Noun Suitable Adjective(s)

Book interesting, informative, thick

Child playful, innocent, curious
Weather sunny, rainy, stormy
Food delicious, spicy, fresh
House spacious, cozy, luxurious
Dog loyal, friendly, energetic
River flowing, wide, deep
Teacher knowledgeable, kind, strict
Flower beautiful, fragrant, colorful
Car fast, expensive, red
Voice soft, loud, melodious
Idea brilliant, creative, innovative
Dress elegant, pretty, fashionable
Mountain tall, majestic, snow-covered
Night dark, quiet, peaceful

Democracy and Its Features

Democracy is a system of government where the people have the power to make decisions,
either directly or through elected representatives. The word comes from the Greek words demos
(people) and kratos (power or rule), meaning "rule by the people." It is based on the idea of
equality, freedom, and participation of all citizens in the political process.

Key Features of Democracy:

1. Popular Sovereignty
o Power lies with the people. Citizens are the ultimate source of authority in a
democracy.
2. Free and Fair Elections
o Elections are conducted regularly, giving people the chance to choose their
leaders without fear, bias, or corruption.
3. Rule of Law
o Everyone, including leaders, is subject to the law. Laws are applied equally and
fairly to all citizens.
4. Fundamental Rights
o Citizens enjoy basic rights such as freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and
equality before the law.
5. Separation of Powers
o Power is divided among the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches to avoid
misuse and to ensure balance.
6. Majority Rule with Minority Rights
o Decisions are made by majority rule, but the rights and opinions of minorities are
respected and protected.
 7. Accountability and Transparency
o Elected officials are accountable to the people and must operate transparently,
allowing citizens to be informed and involved.
8. Participation of Citizens
o People actively participate in the political process through voting, discussions,
protests, and civic engagement.
9. Independent Judiciary
o Courts are free from political influence and can uphold justice fairly and
independently.
10. Pluralism

 Democracy respects diversity in culture, religion, language, and opinions, allowing

various groups to coexist peacefully.

In summary, democracy is more than just voting—it is a system where people actively shape
their government and society with respect, fairness, and equality.

Ask ChatGPT

ere is a clear comparison between Direct Democracy and Representative Democracy:

Aspect Direct Democracy Representative Democracy

People directly participate in People elect representatives to make
Definition
decision-making. decisions on their behalf.
Citizens vote on all major laws Citizens vote to elect leaders who then
Participation
and policies themselves. make decisions.
Small communities or countries Large and diverse populations where
Best suited for
with limited population. direct participation is hard.
Speed of Decision- Slow, as all citizens must be Faster, as decisions are made by a
Making consulted. smaller group of representatives.
Ancient Athens; referendums in India, USA, UK, and most modern
Examples
Switzerland. democracies.
- High citizen involvement - Practical for large societies
Advantages
- More transparency - Professional leadership
- Time-consuming
- Risk of unresponsive or corrupt leaders
Disadvantages - Risk of poor decisions due to
- Citizens may feel disconnected
lack of expertise

Summary:

 Direct Democracy is more participatory but less practical for large societies.
 Representative Democracy is more efficient and common in today’s world, though it
depends on responsible leaders.

Meaning of Political Science:

Political Science is the study of politics, government systems, political behavior, and the
structures and functions of political institutions. It examines how power and authority are
distributed and exercised in a society, how laws and policies are made and implemented, and
how citizens interact with political systems. Political Science explores fundamental questions
about justice, rights, freedom, governance, and the role of the state.

It includes various subfields such as:

 Political Theory (ideas and philosophies behind politics)

 Comparative Politics (study of different political systems)
 International Relations (relations between nations)
 Public Administration and Policy
 Political Economy

Significance of Political Science:

1. Understanding Governance and Power:

Political Science helps us understand how governments function, how power is acquired
and used, and how political decisions affect citizens' lives.
2. Promotes Active Citizenship:
It encourages people to be informed, responsible, and active participants in democratic
processes like voting, protesting, and policy discussions.
3. Protects Democratic Values:
By studying political ideologies and systems, individuals learn to value and defend
principles like liberty, equality, and justice.
4. Analyzes National and Global Issues:
Political Science provides tools to analyze and address important issues such as
corruption, war, poverty, climate change, and human rights.
5. Builds Leadership and Policy-Making Skills:
It trains individuals for careers in government, diplomacy, public policy, law, journalism,
and more, equipping them with critical thinking and decision-making skills.
6. Encourages Critical Thinking:
Political Science teaches people to question power structures, challenge injustice, and
understand different perspectives and ideologies.
7. Strengthens Institutions and Governance:
Research in political science contributes to better laws, stronger institutions, and more
effective governance at local, national, and global levels.
8. Promotes Peace and International Cooperation:
Through the study of international relations, it fosters diplomatic efforts, conflict
resolution, and cooperation among nations.

In Summary:
 Political Science is essential for understanding the world around us. It helps citizens become
informed, critical, and responsible participants in society. It not only explains how political
systems operate but also empowers individuals to shape them for the betterment of all. In an age
where political awareness is crucial, Political Science serves as a guide to building fair, stable,
and just societies.

with suitable adjectives: bright sun, heavy rain, delicious food, old house,
friendly dog, tall building, fresh air, quiet room, busy city, and happy child.

Here's a more expanded list:

 Mountain: snowy, towering, majestic, ancient.
 River: flowing, winding, clear, rapid.
 Sea: wide, deep, vast, stormy.
 Toy: shiny, new, broken, favorite.
 Knife: sharp, dull, stainless steel, hunting.
 Flower: beautiful, fragrant, colorful, wilted.
 Sunset: vibrant, colorful, breathtaking, orange.
 Car: fast, old, new, sporty.
 Friend: close, supportive, trustworthy, old.
 City: bustling, historic, modern, beautiful.
 Day: sunny, rainy, busy, relaxing.
 Movie: exciting, new, classic, dramatic.
 Weather: sunny, rainy, cold, warm.
 Book: interesting, old, informative, new.
 House: spacious, old, cozy, modern.
 Food: delicious, healthy, spicy, homemade.
 Student: bright, hardworking, diligent, young.

politics
🟢 Political Theory

1. What is the meaning and significance of politics?

2. What is democracy? What are its key features?
 3. Compare direct and representative democracy.
4. What are rights? Why are they important in a democracy?
5. Explain the concept of liberty and equality.
6. What is justice? How is social justice ensured in a state?
7. What is secularism? Why is it important in modern states?

🔵 Indian Constitution & Government

1. What are the key features of the Indian Constitution?

2. What is the Preamble? What values does it reflect?
3. Explain the Fundamental Rights and Duties.
4. What is the role of the Parliament in India?
5. How is the President of India elected?
6. What is the role and power of the Prime Minister?
7. What is federalism? How is it practiced in India?
8. What is the importance of an independent judiciary?

🟡 Comparative Politics & International Relations

1. What is the difference between a unitary and federal system?

2. Compare the presidential and parliamentary systems of government.
3. What is globalization? How does it affect politics?
4. What is the role of the United Nations?
5. What is the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)?
6. How has India’s foreign policy evolved post-independence?

🔴 Contemporary Issues in Politics

1. What are the challenges to democracy in modern times?

2. Explain the role of political parties and pressure groups.
3. What is the significance of elections in a democracy?
4. What are the major environmental and gender issues in politics?
5. How does caste, religion, and regionalism influence Indian politics?

1. What is Public Administration? Discuss its nature, scope, and significance.

2. Explain the difference between Public Administration and Private Administration.
3. Describe the evolution of Public Administration as a discipline.
4. What is New Public Management (NPM)? How is it different from traditional public
administration?
5. Define Good Governance. What are its key principles?
🔵 Administrative Theories

1. Explain Henri Fayol’s Principles of Management.

2. What is Max Weber’s Bureaucratic Model?
3. Compare Scientific Management (Taylor) and Human Relations Theory (Elton
Mayo).
4. What is the relevance of decision-making theory in modern administration?
5. Discuss Herbert Simon’s contributions to administrative behavior.

🟡 Organization and Structure

1. What are the types of organization (line, staff, auxiliary)?

2. What is delegation, decentralization, and devolution? Give examples.
3. Explain the importance of span of control and unity of command.
4. What is coordination in administration, and why is it essential?

🟠 Personnel Administration (HRM)

1. What is recruitment and selection in public service?

2. Explain the importance of training and development of civil servants.
3. Discuss performance appraisal methods in public sector.
4. What is the role of UPSC and State PSCs in India?

🟣 Financial Administration

1. What is the budgetary process in government?

2. Define performance budgeting and its advantages.
3. What is Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB)?
4. What is the role of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)?

🔴 Administrative Law and Accountability

1. What are the mechanisms of administrative accountability?

2. Explain the concept of delegated legislation.
3. What is judicial control over administration?
4. Discuss the importance of Right to Information (RTI) in ensuring transparency.
🟤 Public Policy and Development

1. What is public policy? How is it formulated?

2. Explain the implementation and evaluation of public policy.
3. What are the major challenges in policy implementation in developing countries?
4. What is the role of civil society and NGOs in public policy?

🟩 Indian Administration (for Indian context exams)

1. What are the major features of Indian bureaucracy?

2. Discuss the role of District Collector in local administration.
3. Explain Centre-State administrative relations in India.
4. What are the major reforms needed in Indian administrative system?