Science Heritage Journal (GWS) 8(2) (2024) 94-102

Science Heritage Journal (GWS)

DOI: http://doi.org/10.26480/gws.02.2024.94.102

ISSN: 2521-0858 (Print)

ISSN: 2521-0866 (Online)
CODEN: SHJCAS

RESEARCH ARTICLE
STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF ROW SPACING AND NPK ON PERFORMANCE OF
MUNGBEAN (VIGNA RADIATA) IN SUNDARBAZAR LAMJUNG
Bhandari A.*, Chataut G.P., Dhital G.

Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Lamjung Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
*Corresponding Author e-mail: amitabhandari32@gmail.com

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT

Article History: Mungbean (Vigna radiata) has gained increasing significance as a crucial grain legume in Nepal's tropical and
sub-tropical regions due to its short growth cycle and soil fertility enhancement properties. This research
Received 10 March 2024 was conducted at Agronomy farm of Lamjung campus, to assess how mungbean performs under varying row
Revised 12 April 2024 spacing and Npk fertilizer levels. The study employed two-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with
Accepted 28 May 2024
three row spacing levels (20 cm, 25 cm, and 30 cm) and three NPK fertilizer doses (10:10:10, 20:20:20, and
Available online 26 June 2024
30:30:30 kg NPK/ha) as treatments. The investigation explored phenological and yield attributing
parameters. Interestingly, the outcomes showed that row spacing had negligible impact on root growth
attributes, including root length and nodule formation. However, root nodule number increased with higher
NPK fertilizer levels, particularly notable with the application of (30:30:30) kg NPK/ha, resulting in the
highest nodules per plant (140.40), while the lowest nodules (91.35) were observed with (10:10:10) kg
NPK/ha. Vital traits like plant height, branch and leaf counts, pod set, pod length, and seed weight were
unresponsive to both NPK doses and row spacing levels. In contrast, grain yield exhibited a substantial
increase with NPK fertilizer application, with the highest yield (1263.55 kg/ha) achieved with (30:30:30) kg
NPK/ha and the lowest (929.27 kg/ha) with (10:10:10) kg NPK/ha. Therefore, this study shows strong
correlations, especially between root nodules and grain yield, emphasized key links. NPK doses impacted
vital root nodules for nitrogen fixation and suggests dense planting of Pratikshya mung beans with increased
NPK fertilizer.
KEYWORDS
Mungbean, NPK fertilizer, Row spacing, Root nodule, Yield

1. INTRODUCTION vegetative growth, secondary branches, leaf development, and, ultimately,

yields of mung bean on all types of soil (Farrukh et al., 2003). Potassium
Mung is the colloquial name for the green gram, often known as the plays a crucial part in boosting plant vigor, lengthening straw, and aiding
mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) which belongs to the family Leguminosae. It in the swift healing of damages brought on by insects, hail, and wind. Lack
is a significant pulse crop with excellent nutritional value and affordable of potassium also reduces yield since plants with little seeds grow slowly
protein. It has a decent amount of protein (24.21%), vitamin A (80 units), and produce fewer fruits and vegetables (Jamro et al., 2018). To increase
carbohydrates (69.30%), and calories (high). By utilizing root nodules to the yields of legumes, fertilizers with the right balance of nitrogen,
fix atmospheric nitrogen, it restores soil fertility (Jamro et al., 2018). The phosphorus, and potassium must be used (Kumar, 2022).Due to
mungbean has a reasonable amount of minerals and vitamins as well as competition for light, space, water, and nutrients, adequate spacing can
high-grade vegetable proteins. Due to its pleasant flavor, simple digestion, lower mungbean output up to 40% (Birhanu et al., 2018).The ideal spacing
improved palatability, and reasonable market price, mungbean may be encourages plants to grow in both their aerial and subsurface sections by
farmers' first option (Kabir and Sarkar, 2008). Planting density has a effectively utilizing nutrients and solar radiation, which increases grain
significant impact on mungbean seed production and yield components. It output. Also, physiological activities are directly impacted by plant spacing
is typically grown by farmers without maintaining right sowing technique due to intra-specific competition (Suvra Roy et al., 2014).
is one of the crucial biotic variables that determines the right plant
population, which enhances the performance and productivity of plants in Mungbean is an important food legume that is widely grown in many
the field (Birhanu et al., 2018). countries, including Nepal. Despite its importance, the productivity of
mungbean in Sundarbazar, Lamjung is often limited by various factors
The correct amount of nitrogen applied at the time of sowing causes rapid such as row spacing and NPK fertilizer. Row spacing is an important factor
growth of the plant's leaf area, increases the duration of the leaf area in mungbean production as it affects the distribution of light, air, and
(LAD), and causes an increase in the plant's overall assimilation rate after water to the plants, which in turn affects the growth, yield, and quality of
flowering, all of which help to increase seed yield (Jamro et al., 2018). the crops. However, there is limited information available on the optimal
Phosphorus is essential for carbohydrate production and transport, root row spacing for mungbean production in Sundarbazar, Lamjung, Nepal.
development, crop maturation, and disease pathogen resistance. This NPK fertilization is another important factor that affects the growth, yield,
increases mungbean yield and improve its quality (Farrukh et al., 2003). and quality of mungbean. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are
Phosphorus has been recognized as one of the most limiting nutrient essential nutrients for plant growth and play a crucial role in the
factors in crop productivity in tropical soils, causing a reduction in total development of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. However, the use of

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Cite The Article: Bhandari A., Chataut G.P., Dhital G. (2024). Study on The Effect of Row Spacing and Npk on Performance of
Mungbean (Vigna Radiata) in Sundarbazar Lamjung. Science Heritage Journal, 8(2): 94-102.
 Science Heritage Journal (GWS) 8(2) (2024) 94-102

excessive NPK fertilizers can cause environmental degradation and Nepal.

increase production costs.
2.2 Crop Details
In view of the above factors, there is a need to evaluate the effect of row
spacing and NPK fertilization on the performance of mungbean in Crop: Mungbean
Sundarbazar, Lamjung, Nepal. Thus, this study aims to determine the
optimal row spacing and NPK fertilization for mungbean production in Scientific Name: Vigna radiata var. mungo
this region.
Family: Leguminosae
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS MATERIAL Variety: Pratikshya
2.1 Experimental Location 2.3 Design of Experiment
A field experiment was conducted at the agronomy farm of Lamjung A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used for the study. The
Campus in Sundarbazar, Lamjung in the year 2023. The farm lies in the experimental units were mungbean plots, and the treatments were
western mid-hills of Nepal (700 masl) with coordinates 28°07´37.0´´N different combinations of row spacing and Npk fertilization levels. The
84°25´00.5´´ to evaluate to evaluate the effect of row spacing and NPK design of the experiment was two factor factorial Randomized Complete
fertilization on the performance of mungbean in Sundarbazar, Lamjung, Block Design (RCBD) with 9 treatments and 3 replications.

Figure 1: Location of the Study Area

2.4 Treatments S1- 20 cm F1- 10:10:10 Npk

Factor A: Row Spacing Factor B: Doses of Npk Fertilizer S2- 25 cm F2- 20:20:20 Npk

3 levels of row spacing: 3 levels of NPK Fertilizer S3- 30 cm F3- 30: 30: 30 Npk

2.4.1 Treatments Combination

S.N. Treatment Combinations

1 T1 S1(20 cm) + F1 (10:10:10 NPK)
2 T2 S1(20 cm) + F2 (20:20:20 NPK)
3 T3 S1(20 cm) + F3(30: 30:30 NPK)
4 T4 S2(25 cm) + F1 (10:10:10 NPK)
5 T5 S2 (25 cm) + F2 (20:20:20 NPK)
6 T6 S2 (25 cm) + F3 (30: 30:30 NPK)
7 T7 S3 (30 cm) + F1 (10:10:10 NPK)
8 T8 S3 (30 cm) + F2 (20:20:20 NPK)
9 T9 S3 (30 cm) + F3 (30: 30:30 NPK)

Cite The Article: Bhandari A., Chataut G.P., Dhital G. (2024). Study on The Effect of Row Spacing and Npk on Performance of
Mungbean (Vigna Radiata) in Sundarbazar Lamjung. Science Heritage Journal, 8(2): 94-102.
 Science Heritage Journal (GWS) 8(2) (2024) 94-102

2.5 Field Layout area of field. Then the field was divided into blocks and individual plots
using statistical methods for factorial experiment on 10th March 2023.
Plot size: 1.5m x 1m Different inter-row spacing levels of 20, 25 and 30 cm were maintained
with consistent intra-row spacing. The appropriate level of NPK was
Treatment: 9 calculated, mixed properly, and placed 5 cm away from each row in every
plot in split doses (50% NPK and 25% in 30 DAS and remaining 25% in 45
Replication: 3
DAS).
Total No of Plots: 27
2.6.2 Seed Sowing
2.6 Experimental Procedure
The seeds were hydro soaked by immersing them in water for a span of 12
2.6.1 Dry Land Preparation and Treatment Arrangement hours. Following this hydration phase, the seeds were air-dried in a
shaded environment and subsequently employed for sowing. Planting was
Tillage was done twice to ensure the soil was well-prepared with a good
done with a placement of two seeds per spot.
tilth and recommended dose of FYM i.e. 70kg was mixed according to the

Figure 2: Layout of the experimental design of the Research field.

2.6.3 Crop Duration 2.7.2 Growth Parameters

30th March 2023 - 1st July 2023 2.7.2.1 Plant Height

2.6.4 Intercultural Operation Plant height of sampled plants was measured using a scale on the 30th,
45th, and 60th DAS by lengthening the plant to the tip.
Different weeds like broad, narrow and sedges were seen in the field. So
weeding was done manually on 30 DAS and 45 DAS to manage weed in the 2.7.2.2 Number of Branches Per Plant
field. Hoeing was followed after each manual weeding.
The number of branches of five sampled plants was counted on the 30th,
2.6.5 Irrigation 45th, and 60th DAS.

Irrigation was done at the initial stage for germination of seeds (0-15 DAS), 2.7.2.3 Number of Leaves Per Plant
early vegetative stage (15-35 DAS), flowering stage (35-45 DAS), and Pod
setting stage (45-55 DAS) at the interval of two to three days. The total number of leaves of sampled plants was counted on the 30th,
45th and 60th DAS.
2.6.6. Sowing Methods and Depth
2.7.2.4 Number of Root Nodule Per Plant
Line sowing was carried out while maintaining a 2-3 cm depth. Any spaces
left between the seeds were also filled in later. The number of root nodules of five sampled plants was counted by
cleaning the roots with fresh water at the time of harvest.
2.6.7 Application of Pesticide
2.7.2.5 Length of Root
The field was infected with insects, especially cutworms affecting the
roots. The insecticide Cartap hydrochloride was sprayed at 28 DAS and G- The length of primary root of five sampled plants was measured by using
Sunami @ 5 ml per litre of water was sprayed at 30 DAS. scale at the time of harvest.

2.6.8 Harvesting and Threshing 2.7.2.6 Fresh Weight of Root

To prevent shattering loss, harvesting was done multiple times after the The fresh weight of the root of five sampled plants was measured by using
maturity of pods. The first harvesting was done by hand-picking on 13th electrical weighing balance.
June 2023 and the last final harvest was done on 25th June 2023 by cutting
the whole plant with the help of a sickle. The yield was recorded according 2.7.2.7 Dry Weight of Root
to the plots and harvest from 5 tagged plants were kept separately in the
The roots of the sampled plant were dried in an oven, and dry weight
lab for data collection. The harvested seeds were threshed manually by
measurements were made using an electrical weighing scale.
keeping pods in sacks and beating with sticks and sundried.
2.7.2.8 Fresh Weight of Shoot
2.7 Data collection
The fresh weight of shoot of five sampled plants was measured by using
2.7.1 Sampling and tagging of plants
electrical weighing balance.
Tagging was done by selecting 5 plants from inner rows of each plot using
2.7.2.9 Dry Weight of Shoot
red ribbons to visualize the sampled plants easily. The required data were
taken from sampled plants. The shoot portion of sampled plant were oven dried and dry weight was

Cite The Article: Bhandari A., Chataut G.P., Dhital G. (2024). Study on The Effect of Row Spacing and Npk on Performance of
Mungbean (Vigna Radiata) in Sundarbazar Lamjung. Science Heritage Journal, 8(2): 94-102.
 Science Heritage Journal (GWS) 8(2) (2024) 94-102

taken by using electrical weighing balance. at a 5% level of significance.

2.7.3 Yield Parameters 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

2.7.3.1 Number of Pods Per Plant
3.1 Growth Parameters
The total number of pods from five sampled plants was counted and
averaged. 3.1.1 Plant Height

2.7.3.2 Number of seeds per pods Height data was collected at three different intervals, namely 30 days after
sowing (DAS), 45 DAS, and 60 DAS. The results showed that the plant
Ten pods were chosen from the total number of harvested pods from the height was not significantly affected by varying row spacing. The tallest
sampled plants, and the number of seeds was tallied and averaged. plant heights at 30 DAS, 45 DAS, and 60 DAS were observed in distinct row
spacing conditions: S1 spacing had the maximum height (16.71 cm) at 30
2.7.3.3 Length of Pod DAS, S3 spacing had the highest height (29.94 cm) at 45 DAS, and S1
Ten pods were chosen from the total number of harvested pods from the spacing displayed the greatest height (54.89 cm) at 60 DAS. Conversely,
sampled plants, and the length of each pod was tallied and averaged. the shortest plant heights at these intervals were observed under different
row spacing conditions: S3 spacing had the minimum height (15.95 cm) at
2.7.3.4 Seed Weight 30 DAS, S1 spacing had the lowest height (29.16 cm) at 45 DAS, and S2
spacing exhibited the smallest height (52.99 cm) at 60 DAS. Non-
One hundred seeds were randomly selected from each plot's harvest significant downfall of plant height with rise of row spacing from 30 t0 50
sample and weighted in an electrical balance. cm (Tehulie et al., 2021).
2.7.3.5 Grain Yield Similarly, the application of Npk fertilizers did not significantly influence
The weight of seeds threshed from the pods of five sampled plants was plant height on different days. The maximum plant heights at 30 DAS, 45
DAS, and 60 DAS were associated with different fertilizer doses: F1 dose
sundried, weighed on an electrical balance, and translated to kilogram per
had the tallest height (17.20 cm) at 30 DAS, F2 dose showed the greatest
hectare.
height (30.58 cm) at 45 DAS, and F3 dose presented the highest height
2.8 Data Analysis (55.07 cm) at 60 DAS. On the contrary, the lowest plant heights at this time
interaction inked to different fertilizer doses: F3 dose had the minimum
The recorded data was first entered and managed on MS-excel and height (15.95 cm) at 30 DAS, F3 dose exhibited the shortest height (28.74
analyzed using R-studio. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was cm) at 45 DAS, and F1 dose displayed the smallest height (53.36 cm) at 60
employed to find out any significant differences between the mean values DAS.

Table 1: Effect of row spacing and Npk fertilizer on plant height of mungbean.
Treatments Plant Height
Row Spacing (cm) PH30 PH45 PH60
S1 (20) 16.7a 29.16a 54.89a
S2 (25) 16.46a 29.36a 52.99a
S3 (30) 15.95 a 29.94 a 54.24a
NPK Fertilizer (kg/ha)
F1(10: 10: 10) 17.20a 29.13ab 53.36a
F2 (20: 20: 20) 16.25ab 30.58a 53.70a
F3 (30: 30:30) 15.66 b 28.74 b 55.07a
F- test NS NS NS
LSD (0.05) 1.10 1.75 4.28
SEm (±) 0.13 0.20 0.48
CV% 6.87 5.96 7.93
Grand Mean 16.37 29.49 54.04
As per the DMRT approach, means within a column sharing the same letter(s) are statistically alike, while means with distinct letter(s) across columns
differ significantly at a 0.05 probability level. PH30: Plant height at 30 days, PH45: Plant height at 45 days, PH60: Plant height at 60 days.

3.1.2 Number of Branch Per Plant per plant. Similarly, the count of branches per plant remained unchanged
despite varying doses of NPK fertilizer, with no notable distinctions, both
Table 2 below presents the data, indicating that number of branches at 45 days and 60 days after sowing. In contrast, the number of branches
emerged on the mung bean plant at 30 days after sowing (DAS). However, plant-1 increases with plant spacing (Taufiq and Kristiono, 2016). As
on subsequent days (45 DAS and 60 DAS), altering row spacing (25 cm and opposed to that, the use of various fertilizer dosages makes branches
30 cm) did not result in any observable changes in the number of branches number to be changed (Sarker et al., 2023).

Table 2: Effect of row spacing and Npk fertilizer on branch number of mungbean.
Treatments Number of Branch
Row Spacing (cm) NB30 NB45 NB60
S1 (20) - 3.30a 6.89a
S2 (25) - 3.24a 6.68a
S3 (30) - 3.02a 6.31a
NPK Fertilizer -
F1 (10: 10: 10) - 3.07a 7.27a
F2 (20: 20: 20) - 3.40a 7.20a
F3 (20: 30:30) - 3.10a 7.07a
F- test - NS Ns
LSD (0.05) - 0.071 0.15
SEm (±) - 0.008 0.02
CV% - 14.14 18.62
Grand Mean - 3.19 6.62
As per the DMRT approach, means within a column sharing the same letter(s) are statistically alike, while means with distinct letter(s) across columns
differ significantly at a 0.05 probability level. NB30: Branch number at 30 days, NB45: Branch number at 45 days, NB60: Branch number at 60 days.

Cite The Article: Bhandari A., Chataut G.P., Dhital G. (2024). Study on The Effect of Row Spacing and Npk on Performance of
Mungbean (Vigna Radiata) in Sundarbazar Lamjung. Science Heritage Journal, 8(2): 94-102.
 Science Heritage Journal (GWS) 8(2) (2024) 94-102

3.1.3 Number of Leaf Per Plant on number of leaves per plant at different days after sowing (Sarker et al.,
2023). Similarly, the quantity of leaves per plant remained uninfluenced
The presented bar graph demonstrates that altering row spacing (20 cm, by varying levels of Npk fertilizer, revealing no significant distinctions.
25 cm, and 30 cm) did not result in any significant changes in the number Similar result were found that; there was no effect of interaction between
of leaves per plant. In contrast, researchers found that Interaction effect of applied doses of fertilizer and mungbean cultivars on the number of leaves
spacing and different nutrient management showed significant variation (Achakzai et al., 2012).

Figure 3: Bar graph showing the effect of row spacing on Leaf number of mungbean.

Figure 4: Bar graph showing the effect of Npk Fertilizer on Leaf number of mungbean.

3.1.4 Root Length nutrient promotes healthy growth fibrous lateral roots that increases the
root nodules numbers (Rahman et al., 2008).
The variation in row spacing did not lead to a statistically significant
impact on root length. However, among the different row spacing 3.1.6 Fresh and Dry Weight of Root
configurations, the most extended root length (22.15 cm) was observed in
the narrower spacing of 20 cm, while the shortest length (20.94 cm) The spacing between rows did not show a notable influence on the weight
occurred in the 25 cm row spacing. of fresh roots. However, there was a slight tendency for root weight to
increase as the row spacing was widened, although this trend was not
Similarly, the application of Npk fertilizer did not yield a statistically statistically significant. Among the row spacing options, the widest spacing
significant influence on root length. Nevertheless, the plots treated with of 30 cm produced the heaviest fresh roots (10.30 gm), while the narrower
(10:10:10) kg Npk/ha exhibited the longest root length (22.44 cm), while 20 cm spacing resulted in lighter roots (8.20 gm).
the shortest Root length (20.68 cm) was observed in plots treated with
(20:20:20) kg Npk/ha. Likewise, applying different amounts of Npk fertilizer did not lead to a
significant change in the fresh root weight. The most substantial weight
3.1.5 Number of Root Nodules Per Plant (9.54 gm) was achieved with 10:10:10 Kg NPK/ha, while the least weight
(8.82 gm) was recorded with 20:20:20 kg Npk/ha. In contrast, dry root
Variations in row spacing did not lead to a statistically significant weight was significantly affecting by the Npk fertilizer (Islam, 2021) .
difference in the total number of root nodules per plant. The highest count
of nodules (119.24) was observed in plots with wider row spacing (30 cm), For the dry weight of roots, neither row spacing nor Npk fertilizer doses
while the lowest count (107.20) occurred in plots with 25 cm row spacing. showed a significant effect. This indicates that variations in row spacing
Researchers study revealed that row spacing does not affect the number and Npk fertilizer levels, as tested in the experiment, did not cause any
of root nodules in mungbean (Rasul et al., 2012). notable changes in the dry weight of roots.

Conversely, the total count of root nodules per plant was profoundly 3.1.7 Fresh and Dry Weight of Shoot
affected by Npk fertilizer application, showing a highly significant
influence (P < 0.05). Applying (30:30:30) Kg Npk/ha resulted in the The spacing between rows made a significant difference in the weight of
greatest number of nodules per plant (140.40), whereas using (10:10:10) fresh shoots, displaying a noticeable influence. As the gap between rows
Kg Npk/ha yielded the fewest nodules per plant (91.35). Phosphorous widened, there was an evident tendency for shoot weight to go up. Among

Cite The Article: Bhandari A., Chataut G.P., Dhital G. (2024). Study on The Effect of Row Spacing and Npk on Performance of
Mungbean (Vigna Radiata) in Sundarbazar Lamjung. Science Heritage Journal, 8(2): 94-102.
 Science Heritage Journal (GWS) 8(2) (2024) 94-102

the various row spacing options, the widest gap of 30 cm yielded the similar to the findings of a researchers that conclude the dry shoot weight
heaviest fresh shoots (65.79 gm), while the narrower 20 cm spacing adversely affected by the different doses of Npk fertilizers (Islam, 2021).
resulted in lighter shoots (53.45 gm).
Concerning the dry weight of shoots, neither the spacing between rows
Conversely, adjusting the quantities of NPK fertilizer applied did not yield nor the Npk fertilizer levels had a significant impact. This implies that the
a significant change in the weight of fresh roots. The highest weight (61.43 variations tested in row spacing and Npk fertilizer amounts did not trigger
gm) was achieved using 20:20:20 Kg Npk/ha, while the lowest weight noteworthy alterations in the dry weight of shoots, mirroring the findings
(53.42 gm) was recorded with 10:10:10 kg Npk/ha. These findings are seen in the case of root dry weight.

Table 3: Effect of row spacing and Npk fertilizer on the root length and root nodules number of mungbean.
Treatments Root length (cm) Number of Root Nodules per plant
Row Spacing (cm)
S1 (20) 22.15a 109.80a
S2 (25) 20.94a 107.20a
S3 (30) 21.93a 119.24a
F-test NS NS
NPK Fertilizer (kg/ha)
F1 (10: 10: 10) 22.44a 91.35b
F2 (20: 20: 20) 20.68a 104.49b
F3 (30: 30:30) 21.91a 140.40a
F- test NS ***
LSD (0.05) 2.23 13.33
SEm (±) 0.25 1.48
CV% 10.30 11.90
Grand Mean 21.67 112.08
As per the DMRT approach, means within a column sharing the same letter(s) are statistically alike, while means with distinct letter(s) across columns
differ significantly at a 0.05 probability level.

Figure 5: Bar graph showing the effect of row spacing and Npk fertilizer on the root nodule of mungbean.

Table 4: Effect of row spacing and Npk fertilizer on the fresh and dry weight of mungbean's roots and shoots.
Root fresh weight
Treatments Shoot fresh weight (gm) Root dry weight (gm) Shoot dry weight (gm)
(gm)
Row Spacing (cm)
S1 (20) 8.20a 51.35b 2.83a 13.57a
S2 (25) 8.96 ab 58.18 ab 2.99a 14.35a
S3 (30) 10.30a 65.79a 3.57a 15.75a
F- test NS * NS NS
NPK Fertilizer (kg/ha)
F1 (10: 10: 10) 9.54a 53.45a 3.21a 13.16a
F2 (20: 20: 20) 8.82a 61.43a 2.99a 15.55a
F3 (30: 30:30) 9.12a 59.87a 3.19a 14.99a
F- test NS NS NS NS
LSD (0.05) 1.78 0.08 0.89 0.10
SEm (±) 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.01
CV% 19.45 4.47 28.54 8.74
Grand Mean 9.16 58.15 3.13 14.53
As per the DMRT approach, means within a column sharing the same letter(s) are statistically alike, while means with distinct letter(s) across columns
differ significantly at a 0.05 probability level.

Cite The Article: Bhandari A., Chataut G.P., Dhital G. (2024). Study on The Effect of Row Spacing and Npk on Performance of
Mungbean (Vigna Radiata) in Sundarbazar Lamjung. Science Heritage Journal, 8(2): 94-102.
 Science Heritage Journal (GWS) 8(2) (2024) 94-102

3.2 Yield Parameters outcomes. Additionally, Birhanu et al. (2018) arrived at a similar
conclusion, noting the absence of any impact from planting density on pod
3.2.1 Number of Pods Per Plant length. Similarly, Ihsanullah et al. (2002) also found non-significant result
on the pod length by the effect of row spacing.
The number of pods on each plant did not change significantly, regardless
of adjustments in row spacing, variations in Npk fertilizer quantities, and 3.2.3 Number of Seeds Per Pod
their combined influences, as highlighted by the study. Likewise, Rasul et
al. (2012)and Singh et al. (2012) reached the same consensus, observing The study showed that changing the distance between rows didn't lead to
that altering row spacing did not influence the count of pods on each plant. important differences, but interestingly, the highest number of seeds per
However, Gurjar & Vithalbhai Patel (2018) reported an increase in the pod was obtained with a 30 cm row spacing, followed by 20 cm, and the
number of pods per plant with wider row spacing. This could be due to the lowest with 25 cm. Singh et al. (2012) research study found no differences
fact that changes in row spacing and Npk fertilizer doses did not notably in the number of seeds per pod as a result of different row spacing.
impact other parts of the mungbean plant, such as height and branches,
which might consequently affect the pod count. The impact of varying the doses of Npk fertilizer also did not show
significant differences either, and the most seeds were obtained using
3.2.2 Pods Length (10:10:10) Npk at Kg/ha. In conclusion, the study suggests that altering
row spacing and trying different Npk doses does not impact or alter the
The Length of the pod remained unchanged by variations in row spacing, number of seeds per pod. In contrast, Debnath et al. (2022) found that data
doses of Npk fertilizer, and their combined effects, as per the study's regarding number of pod plant-1 was affected by different levels of Npk.

Table 5: Effect of row spacing and Npk fertilizer on pod number, pod length and seeds per pod of mungbean.
Treatments Number of pods per plant Pod length (cm) Number of seeds per pod
Row Spacing (cm)
S1 (20) 28.51ab 8.62a 12.64a
S2 (25) 23.97b 8.72a 12.49a
S3 (30) 30.44a 8.97a 12.99a
NPK Fertilizer (kg/ha)
F1(10: 10: 10) 25.34a 8.89a 12.86a
F2 (20: 20: 20) 28.36 a 8.74 a 12.63a
F3 (30: 30:30) 29.22 a 8.68 a 12.63a
F- test NS NS NS
LSD (0.05) 5.45 0.49 0.48
SEm (±) 0.61 0.05 0.053
CV% 19.72 5.55 3.76
Grand Mean 27.64 8.77 12.71
As per the DMRT approach, means within a column sharing the same letter(s) are statistically alike, while means with distinct letter(s) across columns
differ significantly at a 0.05 probability level.

3.2.4 Grain Yield due to the application of different Npk fertilizer doses in the study. The
highest grain yield (1263.55 kg/ha) was recorded with a fertilizer dose of
There was no significant change in grain yield with increasing row spacing. (30:30:30) kg NPK/ha, followed by 1060.56 kg/ha with (20:20:20) kg
This indicates that altering the distances between rows (20cm, 25cm, and Npk/ha. The lowest grain yield (929.27 kg/ha) was observed with
30cm) did not result in any variations in mungbean grain yield. In contrast, (10:10:10) kg Npk/ha. One of the studies Debnath et al. (2022) shows that
Gella & Adare (2021) study found that significantly (p <0.05) maximum
Variations in Npk levels had a significant impact on seed yield. The
grain yield (2346.67 kg ha-1) was attained at an inter-row spacing of 25 ×
16:20:24 kg N: P: K ha-1 treatment produced the highest seed yield (1.52 t
10 cm.
ha-1), whereas the control treatment produced the lowest yield (1.22 t ha -
1).
On the other hand, a notable difference (p<0.05) in grain yield emerged

Figure 6: Bar graph showing the effect of row spacing and Npk fertilizer on the grain yield of mungbean.

3.2.5 Seed Weight plants are grown.

The study found that altering the distance between rows, experimenting 3.3 Interaction Effect of Growth And Yield Parameters
with different Npk doses, and their combinations did not lead to any
noticeable differences in the weight of the grain. This aligns with Tehulie The results obtained from the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed that
et al. (2021) findings, which also indicated that changing row spacing did the variations in the growth and yield parameters of mungbean were not
not result in any important changes in the weight of a hundred seeds. This found to have a significant influence. When considering the means of
lack of significant change in seed weight could be mainly due to the fact different treatment conditions, it was observed that for certain
that seed weight is primarily determined by the genetic makeup of the parameters, there were no substantial differences that could be attributed
plant variety, which might overshadow the effects of changes in how the to the treatments.

Cite The Article: Bhandari A., Chataut G.P., Dhital G. (2024). Study on The Effect of Row Spacing and Npk on Performance of
Mungbean (Vigna Radiata) in Sundarbazar Lamjung. Science Heritage Journal, 8(2): 94-102.
 Science Heritage Journal (GWS) 8(2) (2024) 94-102

Table 6: Effect of row spacing and Npk fertilizer on grain yield and 100 seed weight of mungbean.
Treatments Grain yield (kg/ha) 100 Seed weight (gm)
Row Spacing (cm)
S1 (20) 1096.55a 3.60a
S2 (25) 1060.22a 3.58a
S3 (30) 1096.62 a 3.59a
F- test NS NS
NPK Fertilizer (kg/ha)
F1 (10: 10: 10) 929.27c 3.59a
F2 (20: 20: 20) 1060.56b 3.59a
F3 (30: 30:30) 1263.55a 3.59a
F- test *** NS
LSD (0.05) 86.61 0.03
SEm (±) 9.63 0.003
CV% 7.99 0.79
Grand Mean 1084.46 3.59
As per the DMRT approach, means within a column sharing the same letter(s) are statistically alike, while means with distinct letter(s) across columns
differ significantly at a 0.05 probability level.

Table 7: Effect of row spacing and Npk on the growth and yield parameters of mungbean.
Treatments Plant Height (cm) Root Nodule number Grain Yield (kg/ha)
S1F1 32.02 90.60 937.1267
S1F2 33.66 105.13 1061.86
S1F3 34.83 133.67 1290.66
S2F1 32.59 90.40 887.23
S2F2 33.85 96.60 1041.01
S2F3 32.61 134.60 1252.42
S3F1 34.13 93.07 963.46
S3F2 33.97 111.73 1078.82
S3F3 32.04 152.93 1247.57
F- test NS NS NS
CV% 5.85 11.90 7.99
Grand Mean 33.30 112.08 1084.46
As per the DMRT approach, means within a column sharing the same letter(s) are statistically alike, while means with distinct letter(s) across columns
differ significantly at a 0.05 probability level.

3.4 Correlation Analysis Relation Between Growth and Yield patterns. Notably, the number of root nodules displays a robust and
Parameters positive relationship with grain yield (r = 0.90***). Likewise, the average
leaf count exhibits a moderate and positive connection with pod quantity
The heat map of the correlation matrix illustrates Pearson correlation (r = 0.62**). Similarly, pod length, root length, pod number, and average
coefficients for growth and yield parameters of mungbean. Positive plant height all exhibit moderate positive correlations with seeds per pod
correlations are denoted in blue, negative in red. The scale ranges from -1 count (r = 0.52**), number of seeds per pod (r = 0.46**), 100 seed weight
to 1: -1 signifies a complete negative linear relationship, 1 indicates a (0.44**), and pod length (r = 0.42**) respectively. In contrast, other
perfect positive linear relationship, and 0 represents no connection parameter relationships demonstrate weak positive correlations, as well
between variables. The studied parameters include average plant height, as minor negative associations and insignificance. A highly significant and
branch and leaf numbers, root length, pod number, pod length, root nodule positive correlation between grain yield and the number of pods plant -1
number, seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, and grain yield. (0.744) and grain yield plant-1 (0.888) (Achakzai and Panizai, 2007).
While other entries failed to establish any meaningful connections with
The data in Figure 7 reveals both the significant and non-significant plant grain yields.

Figure 7: Pearson’s correlation heat map between growth and yield traits of mungbean by the effect of row spacing and Npk fertilizer.

Cite The Article: Bhandari A., Chataut G.P., Dhital G. (2024). Study on The Effect of Row Spacing and Npk on Performance of
Mungbean (Vigna Radiata) in Sundarbazar Lamjung. Science Heritage Journal, 8(2): 94-102.
 Science Heritage Journal (GWS) 8(2) (2024) 94-102

4. CONCLUSIONS Abaya, Southern Ethiopia. 17 (12), Pp. 1581–1592.

https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2021.15731
In summary, this research highlights that changing row spacing (20cm,
25cm, 30cm) did not significantly affect mungbean grain yield. However, Gurjar, R., and Vithalbhai Patel, K. (2018). Effects of sowing dates and
varying NPK fertilizer doses did impact grain yield, with the highest spacing on semi rabi green gram Genetic enhancement and
(30:30:30) kg NPK/ha resulting in 1263.55 kg/ha, and the lowest production technologies for Pulse crops View project student work
(10:10:10) kg NPK/ha yielding 929.27 kg/ha. The study found a subtle View project. May.
influence of row spacing on plant height, with trends that were observable https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341277128
but statistically insignificant. Similarly, different NPK fertilizer doses had
minimal effects on plant height across various time periods, suggesting a Ihsanullah, Taj, F.H., Akbar, H., Basir, A., and Ullah, N., 2002. Effect of Row
moderate response to fertilization within the tested NPK range. Spacing on Agronomic Traits and Yield of Mungbean (Vigna Radiata
Additionally, the investigation demonstrated how branch and leaf counts L. Wilczek). In Asian Journal of Plant Sciences (1, Issue 4, Pp. 328–
remained stable in response to various row spacing’s and Npk doses. This 329).
indicates a negligible impact of these elements on the overall vegetative
Jamro, S.A., Jamro, S., Ansari, M. A., Jamro, M. A., Ahmad, M. I., Siddiqui, W.
growth of mungbean plants.
A., Junejo, S.A., and Soualiou, S., 2018. Growth and Yield Response of
While Npk doses had little to no effect on root length, some variations in Mungbean under the Influence of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
root length were seen when row spacing was changed. Npk fertilization, Combination Levels. Journal of Applied Environmental and
however, was found to have a significant impact on the total number of Biological Sciences (7), Pp. 1–9. www.textroad.com
root nodules per plant, which are essential for nitrogen fixation. Minimal
Kabir, M. H., and Sarkar, M.A.R., 2008. Give to AgEcon Search Seed yield of
changes were seen in pod characteristics like pod count and length when
mungbean as affected by variety and plant spacing in Kharif-I
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season. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, 6 (2), Pp.
less sensitive to the tested variables.
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Surprisingly, despite resistance to changes in row spacing and Npk doses,
Kumar, V., 2022. Effect Of Spacing and Fertilizer Levels On Growth, Fodder
the weight of individual seeds and overall grain yield frequently failed to
Yield And Seed Yield Of Velvet Bean. In Forage Research. 47 (4).
reach statistical significance. This emphasizes how genetic factors have a
http://forageresearch.in
decisive impact on seed weight and grain yield. Intricate relationships
between the various parameters were revealed by correlations, N. Islam. (2021). Effect Of Nitrogen , Phosphorus And Potassium
particularly a significant positive relationship between root nodule count Fertilizers On Growth And Yield Of Mungbean Md . Nayemul Islam
and grain yield. This emphasizes how important nitrogen fixation is for Master Of Science In Soil Science Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural
increasing yield potential. University Dhaka-1207 June, 2021 Effect Of Nitrogen, Phosphorus
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Cite The Article: Bhandari A., Chataut G.P., Dhital G. (2024). Study on The Effect of Row Spacing and Npk on Performance of
Mungbean (Vigna Radiata) in Sundarbazar Lamjung. Science Heritage Journal, 8(2): 94-102.