ANATOMY OF THE
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the external appearance and
relationships of endocrine glands (thyroid,
adrenal, pituitary, etc.)
2. Analyze the relationships of endocrine glands
(thyroid, adrenal, pituitary, etc.) with
neighboring structures.
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• The endocrine system is a system of glands that have
no duct or tube to pipe their secretions, they secrete
hormones absorbed directly into the blood
• Each endocrine gland has extensive distribution of
many blood vessels
THE ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
- Eight main endocrine
glands
- Some other organs of
the body also
produce and secrete
hormones such as:
heart, liver, kidney,
thymus, skin,
placenta...
HYPOTHALAMUS
The hypothalamus is a part of the Diencephalon
located superior and anterior to the brain stem and
inferior to the thalamus
HYPOTHALAMUS
THE PINEAL GLAND
The pineal gland is a very small gland in the centre of the
brain. The pineal gland makes a hormone called melatonin.
Melatonin helps the body control day-night sleep patterns and
the internal body clock (circadian rhythms)..
THE PINEAL GLAND
Pineal gland tumor: 0.4-1% brain tumors in adults, 3-8% in
children
PITUITARY GLAND
The pituitary gland, or hypophysis cerebri is a reddish-grey,
ovoid body, about 12 mm in transverse and 8 mm in
anteroposterior diameter, and with an average adult weight
of 500 mg.
It lies within the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone.
PITUITARY GLAND
PITUITARY GLAND
The pituitary has two major parts:
• The neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)
• The adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)
PITUITARY GLAND
Vessels of the pituitary
PITUITARY GLAND
Vessels of the pituitary
Tĩnh mạch cửa tuyến yên
PITUITARY GLAND
THYROID GLAND
Location:
- In front of the trachea, on
both sides of the trachea
and larynx
- Level with the fifth cervical
to the first thoracic vertebrae
Color: brownish-red
Weight: 25g
Size: 5x3x2cm
External shape: 2 lobes,
gland isthmus
THYROID GLAND
Isthmus:
Anterior: skin, cervical fascia
and subungual muscles
Posterior: the second and third
tracheal cartilages
THYROID GLAND
A conical pyramidal lobe often ascends
towards the hyoid bone from the isthmus
or the adjacent part of either lobe (more
often the left)
THYROID GLAND
The lobes
The medial surface
• Thyroid cartilage
• cricoid cartilage
• Tracheal cartilages
• Recurrent laryngeal
nerve and external
branch of superior
laryngeal nerve
• Esophagus
• Inferior pharyngeal
constrictor
THYROID GLAND
The lobes
The medial surface:
• Thyroid cartilage
• cricoid cartilage
• Tracheal cartilages
• Recurrent laryngeal
nerve and external
branch of superior
laryngeal nerve
• Esophagus
• Inferior pharyngeal
constrictor
THYROID GLAND
The lobes:
The convex lateral
• Sternothyroid
• Sterhohyoid
• Scapulohyoid
• Cardiomyolipolysis
• Parathyroid
THYROID GLAND
The lobes:
The convex lateral
• Sternothyroid
• Sterhohyoid
• Scapulohyoid
• Cardiomyolipolysis
• Parathyroid
THYROID GLAND
The lobes:
The convex lateral
• Sternothyroid
• Sterhohyoid
• Scapulohyoid
• Cardiomyolipolysis
• Parathyroid
THYROID GLAND
Arteries
The superior
thyroid arteries
THYROID GLAND
Arteries
The superior
thyroid arteries
THYROID GLAND
Arteries
The inferior thyroid
arteries
THYROID GLAND
Arteries
arteria thyroidea ima from
the brachiocephalic trunk
or aortic arch
THYROID GLAND
Veins
THYROID GLAND
Thần kinh
CÂU HỎI
Một phụ nữ 54 tuổi bị bướu cổ được chỉ định
phẫu thuật cắt một phần tuyến giáp. Sau phẫu
thuật bệnh nhân có biểu hiện khàn tiếng do liệt
dây thanh âm. Theo bạn trong quá trình phẫu
thuật, dây thần kinh nào khả năng cao đã bị tổn
thương?
A. Thần kinh thanh quản trên
B. Thần kinh thanh quản ngoài
C. Thần kinh thanh quản trong
D. Thần kinh thanh quản dưới
PARATHYROID GLANDS
The superior and inferior parathyroid glands
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- The superior parathyroid
glands are more constant in
location than the inferior and
are usually to be found midway
along the posterior borders of
the thyroid gland, although they
may be higher.
PARATHYROID GLANDS
The superior and inferior parathyroid glands
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
PARATHYROID GLANDS
Vascular supply
Both superior and inferior
parathyroid glands are usually
supplied by the inferior thyroid
arteries; the superior thyroid may be
supplied by the superior thyroid
artery or from anastomoses
between the superior and inferior
thyroid arteries in 10–15% cases
SUPRARENAL (ADRENAL) GLAND
SUPRARENAL GLAND
There are two adrenal glands:
- Golden yellow in colour
- They lie immediately superior
and slightly anterior to the
upper pole of either kidney
- The right gland is pyramidal,
The left gland is semicircular in
shape.
SUPRARENAL GLAND
3 mặt: mặt trước, mặt sau,
mặt thận
• 2 bờ: bờ trong, bờ trên
Kích thước: cao 3 – 5cm
Rộng 2 – 3cm; dày 1cm
SUPRARENAL GLAND
Right suprarenal gland:
• anterior surface: possesses
two distinct facets
SUPRARENAL GLAND
Right suprarenal gland:
• posterior surface: the
diaphragm
• inferior surface (the base)
adjoins the anterosuperior
aspect of the superior pole
of the right kidney
SUPRARENAL GLAND
LEFT SUPRARENAL GLAND
The anterior surface:
superior: peritoneum, which
separates it from the cardia of
the stomach
inferior: is not covered by
peritoneum and lies in contact
with the pancreas and splenic
artery
the hilum
SUPRARENAL GLAND
LEFT SUPRARENAL GLAND
• The posterior surface
• The inferior surface
SUPRARENAL GLAND
Structure:
Each gland possesses two functionally and
structurally distinct areas, an outer cortex and an
inner medulla.
SUPRARENAL GLAND
Arteries:
• Superior suprarenal
arteries
• Middle suprarenal
arteries
• Inferior suprarenal
arteries
SUPRARENAL GLAND
Veins
- The left suprarenal vein
descends medially,
anterior drains into the left
renal vein.
- The right vein is very
short, passing directly and
horizontally into the
posterior aspect of the
inferior vena cava.
PANCREAS
GONADS GLANDS
THYMUS GLAND
THYMUS GLAND
- is one of the two primary
lymphoid organs, the
other being the bone
marrow
- The thymus produces
thymosin that help T
lymphocytes mature and
differentiate.
THYMUS GLAND
XIN CHÂN THÀNH
CẢM ƠN!
