White would continue 1 2 .ixf6 gxf6 l.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.�d2 �c6
1 3.i.xh7t @f8 1 4.�f5, with a very strong The best continuation is considered to be
attack. 3 . . . c5 . However, the position arising after
4.exd5 exd5 5 .i.b5t i.d7 6.�e2t is not to
12.hf6 gxf6 13.g4! everyone's taste, as White obtains a small but

� ��- � lasting plus. Black's 3 . . . tlJ c6 also leads to a

.� -
��
8 difficult game for him, but it enables him to
7 - � � � ·- � create tactical complications .

..... %�
� u
� 'w�
AW .•Y-��� --- � ��j_
�-�
-%�
6
�
� � � 4.c3 f5?

... . .%� �
A move that weakens the squares e5 and e6 .

• ��r�----·;
w� w - ·% �
5
Black should play 4 . . . e5!.
4 w� 8�
���n- - -%�
z !nva u��
3 5.exf5 exf5 6.J.d3 J.d6 7.tDe2! �ge7 s.tDf3
0-0 9.%Yc2 %YeS 10.J.d2 J.d7 1 1 .0-0-0 � a5

1 ' .a� %� �P'�-�� ;-

It was worth thinking about 1 l . . .b5, and
._.:....
�
---- ----
if 1 2.i.xb5 then 1 2 . . . tlJxd4. However, after
1 2.tlJf4 b4 1 3.c4 White would obtain the
a b c d e f g h
advantage.
13 ... fxe5 14.fxe5 i.e7 15.0-0-0!
White has no reason to hurry, as the bishop 12.i.f4 b5 13.:B:de1 b4
on h5 is trapped. On 1 5 . . .i.xg4, the natural
1 6.:B:dg 1 is decisive, while 1 5 . . . i.g6 loses to 8
1 6.i.xg6 fxg6 1 7.�xg6t @h8 1 8 .�xh6t @g8
1 9.:B:hfl followed by 20.:B:f5 . 7

6
15 ...i.g5 16.gxh5 �h8
5
Nothing is altered by 1 6 . . . i.xe3t 1 7.@b l .
4
17.�fl f5 1 8.h4 J.e7 19.%¥£4
3
Black resigned.
1-0 2

1
a b c d e f g h
Black is going in for a risky combination
involving a piece sacrifice, which ought to
lead to a loss against correct defence. But with
40 Python Strategy

other continuations White also has the better Having once gone wrong, and in time
chances. trouble as well, White fails to find the right
plan. He should have played 23.Ei:b l lLl c8
14 ..txd6 cxd6 15.cxb4 �ac6 16.a3 a5 17.b5 24.Ei:hcl lt:J b6 25 .<ile2, removing his king to
�b4 1 8.axb4 �c8 19.�c3 axb4 a safe place.

23 ... h6 24.�hel �c8 25.c4 �b6 26.cxd5

8
�fc8
7

a b c d e f g h

20.c;td2?
White wrongly returns the sacrificed piece.
a b c d e f g h
He could play more strongly with 20.�e2!
�d8 (20 . . . �f7 2 l .g5 bxc3 22.lt:Jxf7 cxb2t 27.�e7
23.<i>xb2 <i>xf7 24.�h5t, and White wins) The situation has become dangerous
2 l .�xe7 �a5 22.�xd7 bxc3 23.<i>d 1 ! , and no for White, and he should be striving for
continuation of Black's attack is to be seen. simplification with 27.Ei:cl Ei:xcl 28 .<ilxcl
�xd5 - after which the chances would be
20 .. .'\Wfl 2 1 .'1Wb3 bxc3t 22.bxc3 �b8 about equal.

27 ...'\W£6 28.h4 �aS 29.�7e2 f4 30.� e5?

8
A time-trouble miscalculation. He should
7 have played 30.Ei:e4.
6
30 ... dxe5 3 1 .dxe5 '1We7 32.�e4 �a3 33.'1Wb2
5 .tf5 34.'1Wd4
4 Nothing would be altered by 34.Ei:d4 Ei:xd3t
3 5 .Ei:xd3 lt:J c4t, or 34.d6 �a7.
3

2 34 ... �a2t 35.c;tdi '1Wa3

White resigned.
1
0-1
a b c d e f g h
23.�e3
 Chapter 2 - 1 949- 1 95 1 41

14.a4!
With this move White forces the opening of
the a-file, after which the pawn on a7 becomes
Tigran Petrosian - Igor Bondarevsky weak.
Moscow 1 950
14 ... bxa4
I .t2Jf3 e6 2.g3 f5 3 ..ig2 tlJ£6 4.0-0 .ie7 5.d4 It would be even worse to play 1 4 . . . a6
0-0 6.c4 c6 1 5 .axb5 cxb5 .
If 6 . . . d5, then 7.b3 c6 8 .�a3, and White
forces a favourable exchange of dark-squared I5.E:xa4 .i £6 16 ..ib2 a6
bishops. Here 1 6 . . . e5 would hardly be any better,
for example 1 7.dxe5 '2l fxe5 1 8 .l:!fal '2lxd3
7.V!lc2 1 9.exd3 �xb2 20.�xb2 '2lxc5 2 1 .l:!xa7, or
l ?.dxe5 tt:J dxe5 1 8.l:!fa l , with advantage to
Given the move order that Black has chosen,
he would reply to the bishop exchange - 7.b3 White. But now White prevents the . . . e6-e5
�eS 8.�a3 �xa3 9.'2lxa3 - not with . . . d7-d5, advance for good.
but with ... d7-d6 followed by . . . e6-e5.
17.tlJfe5 t2J fxe5 18.dxe5 .ie7 19.£4 E:b8
If 19 . . . g5, then 20.fxg5 �xg5 2 l .�c l is in
7 V!Je8 s.t2Jbd2 d5 9.tlJe5
White's favour.
.•.

White has decided to arrange his knights on

d3 and f3, clamping down on the e5-point.
20.E:fal E:b5 21 .b4
9 ... t2J bd7 IO.t2J d3 tlJ e4 l l .t2Jf3 t2J d6 White wants to transfer his knight to d4;
The start of a faulty plan. Black should he also wants the option of answering 2 l . . .g5
be trying for an attack on the kingside by with l2.fxg5 �xg5 23.�cl . He therefore
continuing 1 1 . .. �h5 or 1 l . . .g5 . Instead he refrains from the natural-looking 2 l .�d4.
goes in for queenside play, which favours
White who has a lead in development and 21 ... h5 22 ..ic3 h4 23.e3 tlJ bS
controls more space. Now and on the next move it would have been
better to play . . . hxg3, with . . . g7-g5 to follow.
12.b3 b5 13.c5 tlJ£7
24.tlJei E:b7 25.gxh4 .ixh4 26.t2Jf3 .ids
42 Python Strategy

27.h4! �h5 28 ..iel i.d7 Here the game was adjourned. Black sealed
He shouldn't have left the a6-pawn without 4I. ..!c8 and resigned the following day without
protection, especially since Black has no time resuming. After 42.�xf7t 'it>x£7 43.ltJb5 E:a8
to carry out the manoeuvre . . . iJ.d7-e8-h5 in 44.ltJd6t 'it>f8 45.c7, White easily wins.
any case. 1-0

29.�fl c.t>f7?
It was essential to play 29 . . . iJ.c8, when it
wouldn't have been so simple for White to
exploit his positional advantage. The move Tigran Petrosian Anatoly Bannik
-

played leads to the loss of a pawn, after which Sverdlovsk 1 9 5 1

Black's position collapses.
I .d4 �f6 2.�f3 e6 3.i.g5 c5 4.e3 J.e7
30.i.fl �h8 3I .i.xa6 �xa6 32.�xa6 J.e7 5.�bd2 d5 6.c3 �bd7 7.J.d3 0-0 8.�e5!
33.�a7 �hb8 34.�xb7 �xb7 35.�d4 �h8 �xeS 9.dxe5 � d7 IO ..i£4! f5 l l .h4! c4
36.�g3 12.i.c2 �c5
An immediate 36.b5 was also playable. I had recommended this move in the notes
to my game with Liublinsky on page 36.

a b c d e f g h
36 ...�b8 a b c d e f g h
[Ed. note: By preventing the threatened b4-b5 13.�f3 i.d7 14.�d4 �b6 15.i.g5!?
with 36. . J:k7, Black could have put up more A laudable idea for acquiring a long-term
stubborn resistance.} advantage founded on possession of the
square d4. Properly speaking, this square is
37.h5 �a7 38.�cl only important by virtue of the possibility of
White avoids his opponent's trap: after establishing a knight there. The knight on d4,
38.1'l:xa7 Wxa7 39 .Wfg6t \tlf8 40.ltJxe6t 1Lxe6 as befits a centralized knight, is controlling a
4 l .Wfxe6 Wa l 42.Wfc8t \tl£7 43.Wfxf5t \tlg8 he wide tract of the board. Other pieces on d4
would be compelled to surrender his bishop or would have nothing in particular to do. I could
give perpetual check. have pursued the same idea by exchanging
bishops a move earlier with 14.iJ.g5 , gearing
38 ... �g8 39.�g6t c.t>m 40.b5 �f7 41.bxc6 myself to a lengthy struggle.
 Chapter 2 - 1 949- 1 9 5 1 43

But my quick win against Liublinsky (show any operations with pawns in the centre either.
me someone who doesn't want to win quickly Nonetheless his position is superior, thanks
at chess!) had stuck in my memory. For that to the disparity in the effective values of the
reason, without going into any special analysis pieces. White's bishop and knight are patently
of variations, I took for granted that it made no stronger than their opposite numbers.
sense for Black to capture on g5 and open the White's task is to steer the struggle in a
h-file. Few players in young years would look direction that enables him to utilize the assets
seriously at the variation 1 5 . . ..ixg5 1 6.hxg5 of his position; and this means it is imperative
'Wxb2 - although that is just how Black ought to open lines for his rooks. For that reason it
to have played. In reply to 1 7J::I xh7, not a bad would suit Black's purpose to play 20 . . . h5,
response is 1 7 . . . ltJd3t, although 17 .. .'�xh7 is locking the kingside and compelling White to
also possible; after 1 8 .'Wh5t �g8 1 9.g6 Wxa1 t seek success on the queenside only.
20.�e2 �feB White has nothing better than
perpetual check. Evidently the experienced 20 gc8 2 1 .�d2!
•••

Bannik wasn't agreeable to a draw with the The king occupies a safe position here, and
young Petrosian. gives advance notice that Black's hopes of
putting pressure on the c3-pawn are futile.
15 gf7 16 .ixe7 gxe7 17.f;Ybl ! i.a4 18.b3
•.• •

White mustn't of course exchange the light- 21. a6

••

squared bishops, as the black knight would This was Black's last chance to play . . . h7-h5 .
then land on d3.
22.g4!
18 cxb3 19.axb3 i.d7 20.£4!
•••

White can't do without this move, in view of

a possible attack on the e5-pawn.

a b c d e f g h

After this, the position may be considered

lost for Black.
a b c d e f g h
Now the centre (white pawns on e3- 22 tLl e4t 23 ..ixe4 fxe4
•.•

e5-f4 versus black pawns on d5-e6-f5) has The mighty knight on d4 against the bad
become solidified once and for all. Black is bishop on d7, added to the mobile pawns on
permanently deprived of the possibility to play the kingside, makes the outcome of the fight
. . . f5-f4. White will not be able to carry out a foregone conclusion. It only remains for the
44 Python Strategy

white major pieces to start acting in concert 29 ... i>h8 30.h5 Wfd7 3 1 .ghl h6?
with the knight, and the positional weaknesses Black sticks his own head into the noose.
in Black's position will start falling like over­ It is obvious now that the advance of White's
ripe apples from the tree. g-pawn will lead to the opening of the g-file, on
which, for good measure, Black has presented
24.'1Wa2 his opponent with an outpost for his rooks.
The queen begins looking for a square where
it can exercise its capabilities. 32.gh2 gee8 33.ggl WIe7

24 .. .'1Wc7 25J�hcl .ih5 26.Wfa5

8
7
8
6
7
5
6
4
5
3
4
2
3

2
1
a b c d e f g h
1
34.Wfd6!
a b c d e f g h
After a series of leisurely moves White
26 ...Wfd7? proceeds to energetic operations. The story of
It would be better to play the bishop to d3 the endgame is a familiar one: the knight on
after exchanging queens. Of course, the bishop d4 and a white rook on g6 will sweep Black's
on d3 just by itself would not be a fighting position away.
unit. But when files were opened, they would
open up for Black's rooks as well as White's, 34 ...Wfxd6 35.exd6 gcd8 36.g5 e5 37.fxe5
and then if White showed any carelessness, gxe5 38.gxh6 gxh6 39.gg6 gg5 40.gxh6t
Black could hope to obtain counterplay. i>g7 41 .ge6
And Black resigned on the 47th move.
27.Wfh4 .id3 28.ggl! ... 1-0
White could play 28.f5 ? at once, but after
28 . . . exf5 29.e6 '1We8 (or 29 . . . '1Wc7) 30.gxf5
'\Wh5 3 1 .1"\gl '1Wxh4 32.:8g2 '\Wf6 he would
realize he had been rather over-hasty.
Isaak Lipnitsky - Tigran Petrosian
28 ...Wfe8 29.gacl Moscow 1 9 5 1
This move is not as pointless as all that. Black
mustn't be given even the slightest chance to l .e4 e 5 2.tlJf3 tLlc6 3 ..ic4 i.e?
play . . . :8ec7. This move leads to a quiet game, though one
in which Black is rather passive.
 Chapter 2 - 1 949- 1 95 1 45

4.d4 d6 5.&ik3 From d7 the knight may go to e5 or c5, and

A move often seen here, 5.d5, leads to on the latter square it will be firmly established
positions typical of the King's Indian Defence if Black plays a preliminary . . . a6-a5 . White
which I am happy to play. therefore blocks the black a-pawn before doing
anything else.
5 .. )L!f6 6.h3 0-0 7.0-0 a6
Either here or on the next move, the freeing 12.a5 i.f6 13.c3
combination 7 .. .lt:Jxe4 8.ctJxe4 d5 turns out White would gain nothing from 1 3 .ctJe6
badly. After 9.i.xd5 '1Wxd5 1 0.ctJc3 Black is in fxe6 1 4.dxe6 �h8 1 5 .exd7 i.xd7 1 6.i.d3 '1We8 .
considerable difficulties, for example: 1 0 . . . '1Wa5
1 l .ctJxe5 tt:lxe5 1 2.dxe5 '1Wxe5 1 3 .1'l:e 1 '1Wd6 13 ... ttJe5 14.i.h3 1'l:e8 15.i.c2 i.d7 16.f4 ttJg6
1 4.'1Wf3. The black knight is forced to abandon the
The move played has the aim of getting away central square e5, but White has achieved this
from the routine paths of development. If the at the cost of weakening the e-file and limiting
opportunity arises, Black intends to obtain the mobility of his bishop on c 1 .
active queenside play with . . . b7 -b5.
I7.'1Wd3
8.a4 exd4 9.ttJxd4 ttJ b4 White's plan now becomes clear. He prepares
White has temporarily weakened the b4- to complete his development with i.d2 and
point, and Black aims to secure full equality then to carry on increasing his initiative on the
after 1 0 . . . d5 . kingside.

lO.ttJ d5 17 ... c5 1 8.dxc6 bxc6 19.ttJf5

This guarantees White a certain spatial
plus (after the following forced exchange) .
8
In addition, White has a strong knight on
d4 while the black knight lacks outposts in 7
the centre. Despite this, White's advantage is 6
insignificant.
5
lO ... ttJ bxd5 l l .exd5 tlJd7 4

a b c d e f g h

19 ...i.xf5
Black is compelled to grant his opponent
the advantage of the bishop pair, as 1 9 . . . d5 is
not good; White would continue 20.ctJd6 and
then 2 l .ctJ b7, with advantage.

20.�xf5 d5 2 I .i.d2 ttJffi 22.�d3 c5

46 Python Strategy

Black attempts by means of . . . c5-c4 to 28 g6?

•••

terminate the attack against his a-pawn and Black frees his knight from the defence of
free his rook from defending it. In addition the the h-pawn, in order to meet 29.�xd4 with
white pawns on b2 and a5 will be split. 29 . . . �xd4 30.cxd4 lLle6.
The correct line, as indicated above, was
23JUel 28 . . . dxc3 .
It was worth considering 23 . .ia4, after which
Black would have to play precisely to maintain 29.cxd4 gbs 30.d5?
the balance. The correct continuation would The awkward-looking 30.!!a2 was the
be 23 . . . !!e6 24.f5 c4 25 .Wff3 !!e4 26.�e3 lZld7!. only move enabling White to keep his extra
material. Lipnitsky pins all his hopes on
23 J'hel t 24..ixel c4 25.Yl9'e2
•• the passed d-pawn, disregarding material
Black would answer 25 .Wff3 with 25 . . . d4. losses.

25 Yl9'c7 26.Yl9'f3 gds 27.�f2 d4 28.Yl9'e4

•••

6
5

a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h
Increasing the pressure on the d- and 32.d6?!
c-pawns. Now 28 . . . d3 is bad on account of White abandons the a5-pawn to no purpose;
29.�b6. 32 . .ib6 was better.
During the game it seemed to Black that
the variation 28 . . . dxc3 29.�b6 cxb2 30.1'!e l 32 Yl9'xa5 33.d7 Yl9'c7 34.Yl9'e8 .idS
••.

Wfc8 3 1 .�xd8 Wfxd8 32.Wfxc4 Wfxa5 would Not 34 . . . !!xc2, which loses to 35.d8=Wf
be fatal on account of 33.!!e8 Wfal t 34.�h2 �xd8 36.!!xd8 !!cl t 37.'kt>h2 Wfxf4t 38.�g3
b l =Wf 35 .�xb l Wfxb l 36.Wfc5, winning for Wfb4 39.�d6.
White. And yet after 33 . . . Wfb6t! (instead of
33 . . . Wfa l t?) 34.�h2 �d4!, Black's position is 35.Yl9'e4 i.£6 36.Yl9'e8
no worse. In this same variation, 3 1 . . .�xd8!, White assents to repetition of moves, but
holding on to the c-pawn, is also very strong. Black with a pawn more is not satisfied with
The final part of the game was played in a draw.
mutual time trouble which increased with
every move.
 Chapter 2 - 1 949- 1 95 1 47

After 37.i.b3 E:xb3 38.d8=Wf i.xd8 39.E:xd8 14.Wfg3 lLl a6 (but not 14 . . . lLld7?, because of
Wfxd8 40.Wfxd8 c2 4 I .i.e3 E:xe3 42.Wfd2 E:e2!, 1 5.lLlxe6!) , Black has time to bring his knight
Black has good winning chances. But White via c7 to d5 - after which his position is fully
should have gone into that line all the same, as defensible.
he now loses by force.
13 � d7 14.h4
•••

37 E:d8 38 .ia4
••• • If 1 4 .i.f3, then 1 4 . . . i.xf3 1 5 .Wfxf3 0-0.
There is no other way to defend the d-pawn,
but now the advance of the black c-pawn is 14 h5 1 5.'f!Yg3 � b6 16.0-0 a5!
•..

decisive. The correct decision. It becomes clear that

Black's king in the centre is not threatened
38 c2 39.E:cl Wfxf4 40 .ie3 'f!Yxa4
••• • by anything for the moment, while on the
White resigned. queenside a formidable array of passed pawns
0-1 is taking shape for him. A curious fact is that
an analogous position arose in the game Geller

�··· _ •
, ,;- f
_....:::. :
- Flohr in the same round of the tournament.

Tigran Petrosian - Vassily Smyslov

Moscow 1 9 5 1

1.d4 d5 2.c4 dxc4 3.�f3 �f6 4.� c3 c6 5.e4

By transposition of moves the game
has entered one of the sharpest and most
interesting variations of the Slav Defence, in
which White sacrifices a pawn for the attack.

5 b5 6.e5 � d5 7.a4 e6
•••

The strongest continuation. On 7 . . . i.f5,

there could follow: 8.axb5 �xc3 (or 8 . . . lLl b4 a b c d e f g h
9 .i.xc4 lLlc2t 1 0.It>e2 lLlxal I I .Wfa4 cxbS 17.d5?!
1 2 .i.xb5t i.d7 1 3.e6! fxe6 1 4.lLle5, with White sacrifices a pawn to complicate the
advantage to White) 9.bxc3 cxb5 l O.lLlgS e6 game as much as possible. But against Black's
l l .g4 i.g6 1 2.i.g2. correct reply, this sacrifice would not have
justified itself
8.axb5 �xc3 9.bxc3 cxb5 10.�g5 .ib7
1 1 .'f!Yh5 g6! 17 �xd5
•••

Best. In the game Furman - Lilienthal from A surprising error. Black should have played
the Baku semi-final, Black played l l . . .Wfd7, to 1 7 . . . i.xd5!. Now White's knight occupies the
which one possible reply is 1 2.lLlxh7 with the superb e4-square without hindrance.
threat of 1 3 .lLlf6t.
18.E:d1 'f!Yc7 19.�e4 0-0-0
12.'f!Yg4 .ie7 13 .ie2
• Black cannot play 1 9 . . . 0-0 on account of
Too slow. However, in the event of 1 3.h4 h5 20.i.xh5. But castling queenside also entails
48 Python Strategy

a good many difficulties. It is already hard to If 36 . . . @a4, then 37.:gb4t �a5 38.�c2,
demonstrate a wholly satisfactory defence for followed by �c2-b l -a2 and :gb4-b l -e l .
Black.
37.cxb4t <ba4 38.<bc3 a2 39.�al <ba3
20.�g5! 40.<bxc4!
A powerful move that forces the exchange of This move settles the outcome of the struggle
dark-squared bishops, after which a number of at once.
weaknesses arise in the black camp.
40 <bb2
.•.

20 ...i.xg5 21 .'1Mfxg5 a4 22.'1Wg3 f5 23.tLld6t In this position, which is hopeless for Black,
�xd6 the game was adjourned.
The exchange sacrifice is Black's best chance,
as otherwise after 24.tLlxb5 his position will be 41 .�dl al='IW 42.�xal <bxal 43.b5
hopeless. In spite of his extra bishop, Black's position
is lost because of the dangerous enemy passed
24.exd6 pawn and the distance between his own king
and the pawns on the kingside. Black resigned
after several more moves .
... 1-0

Vladimir Simagin - Tigran Petrosian

Moscow 1 9 5 1

l.d4 tLlf6 2.c4 e6 3.ClJc3 d5 4.tLlf3 .ie7 5.e3

On the 4th or 5th move, il.g5 is more
popular, although it leads to extensively studied
a b c d e f g h variations. Simagin tries to avoid them.
24 £4?
.•.
5 ... 0-0 6 ..id3 c5 7.0-0 cxd4 8.exd4 dxc4
The decisive mistake. More chances of
9.i.xc4
saving the game were offered by 24 . . . '1Wg7!, and The game has transposed to a well-known
if 25 .il.f3 then 25 . . . �d8 (but not 25 .. .tZlxc3, position from the Queen's Gambit Accepted,
which would be met by 26.d7t!) . but with an extra tempo for Black.
25.'1Wxg6 '!Wxd6 26.�f3 �c6 27.�el �e8 9 ... a6
28.i.xd5 '1Mfxd5 29.�adl! Black plays to develop his bishop on the
White forces his opponent to go into a lost h l -a8 diagonal. Combined with a knight on
endgame. d5 , this will give him a good game. However,
if White had found the right continuation
29 ...'\W£5 30.'1Mfxf5 exf5 3 1 .�xe8t .ixe8 32.f3 at move 1 3, Black's plan would have proved
<bc7 33.<bfl <bb6 34.<be2 <baS 35.�bl a3 unrealizable. The customary sequence, . . . tLl b8-
36.<bd2 b4 d7-b6-d5 and . . .il.d7, deserved preference.
 Chapter 2 - 1 949- 1 95 1 49

10.1Mfe2 settle for 13 . . .1Mfd7 1 4.�c2 g6 1 5 .1Mfg4, which

In analogous posmons White sometimes still leaves White with the better chances.
prevents . . . b7-b5 by playing a2-a4, not fearing
the weakening of the b4-point. 13 � d7 14.tll e5 �c8
.••

In the event of 14 . . . 1Mfc7 Black didn't like

10 b5 l l ..ib3
••• 1 5 .lLlxd7 1Mfxd7 1 6 .�g5 , when after the
Where should the bishop retreat - to b3 or exchange of bishops the c5-square is weakened.
d3? In the present case, the bishop's position
on b3 is most in keeping with White's tenth 15 .td2 tll 7f6 16.tll g5?
•

move. After 1 1 .�d3, there would be no Striving for an attack, White induces a
obstacle to Black's deployment of his pieces on weakening of his opponent's kingside - but
the lines envisaged by his ninth. this turns out to be immaterial. After 1 6.lLlg3
White would likewise have few attacking
l l ... i.b7 12J::! d l � d5 chances. The right continuation was therefore
Black fails to equalize with 1 2 . . . lLl bd7 on 1 6.lLlc5, forcing the exchange of one of the
account of 1 3.d5, or with 12 . . . b4 1 3 .lLla4 black bishops.
1Mfa5, when play could continue: 14.�g5
lLlbd7 1 5 .tLle5 �ad8 1 6.�ac l with strong 16 h6 17.tll gf3 '%Yb6 1 8.'%Yel 1Mfd6 19.a3
••.

pressure. White could have taken advantage of the

less than ideal position of the black queen by
playing 1 9.tLld3 followed by 20.tLlfe5. Instead,
striving only for an attack on the king, he
goes in for some artificial manoeuvres and
fails to hinder Black's plan - which consists
of exchanging the light-squared bishops and
then occupying the squares d5 and c4 with his
pieces.

19 �fe8 20.i.a2 '%Yb8 2 1 .-ib l tll b 6

•.•

a b c d e f g h 7

13.�e4 6
After this superficial though natural-seeming
5
move, Black easily finishes his development
and achieves a good game thanks to his 4
possession of the d5-point. 3
His backwardness in development and
the undefended state of his bishop on b7 2
could have been exploited by 1 3 .1Mfe4!. Then 1
1 3 . . . lLlxc3 1 4.'%Yxb7 would be bad for Black
a b c d e f g h
after either 14 . . . lLlxd1 1 5 .1Mfxa8 or 14 . . . tLl e2t
1 5 .'iil fl tLlxcl 1 6.1Mfxa8 . He would have to 22.h4?
Exploring the Variety of Random
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