Task1. Determine in which of the texts A–F answers to your questions 1–7.

One of the
questions will remain unanswered.

1. What is the main fact about the material of jeans?

2. What thing is one of fashion`s most long enduring trends?

3. Who had the idea of using fasteners for jeans pockets?

4. When did jeans become a symbol of oppositions for young artists and writers?

5. What is the most recognizable article of American clothing?

6. Are jeans easy to care for?

7. Who made jeans popular?

A. Jeans are one of fashion's most long enduring trends. Cowboys wear them but so do
supermodels, farmers, presidents and housewives. Ask any group of people why they wear jeans
and you will get a range of answers. For some they're comfortable and easy — for others they're
trendy and cool. Jeans mean different things to different people but they are popular everywhere.

B. Americans do not have a national folk dress with a long tradition. Blue jeans are probably the
most recognisable article of American clothing. They have been part of American life for over
125 years. Blue denim jeans became not only an expression of American fashion but also an
element of American identity known around the world.

C. Jeans were first designed as trousers for farmers and miners in the states of the American
West. They quickly grew popular with common people, including cowboys, factory employees
and railroad builders. The new trousers were made from a very strong material which did not
wear out easily. However, at the same time jeans were very practical and comfortable to wear.

D. Pockets were the weak point of the miners' clothes — they easily tore away from the jeans. A
man called Jacob Davis had the idea of using metal rivets (fasteners) to hold the pockets and the
jeans together so that they wouldn't tear. Davis wanted to patent his idea, but he didn't have
enough money, so he offered Levi Strauss a deal if Strauss paid for the patent. Strauss accepted
and started making jeans.

E. Jeans are good because they don't show the dirt. You can easily go a month without washing
them and they don't look shocking. They don't need to be washed as often as other trousers and
you don't need to iron them. What's more, because of the strong material you can wear your
favorite jeans for years. Even the occasional hole or spot doesn’t spoil them at all.

F. In the 30s and 40s many people began to spend their spare time watching movies where
adventurous cowboys rode horses, fought bad guys and wore blue jeans. The actors made jeans
popular in movies and everyone wanted to wear them. Young people wished to imitate the casual
“cowboyish” look they saw in films, and they began to wear jeans as casual wear.
Task2

1. Where can we find the biggest "lungs" of the Earth?

2. What is the largest country in the world?

3. What are the impressive achievements of Russian space programme?

4. Which Russian souvenir is the most popular among the tourists?

5. Where in Europe can we find the biggest collection of books?

6. What are the impressive facts about Siberian Lake Baikal?

7. Which role does the Russian language play in the world?

A. Russia, also officially known as the Russian Federation, is the largest country in the world. Its
territory is 17,075,400 square kilometers. According to scientists, the country’s territory would
almost cover the surface of the planet Pluto. It is the only country which is washed by 3 oceans
and 12 seas. Russia is considered to be a European country, but two-thirds of the country are in
Asia. However, most of the population lives in the European part of Russia.

B. Siberian Lake Baikal is the largest pool of fresh water on the planet. All the 12 major rivers of
the world (the Volga, the Don, the Yenisei, the Ob, the Ganges, the Amazon, etc.) would need to
flow almost a year to fill a pool equal to the volume of Lake Baikal. Another impressive fact is
that even if all the rest of the planet’s fresh water supply were to disappear, there would be
enough fresh water left in Lake Baikal to supply the people of the earth for up to 50 years.

C. Russia is the country with the largest forest reserves in the world. 45% of its territory is
covered in green forests. The forests are located in the European north of the country, in Siberia
and in the Far East. Forests play an important role in the life and welfare of people. Russian
forests are the biggest ‘lungs’ of the Earth. They produce oxygen and clean the atmosphere of
carbon dioxide and other pollutants.

D. There are more than five thousand languages in the world. Russian is one of the five major
world languages. 280 million people around the world speak Russian and it is one of the most
widely spoken native languages in Europe. The United Nations uses Russian as one of the
official languages of the organization. It is also used in international commerce, politics,
academic and cultural life.

E. For its collection of books, the Russian State Library is considered to be the biggest in Europe
and one of the largest in the world. The Russian State Library was founded in 1862, in Moscow.
The library has over 275 km of shelves with more than 43 million items, including books,
journals and magazines, art publications, music scores and sound records, maps and other things.
There are items in 247 languages of the world.

F. Russia is known all over the world for its space programmes. In 1957 the Soviet Union
launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite in the world. Four years later, in 1961, human
space flight was accomplished. Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin was the first man to journey into
space. He orbited the Earth and landed the same day. There are other impressive space
achievements of the country like the first long space flight, the first woman cosmonaut in space,
and the first spacewalk.

Task 3.

1. What is the most frequently visited place in India?

2. When was the first university established?

3. What is the India`s greatest river?

4. What is the most famous Indian cinema industry?

5. Where can one find striking ancient Indian temples?

6. What is the most often visited Indian historic area?

7. What are the unusual facts about Indian climate?

A. The world’s first university was established in India in 700 BC, where more than 10,500
students from around the world studied more than 60 different subjects. The training was
conducted in Sanskrit. Nowadays Sanskrit is considered to be the mother of all the European
languages. Its elements can be traced in most of them.

B. The most frequently visited place in India is Delhi, the capital of the country. It seems to be
divided into two parts. New Delhi is a modern city with hi-tech architecture, tourist attractions
and modern facilities. Old Delhi is several centuries old, with narrow streets, ancient churches
and noisy bazaars. Lots of people live in slums without the most essential facilities like toilets
and running water.

C. People all over the world know of India’s greatest river, the Ganges. It is the subject of
thousands of prayers. The river looks extremely beautiful in the morning light. It is believed that
bathing in the Ganges helps to cure all kinds of diseases and can improve your life in general. It
has become a common ritual for pilgrims to gather by the river in the mornings.

D. The most famous and often visited Indian historic area is the Golden Triangle. It consists of
the cities of Delhi, Agra and Jaipur. Lying in the south-east, Agra attracts tourists with its iconic
image of the Taj Mahal palace, which is one of the eight wonders of the modern world. To the
south-west is the colourful ‘Pink City’ of Jaipur, known for its Palace of Winds.

E. India is not all history. It is also famous for its Bollywood industry, which produces love
stories and action films. Indian films have always had their own style, rich in music and dancing.
Though the industry is still developing, many of Indian film stars have received Oscar prizes and
are known throughout the world. The home of Bollywood is Bombay, also known as a busy port
and the country’s commercial centre.

F. There is an unusual treasure hidden in the Indian mountains. These are striking ancient
temples cut in the rocks. For example, the Buddhist cave temples at Ajanta were built at least
2,000 years ago. Inside the caves on the walls tourists can see pictures of people’s lives and
animal images. Some researchers believe that the interpretation of the images can help us to
learn a lot about people’s lives in ancient times.
Task 4

1. What is a favourable location for tourists?

2. Where was a special medicine from birds discovered?

3. Why do some people call Cheltenham a green town?

4. What are the annual events in Cheltenham?

5. Where can people take the waters in a historical building?

6. What name should people remember after visiting Cheltenham?

7. Where is tourism developing with care for the environment?

A. Cheltenham is a small, ancient town in England situated to the north-west of Oxford. It lies
below the highest point of the Cotswold Hills and above the level of the River Severn. The town
is also called «The Western Gateway». Thanks to its position it has become a popular tourist
attraction.

B. The Pittville Pump Room is the largest of the spa constructions in Cheltenham. It is a
magnificent, old house of classical style made of white stone. The Pump Room was designed for
balls and entertainments and, of course, for taking the medicinal waters. Today, it is still used as
a concert hall at festival time and for weddings, and of course, visitors can still take the waters –
if they so wish!

C. Tourism is highly developed in Cheltenham and the City Council has to reduce the negative
impact of tourists on the town. A lot has been done. The town has developed walking, cycling
and public transport routes as an alternative to cars. There is a pool of bicycles that tourists can
use for short distance journeys. The local services try to recycle all the packaging, plastic bottles
and batteries left by tourists.

D. Many famous people of the past have connections with Cheltenham. Gustav Holst, a well-
known English composer of the 19th century, was born in the town. His house is now his
birthplace museum. Visitors may learn a lot about Holst's life, his music and his family. The
famous Antarctic explorer Edward Wilson was also born in Cheltenham. Now a statue of him
stands in the Long Gardens.

E. The beauty and wonderful sights of Cheltenham continue to attract visitors from countries all
over the world. For many years people have enjoyed the beauty of Cheltenham's parks, open
spaces and the general greenery of the town. Cheltenham has been described as ‘a town within a
park’. Montpellier place, which is famous for its wonderful flowers, lies in the centre of the
town.

F. Thousands of visitors come to Cheltenham to take part in the festivals which are held in the
town every year. The town organises literature, music, jazz and science festivals, attracting
names with a national and international reputation from each field. Besides all this, for a week in
March the town becomes the centre of the National Gold Cup in horse racing.
Task5.

1. What are the historical facts about street art?

2. Who invented an innovative method?

3. What are different reasons for drawing in the street?

4. Why do some artists prefer to keep their names secret?

5. Who of all the unknown artists became a legendary figure?

6. What is the meaning of the term “street art”?

7. What is a commercial effect of traditional graffiti?

A. Street art can be described as art that is developed in public spaces and above all in the street.
It can mean a lot of different things including graffiti, poster art, wall paintings, and just about
any artwork that is displayed in public places. Typically, street art is used to separate public-
space artwork from illegal graffiti and vandalism.

B. The start of street art is closely connected to graffiti, which appeared in New York in the
1970s. The American artists soon became an inspiration for a number of other young street
artists all over the world. For the following ten years graffiti grew more and more popular and
was soon joined by new forms of street art including street installations, street sculptures and 3D
pavement illusions.

C. Street artists are often associated with opposition. Their artwork is considered a crime and
vandalism and the artists may be arrested for damaging property so the artists prefer to use
nicknames and create their drawings mostly at night. They are not looking for fame, especially in
countries where graffiti is still illegal.

D. Banksy is probably the most famous English street artist who has already become a legendary
figure. It’s still true that no one knows who the person really is. However, his works are
exhibited in galleries across the world. An American magazine even named him among the top
most influential people in the world. However, he was the only one whose photo the magazine
could not publish.

E. The motivations and ideas that inspire street artists are as different as the artists themselves.
Some street artists, by creating certain works, want to draw attention to social and political
problems. For other artists, street art is just a form of self-expression. And there are those who
enjoy the challenge and risks which are connected with working illegally in some city areas.

F. Traditional graffiti has recently been used as a successful method for advertising. Lots of
companies agree that traditional advertising on city streets is too boring and common so many
people simply ignore it. However, graffiti adverts catch your attention, creating a memorable
image. Big companies find this quite useful and try to include more elements of graffiti in their
advertising campaigns.