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Rts-5 Sexual Reproduction

The document discusses sexual reproduction in flowering plants, detailing the structures and processes involved, including microsporogenesis, pollination, and fertilization. It outlines the roles of male and female reproductive organs, the types of pollination, and the significance of pollen grains. Additionally, it covers post-fertilization events such as endosperm and seed development.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

22 views49 pages

Rts-5 Sexual Reproduction

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Yeluripati Vaishnavi

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Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING

PLANTS
(1) INTRODUCTION  The microsporangia develop further & become
pollen sacs. They extend longitudinally all through
 All flowering plants show sexual reproduction
the length of an anther and are packed with pollen
 Flowers are objects of aesthetic, ornamental,
grains.
social, religious and cultural value. They have
always been used as symbols for conveying (3) STRUCTURE OF
important human feelings such as love, affection,
happiness, grief, mourning etc. MICROSPORANGIUM
 Much before the actual flower is seen on a plant, In a T.S., a typical microsporangium appears near circular.
the decision that the plant is going to flower has It is generally surrounded by four wall layers.
taken place. Several hormonal and structural FOUR ANTHER WALL LAYERS:
changes differentiate & develop the floral
primordium, which form inflorescences, bear floral
buds and then the flowers.

(2) PRE-FERTILISATION-STRUCTURES
AND EVENTS
Stamen, Microsporangium and Pollen Grain
 Androecium, consists of a whorl of stamens, (4) MICROSPOROGENESIS
representing the male reproductive organ. Microsporogenesis is a process of formation of
microspores from PMC (Pollen Mother Cell).

 Each cell of the sporogenous tissue is a potential

FILAMENT pollen or microspore mother cell.
 It is long slender stalk.  The microspores, as they are formed, are arranged
 The proximal end of the filament is attached to the in a cluster of four cells-the microspore tetrad.
thalamus or the petal of the flower.  As the anthers mature and dehydrate, the
 The number & length of stamens are variable in microspores dissociate from each other & develop
flowers of different species. into pollen grains.
 Sporopollenin is one of most resistant organic
ANTHER material known. It can withstand high
 The terminal generally bilobed structure is anther temperature, strong acids & alkali. No enzyme that
 Each lobe having two theca i.e., dithecous. can degrade it is known. Pollen grains are well
 Often a longitudinal groove runs lengthwise preserved as fossil due to it.
separating the theca. (5) POLLEN GRAIN
 The anther is a four-sided (tetragonal) structure  Pollen grains represent the male gametophytes. A
consisting of four microsporangia located at the variety of architecture-sizes, shapes, colours,
corners, two in each lobe.
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Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

designs are seen on pollen grains from different  Embryo sac formation from single megaspore is
species. termed monosporic development.
 It has prominent two layered wall-exine and intine.

 Small, floats in the cytoplasm of vegetative cell;

spindle shaped with dense cytoplasm and a
nucleus
Pollen grains are generally spherical; measuring 25 - 50
micrometers in diameter (7) PISTIL, MEGASPORANGIUM
(6) (OVULE) AND EMBRYO SAC
 In over 60% of angiosperms, pollen grains are shed  Gynoecium represents female reproductive part.
at 2-celled stage, in the remaining species, Gynoecium may consist of single pistil
generative cell divides mitotically to give rise to (monocarpellary) or may have more than one pistil
two male gametes before pollen grains are shed (3- (multicarpellary). It may be free, (apocarpous) eg.
celled stage). Michelia or fused (syncarpous), eg. Papaver.
 Pollen grains of many species cause severe
allergies, chronic respiratory disorders, asthma,
bronchitis etc. e.g., Parthenium (carrot grass) came
to India as a contaminant with wheat, became
ubiquitous in occurrence & causes pollen allergy.
 Pollen grains are rich in nutrients. Pollen tablets
and syrups has been claimed to increase
performance of athletes & race horses.
 Pollen Viability: Highly variable. Depends to some
extent on prevailing temperature and humidity.  Each pistil has three parts
 In some cereals like rice and wheat pollen grains 1. Stigma: Landing platform for pollen grains.
lose viability within 30 minutes of release 2. Style: Elongated slender part below stigma
 In some members of Rosaceae, Leguminoseae and 3. Ovary: Basal bulged part of pistil, has ovarian cavity
Solanaceae, viability can be for months. (locule). Placenta is located inside ovarian cavity.
 It is possible to store pollen of a large number of Megasporangia called ovules arise from placenta.
species for years in liquid nitrogen (−196∘ C) in  One ovule in ovary -e.g. wheat, paddy, mangy
pollen banks for crop breeding programmes.  Many ovule in ovary - e.g. papaya, watermelon,
 In embryo sac 3 celled egg apparatus, at micropylar orchids.
end (1 egg cell & two synergids with filiform  Pollen germination can be studied by dusting
apparatus, which guide pollen tube into the pollen on glass slide with 10% sugar solution.
synergid.), 3 antipodals at chalazal end and a large Megasporangium (Ovule)
central cell, with two polar nuclei remain present.

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Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

 Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of

another flower of the same plant.
 It is functionally cross pollination involving
pollinating agents, genetically it is similar to
autogamy, since the pollen grains come from the
same plant.
(3) XENOGAMY
Megasporogenesis  Transfers of pollen grains from anther to the
 Process of formation of megaspores from stigma of a different plant.
megaspore mother cells.  This is the only type of pollination which brings
 Ovules generally differentiate a single megaspore genetically different types of pollen grains on the
mother cell (MMC) in micropylar region of stigma.
nucellus.
Meiosis (9) AGENTS OF POLLINATION
 MMC → 4 megaspores.
(2n) ( n) 1. ABIOTICAGENTS
Female Gametophyte / Embryo sac  Pollen coming in contact with stigma is a chance
 In majority of flowering plants one megaspore  Pollen coming in contact with stigma is a chance
remains functional and 3 degenerate. factor in both wind and water pollination. So
 The functional megaspore develops the female flowers produce enormous amount of pollen when
gametophyte (embryo sac) compared to number of ovules available for
 The nucleus of functional megaspore undergoes pollination. It is to compensate loss of pollen
free-nuclear mitotic divisions to form two nuclei grains.
which move to opposite pole. Two more sequential Wind pollination
mitotic divisions result 8-nucleate stage, after that
 Requires light, non-stickly pollen so that they can
cell walls are laid down to form the typical 7-celled-
be transported by wind currents. Well exposed
8 nucleate female gametophyte or embryo sac.
stamens and large often-feathery stigma to trap air
(8) POLLINATION borne pollen, single ovule in each ovary and
Transfer of pollen shed from anther to sigma of a pistil. numerous flowers in an inflorescence. Tassels in
Pollination can be divided into three types. corn to trap pollen.
(1) AUTOGAMY  Quite common in grasses.
 Pollination is achieved within same flower, i.e.,  Pollination by wind is more common among abiotic
transfer of pollen from anther to the stigma of pollinations.
same flower.
Water pollination
 It requires synchrony in pollen release and stigma
 Pollination by water is quite rare, limited to 30
receptivity.
genera, of monocotyledons e.g Vallisneria, Hydrilla,
 Cleistogamous flowers (which do not open) are
Zostera (sea grass).
invariably autogamous, eg. Viola (common pansy),
 In majority of aquatic plants like water hyacinth
Oxalis & Commelina and provide assured seed set
and waterlily, flowers emerge above water & are
even in absence of pollinators.
pollinated by insects or wind.
 These species also produce chasmogamous flowers
 In Vallisneria pollination takes place on the surface
(with exposed anther and stigma) for cross-
of water (epihydrophily), in sea grasses it takes
pollination.
place below water (hypohydrophily)
(2) GEITONOGAMY

 In most water-pollinated species, pollen grains are

protected from wetting by a mucilaginous
(11) POLLEN-PISTIL INTERACTION
 The ability of pistil to recognise the pollen followed
covering.
by its acceptance or rejection is the result of a
2. BIOTIC AGENTS
continuous dialogue between pollen grain and the
 Majority of flowering plants use a range of animals
pistil. Its a dynamic process.
as pollinating agents-Bees, butterflies, flies,
 This dialogue is mediated by chemical components
beetles, wasps, ants, moths, birds (sunbirds &
of the pollen interacting with those of the pistil.
humming birds) & bats.
 Following compatible pollination, pollen tube
 Among animals, insects particularly bees are
grows through the tissues of the stigma and style,
dominant pollinating agents.
the contents of pollen grain move into pollen tube.
 Some primates (lemurs), arboreal (tree dwelling)
 The growing pollen tube carrying two non-motile
rodents or even reptiles (gecko lizard & garden
male gametes, reaches the ovary, enters the ovule
lizard) are also pollinators in some species.
through micropyle & then enters one of the
 Insect-pollinating flowers are large, colourful,
synergids through the filiform apparatus, which
fragrant and rich in nectar. Small flowers are
guides the entry of pollen tube.
clustered in inflorescence to make them
 All these events - from pollen deposition on the
conspicuous.
stigma until pollen tubes enter the ovule - are
 Animals are attracted to flowers by colour and/ or
together referred to as pollen - pistil interaction.
fragrance.
 Flowers pollinated by flies & beetles secrete foul (12) ARTIFICIAL HYBRIDISATION
odours to attract these animals.  In such crossing, desired pollen are used for
 Nectar & pollen grains are usual floral rewards. pollination & stigma is protected from
 In some species floral rewards are in providing safe contamination from unwanted pollen by
places to lay eggs, eg, Amorphophallus; A species emasculation and bagging.
of moth and Yucca - cannot complete their life  If female parent bears bisexual flowers
cycles without each other. emasculation is followed by bagging & rebagging
(10) OUTBREEDING DEVICES after dusting mature pollen, for fruit development.
 Flowering plants have developed many devices to  If female flowers are unisexual there is no need of
discourage self. pollination and to encourage cross emasculation.
pollination. For example-  Knowledge gained in pollen-pistil interactions can
 Pollen release and stigma receptivity are not help plant breeders even in compatible pollination
synchronised. to get desired hybrids.
 Anther and stigma are placed at different positions  Continued self-pollination result in inbreeding
so that pollen cannot come in contact with stigma depressions.
of the same flower. (13) DOUBLE FERTIFISATION
 Self-incompatibility is a genetic mechanism which  Pollen tube releases the two male gametes into the
prevents selfpollen from fertilizing the ovules by cytoplasm of the synergid.
inhibiting pollen germination or pollen tube growth  One of the males gametes fuses with egg to form
in the pistil. the diploid zygote (SYNGAMY). The other male
 Production of unisexual flowers. gamete moves towards the polar nuclei of the
 In castor & maize. (monoecious) autogamy is central cell and fuses with them to produce triploid
prevented but not geitonogamy. In papaya primary endosperm nucleus (PEN). It is TRIPLE
(dioecy), both autogamy and geitonogamy are FUSION.
prevented.

 Syngamy & triple fusion are called double fruits. A seed typically consists of seed coats,
fertilisation, an event unique to flowering plants. cotyledon(s) & an embryo axis.
The central cell after triple fusion becomes primary  Mature seeds may be non-albuminous or ex-
endosperm cell (PEC) and develop ionto albuminous, having no residual endosperm, which
endosperm. is consumed completely during embryo
development (eg pea, groundnut). Albuminous
(14) POST-FERTILISATION: STRUCTURE seeds retain a part of endosperm (eg. Wheat,
AND EVENTS maize, barley, castor, coconut).
 In black pepper & beet, remnants of nucellus are
(A) ENDOSPERM
also persistent, called perisperm.
 Endosperm development precedes embryo  Wall of ovary develops into pericarp. True fruits
development. develop from ovary.
 The cells of triploid endosperm are filled with  In apple, strawberry, cashew, etc, thalamus also
reserve food materials and used by developing contributes to form fruit called false fruit.
embryo.
 Parthenocarpic fruit develop without fertilisation
 The most common type of endosperm, is nuclear eg. Banana.
type (PEN undergoes successive nuclear divisions
 Seeds form the basis of agriculture.
to give free nuclei) eg. coconut water, and
 Lupinus arcticus seed germinated and flowered
surrounding white kernel is cellular endosperm.
after estimated record 10,000 yrs of dormancy.
(B) EMBRYO Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) seed remained
 Embryo develops at micropylar end of embryo sac viable for 2000 yrs.
where the zygote is situated. (15) APOMIXIS AND POLYEMBRYONY
 Most zygotes divide only after certain amount of
 Some species of Asteraceae & grasses have
endosperm is formed. This adaptation provides
evolved a special mechanism to produce seeds
assured nutrition to the developing embryo.
without fertilisation called apomixis. A form of
 Early stages of embryo development asexual reproduction that mimics sexual
(EMBRYOGENY) are similar in both reproduction.
monocotyledons and dicotyledons.
 In some species diploid egg cell formed without
 In dicots the zygote forms → proembryo → reduction division develops into embryo without
globular → heart-shaped → mature embryo. fertilisation.
 A typical dicot embryo has embryonal axis & two  In Citrus and mango nucellar cells protrude into
cotyledons. Epicotyl terminates with plumule or embryo sac & develops into embryos, so each
stem tip; hypocotyl terminates at its lower tip in ovule contains many embryos-polyembryony.
radical or root tip, covered by root cap.
 Hybrid seeds have to be produced every year as
 Embryos of monocot has only one cotyledon. In the progeny plants will segregate and will not be
grass family it is called scutellum towards lateral able to maintain hybrid characters. But if hybrid
side of the embryonal axis. Radicle or root cap seeds are made into apomicts, there is no
enclosed with undifferentiated sheath called segregation of characters in hybrid progeny. So
coleorhiza. Epicotyl has shoot apex & a few leaf active research is going on to understand the
primordia enclosed in foliar structure coleoptile. genetics of apomixis & transfer apomictic genes
(C) SEED into hybrid varieties.
 In angiosperms, seed (fertilised ovule) is the final
product of sexual reproduction, formed inside

Exercise 1 : NCERT Based Topic-wise MCQs

2.1 FLOWER - A FASCINATING ORGAN OF ANGIOSPERMS

1. Identify P − V in the given figure and select (b) inside the ovule.
the correct option. NCERT Page-20/N-4 (c) inside the anther.
(d) in essential floral organs.
5. One of the most resistant known biological
material is.NCERT Page-23 / N-7
(a) lignin (b) hemicellulose
(c) sporopollenin (d) lignocellulose
6. Pollen grain is liberated at
NCERT Page-23 / N-7
(a) one celled stage.
(b) two celled stage
(a) P-Petal, Q-sepal, R-Filament, S-Anther, T-Style,
(c) three celled stage.
U-Stigma, V-Ovary (d) two or three celled stage.
(b) P-Petal, Q-Sepal, R-Anther, S-Filament, 7. Ovules are attached to a parenchymatous
T-Stigma, U-Style, V-Ovary cushion called
(c) P-Sepal, Q-Petal, R-Anther, S-Filament, (a) nucellus (b) obturator
T-Stigma, U-Style, V-Ovary (c) conducting tissue (d) placenta
8. The point at which funicle touch the ovule is
(d) P-Ovary, Q-Petal, R-Anther, S-Filament,
NCERT Page-25 / N-9
T-Stigma U-Style, V-Sepal (a) chalaza (b) hilum
(c) raphe (d) endothelium
9. Egg apparatus consists of
2.2 Prefertilisation: Structure and Events NCERT Page-27 / N-11
2. Anther is typically NCERT Page-21 / N-5 (a) egg cell and antipodal cells.
(a) tetrasporangiate (b) egg cell and central cell.
(b) bisporangiate (c) egg cell and two synergids.
(c) – trisporangiate (d) egg cell and one synergid.
(d) monosporangiate 10. The most common type of ovule is
3. The functions of tapetum is to NCERT Page- (a) orthotropous (b) hemitropous(c)
21 / N-5 anatropous (d) campylotropous
(a) dehiscence of anther 11. Filiform apparatus is found in
(b) produce pollen grains. NCERT Page-33, 27 / N-11
(c) provide nourishment to the developing (a) synergids (b) anther wall
pollen grains. (c) secondary nucleus (d) egg cell
(d) store and protect pollen grains.
4. Microsporogenesis occurs NCERT Page-21 / 12. Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to
N-5 the stigma of another flower of the same
(a) on margins of leaves. plant is called
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Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

(a) geitonogamy (b) xenogamy 19. Which one of the following statement is
NCERT Page-28 / N-12 correct? NCERT Page-21 / N-5
(c) autogamy (d) cleistogamy (a) Sporogenous tissue is haploid.
13. Cleistogamous flowers are (b) Endothecium produces the microspores.
NCERT Page-28 / N-12 (c) Tapetum nourishes the developing
(a) wind pollinated (b) self-pollinated pollen.
(c) cross-pollinated (d) insect pollinated (d) Hard outer layer of pollen is called intine.
14. Both chasmogamous and cleistogamous
flowers are present in 20. Unisexuality of flowers prevents
NCERT Page-28 / N-12 NCERT Page-21 / N-5
(a) Helianthus (b) Commelina (a) geitonogamy but not xenogamy.
(c) Rosa (d) Gossypium (b) autogamy and geitonogamy.
15. Pollination by water occurs in (c) autogamy but not geitonogamy.
NCERT Page-29/ N-13
(a) Vallisneria (b) Zostera (d) both geitonogamy and xenogamy.
(c) Hydrilla (d) All of these
21. An advantage of cleistogamy is that
16. Bees are important to agriculture as they
NCERT Page-28 / N-12
(a) produce wax
(a) it leads to greater genetic diversity.
(b) perform pollination
(b) seed dispersal is more efficient and wide
(c) prevent pollination
spread.
(d) produce honey
(c) each visit of pollinator brings hundreds of
17. Which of the following statement is
pollen grains.
incorrect regarding artificial hybridisation.
(d) seed set is not dependent upon
NCERT Page-33 / N-17
pollinators.
(a) Desired pollen grains are used for
pollination. 22. Total number of meiotic division required for
(b) Anther is protected from contamination. forming 100 zygotes /100 grains of wheat is
(c) This is achieved by emasculation and (a) 100 (b) 75
bagging techniques. (c) 125 (d) 50
(d) It is major approaches of crop
improvement programme. 23. Monoecious plant which prevents autogamy
18. Which one of the following statement is but not geitonogamy. NCERT Page-31
correct? NCERT Page-28 / N-12 (a) castor (b) papaya
(a) Geitonogamy involves the pollen and (c) Maize (d) Both (a) and (c)
stigma of flowers of different plants.
(b) Cleistogamous flowers are always 24. How many meiotic division are required for
autogamous. the formation of 100 functional
(c) Xenogamy occurs only by wind megaspores?
pollination. (a) 100 (b) 50
(d) Chasmogamous flowers do not open at (c) 75 (d) 25
all.

25. What is the main function of filiform 30. Pollen grains are preserved as fossils
apparatus present at the micropylar part of because of the NCERT Page-23 / N-7
the ovule? (a) Presence of cellulose & pectin
(b) Presence of sporopollenin
(a) It prevents the entry of more than one
(c) Presence of lignin
pollen tube into the embryo sac. NCERT (d) Presence of cellulose
Page-33, 27/𝐍 − 𝟏𝟏
(b) It helps in the entry of pollen tube into 31. Intine of pollen grain is made of
an antipodal cell. NCERT Page-23 / N-7
(c) It helps the pollen tube to enter the ovule (a) callose (b) pecto-cellulose
through chalazal end. (c) cellulose (d) sporopollenin
(d) It guides the entry of pollen tube into a 32. The structure of bilobed anther consists of
synergid and discharge the male gametes. NCERT Page-21 / N-5
(a) 2 thecae, 2 sporangia
26. Germ pore / germinal furrow present on the
(b) 4 thecae, 4 sporangia
surface of pollen grain represents
(c) 4 thecae, 2 sporangia
(a) area where exine is thin or absent.
(d) 2 thecae, 4 sporangia
(b) specialised thickening of exine.
(c) specialised thickening of intine. 33. Pollen grains are well preserved as fossils
(d) area where tapetum is absent. because of presence ofNCERT Page-23 / N-7
(a) sporopollenin (b) cellulose
27. Self-pollination means
NCERT Page-27 / N-12 (c) lignocellulose (d) pectocellulose
(a) transfer of pollen from anther to stigma 34. ____of the pollen grain divides to form two
in the same flower. male gametes. NCERT Page-23 / N-7
(b) transfer of pollen from one flower to (a) Vegetative cell
another on the different plant. (b) Generative cell
(c) occurence of male and female sex organ (c) Microspore mother cell
in the same flowers. (d) None of these
(d) germination of pollen.
35. Which of the following statement is incorrect
28. The function of anther is
about emasculation?NCERT Page-33/N-17
NCERT Page-21 / N-5
(a) During emasculation process, stigma is
(a) produce a cellular structure of sporo-
removed.
pollenin.
(b) Emasculated flowers are bagged in order
(b) produce pollen grains.
to prevent self-pollination.
(c) store and protect pollen grains.
(c) Emasculation is an outbreeding device to
(d) All the above
promote cross-pollination..
29. Cross pollination produces (d) It is one of the steps for artificial
(a) similar offspring (b) weaker progeny hybridization.
(c) better progeny (d) male progeny

36. The given figure represent the L.S of a flower 38. Sequence of development during the
showing growth of pollen tube. Few formation of embryo sac is NCERT Page-26 /
structures are marked as 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 & 𝐸. N-10
Identify 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 and 𝐸 respectively.
(a) Megaspore → Megaspore mother cell →
NCERT Page-32/N-16
Embryo sac.
(b) Megasporocyte → Megaspore → Embryo
sac.
(c) Megaspore → Megaspore mother cell →
Embryo sac.
(d) Megaspore mother cell → Megaspore →
Embryo sac.
(a) Antipodal cells, Polar nuclei, Stigma, 39. Which of the following processes is
Style, Chalaza
necessary for the complete development of
(b) Antipodal cells, Polar nuclei, Style,
male gametophyte?
Stigma, Chalaza
(c) Antipodal cells, Polar nuclei, Stigma, (a) One meiotic cell division and two mitotic
Chalaza, Style cell divisions. NCERT Page-21 & 22/ N-6
(d) Antipodal cells, Polar nuclei, Chalaza, (b) One meiotic cell division and one mitotic
Stigma, Style cell division.
37. In the figure of anatropous ovule given (c) Two meiotic cell divisions and one mitotic
below, choose the correct option for the
cell division.
characteristic distribution of cells within the
typical embryo sacNCERT Page-25 & 26 / (d) Two mitotic cell divisions.
𝐍 − 𝟏𝟗
DOUBLE FERTILISATION
2.3

40. In a fertilized ovule, 𝑛, 2𝑛 and 3𝑛 conditions

occur respectively in NCERT Page-18
(a) antipodal, egg and endosperm.
(b) egg, nucellus and endosperm.
Number Number of Number of (c) endosperm, nucellus and egg.
of cells at cells at nuclei left (d) antipodals, synergids and integuments.
chalazal micropylar in central
end end cell 41. During double fertilization in plants, one
3 2 3 sperm fuses with the egg cell and the other
(a) sperm fuses with NCERT (Page-34 / N-18
(b) 3 3 2 (a) synergids cell (b) polar nuclei
(c) 2 3 3 (c) antipodal cell (d) nucellar cell
(d) 2 2 4

42. Endosperm is generally 47. Water of tender coconut is

NCERT Page-34 / N-18 NCERT Page-35 / N-19
(a) diploid (b) triploid (a) Endosperm
(c) haploid (d) polyploid
(b) Cellular endosperm
43. Fusion of one male gamete with egg and (c) Free-nuclear endosperm
other of the same pollen tube with two (d) None of these
polar nuclei is
(a) triple fusion 48. Perisperm is a NCERT Page-36/N-20
(b) vegetative fertilization NCERT Page-34 / (a) degenerate part of synergids.
N-18 (b) peripheral part of endosperm.
(c) double fertilization (d) parthenogenesis. (c) degenerate part of secondary nucleus.
(d) persistent nucleus.
44. If a diploid female plant and a tetraploid
male plant are crossed, the ploidy of 49. Which of the following is an example of false
endosperm shall be fruit? NCERT Page-36/N-20
(a) tetraploid (b) triploid (a) apple and pear (b) strawberry
(c) diploid (d) pentaploid (c) cashewnut (d) All of these

45. Diagram given below shows the stages in 50. Which of the following floral parts forms
embryogenesis in a typical dicot plant pericarp after fertilization?
(Capsella). Identify the structures 𝐴 to 𝐷 NCERT Page-36/N-20
respectively NCERT Page-34 / N-18
(a) Nucellus (b) Outer integument
(c) Ovary wall (d) Inner integument

51. Albuminous seeds store their reserve food

mainly in NCERT Page-36/N-20
(a) perisperm (b) endosperm
(c) cotyledons (d) hypocotyl

52. The coconut water from tender coconut is

(a) Suspensor, Radicle, Plumule, Cotyledons NCERT Page-35 / N-19
(b) Hypophysis, Radicle, Plumule, Cotyledons (a) cellular endosperm.
(c) Suspensor, Plumule, Radicle, Cotyledons (b) free nuclear endosperm
(d) Suspensor, Radicle, Plumule, Hypocotyls (c) both cellular and nuclear endosperm.
(d) free nuclear embryo.
46. The total number of nuclei involved in
double fertilisation in angiosperms are 53. Identify 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 in the given figure of
(a) two (b) three false fruit of apple.NCERT Page-37 / N-21
(c) four (d) five

2.4 Post Fertilisation : Structure and Events

(a) A - Mesocarp; B - Endocarp; C - Seed; 𝐷 -

Thalamus
(b) A - Seed; B - Thalamus; C - Mesocarp; 𝐷 -
Endocarp
(c) A - Thalamus; B - Seed; C - Endocarp; 𝐷 -
(a) A-Coleoptile; B - Scutellum; C - Epiblast;
Mesocarp
𝐷 - Coleorhiza
(d) A - Mesocarp; B - Endocarp; C - Seed; D -
(b) A - Scutellum; B - Coleoptile; C -
Thalamus
Coleorhiza; 𝐷 - Epiblast
54. Choose the option showing the correct (c) A - Scutellum; B - Epiblast; C - Coleoptile;
labelling A, B, 𝐶 and 𝐷 in the given figure of D - Coleorhiza
a dicot embryo. (d) A - Scutellum; B - Coleoptile; C - Epiblast;
D – Coleorhiza

56. Flowering plants have developed certain out

breeding devices to discourage self-
pollination and encourage cross-pollination.
One of these is not an example of such
outbreeding device. NCERT Page-28,
31/N-5
(a) A - Hypocotyl; B - Cotyledons; C - Root (a) Dicliny (b) Dichogamy
cap; D – Radicle NCERT Page-35 / N-19 (c) Herkogamy (d) Cleistogamy
(b) A - Cotyledons; B - Hypocotyl; C - Root
2.5 Apomixis and polyembryony
cap; D - Radicle
(c) A - Cotyledons; B - Hypocotyl; C - Radicle; 57. An embryo is sometimes develop from a cell
D - Root cap of an embryo sac other than eggs. This is
(d) A - Cotyledons; B - Radicle; C - Hypocotyl; called
D - Root cap. (a) Apogamy (b) Apospary
NCERT Page-37 / N-22
55. The given figure shows the L.S. of a monocot (c) Parthenogenesis (d) Parthenocarpy
embryo. Choose the correct labelling for A,
B, C and 𝐷 marked in the figure from the 58. Nucellar polyembryony is reported in
options given below. NCERT Page-35 / N- species of
19 (a) Brassica (b) Gossypium

(c) Triticum (d) Citrus

59. An irregular mode of reproduction resulting in (a) Only I (b) Only II

the development of an embryo without (c) II and III (d) I, II and III
fertilisation is called
I. parthenogenesis NCERT Page-36 & 37 / N- 60. Formation of seeds (individuals) without fusion
22, 23 is called____ NCERT PAGE-38/23
II. apogamy (a) fertilization (b) pollination
III. sporophytic budding (c) apomixis (d) amphimixis
Select the correct answer using the code
given below.

Exercise 2 : NCERT Exemplar & Past Years NEET

NCERT Exemplar Questions 4. A dicotyledonous plant bears flowers, but
never produces fruits and seeds. The most
1. Among the terms listed below, those that of
probable cause for the above situation is
are not technically correct names for a floral
(a) plant is dioecious and bears only pistillate
whorl are
flowers
(i) androecium (ii) carpel
(b) plant is dioecious and bears both
(iii) corolla (iv) sepal
pistillate and staminate flowers
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (iii) and (iv)
(c) plant is monoecious
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (ii)
(d) plant is dioecious and bears only
2. Embryo sac is to ovule as ....... is to an staminate flowers
another.
5. The outermost and innermost wall layers of
(a) stamen (b) filament
microsporangium in an anther are
(c) pollen grain (d) androecium respectively.
(a) Endothecium and tapetum
3. In a typical complete, bisexual and NCERT PAGE-22
hypogynous flower the arrangement of (b) Epidermis and endodermis
floral whorls on the thalamus from the (c) Epidermis and middle layer
outermost to the innermost is (d) Epidermis and tapetum
(a) calyx, corolla, androecium and
gynoecium 6. During microsporogenesis, meiosis occurs in
(b) calyx, corolla, gynoecium and NCERT PAGE-21
androecium (a) endothecium
(c) gynoecium, androecium, corolla and (c) microspore tetrads
calyx (b) microspore mother cells
(d) androecium, gynoecium, corolla and (d) pollen grains
calyx
7. From among the sets of terms given below,
identify those that are associated with the
gynoecium. NCERT- PAGE 25

(a) Stigma, ovule, embryo sac, placenta (b) Chasmogamous flowers always exhibit
(b) Thalamus, pistil, style, ovule geitonogamy.
(c) Ovule, ovary, embryo sac, tapetum (c) Cleistogamous flowers exhibit both
(d) Ovule, stamen, ovary, embryo sac autogamy and geitonogamy.
(d) Chasmogamous flowers never exhibit
8. Starting from the innermost part, the correct autogamy.
sequence of parts in a ovule are
NCERT- PAGE 25 12. A particular species of plant produces light,
non-sticky pollen in large numbers and its
(a) egg, nucellus, embryo sac, integument
stigmas are long and feathery. These
(b) egg, embryo sac, nucellus, integument modifications facilitate pollination by
(c) embryo sac, nucellus, integument, egg NCERT Page-29
(d) egg, integument, embryo sac, nucellus (a) insects (b) water
(c) wind (d) animals
9. From the statements given below choose the
option that are true for a typical female 13. From among the situations given below,
gametophyte of a flowering plant. choose the one that prevents both
NCERT Page-27 autogamy and geitonogamy. NCERT Page-31
(i) It is eight-nucleate and seven-celled at (a) Monoecious plant bearing unisexual
maturity. flowers.
(ii) It is free-nuclear during the development. (b) Dioecious plant bearing only male or
(iii) It is situated inside the integument, but female flowers.
outside the nucellus. (c) Monoecious plant with bisexual flowers.
(iv) It has an egg apparatus situated at the (d) Dioecious plant with bisexual flowers.
chalazal end.
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii) 14. In a fertilised embryo sac, the haploid,
(c) (i) and (ii) (d) (ii) and (iv) diploid and triploid structure are:
(a) synergid, zygote and primary endosperm
10. Autogamy can occur in a chasmogamous nucleus
flower if: (b) synergid, antipodal and polar nuclei
(a) pollen matures before maturity of ovule (c) antipodal, synergid and primary
(b) ovules mature before maturity of pollen endosperm nucleus
(c) both pollen and ovules mature (d) synergid, polar nuclei and zygote
simultaneously
(d) both anther and stigma are of equal 15. In an embryo sac, the cells that degenerate
lengths after fertilisation are:
(a) synergids and primary endosperm cell
11. Choose the correct statement from the (b) synergids and antipodals
following. (c) antipodals and primary endosperm cell
(a) Cleistogamous flowers always exhibit (d) egg and antipodals
autogamy.

16. While planning for an artificial hybridisation (b) apomixis

programme involving dioecious plants, (c) asexual reproduction
which of the following steps would not be (d) sexual reproduction
relevant? NCERT Page-33
(a) Bagging of female flower
(b) Dusting of pollen on stigma PAST YEAR NEET
(c) Emasculation
21. Which one of the following statements is not
(d) Collection of pollen
true? NCERT Page-21 / N-5 |2016, C
17. In the embryos of a typical dicot and a grass, (a) Tapetum helps in the dehiscence of
true homologous structures are anther
NCERT PAGE- 35 (b) Exine of pollen grains is made up of
(a) coleorrhiza and coleoptile sporopollenin
(b) coleoptile and scutellus (c) Pollen grains of many species cause
(c) cotyledons and scutellum severe allergies
(d) hypocotyl and radicle (d) Stored pollen in liquid nitrogen can be
used in the crop breeding programmes
18. The phenomenon observed in some plants
where in parts of the sexual apparatus is 22. Seed formation without fertilization in
used for forming embryo without flowering plants involves the process of
fertilisation is called (a) Sporulation
NCERT Page-38 NCERT Page-38/N-22 | 2016, C
(a) parthenocarpy (b) apomixis (b) Budding
(c) vegetative propagation (c) Somatic hybridization
(d) sexual reproduction (d) Apomixis

19. In a flower, if the megaspore mother cell 23. Functional megaspore in an angiosperm
forms megaspores without undergoing develops into? 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝐂
meiosis and if one of the megaspores (a) Endosperm (b) Embryo sac
develops into an embryo sac, its nuclei (c) Embryo (d) Ovule
would be
24. A dioecious flowering plant prevents both
(a) haploid
NCERT Page-31/N-12 | 2017, C
(b) diploid
(a) Autogamy and geitonogamy
(c) a few haploid and a few diploid
(b) Geitonogamy and xenogamy
(d) with varying ploidy
(c) Cleistogamy and xenogamy
20. The phenomenon wherein, ovary develops (d) Autogamy and xenogamy
into a fruit without fertilisation is called
25. Flowers which have single ovule in the ovary
NCERT PAGE- 37
and are packed into inflorescence are
(a) parthenocarpy
usually pollinated by NCERT Page-29 | 2017,
C

(a) Bee (b) Wind 32. Persistent nucellus in the seed is known as:
(c) Bat (d) Water NCERT Page-36 / N-9 | 2019,S
26. Attractants and rewards are required for (a) Chalaza
𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝑪 (b) Perisperm
(a) Entomophily (b) Hydrophily (c) Hilùm
(c) Cleistogamy (d) Anemophily (d) Tegmen
27. Which one of the following plants shows a 33. What is the fate of the male gametes
very close relationship with a species of discharged in the synergid? NCERT
moth, where none of the two can complete Page-34/N-10 | 2019, C
its life cycle without the other? 2018 (a) One fuses with the egg, other(s)
(a) Hydrilla (b) Yucca degenerate(s) in the synergid.
(c) Viola (d) Banana (b) All fuse with the egg.
28. Double fertilization is (c) One fuses with the egg, other(s) fuse(s)
NCERT Page-34 / N-18 / 2018, C with synergid nucleus.
(a) Fusion of two male gametes of a pollen (d) One fuses with the egg and other fuses
tube with two different eggs with central cell nuclei.
(b) Fusion of one male gamete with two
polar nuclei 34. The body of the ovule is fused within the
(c) Syngamy and triple fusion funicle at NCERT Page-25 / N-9 | 2020, C
(d) Fusion of two male gametes with one egg (a) Micropyle (b) Nucellus
(c) Chalaza (d) Hilum
29. Pollen grains can be stored for several years 35. The term used for transfer of pollen grains
in liquid nitrogen having a temperature of from anthers of one plant to stigma of a
(a) −120∘ CNCERT Page-24 / N-8 | 2018, C different plant which, during pollination,
(b) −80∘ C brings genetically different types of pollen
(c) −160∘ C grains to stigma, is
(d) −196∘ C (a) Cleistogamy
30. Which of the following has proved helpful in NCERT Page-28/N-12|2021, C
preserving pollen as fossils? (c) Geitonogamy
(a) PollenkittNCERT(Page-23/N-7 | 2018, C (b) Xenogamy
(c) Sporopollenin (d) Chasmogamy
(b) Cellulosic intine 36. Atypical angiosperm embryo sac at maturity
(d) Oil content is: NCERT Page-
31. Ploidy level of nucellus, endosperm, polar 34 / N-10 | 2021, C
nuclei, megaspore mother cell, female (a) 8-nucleate and 8-celled
gametophyte respectively are (b) 8-nucleate and 7-celled
NCERT Page-10 | 2019, 𝑪 (c) 7-nucleate and 8-celled
(a) 2n, 3n, n, 2n, n (d) 7-nucleate and 7-celled
(b) 2𝑛, 3𝑛, 2𝑛, 𝑛, 𝑛
(c) 𝑛, 2𝑛, 𝑛, 2𝑛, 𝑛 37. Identify the incorrect statement related to
(d) 2𝑛, 3𝑛, 2𝑛, 2𝑛, 𝑛 Pollination: NCERT Page-30 / N-12, 13 |
2022, C

(a) Pollination by wind is more common 40. Large, colourful, fragrant flowers with nectar
amongst abiotic pollination are seen inNCERT Page-30 / N-14 | 2023
(b) Flowers produce foul odours to attract (a) Insect pollinated plants
flies and beetles to get pollinated (b) Bird pollinated plants
(c) Moths and butterflies are the most (c) Bat pollinated plants
dominant pollinating agents among insects (d) Wind pollinated plants
(d) Pollination by water is quite rare in
flowering plants 41. What is the function of tassels in the corn cob?
NCERT Page-29 / N-13 | 2023
38. Given below are two statements: (a) To attract insects
NCERT Page-28 / N-12 | 2022, C (b) To trap pollen grains
Statement I: Cleistogamous flowers are (c) To disperse pollen grains
invariably autogamous (d) To protect seeds
Statement II: Cleistogamy is
disadvantageous as there is no chance for 42. In angiosperm, the haploid, diploid and
cross pollination. triploid structures of a fertilized embryo sac
In the light of the above statements, choose sequentially are :
the correct answer from the options given (a) Synergids, Primary endosperm nucleus
below: and zygote NCERT Page-34
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are / N-18 | 2023
incorrect (b) Antipodals, synergids, and primary
(b) Statement I is correct but Statement II is endosperm nucleus
incorrect (c) Synergids, Zygote and Primary
(c) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II endosperm nucleus
is correct (d) Synergids, antipodals and Polar nuclei
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are
correct

39. Which part of fruit, labelled in given figure

makes it a false fruit? NCERT Page-36 &
37/N-21 | 2022, C

(a) B → Endocarp (b) C → Thalamus

Exercise 3: Matching, Statement & Assertion Reason Type

Oily and sticky
MATCH THE FOLLOWING layer, tissue
V.
1. Match the column. help in
pollination.
Column-1 Column-II
(a) A − II; B − III; C − V; D − IV
A. Pericarp I. persistent
(b) A − I; B − III; C − II; D − IV
nucellus
(c) A − II; B − III; C − I; D − IV
B. Perisperm II. no residual
endosperm (d) A - II; B - IV; C - V; D -I
C. Albuminous III. ovary wall 3. Match column I with column II & select
seed correct option from given codes.NCERT Page-
29, 30/N-12 & 13
D. Non IV. endosperm
Albuminous Column-I Column-II
seed
A. Wind I. Grasses, Date palm
NCERT Page-36 / N-20
B. Water II. Rose, Jasmine
(a) A - I; B - II; C - III; D – IV
C. Insect III. Amorphophallus
(b) A − IV; B − III; C − II; D − I
(c) A − III; B − I; C − IV; D − II D. Bird IV. Vallisneria, Hydrilla
(d) A − III; B − I; C − II; D − IV (a) A - I; B - IV; C - II; D – III
2. Match the items given in column-I with those (b) A − I; B − IV; C − III; D − II
given in column-II and choose the correct (c) A − II; B − III; C − I; D − IV
option given below.NCERT Page-21 & 23 / N- (d) A - II; B - I; C - III; D – IV
5 4. Match the column I with Column II.
Column-I Column-II NCERT Page-24,33,38 & 39
Column-I Column-II
Irregular in shape
with A. Syncarpous I.
Occurence of
A. Tapetum I. abundant ovary more than one
food B. Polyembryony embryo in seed
reserve
ovary II. Carpels in a
Acts as nutritive C. Apomixis flower are fused
B. Exine II.
layer D. Emasculation together
Thick, rigid III. Removal of
C. Pollenkit III. protective stamens from
layer the bisexual
Involve in the flower bud
formation IV. Formation of
Vegetative
D. IV. of seeds without
cell
microspore fertilisation
s (a) A − II; B − I; C − IV; D − III
(b) A − IV; B − III; C − II; D − I

(c) A − I; B − IV; C − III; D − II (c) A − V; B − I; C − III; D − IV

(d) A - IV; B - II; C - I; D - IV (d) A − IV; B − V; C − I; D − II
5. Match the items given in column-I with their
examples given in column-Il and choose the 7. Match the items given in column-I with those
given in column-II and choose the correct
Column-I Column-II option given below.
NCERT Page-37,38 & 39/N-22
Groundnut,
A. Ovary I. Column-I Column-II
mustard
Guava, orange, A. Parthenocarpy I. Inactive state
B. Ovule II.
mango
Meiosis and
Wall of
C. III. Pericarp syngamy
ovary B Polyembryony
are
D. Fleshy fruits IV. Seed absent

V. Fruit Occurrence of
correct option given below. NCERT more
Page-36 & 37 / N-20 C Apomixis than
(a) A − V; B − IV; C − III; D − II one
(b) A − I; B − II; C − III; D − IV embryo
(c) A − I; B − III; C − II; D − IV
(d) A − V; B − IV; C − I; D − II D. Dormancy IV. Seedless fruit

6. Match the items given in column-I with their (a) A - I; B - II; C - III; D - IV
examples given in column-Il and identify the (b) A − IV; B − III; C − II; D − I
correct option. (c) A − IV; B − I; C − II; D − III
(d) A − III; B − II; C − I; D − IV
Column-I Column-II
A
Coleorhiza I. Grapes Two Statement Type Questions
.
DIRECTION: Read the statements carefully and
B
Food storing tissue II. Mango answer the question on the basis of following
.
options.
Parthenocarpic III (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
C. Maize
fruit . (b) Statement I is correct but Statement II is
Single seeded fruit incorrect
developing (c) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is
D from IV correct
Radicle
. monocarpell .
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
ary superior
ovary
8. Statement I: The primary endosperm cell
Endosper
V. (PEC) and develops into the endosperm
m
Statement II: the zygote develops into an embryo.
(a) A − III; B − I; C − IV; D − II NCERT Page-34 / N-19
NCERT Page-35,36 & 37
(b) A − IV; B − II; C − V; D − I

9. Statement I: Microsporangium is generally (a) (i) and (ii) are correct but (iii) and (iv) are
surrounded by four wall layers - epidermis, incorrect.
endothecium, middle layer and tapetum. (b) (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct but (iii) is
Statement II: The outer three wall layers
incorrect.
perform the function of protection and help
in dehiscence of anther to release the pollen. (c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) are correct but (i) is
NCERT Page-21 / N-5 incorrect.
10. Statement I: Ovules generally differentiate a (d) (i) and (iv) are correct but (ii) and (iii) are
single megaspore mother cell (MMC) in the incorrect.
chalazal region of the nucellus. 15. Which of the following statement(s) is/are
Statement II: MMC undergoes reduction incorrect ? NCERT Page-34 & 35
division and produces four megaspores. (i) Endosperm formation starts prior to first
NCERT Page-26/N-9 division of zygote.
11. Statement I: zygote gives rise to the mature (ii) Angiospermic endosperm is mostly 3 N
embryo. while gymnospermic one is N.
Statement II: zygotes divide only after certain (iii) Coconut has both liquid nuclear
amount of endosperm is formed. NCERT (multinucleate) and cellular endosperm.
Page-35 / N-18 (iv) Milky water of green tender coconut is
12. Statement I: The events 'from pollen liquid female gametophyte.
deposition on stigma until pollen tubes (v) Endosperm develop at the chalazal end.
enters the ovule' are together referred to as (a) (i) and (ii)
pollen-pistil interaction. (c) (iv) and (v)
NCERT Page-31 & 32 / N-15 (b) Only (iii)
Statement II: Pollen-pistil interaction is (d) Only (ii)
mediated by chemical components of the 16. Which of the following statement(s) is/are
ovule. correct about self-incompatibility?
13. Statement I: If the female parent produces (i) It is a device to prevent inbreeding.
bisexual flowers, there is no need for (ii) It provides a biochemical block to self-
emasculation. fertilization.
Statement II: The female flower buds are (iii) It ensures cross-fertilization.
bagged after the flowers open NCERT (iv) It is governed by pollen-pistil interaction.
Page-33 / N-17 (a) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(b) (i) and (iv)
(c) All of the above
Multi-Statement Type Questions (d) None of the above
17. From the statements given below choose the
14. Study the following statements and select option that are true for a typical female
the correct option NCERT Page-21,25,29 & gametophyte of a flowering plant.
34 NCERT Page-25 & 27
(i) Tapetum nourishes the developing pollen (i) It is eight-nucleate and seven-celled at
grains. maturity.
(ii) Hilum represents the junction between (ii) It is free-nuclear during the development.
ovule and funicle. (iii) It is situated inside the integument, but
(iii) In aquatic plants, such as water hyacinth outside the nucellus.
and water lily, pollination is by water. (iv) It has an egg apparatus situated at the
(iv) The primary endosperm nucleus is chalazal end.
triploid. (a) (i) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (ii)

(b) (ii) and (iii) 20. Assertion : Pollen mother cells (PMCs) are
(d) (ii) and (iv) the first male gametophytic cells.
Reason : Each PMC gives rise to four pollens.
Assertion & Reason Questions
DIRECTION: These questions consist of two 21. Assertion : Chasmogamous flowers require
statements, each printed as Assertion and pollinating agents.
Reason. While answering these questions, Reason : Cleistogamous flowers do not
you are required to choose any one of the expose at all.NCERT ( Page-28 / N-12
following four responses.
(a) Both (𝐴) and (𝑅) are correct but (𝑅) is 22. Assertion : Double fertilisation is
not the correct explanation of (𝐴) characteristic feature of angiosperms.
(b) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct Reason : Double fertilisation involves two
(c) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct fusions. NCERT Page-34/ 𝐍 − 𝟏𝟖
(d) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the 23. Assertion : Endosperm is a nutritive tissue
correct explanation of (𝐴) which is triploid.
Reason: Endosperm is formed by fusion of
18. Assertion: If pollen mother cells have 42 secondary nucleus to second male gamete. It
chromosomes, the pollen has only 21 is used by developing embryo.
chromosomes. NCERT Page-34 & 35 / N-18
Reason: Pollens are formed after meiosis 24. Assertion: A typical microsporangium of
from pollen mother cell. angiosperms is generally surrounded by four
wall layers.
19. Assertion: The megaspore mother cell divides Reason: The outer three wall layers perform
meiotically to produce four spores. the function of protection and help in
Reason: Megaspore mother cells are haploid dehiscence of anther to release the pollen.
and megaspore is diploid. NCERT (Page- NCERT Page-21 / N-5
26 / N-10

CRITICAL THINKING
MATCHING TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Match the biotic agent of cross pollination given Column-I. Column-II
in Column-I with their feature given in column-II A. Ovary I. Groundnut, mustard
and select the correct answer using the codes
given below. (NCERT page -28,29) B. Ovule. II. Guava. orange,
.Column-I. Column-II mango
C. Wall of ovary III. Pericarp
A. Zoophily 1. Pollination by birds
D. Fleshy fruits IV. Seed
B.Ornithophily II. Pollination by insects
E. Dry fruits V. Fruit
C.Entomophily Ill. Pollination by bats
(a) A - V; B-IV: C -III; D-II; E-1
D.Chiropterophily IV. Pollination by (b) A -1; B- II; C- III; D- IV; E - V
animals (c) A- I; B- III; C-II; D- IV; E - V
(a) A -III; B - II; C- I; D-IV (d) A -V; B-IV; C-1; D- II; E-III
(b) A -1; B- II; C- III; D - IV 3. Match the items given in column-l with those given in
(c) A -IV; B- I; C-II; D - III column-Il and choose the correct option given
(d) A-IV; B- II; C-1; D – III below. NCERT page -37
2. Choose the correct option given below. Column-I. Column-II
NCERT page -37

A.Parthenocarpy 1. Inactive state 6. Wind pollinated flowers often have ____ovule in

B.Polyembryony II. Meiosis and each ovary and flowers are after ____. NCERT
page -29
syngamy are
Column-I. Column-II
absent
A) Single (i)Single
C. Apomixis IIl.Occurrence of more
than one B) Multiple (ii)Single
embryo C) Single (iii) packed in
D. Dormancy IV. Seedless fruit inflorescence
D) multiple (iv) packed in
(a) A -I; B-II; C- III; D - IV
inflorescence
(b) A -IV; B- III: C- II; D- 1
(c) A-IV; B-1; C-II; D- III
(d) A -III; B- II; C-1; D- IV
4. Match the items given in column-l with those
given in column-ll and chose the correct option
7. Match the columns. NCERT page -28,29
given below. NCERT page -23
Column-I. Column-II
Column-I. Column-II
(i)Wind pollination (a) Maize
A. Tapetum I. Irregular in shape
with abundant (ii) Water pollination (b) Hydrilla
food reserve (iii) Biotic pollination (c) Monocots
B. Exine II. Acts as nutritive
(iv) Freshwater (d) Amorphophallus
layer
pollination
C. Pollenkit III. Thick, rigid
A) (i)-d, (ii)-b, (iii)-d, (iv)-c
protective layer
B) (i)-c, (ii)-d, (iii)-a, (iv)-b
D. Vegetative cell IV. Involve in the
C) (i)-a, (ii)-c, (iii)-d, (iv)-b
formation of
D) (i)-b, (ii)-a, (iii)-c, (iv)-d
microspores
8. Coconut water from tender Coconut is _______ and
E. Sporogenous tissue V. Oily and sticky layer,
white kernel is _______.NCERTPg no: 35
help in
Column-I. Column-II
pollination.
(a) A - II; B-III; C- V; D- IV; E - I A) Cellular endosp erm (i) Free-nuclear
(b) A -1; B-III; C-II; D-IV; E - V endosperm
(c) A -II; B-III; C-1; D-IV; E - V B) Free nuclear (ii) Cytoplasmic
(d) A - II; B-IV; C- V; D-1; E -III endosperm endosperm
5. Match the items given in Column-I with their C) Free-nuclear (iii) Cellular endosperm
examples given in Column-Il and identify the endosperm
correct option. NCERT page -23,37 D) Cytoplasmic (iv) Cellular endosperm
Column-I. Column-II endosperm
A. Coleorhiza I. Grapes 9. Match the following NCERT page -26
Column-I. Column-II
B. Food storing tissue II. Mango
a) ovule (i) endosperm
C.Parthenocarpic fruit III. Maize
b) funiculus (ii) Qurlis stack
D. Single seeded fruit IV. Radicle
developing from c) Nucellus (iii) seed
monocarpellary d) polar nuclei (iv) perisperm
superior ovary A B C D
E. Membranous seed coat V.Endosperm 1. 3 2 1 4
(a) A - III; B-I; C-IV; D-II; E - V 2. 3 2 4 1
(b) A -IV; B- II; C-V; D-I; E-III 3. 1 2 3 4
(c) A -V; B-I; C- III; D-IV; E-II 4. 2 3 1 4
(d) A-IV; B- V; C-I; D-II; E-III 10. Match the following NCERT page -37

Column-I. Column-II 4. 3 2 1 4
a) Plumule (i) attachment of seed 14. Match the following NCERT page - 23
Column-I. Column-II
b) Radicle (ii) Embryonic stem
a) syncarpous (i) Chasmogamous
c) Hilum (iii) Embryonal axis
b) Oxalis (ii) Papaver
d) Scutellum (iv) Embryonal root
c) apocarpous (iii) Michelia
A B C D
1. 2 4 1 3 d) marine sea grass (iv)zostera
2. 2 1 4 3 A B C D
3. 2 4 3 1 1. 1 3 4 2
4. 3 4 1 2 2. 2 3 1 4
11. Match the following NCERT page – 27,26 3. 3 2 1 4
Column-I. Column-II 4. 2 1 3 4
a) Funicles (i) small opening of 15. Match the following NCERT page - 37
ovule Column-I. Column-II
b) Integuments (ii) stalk of ovule a) endosperm (i)castor
c) Chalaza (iii) Protective b) perisperm (ii)pea
envelope of
ovule c) non-albuminous (iii) black pepper
d) Hilum (iv) scar on the ovule A B C
e) Micropyle (v) Basal part of ovule 1. 2 3 1
2. 1 2 3
A B C D E 3. 1 3 2
1. 2 3 5 4 1 4. 3 1 2
2. 1 3 2 4 5 16. Match the following NCERT page – 22,26
3. 2 3 1 4 5 Column-I. Column-II
4. 2 4 5 1 3
5. 3 4 5 1 2 a)megasporangium (i)ovule
b) female (ii) locule
12. Select the mismatched pairs gametophyte
NCERT page -22,23,26 c) junction between iii)embryo sac
Column-I. Column-II ovule and
a) Microsporangium (i) Pollen sac funicle
d) ovarian cavity (iv) hilum
b) Megasporangium (ii) Nucellus
A B C D
c) Pollen grain (iii) female gametes 1. 1 3 4 2
d) Embryo sac (iv) Female 2. 2 3 1 4
gametophyte 3. 3 2 1 4
4. 2 1 3 4
13. Match the following NCERT page – 22,23 17 . Match the following NCERT page - 26
Column-I. Column-II Column-I. Column-II
a)sporogenous tissue (i) Meiosis a) synergids (i) haploid
b) Pollen (ii)Mitosis b) endosperm (ii) polyploidy
c) Parthenium (iii) Male gametophyte c) megaspore (iii) triploid
d) Microspore tetrad (iv)Pollen allergy mother cell
d) tapetum (iv) diploid
A B C D
1. 2 3 1 4
2. 2 1 3 4 A B C D
3. 1 3 4 2 1. 2 3 1 4

2. 1 3 4 2 (3) Xenogamy (C) Transfer of pollen

3. 2 1 3 4 grains from the
4. 3 2 1 4 anther to the
18. Match the items in column I with the items in stigma of
column II. NCERT page -37 another flower
Column-I. Column-II of same plant
(A) Remains of (1)Scutellum (a) 1-A, 2-C, 3-B
nucellus in a (b) 1-C, 2-B, 3-A
seed (c) 1-A, 2-B, 3-C
(B) Formation of (2) Perisperm (d) 1-B , 2-A, 3-C
seed without 20.Match column I with column lI and select the correct
fertilisation option from the given codes. NCERT page -29
(C) Cotyledon in the (3) Polyembryony Column-I. Column-II
seeds of A. Anemophily (1) Grasses, Date palm
grasses B. Hydrophily (ii) Rose, Jasmine
(D) Occurrence of (4) Apomixis
more than one C. Entomophily (iii) Butea, Bignonia
embryo in a D. Ornithophily (iv) Vallisneria,
seed Ceratophylium
a)A-(i), B-(iv), C-(ii), D-(iii)
(a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 b)A-(i), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(ii)
(b) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 c)A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(iv)
(c) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 d)A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iii), D-(iv)
(d) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2 21. Match biotic vectors in List I with the pollinating
19. Match the terms in column I with the items in term in List Il and select the correct answer using
column II. NCERT page -28 the codes given the lists. NCERT page -28,29-
Column-I. Column-II Column-I. Column-II
(1) Autogamy (A) Transfer of pollen a. Insects 1. Ornithophily
grains from
b. Water 2. Chiropterophily
anther to stigma
of the same c. Bats 3. Entomophily
flower d. Humming birds 4. Hydrophily
(2)Geitonogamy (B) Transfer of pollen
A) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
grains from
B) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
anther or stigma
C) A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
of a different
D) A-4, B-2, C-3, D
plant's flower
STATEMENT TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following statement is correct for (c) Emasculation is the removal of stamens
the pollen tube? NCERT.Pg.No.31 before the maturation of selected bisexual
(a) It shows chemotactic movement. flowers.
(b) It shows only tip growth. (d) It is one of the steps for artificial
(c) It is composed of three non-cellular zones. hybridization.
(d) It shows radial cytoplasmic streaming. 3. Which one of the following statements is
2. Which of the following statement is incorrect incorrect? NCERT page -27
about emasculation? NCERT page -33 (a) When pollen is shed at two-celled stage,
(a) During emasculation process, stigma is double fertilization does not take place.
removed. (b) Vegetative cell is larger than generative cell.
(b) Emasculated flowers are bagged in order to (c) Pollen grains in some plants remain viable for
prevent cross-pollination. months.
(d) Intine is made up of cellulose and pectin.

4. Which of the following statement about iii) The most common type of endosperm is
sporopollenin is incorrect? NCERT page -23 nuclear.
(a) Exine is made up of sporopollenin. (iv) Coconut has both liquid nuclear
(b) Sporopollenin is one of the resistant organic (multinucleate) and cellular endosperm.
materials. (v) Milky water of green tender coconut is liquid
(c) Exine has apertures called germ pores where female gametophyte.
sporopollenin is present. (a) (i) and (ii) (b) Only (iii)
(d) Sporopollenin can withstand high (c) Only (v) (d) Only (ii)
temperatures and strong acids. 10. Which of the following statements are correct
5. Which one of the following is the correct events for a typical female gametophyte of a flowering
takes place after double fertilization? plant? NCERT page -24
NCERT page -34 (i) It is 8-nucleate and 7-celled at maturity.
(a) The pollen grain germinates on the stigma. (ii) It is free-nuclear during the development.
(b) The pollen tubes enter the embryo sac. (iii) It is situated inside the integument but
(c) Two male gametes are discharged into the outside the nucellus.
embryo sac. (iv) It has an egg apparatus situated at the
(d) The PEN (Primary Endosperm Nucleus) chalazal end.
develops into endosperm. (a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii)
6. Which one of the following statements is (c) (i) and (ii) (d) (ii) and (iv)
correct? NCERT page -22 11. Study the following statements and select the
(a) Sporogenous tissue is haploid. correct option. NCERT page -22,24
(b) Endothecium produces the microspores. (i) Tapetum nourishes the developing pollen
(c) Tapetum nourishes the developing pollen. grains.
(d) Hard outer layer of pollen is called intine. (ii) Hilum represents the junction between ovule
7. Which one of the following statements is and funicle.
correct? NCERT page -27 (iii) In aquatic plants, such as water hyacinth and
(a) Geitonogamy involves the pollen and stigma water lily, pollination is by water.
of flowers of different plants. (iv) The primary endosperm nucleus is triploid.
(b) Cleistogamous flowers are always (a) (i) and (ii) are correct but (iïi) and (iv) are
Autogamous. incorrect.
(c) Xenogamy occurs only by wind pollination. (b) (i). (ii) and (iv) are correct but (iii) is incorrect.
(d) Chasmogamous flowers do not open at all. (c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) are correct but (i) is incorrect.
8. Which of the following statements is/are correct (d) (i) and (iv) are correct but ii) and iii) are
about self-incompatibility? incorrect.
NCERT page -25
(i) It is a device to prevent inbreeding. 12. Seeds are adaptively important because: NCERT
(ii) It provides a biochemical block to self- page -36
fertilization. (i) they maintain dormancy.
(iii) It ensures cross- fertilisation (ii) they protect young plants during vulnerable
(iv) it is governed by pollen - pistil interaction stages.
(v) It is governed by series of multiple alleles. (iii) they store food for young plants, and
(vi) It prevents self-pollen (from the same flower facilitate dispersal.
of other flowers of the same plant) from Identity the correct reasons.
fertilizing the ovules by inhibiting pollen (a) (i)and (iii) (b) (ii) and (ili)
germination of pollen tube growth in the pistil. (c) (i) and (ii) (d) All of the above
(a) (i). (ii) and (iii) (b) (i), (iv) and (v) 13. Which of the given statements are true?
(c) (iv), (v) and (vi) (d) All of the above NCERT page -36
9. Which of the following statements is/are (1) During the development of a dicot embryo-
incorrect? NCERT page -34 heart shaped embryo is followed by globular
(i) Endosperm formation starts prior to first enlarge.
division of zygote. (ii) The part of the embryonal axis above the level
(ii) Angiospermic endosperm is mostly 3n while of cotyledons is epicotyl while the part below the
gymnospermic one is n. level of cotyledons is hypocotyl.

(iii) Monocot seeds possess a single cotyledon B) The number of ovules in an ovary is many in
represented by scutellum. papaya
(a) (i) and (il) (b) (ii) and (iii) C) The number of ovules in an ovary is one in
(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (i) (ii) and (ili) orchid
14. Which of the following is a incorrect/mismatched D) Wheat mango consist of one ovule
pair? NCERT page -21 21. Choose correct statement –
(a) Microsporangium - Pollen sac NCERT page -24,25
(b) Megasporangium-Ovule A) The nucleus of the functional megaspore
(c) Microsporophyll -Stamen divides mitotically to form two nuclei which move
(d) Megasporophyll-Filament to the opposite poles, forming the 2-nucleate
15. Which of the following is incorrect /mismatched embryo sac
pair? NCERT page -28 B) Two more sequential mitotic nuclear division
(a) Storage of pollen grains -196°C in 2-nucleate embryo sac result in formation of 4-
(b) Pollen allergy -Carrot grass nucleate
(c) Chasmogamous flowers - Exposed anthers and C) Mitotic division in embryo sac formation upto
stigmas 8-celled is strictly free nuclear
(d) Xenogamy-Self-pollination D) All of these
16. Choose incorrect statement – 22. Read the given statements- NCERT page -28
NCERT page – 19,20 (i) Autogamy rarely occur in open flower.
A) Several hormonal & structural changes are (ii) Geitonogany cannot occur in closed flower.
initiated which lead to redifferentiation and Choose the appropriate answer
further development of the floral primordium. A) (i) is correct but (ii) is wrong
B) Inflorescences are formed which bear the B) (i) is wrong but (ii) is correct
floral buds and then the flower C) (i) and (ii) are both correct
C) In the flower male and female reproductive D) (i) and (ii) are both wrong
structures, the androecium and the gynoecium 23. How many of the given characters are necessarily
differentiate and develop present in cleistogamous flower.
D) None of these NCERT page -21
17. Choose correct about pollen grain wall (i) Anther and stigma lie close to each other.
NCERT page -22,23 (ii) There is synchrony in pollen release and
i) It has two layered prominent wall stigma receptivity.
ii) Hard outer layered prominent wall (iii)Lengths of anther and stigma are very
iii) Exine is composed of sporopollenin different.
iv) Sporopollenin form continuous exine (iv) Flower is necessarily dioecious.
A) i, ii, iii, iv B) i, ii, iii (v) Assured seed-set even without pollinators.
C) i, iii D) i & iv A) 1 B)2 C) 3 D) 4
18. Choose incorrect statement among following: 24. (a) Pollination by abiotic agents is a chance
NCERT page -22,23 factor. NCERT page -27,28
A) In over 60% of angiosperm, pollen grains are (b) Pollen is produced in enormous amount as
shed at 3 – cell stage compared to number of ovules. Choose the
B) In over 60% of angiosperm, pollen grains are correct answer.
shed at 2 – cell stage A) a and b are correct and b is the reason for a
C) Both A & B B) a and b are correct and a is the reason for b
D) None of these C) a is incorrect and b is correct
19. Choose correct statement: NCERT page -24,25 D) b is incorrect and a is correct
A) Inside the ovary is the ovarian cavity, also 25. Choose the correct statements for pollination in
known as lodicule sea grasses- NCERT page -23
B) Megasporangia is commonly called ovules (i) Female flower reach surface of water.
C) The placenta is located outside ovarian cavity (ii) Female flower remain submerged
D) A & C both (iii) Pollen released on water surface.
20. Choose incorrect statement – NCERT page -25 (iv) Pollen release inside water.
A) The number of ovules in an ovary is one in (v) Pollen grains are carried passively by water.
paddy (vi) Pollen grains are carried actively in water.

(vii) Most of the pollen reach stigma. A) Endosperm development proceeds embryosac
(viii) Some of the pollen reach stigma. development
A) (i), (iii), (v), (vii) B) Endosperm development precedes embryo
B) (ii), (iv), (vi), (vii) development
C) (ii), (iv), (v), (vii) C) Embryo development precedes endosperm
D) (ii), (iv), (v), (viii) development
26. Choose correct statements for pollination in D) More than one option is correct
Vallisneria- NCERT page -29,30 31. Choose the correct order of embryo
(i) Female flower reach surface of water. development in dicots- NCERT page - 35
(ii) Female flower remain submerged. (i) Zygote
(iii) Pollen released on water surface. (ii) Heart-shaped embryo
(iv) Pollen release inside water. (iii)Mature embryo
(v) Pollen grains are carried passively by water. (iv) Proembryo
(vi) Pollen grains are carried actively in water. (v) Globular embryo
(vii) Most of the pollen reach stigma. A) i-iv-ii-v-ii B) i-iv-ii-v-iii
(viii) Some of the pollen reach stigma. C) i-iv-iii-ii-v D) ii-iv-v-ii-iii
A) (i), (iii), (v), (vii) 32. Read the following statements-
B) (ii), (iv), (vi), (vii) NCERT page -37
C) (i), (iii), (v), (viii) (i) Seed is final product of sexual reproduction is
D) (ii), (iv) (v), (viii) plant.
27. Which of the statements is true about NCERT (ii) Seed is fertilized ovule.
page -30 (iii) Seed is formed inside fruit.
(a) Pronubamoth and (b) Yucca plant? (iv) Seed consists of seed coat(s), cotyledon(s)
A) (a) is dependent on (b) for life cycle but the and embryo axis.
opposite is not true How many of the statements is incorrect?
B) (b) is dependent on a for life cycle but the A) Zero B) One C) Two D) Three
opposite e is not true 33. Choose the correct match regarding the maturing
C) Both (a) and (b) are interdependent on each of flower into fruit NCERT page -37
other for their life cycle A) Wall of ovule – pericarp
D) Both (a) and (b) are independent of each other B) Nucellus – periderm
for life cycle C) Ovary – seed
28. Which of the following is incorrect about double D) None of these
fertilization? NCERT page -34 34. In false fruits, select incorrect statement- NCERT
A) One male gamete fuses with nucleus of egg page -37
cell A) Floral parts other than ovary are involved
B) Syngamy results into dyad of cells B) Thalamus may contribute to fruit formation
C) Second male gamete move toward polar nuclei C) Examples include apple, cashew, groundnut
D) Triple fusion results into PEN D) Fruit does not develop from ovary
29. Which of these is correct? NCERT page -34 35. Which of these is incorrect about parthenocarpy-
A) Syngamy = Triple fusion + Double fertilization NCERT page - 37
B) Double fertilization = Syngamy + Triple fusion A) Plant formed without fertilization
C) Triple fusion = Double fertilization – Syngamy B) Banana is example
D) More than one option is correct C) Induced by application of growth hormones
30. Select correct statement NCERT page -35 D) Such fruits are seed less
ASSERTION & REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Assertion: If a pollen mother cell has 42 (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
chromosomes. the pollen has only 21 correct explanation of (A).
Chromosomes. (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
Reason: Pollens are formed after meiosis in (d) Both (A) and (R) are false.
pollen mother cell. NCERT page -21,22 2. Assertion: Endosperm is a nutritive tissue and it
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the is triploid.
correct explanation of (A).

Reason: Endosperm is formed by fusion of (Reason): Megapore mother cells and the
secondary nucleus to second megaspores are both haploid. NCERT page -24
male gamete. It is used by developing embryo (a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the
NCERT page -34,35 correct explanation of (A).
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A). correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
correct explanation of (A). (d) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. 8. (Assertion) : In apomixis, the plants of new
(d) Both (A) and (R) are false. genetic sequence are produced.
3. Assertion: Photomodulation of flowering is a (Reason): In apomixis, two individuals of same
phytochrome regulated process. genetic sequence meet. NCERT page -38
Reason : Active form of phytochrome (PFR) (a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the
directly induces floral induction in shoot buds. correct explanation of (A).
NCERT page -19,20 (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
correct explanation of (A). (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the (d) Both (A) and (R) are false.
correct explanation of (A). 9. (Assertion): In cleistogamy, pollination and seed
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. set are assured even in the absence of pollinators
(d) Both (A) and (R) are false. (Reason): Here the sex organs of flowers are
4. Assertion: Insects visit flower to gather honey. exposed which are brought together by folding
Reason: Attraction of flowers prevents the NCERT page -28
insects from damaging other parts of the plant. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the
NCERT page -28 correct explanation of (A).
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A). correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
correct explanation of (A). (d) Bo th (A) and (R) are false.
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. 10. (Assertion): In Vallisneria, the pollination is by
(d) Both (A) and (R) are false. epihydrophily
5. Assertion: Chasmogamous flowers require (Reason): The liberated pollen grains germinate
pollinating agents. on the surface of water and then sink to ensure
Reason: Cleistogamous flowers do not expose pollination NCERT page -30
their sex organs. NCERT page 28- (a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
correct explanation of (A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
correct explanation of (A). (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. (d) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(d) Both (A) and (R) are false. 11. (Assertion): Bagging is done to enhance the
6. (Assertion) : The two cotyledons in the seed are chances of self-pollination
the embryonic leaves. (Reason): During bagging, the anthers of the
(Reason) : The embryo contains radicle and flowers are dusted on their stigma by some
plumule NCERT page -36 mechanical device. NCERT page –33
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the (a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the
correct explanation of (A). correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A). correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) Both (A) and (R) are false. (d) Both (A) and (R) are false.
7. (Assertion) : The megapore mother cell 12. (Assertion): Protandry is a condition in which
undergoes mitosis to produce four megaspores male reproductive part matures first

(Reason): Protogyny is a condition in which (Reason): Each PMC gives rise to two pollens
female reproductive part matures earlier NCERT NCERT page -24,22
page –22,26 (a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
correct explanation of (A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
correct explanation of (A). (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. (d) Both (A) an d (R) are false.
(d) Both (A) and (R) are false. 18. (Assertion): Synergids are present at the chalazal
13. (Assertion): In pea, bean and sunflower, the end of embryosac
seeds are albuminous (Reason): They are vegetative cells of embryo sac
(Reason): In albuminous seeds, the endosperm is NCERT page -26
completely absorbed by the growing embryo (a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the
NCERT page -36 correct explanation of (A).
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A). correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
correct explanation of (A). (d) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. 19. (Assertion): zostera shows hypohydrophily
(d) Both (A) and (R) are false. (Reason): In zostera fertilization occurs under the
14. (Assertion): In grass family there is only one water NCERT page -29,30
cotyledon called scutellum (a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the
(Reason): The part of the embryonal axis above correct explanation of (A).
the level of attachment of scutellum is called (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
epicotyl NCERT page -36 correct explanation of (A).
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
correct explanation of (A). (d) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the 20. Assertion: Autogamy is a transfer of pollen
correct explanation of (A). grains from an anther to the stigma of the same
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. flower on the same plant.
(d) Both (A) and (R) are false. Reason: Xenogamy is pollination between two
15. (Assertion): Double fertilization is unique and flowers on different plants.
universal feature of angiosperm NCERT page -28
(Reason): Syngamy land triple fusion occur (a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the
simultaneously in angiosperms NCERT page -34 correct explanation of (A).
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A). correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
correct explanation of (A). (d) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. 21. Assertion: Insects visit flower to gather honey.
(d) Both (A) and (R) are false. Reason: Attraction of flowers prevents the
16. (Assertion): In Yucca pollination occurs by moth insects from damaging other parts of the plant.
(Reason): There is an obligate relationship NCERT page -27
between yucca and moth NCERT page -34 (a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
correct explanation of (A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
correct explanation of (A). (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. (d) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(d) Both (A) and (R) are false. 22. Assertion: Gynoecium consists of pistil.
17. (Assertion): Pollen mother cells (PMC) are the Reason: It represents the male reproductive part
first male gametophytic cells in flowering plants.
NCERT page -24,25

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the Reason: Sporopollenins are absent in the region
correct explanation of (A). of germ pores. NCERT page -22,23
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the (a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the
correct explanation of (A). correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
(d) Both (A) and (R) are false. correct explanation of (A).
23. Assertion: Flowers are the structures related to (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
sexual reproduction in flowering plants. (d) Both (A) and (R) are false.
Reason: Various embryological processes of 28. Assertion: An angiospermous flower represents
plants occur in a flower. NCERT page -19,20 the modified condensed shoot which performs
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the the function of sexual reproduction.
correct explanation of (A). Reason: The fertile leaves of the shoot become
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the modified into microsporophylls and
correct explanation of (A). magasporophylls which bear ovules and anthers
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. respectively. NCERT page -21
(d) Both (A) and (R) are false. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the
24. Assertion: Geitonogamy is genetically similar to correct explanation of (A).
autogamy. (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
Reason: The pollen grains come from same plant. correct explanation of (A).
NCERT page -28 (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the (d) Both (A) and (R) are false.
correct explanation of (A). 29. Assertion: Although geitonogamy is functionally
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the cross-pollination involving a pollinating agent,
correct explanation of (A). genetically it is similar to autogamy since the
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. pollen grains come from the same parent.
(d) Both (A) and (R) are false. Reason: In getonogamy, pollen grains from the
25. Assertion: Cleistogamous flowers produce anthers of one flower are
assured seed set in the absence of pollinators. transferred to the stigma of another flower borne
Reason: These flowers do not open at all. NCERT on the same plant. NCERT page -28
page -28 (a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
correct explanation of (A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
correct explanation of (A). (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. (d) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(d) Both (A) and (R) are false. 30. Assertion: The pre-pollination growth of male
26. Assertion: A typical microsporangium of gametophyte occurs inside the microsporangium
angiosperms is generally surrounded by four wall whereas the rest of the growth occurs over the
layers. female reproductive organs.
Reason: The outer three wall layers perform the Reason: Growth of the entire female
function of protection and help in dehiscence of gametophyte occurs inside the megasporangium.
anther to release the pollen. NCERT page -20,21 NCERT page -21
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the (a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the
correct explanation of (A). correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A). correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) Both (A) and (R) are false. (d) Both (A) and (R) are false.
27. Assertion: Exine of a pollen grain is made up of 31. Assertion: Hydrophily is a major mode of
sporopollenins which are resistant to high pollination in most of the aquatic plants in
temperatures, strong acids or alkali as well as angiosperms.
enzymatic degradation. Reason: Almost all the aquatic dicot and
monocot plants require water for the transport of

male gametes and for fertilisation. NCERT page -

30
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the
correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) Both (A) and (R) are false. (a) Sporogenous tissue, tapetum, epidermis,
32. Assertion: Pollen grains from male parent are middle layer, endothecium
mostly transferred to the stigma in the female (b) Sporogenous tissue, epidermis, tapetum,
parent by some external agency. NCERT pg.23 middle layer, endothecium
Reason: This is because the male flowers or male (c) Sporogenous tissue, epidermis, middle layer,
organs have no internal device to reach the tapetum, endothecium
female organs in another flower. (d) Sporogenous tissue, tapetum, middle layer,
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true then (R) is the epidermis, endothecium
correct explanation of (A). 3. Identify A, B, C, D and E structures marked in the
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the given figure of a mature embryo sac.
correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) Both (A) and (R) are false.

DIACRAM TYPE QUESTIONS

1. The given figure shows a typical stamen (a) and
three dimensional cut section of an anther.
Identify A to D respectively marked in the figures
( a& b )

A B C D E

Anti Sy
Centr Polar
p n
a n
o e Acros
l u
d r o
a c c
a g m
e l
l i e
l e
d
(a) Anther, Petiole, Pollen sac and Megaspore cells l i
s
(b) Anther, Petiole, Megasporangium and Pollen
grains
Filifor
(c) Anther, Pedicel, Megasporangium and Pollen Sy
Anti Centr Polar m
grains n
p a n
(d) Anther, Filament, Pollen sac and Pollen grains e app
o l u
2. The given diagram refers to a T. S. of anther. r a
b d c c
Identify A to E respectively g r
a e l
i a
l l e
d t
cells l i u
s
s

Filifor are marked as A, B, C, D & E. Identify A, B, C, D

m and E respectively.
Centr Polar
Syne Antipo
a n app
r d
l u a
g a
c c c r
i l
e l a
d
l e cells t
s
l i u
s

Mega
s
p Filifor
o Polar m
Syne r n app (a) Antipodal cells, Polar nuclei, Stigma, Style,
r e u Synergi a Chalaza
g
d c d (b) Antipodal cells, Polar nuclei, Style, Stigma,
i moth r
e l s a Chalaza
d
r e t (c) Antipodal cells, Polar nuclei, Stigma, Chalaza,
s
c i u Style
e s (d) Antipodal cells, Polar nuclei, Chalaza, Stigma,
l Style
l 7. In the given figure of pollen grain tetrad, identify
the parts marked as A, B, C, D and E.

4. Which of the following figure, showing types of

gynoecium, is associated with wind pollination?

5. Diagram given below shows the stages in (a) A - Germ pore, B - Generative cell, C - Intine, D
embryogenesis in a typical dicot plant (Capsella). Exine, E - Vegetative cell
Identify the structures A to D respectively (b) A - Germ pore, B - Generative cell, C - Exine, D
Intine, E - Vegetative cell
(c) A - Intine, B - Exine, C - Germ pore, D -
Generative cell, E - Vegetative cell
(d) A-Exine, B-intine, C - Vegetative cell, D-Germ
pore, E- Generative cell
8. Identified A, B, C and D in the given figure of false
fruit of apple.

(a) Suspensor, Radicle, Plumule, Cotyledons

(b) Hypophysis, Radicle, Plumule, Cotyledons
(c) Suspensor, Plumule, Radicle, Cotyledons
(d) Suspensor, Radicle, Plumule, Hypocotyls
6. The given figure represent the L.S of a flower
showing growth of pollen tube. Few structures

Geitonogam
c Autogamy Xenogamy
y

Geitonogam
d Allogamy Autogamy
y

11. The given figure shows a diagrammatic view of a

typical anatropous ovule, in which some parts are
(a) A-Mesocarp; B-Endocarp; C-Seed; D-Thalamus typical anatropous ovule, in which some parts are
(b) A - Seed; B - Thalamus; C - Mesocarp; D marked as A, B, C, & D. Identify the correct
Endocarp labelling of A, B, C & D from the options given
(c) A-Thalamus; B-Seed; C-Endocarp; D-Mesocarp below.
(d) A-Mesocarp; B-Endocarp; C-Seed; D-Thalamus
9. Choose the option showing the correct labelling
A, B, C and 𝐷 in the given figure of a dicot
embryo.

(a) A-Chalazal pole; B - Micropyle; C -Embryo sac;

D-Nucellus
(b) A - Micropyle; B - Chalazal pole; C - Embryo
(a) A - Hypocotyl; B - Cotyledons; C - Root cap; D- sac; D - Nucellus
Radicle (c) A - Micropyle; B - Chalazal pole; C - Nucellus; D
(b) A - Cotyledons; B - Hypocotyl; C - Root cap; D- - Embryo sac
Radicle (d) A - Micropyle; B - Nucellus; C - Embryo sac; D-
(c) A - Cotyledons; B - Hypocotyl; C - Radicle; D - Chalazal pole
Root cap 12. The given figure shows the L.S. of a monocot
(d) A - Cotyledons; B - Radicle; C - Hypocotyl; D - embryo. Choose the correct labelling for A, B, C
Root cap. and D marked in the figure from the options
10. The given diagram shows two plants of the same given below.
species. Identify the type of pollination indicated
as P1 , P2 and P3 .

𝐏𝟏 𝐏𝟐 𝐏𝟑

Chasmogam
a Allogamy Cleistogamy (a) A-Coleoptile; B-Scutellum; C-Epiblast;
y
D - Coleorhiza
(b) A-Scutellum; B-Coleoptile; C-Coleorhiza;
Geitonogam D-Epiblast
b Autogamy Xenogamy
y (c) A - Scutellum; B-Epiblast; C-Coleoptile;
D -Coleorhiza
(d) A - Scutellum; B - Coleoptile; C - Epiblast;
D-Coleorhiza

HIGHER ORDER THINKING QUESTIONS

1. The largest cell in a embryo sac is (c) formation of a thick wall.
(a) egg (b) central cell (d) differentiation.
(c) synergid (d) antipodal cell 10. How many meiotic division are required for the
2. Which one of the following is not related to other formation of 100 functional megaspores?
three? (a) 100 (b) 50
(a) Archaegonium (b) Oogonium (c) 75 (d) 25
(c) Ovule (d) Antheridium 11. The total number of nuclei involved in double
3. In a fertilized ovule, 𝑛, 2𝑛 and 3𝑛 conditions fertilization in angiosperms are
occur respectively in (a) two (b) three
(a) antipodal, egg and endosperm. (c) four (d) five
(b) egg, nucellus and endosperm. 12. Unisexuality of flowers prevents
(c) endosperm, nucellus and egg. (a) geitonogamy but not xenogamy.
(d) antipodals, synergids and integuments. (b) autogamy and geitonogamy.
4. Seed coat is not thin, membranous in (c) autogamy but not geitonogamy.
(a) coconut (b) groundnut (d) both geitonogamy and xenogamy.
(c) gram (d) maize 13. Albuminous seeds store their reserve food mainly
5. Which of the following floral parts forms pericarp in
after fertilization? (a) perisperm (b) endosperm
(a) Nucellus (b) Outer integument (c) cotyledons (d) hypocotyl
(c) Ovary wall (d) Inner integument 14. Pollination occurs in
6. Product of sexual reproduction generally (a) bryophytes and angiosperms.
generates (b) pteridophytes and angiosperms.
(a) prologned dormancy. (c) angiosperms and gymnosperms.
(b) new genetic combination leading to variation. (d) angiosperms and fungi.
(c) large biomass. 15. An advantage of cleistogamy is that
(d) longer viability of seeds. (a) it leads to greater genetic diversity.
7. Sequence of development during the formation (b) seed dispersal is more efficient and wide
of embryo sac is spread.
(a) Archesporium → Megaspore → Megaspore (c) each visit of pollinator brings hundreds of
mother cell → Embryo sac. pollen grains.
(b) Megasporocyte → Archesporium → (d) seed set is not dependent upon pollinators.
Megaspore → Embryo sac. 16. Point out the odd one from the given options.
(c) Megaspore → Megaspore mother cell → (a) Nucellus (b) Embryo sac
Archesporium → Embryo sac. (c) Micropyle (d) Pollen grain
(d) Archesporium → Megaspore mother cell → 17. While planning for an artificial hybridization
Megaspore → Embryo sac. programme if the female parent have unisexual
8. Which of the following processes is necessary for flowers, then which of the following steps would
the complete development of male not be relevant?
gametophyte? (a) Bagging of female flower.
(a) One meiotic cell division and two mitotic cell (b) Dusting of pollen on stigma.
divisions. (c) Emasculation.
(b) One meiotic cell division and one mitotic cell (d) Collection of pollen.
division. 18. In the embryos of a typical dicot and a grass, true
(c) Two meiotic cell divisions and one mitotic cell homologous structures are
division. (a) coleorhiza and coleoptile.
(d) Two mitotic cell divisions. (b) coleoptile and scutellum
9. Megaspores are produced from the megaspore (c) cotyledons and scutellum
mother cells after (d) hypocotyl and radicle
(a) meiotic division. 19. Total number of meiotic division required for
(b) mitotic division. forming 100 zygotes/100 grains of wheat is
(a) 100

(b) 75 (b) contains food for the embryo.

(c) 125 (c) absorbs food materials and supplies them to
(d) 50 the embryo.
20. The endosperm found in angiospermic seed is (d) converts itself into a monocot leaf.
different from that of gymnosperms in the sense 24. How many pollen grains will be formed after
that, in the former meiotic division in ten microspore mother cells?
(a) it is formed before fertilization while in the (a) 10 (b) 20
latter it is formed after fertilization. (c) 40 (d) 80
(b) it is formed after fertilization. 25. Multinucleate condition is present in
(c) it is cellular while in the latter it is nuclear. (a) quiescent centre
(d) it is nutritive while in the latter it is protective. (b) maize
21. For artificial hybridization experiment in bisexual (c) meristematic tissue
flower, which of the following sequences is (d) liquid endosperm of coconut
correct? 26. Through which part of the embryo sac, does the
(a) Bagging → Emasculation → Cross-pollination pollen tube enter the embryo sac?
→ Rebagging (a) Egg cell
(b) Emasculation → Bagging → Cross-pollination (b) Persistent synergid
→ Rebagging (c) Degenerated synergid
(c) Cross-pollination → Bagging → Emasculation (d) Central cell
→ Rebagging 27. What is the main function of filiform apparatus
(d) Self-pollination → Bagging → Emasculation → present at the micropylar part of the ovule?
Rebagging (a) It prevents the entry of more than one pollen
22. If a diploid female plant and a tetraploid male tube into the embryo sac.
plant are crossed, the ploidy of endosperm shall (b) It helps in the entry of pollen tube into an
be antipodal cell.
(a) tetraploid (b) triploid (c) It helps the pollen tube to enter the ovule
(c) diploid (d) pentaploid through chalazal end.
23. In a seed of maize, scutellum is considered as (d) It guides the entry of pollen tube into a
cotyledon because it synergid and discharge the male gametes.
(a) protects the embryo.

Answer Keys
Exercise 1 (NCERT Based Topic wise MCOs)
1 (c) 7 (d) 13 (b) 19 (c) 25 (d) 31 (b) 37 (b) 43 (c) 49 (d) 55 (d)

2 (a) 8 (b) 14 (b) 20 (c) 26 (a) 32 (b) 38 (d) 44 (a) 50 (c) 56 (d)

3 (c) 9 (c) 15 (d) 21 (d) 27 (a) 33 (a) 39 (a) 45 (a) 51 (b) 57 (d)

4 (c) 10 (c) 16 (b) 22 (c) 28 (d) 34 (c) 40 (b) 46 (d) 52 (b) 58 (d)

5 (c) 11 (a) 17 (b) 23 (d) 29 (c) 35 (a) 41 (b) 47 (c) 53 (c) 59 (a)

6 (d) 12 (a) 18 (b) 24 (a) 30 (b) 36 (a) 42 (b) 48 (d) 54 (b) 60 (c)

Exercise-2 (NCER Exemplar & Past Years NEET)

1 (c) 6 (b) 11 (a) 16 (c) 21 (a) 26 (a) 31 (a) 36 (b) 41 (b)

2 (c) 7 (a) 12 (c) 17 (c) 22 (d) 27 (b) 32 (b) 37 (c) 42 (c)

3 (a) 8 (b) 13 (b) 18 (b) 23 (b) 28 (c) 33 (d) 38 (d)

4 (d) 9 (c) 14 (a) 19 (b) 24 (a) 29 (d) 34 (d) 39 (b)

5 (d) 10 (c) 15 (b) 20 (a) 25 (b) 30 (c) 35 (b) 40 (a)

1.2.Exercise 3 (Matching, Statement & Asse

1. (c) 4. (a) 7 (b) 10 (c) 13 (a) 16 (c) 19 (b) 22 (a)

2 (a) 5 (a) 8 (d) 11 (c) 14 (b) 17 (c) 20 (c) 23 (d) √𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟖

3 (a) 6 (d) 9 (d) 12 (b) 15 (c) 18 (d) 21 (a) 24 (a)

H INTS AND S O LUT IO N S

pollen grains are released at 3-celled stage
EXERCISE -1 then two male gametes are already present.

7. (d) Placenta is the surface of the carpel to

1. (c) which the ovules (potential seeds) are
attached. The placenta is usually located in a
2. (a) Typically, angiospermic anther is bilobed
region corresponding somewhat to the
which is connected by connective and
margins of a leaf but is actually submarginal
dithecous i.e., each lobe has two theca. The
in position.
bilobed structure of the anther is
tetrasporangiate (four sporangia). In 8. (b) The point at which funiculus touches the
transverse section, it appears as four sided ovule is called hilum. Thus, hilum represents
tetragonal structure consisting of two the junction between the ovule and
microsporangia in each lobe. funiculus.
3. (c) The tapetum is a layer of nutritive cells 9. (c) Egg apparatus consists of two synergids
found within the sporangium, particularly and one egg cell lying at the micropylar end.
within the anther, of flowering plants. Its Synergids bear prominent structure called
main function is to provide nutrition to the 'filiform' apparatus which are finger like
developing microspore mother cells and projections. Synergids guide the path of
pollen grains. pollen tube towards the egg, help in
obtaining nourishment from the outer
4. (c) Microsporogenesis is the process of
nucellar cells and also function as shock
formation of microspores or pollen grains,
absorbers during the penetration of pollen
from a pollen mother cell through meiosis,
tube into the embryo sac. Cytoplasm of egg is
Each cell of sporogenous tissue serve as
inactive, rich in ribosomes, and contains
microspore mother cell (MMC). These MMCs
plastids.
undergo meiosis and form microspore tetrad
and become haploid, microspores or pollen 10. (c) In Anatropous ovule, the body of the
grains. As anthers mature microspores of the ovule is completely turned at 180∘ angle, due
tetrad separate from each other and to unilateral growth of funiculus, so it is also
develops into pollen grains. Each called inverted ovule. The chalaza and
microsporangium contains numerous pollen micropyle lie in straight line. The hilum and
grains which are released after dehiscence of micropyle lie side by side very close to each
anther wall. other. This type of ovule is found in 80%
families of angiosperms but not in Capsella.
5. (c) Sporopollenin is the most resistant known
In this ovule, micropyle is facing downward
biological material. It is resistant to several
condition. This is the most common type of
biological & chemical decomposition & can
ovule so that it is considered as a "typical
be preserved as fossils.
ovule" an angiosperms.
6. (d) Pollen grain is liberated at 2 or 3 celled
11. (a) Synergids bear prominent structure called
stage. If pollen grain is released at the 2-
'filiform' apparatus which are finger like
celled stage (i.e., vegetative and generative
projections. This apparatus is present in
cells) then generative cell divides meiotically
upper part of each synergid. This apparatus is
to produce two male gametes, but when
useful for the absorption and transportation

of materials from the nucellus to the embryo 19. (c) Sporogenous tissue is always diploid,
sac. endothecium is second layer of anther wall
and perform the function of protection and
12. (a) Autogamy and geitonogamy are types of help in dehiscence of anther to release the
self pollination. Geitonogamy is the pollen. Hard outer layer of pollen is called
fertilization of a flower by pollen from exine but tapetum provide nourishement to
another flower on the same (or a genetically the developing pollen. Cells of the tapetum
identical) plant.. It occurs between bisexual possess dense cytoplasm and generally have
flowers or unisexual flowers of the same more than one nucleus (polypoid).
plant. While autogamy is a kind of pollination
in which the pollen from the anthers of a 20. (c) Unisexuallity of flowers prevents
flower are transferred to the stigma of the autogamy but not geitonogamy because
same flower. autogamy is the transfer of pollen grains
from anther to stigma of same flower and
13. (b) In some plants, bisexual flowers are geitonogamy is the fertilization of a flower by
formed which never open throughout the pollen from
life. Such flowers are called cleistogamous another flower on the same (or a genetically
flowers such as Commelina viola. So only self- identical) plant. Therefore, geitonogamy
pollination takes place in these plants. occurs between bisexual flowers or unisexual
flowers of the same plant.
14. (b) Commelina produces two types of flower
suchas chasmogamous flower that are similar 21. (d) Cleistogamy is a self-fertilization that
to the flower of other species with exposed occurs within a permanently closed flower. In
anthers and stigma & cleistogamous flowers cleistogamous flower, the anther and stigma
which donot open at all. lies close to each other. When anther
dehisces in the flower buds, pollen grains
15. (d) Pollination by water occurs in vallisneria come in contact with the stigma to effect
& zostera. In vallisneria and Hydrilla, pollination. Thus, cleistogamous flowers are
pollination takes place over the surface of invariably autogamous as there is no chance
water. In zostera, pollination takes place of cross - pollen landing on the stigma.
inside the surface of water. Cleistogamous flowers produce assured seed
set even in the absence of pollinators.
16. (b) Bees are important to agriculture as they
perform pollination. Bees are responsible for 22. (c) 100 zygotes require 100 pollen grains and
over 80% of all pollination done by insects. 100 embryo sacs. 100 pollen grains are
Plants pollinated by insects are colorful with formed from 25 microspore mother cells
fragrance and abundant nectar which while 100 embryo sacs are formed from 100
attracts insects. functional megaspores which in turn are
produced by 100 megaspore mother cells
17. (b) Stigma is protected from contamination.
since three out of four megaspores
While anther is extract by the help of forceps
degenerate in each case.
through emasculation process
23. (d) If both male and female flowers are
18. (b) Cleistogamous flowers do not expose
present on the same plant such as castor and
their reproductive parts. Anthers and stigma
maize (monoecious), it prevents autogamy
lie close to each other. Pure autogamy occurs
but not geitonogamy.
since there is no chance of cross-pollination.
Cleistogamy is the most efficient floral 24. (a) Megaspore mother cell (MMC) undergoes
adaptation for promoting self-pollination. meiosis to form four haploid cells (called
E.g., Viola, Mirabilis and Oxalis autosella.

megaspores) and the process of formation is respectively antipodal cells, polar nuclei,
known as megasporogenesis. The MMC stigma, style and chalaza.
undergoes meiotic division results in the
production of four megaspores 100 37. (b)
functional megaspores are produced by
100MMC, since three out of four 38. (d) Sequence of development during the
megaspores degenerate in each case. formation of embryo sac is:

25. (d) The synergids have special cellular Megaspore mother cell → Megaspore → Embryo
thickening at the micropylar tip is called sac Fig. Refer to 2.8.
filiform apparatus that plays an important
39. (a) One meiotic and two mitotic divisions will
role in guiding the pollen tubes into the
result in complete development of male
synergids.
gametophyte from pollen mother cell. Each
26. (a) pollen mother cell on meiosis gives rise to 4
microspores or pollens which is the beginning
27. (a) Self-pollination means transfer of pollen of male gametophytic generation.
from anther to stigma in the same flower.
40. (b) In a fertilized ovule n, 2n and 3n
28. (d) conditions occur respectively in egg, nucellus
and endosperm.
29. (c) Cross pollination produces better progeny
41. (b) During the process of double fertilisation
30. (b) in plants, one of the male gametes moves
towards the egg cell & fuses with its nucleus
31. (b) Intine of pollen grain is made of pecto- & this process results in the formation of
cellulose diploid cell called zygote, the other male
gamete moves toward the two polar nuclei
32. (b) which is located in the centeral cell & fused
with the polar nuclei result in the formation
33. (a)
of triploid primary endosperm nucleus.
34. (c) The development of the male
42. (b) Endosperm of angiosperms is triploid in
gametophyte in angiosperms is called as
nature. As, one of the male gamete moves
microgametogenesis. Pollen grain is the first
towards the egg cell & fuses with its nucleus
cell of a male gametophyte. Ths cell
results in the formation of a diploid zygote
undergoes only two divisions, with the result
where as the other male gamete moves
of first division two cells are formed - a large
towards the two polar nuclei located in the
vegetative cell and a small generative cell.
central cell & fuses with the polar nuclei
The second division is concerned with
results in the formation of a triploid primary
generative cell only. This division may take
endosperm. nucleus.
place either in pollen grain or in the pollen
tube and gives rise to two male gametes. 43. (c)
35. (a) In Emasculation process anthers is 44. (a) Diploid female plant will have 2 polar
remove from the bisexual flowers bud before nuclei (each haploid) with which one male
the anther dehisces. gamete form tetraploid male plant (male
gamete of tetraploid plant will be diploid)
36. (a) In the given figure of 𝐿𝑆 of flower, the
fuses, to form endosperm. So endosperm will
structure marked as A, B, C, D and E are
be tetraploid.

Male gamete +2 polar nuclei → Endosperm typically made up of three distinct layers: the
(2𝑛) (𝑛) (𝑛) (4𝑛) epicarp (outermost layer); the mesocarp
(Male) (Female) (middle layer); and the endocarp (inner layer
surrounding the ovary or the seeds). In a
45. (a) The given figure shows the stages in citrus fruit, the epicarp and mesocarp make
embryogenesis in a typical dicot (Capsella). up the peel.
The structure marked as A, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 is
respectively suspensor, radicle, plumule and 51. (b) Endosperm is the nutritive tissue which
cotyledon. Suspensor is a suspending part or provides nourishment to the embryo in seed
structure as a group or chain of cells that is plant. Albuminous seeds retain a part of
produced from the zygote of a seed plant and endosperm as it is not completely used up
serves to push the developing embryo into during embryo development (e.g., wheat,
the endosperm. Radicle is the part of a plant maize, barley, castor, sunflower).
embryo that develops into the primary root.
Plumule is the young shoot of a plant embryo 52. (b)
above the cotyledons, consisting of the
epicotyl and often of immature leaves. 53. (c) False fruit are those fruits in which
Cotyledon is an embryonic leaf in seed- addition to ovary other floral parts (like
bearing plants, one or more of which are the thalamus) also contribute for its
first leaves to appear from a germinating development is called false fruits. Examples-
seed. apple, pear, strawberry and cashewnut. In
the given figure of false fruit (apple), the
46. (d) In the cytoplasm of the synergid, pollen structure marked as A, B, C and D are
tube releases the two male gametes. One of respectively thalamus, seed, endocarp and
two male gametes fuses with egg to form mesocarp. Thalamus is a receptacle of a
diploid zygote (2𝑛) while the other uses with flower in which the embryo fruits and later
two polar nucles of the central cell to the seeds are held. Seed is a fertilized and
produce triploid primary endosperm nucleus ripened ovule and the characteristics of
(3𝑛). gymnosperms and angiosperms. Endocarp is
the innermost layer of the pericarp which
47. (c) Milky water of tender coconut is free surrounds a seed in a fruit. It may be
nuclear endosperm. membranous (as in apples) or woody (as in
the stone of a peach or cherry). Mesocarp is
48. (d) In most of the angiosperm, entire part of the middle layer of the pericarp of a fruit,
the nucellus is utilized by developing embryo between the endocarp and the exocarp.
sac but in some of the angiosperm some part
of the nucellus remain inside the ovules. That 54. (b) In the given figure of a dicot embryo, the
part of the nucellus present inside the seed in A, B, C & 𝐷 labelled respectively are
the form of a thin layer is known as cotyledons, thypocotyl Root cap & Radical.
perisperm.
55. (d) In the given figure of monocot embryo,
49. (d) In some, the thalamus also contributes to the structure marked as A, B, C and D are
fruit formation & such fruits are called false respectively scutellum, coleoptile, epiblast
fruits. for example : apple, pear, strawberry and coleorhiza.
and cashewnut. Scutellum is the large shield like cotyledon of the
embryo of certain monocots. It is specialized
50. (c) Ovary wall forms pericarp after for the absorption of food from the
fertilization. Pericarp is the tissue that endosperm. Coleoptile is the first leaf above
develops from the ovary wall of the flower the ground, forming a protective sheath
and surrounds the seeds. The pericarp is

around the stem tip. It surrounds the 2. (c) The pollen grains represent the male
plumule. Epiblast is the outermost layer of an gametophytes. As, the anthers mature and
embryo before it differentiates into dehydrate, the microspores dissociate from
ectoderm and mesoderm. Coleorhiza is the each other and develop into pollen grains.
sheath that envelops the radicle in certain So, embryo sac is to ovule as pollen grains is
plants (grass or cereal grain) and that is to an anther.
penetrated by the root in germination.
3. (a) In a typical complete bisexual and
56. (d) Cleistogamous flowers are intersexual. hypogynous flower, the arrangement of floral
They remain closed causing self-pollination. whorls on the thalamus from the outermost
Cleistogamy occurs late in the flowering to the innermost is
season in some plants for example
Commelina, balsam, Oxalis, Viola. These (i) The calyx, a whorl of sepals (outermost).
plants posses both chasmogamous and
cleistogamous flowers; In cleistogamous (ii) The corolla, a whorl of petals present inside the
flowers, the anthers dehisce inside closed calyx.
flowers. Growth of style brings the pollen
(iii) The androecium, a whorl of stamens present
grains in contact with stigma. Cleistogamy
inside the corolla.
ensures self-pollination.
(iv) The gynoecium, a whorl of pistils present in the
57. (d)
centre of the flower forming innermost
58. (d) Polyembryony is the state of occurrence whorl.
of more than one embryo in a seed. It was
4. (d) The unisexual male flower is staminate, in
observed by Leeuwenhoek in citrus (orange)
dioecious plants i.e., bearing stamens only,
seeds. Polyembryony is commonly found in
while the female is pistillate or bearing pistils
gymnosperms but it is also found in some of
only. For the production of fruits and seeds,
angiospermic plants such as orange, lemon
fertilisation must take place, that is possible
and Nicotiana, etc.
only in the presence of both male and female
59. (a) In parthenogenesis, formation of fruit flowers. When the plant is dioecious, it will
occurs without fertilisaton. In apogamy, give rise to the following situations
haploid (𝑛) vegetative cell forms embryo (i) If the plant is dioecious and bears only pistillate
without gametogenesis and fertilisation. In flowers, fertilisation will take place with the
sporophytic budding, diploid (2𝑛) vegetative help of pollinators.
cell by vegetative reproduction forms
embryo from bud. Thus, all of these (ii) If the plant is dioecious and bears only
processes are irregular modes of staminate flowers, fertilisation can't take
reproduction. place, because female gamete is non-motile
which can't reach the male gamete in order
60. (c) to fuse with it. When the plant is monoecious
(i.e., that carrys both stamen and pistil
EXERCISE - 2 together, it may lead to self-fertilisation and
NCERT Exemplar Questions production of seed.
1. (c) Sepals collectively form a whorl, called as
5. (d) Atypical microsporangium is generally
calyx while technically the carpel is known as
surrounded by four-wall layers, i.e., the
gynoecium. The floral whorls formed by
epidermis (outermost protective layer),
petals and stamens are called as corolla and
androecium respectively. endothecium, middle fibrous layers and the
tapetum (innermost nutritive layer).

6. (b) As the anther develops, the microspore In the formation of embryo sac the meiotic
mother cells of the sporogenous tissue divisions are strictly free nuclear, i.e nuclear
undergoes meiotic divisions to form divisions are not followed immediately by
microspore tetrads. After dehydration, the cell-wall formation. Gametophyte is situated
microspore tetrad is separated into pollen at micropylar end not at chalazal end.
grains.
10. (c) The method of self-pollination in which
7. (a) The gynoecium represents the female the stigma of a flower receive pollens from
reproductive part of the flower that consists the anther of same flower is known as
of pistil. Each pistil comprises three parts, autogamy. For autogamy both sex organs of
i.e., stigma, style and ovary. The placenta is a chasmogamous flower should mature at
located inside the ovarian cavity. the same time. As chasmogamous flowers
open at maturity, pollen release and for the
There are the megasporangia, arising from the process of autogamy stigma receptivity
placenta commonly called ovules. The should be synchronised.
functional megaspore undergoing the
In such flowers, the length of anther and stigma
meiotic division develops into the female
plays secondary role in autogamy. e.g., in
gametophyte of embryo sac.
case of protandry (pollens nature early) and
In option ' 𝑏 ' thalamus is not a part of gynoecium. protogyny (stigma matures early) leads to
Thalamus forms the base of flower on which cross-pollination.
all the floral whorls rest upon, it is not
11. (a) Chasmogamy is a process of pollination
associated with gynoecium. In option 'c'
that occurs in opened flowers. It is most
tapetum is not a part of gynoecuim.
common type of pollination in all types of
Tapetum is the inner most nutritive layer of flowers. It is of two types i.e., self-pollination
microsporangium and in option 'd' stamen is (autogamy) and cross-pollination. Cross-
not a part of gynoecium. Stamen is male pollination is of two types i.e., geitonogamy
reproductive part (androecium) of plant. and xenogamy.
therefore, the other options are wrong. So, we can say that chasmogamous flowers exhibit
both autogamy (self-pollination) and
8. (b) Starting from the innnermost part, the allogamy (crosspollination). While, in
correct sequence of parts in an ovule is egg, cleistogamous flower, the anthers and stigma
embryo sac, nucellus, integument. lie close to each other within the closed
flowers. When anthers dehisces in the flower
9. (c) Inside the nucellus, the female
buds, pollen grains come in contact with the
gametophyte of embryo sac is located and
stigma for effective pollination. Thus, these
enclosed within the integuments. In a
flowers are invariably autogamous as there is
majority of flowering plants, one of the
no chance of cross-pollen landing on the
megaspore is functional while the other
stigma.
three degenerates. Three repeated mitotic
divisions of the functional megaspore results 12. (c) Plants use two abiotic (wind and water)
in the formation of sevencelled or eight- and one biotic (animals) agent to achieve
nucleate embryo sac. pollination. Majority of plants use biotic
agents for pollination.
Six of the eight nuclei are organised at the two
poles. Three cells grouped at micropylar end Wind pollination is more common amongst abiotic
forms egg-apparatus and 3 at the chalazal pollination. Wind pollination requires the
end forms antipodal cells. The large central light and non-sticky pollen grains so that,
cell at the centre has two polar nuclei.

they can be easily transported in wind synergids gradually degenerate after the
currents. formation of zygote.

They often consists well-exposed stamens so that 16. (c) There is no need for emasculation, if the
the pollens are easily dispersed into wind female parent produces unisexual flowers.
currents and large often-feathery stigma to The female flower buds are bagged before
easily trap air-borne pollen grains. Wind the flowers open.
pollination is common in grasses:
When the stigma becomes receptive, pollination is
These types of pollens are not pollinated by means carried out using the desired pollen and the
of other three options flower rebagged. This protects them from
contamination by unwanted pollen grains.
(i) Water pollination (hydrophily) is quite rare in
flowering plants but exess in aquatic plants. 17. (c) A typical dicotyledonous embryo consists
of two cotyledons. While, embryos of
(ii) Zoophily is pollination through the agency of monocotyledons possess
animals.
only one cotyledon and it is called scutellum i.e. in
(iii) Entomophily is the most common type of grass.
zoophily occurs through the agency of
18. (b) The phenomenon of formation of seeds
insects.
without fertilisation is known as apomixis.
13. (b) The method of self-pollination in which These embryos are genetically identical to
the transfer of pollen grains from anther to the parental plant.
stigma of the same flower takes place is Parthenocarpy is the formation of fruits without
called autogamy. While geitonogamy, is the fertilisation and hence the fruits are seedless.
transfer of pollen grains from anther to e.g., banana.
stigma of another flower of the same plant.
19. (b) In some species, without reduction
In the above condition, dioecious plants, that bear
division the diploid egg cell is formed and
only male or female flowers prevent both
without fertilisation, it develops into an
autogamy and geitonogamy. Geitonogamy is
embryo.
ecologically cross-pollination which is
supposed to be equivalent to self-pollination It is an asexual reproduction which occurs in the
because all flowers on a plant are genetically absence of pollinators or in extreme
identical. environments. In some species like citrus
plants, nucellar cells surrounding the embryo
14. (a) (i) Synergid - haploid sac start dividing and develops into embryos.
(ii) Polar nuclei - haploid
It occurs in the megaspore mother cell without
(iii) Antipodal - haploid (iv) Zygote - diploid undergoing meiosis, and produces diploid
embryo sac through mitotic divisions. It helps
(v) Primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN). Diploid in the preservation of desirable characters
secondary nucleus fertilises with a haploid for indefinite period.
male gamete to form a triploid PEN.
Thus, it can be concluded that apomictic species
15. (b) In unfertilised embryo sac, the antipodals produce diploid cells. Haploid cells will be
and synergids are present at chalazal end formed during sexual reproduction when cell
distinctly and micropylar end respectively. will undergo meiosis.
While, in fertilised embryo sac antipodals and

20. (a) The formation of seedless fruits without 27. (b) In obligate mutualism, one organism
fertilisation is parthenocarpy. The fruits cannot survive without the other. Yucca have
developed from unfertilised ovary are called an obligate mutualism with a species of moth
parthenocarpic fruits. i.e. Pronuba.

28. (c) Two types of fusions, syngamy and triple

Past Years NEET fusion take place in an embryo sac the
21. (a) Tapetum is important for the nutrition phenomenon is termed double fertilisation,
and development of pollen grains, as well as an event unique to flowering plants.
a source of precursors for the pollen coat.
29. (d) Pollen grains can be stored for several
22. (d) Apomixis (asexual seed formation) is the years in liquid nitrogen at −196∘ C
result of a plant gaining the ability to bypass (Cryopreservation).
the most fundamental aspects of sexual
reproduction: meiosis and fertilization. 30. (c) Sporopollenin cannot be degraded by
Without the need for male fertilization, the enzyme; strong acids and alkali, therefore it
resulting seed germinates a plant that is helpful in preserving pollen as fossil.
develops as a maternal clone.
31. (a)
23. (b) In angiosperms, the megasporocyte
produces a megaspore that develops into an 32. (b) In some seeds like black pepper and beet,
embryosac through two distinct process the ramnents of nucellus are persistant, this
mega sporogenesis/formation of the persistant nucellus is called perisperm. It is
megaspore in the nucleus and present in the seeds in the form of a layer of
megagametogenesis/ development of nutritive tissue
megaspore into the embryosac or mega-
gametophyto 33. (d) In flowering plants, out of the two male
gametes discharged in synergids, one fuses
24. (a) Autogamy occurs in bisexual flowers. with the egg and other fuses with the
Geitonogamous flowers are unisexual but secondary or definitive nucleus present in
present in the same plant. Dioecious central cell.
condition is observed when unisexual male
and female flowers are present on different Egg(𝑛) + 1st male gamete (𝑛) → Zygote (2𝑛)
plants and it prevents both autogamy and
Secondary nucleus (2𝑛) + 2nd male gamete (𝑛) →
geitonogamy.
Endosperm Nucleus(3n) (central cell nuclei)
25. (b) Wind pollination or anemophily occurs in
34. (d) The attachment point of funicle and body
flowers which are having a single ovule in
of ovule is known as hilum. A hilum is a scar
each ovary, and numerous flowers packed in
or mark left on a seed coat by the former
an inflorescence. It is a non-directional
attachment to the ovary wall or to the
pollination.
funiculus (which in turn attaches to the ovary
26. (a) Insect pollinated plants provide rewards wall). A hilum can also be a nucleus of a
as edible pollen grain and nectar as usual starch grain; the point around which layers of
rewards. In order to materialize and starch are deposited.
maximize pollination, flowers have
35. (b) Xenogamy refers to the transfer to pollen
developed a set of attributes which are
grains from anthers of one plant to stigma of
aimed at attracting the pollinators called
a different plant which during pollination
attractants.

brigs genetically different types of pollen 41. (b) Tassels in the com cob represents stigma
grains to stigma. and style which wave in the wind to trap
pollen grains.
Cleistogamy is a type of automatic self-pollination
of certain plants that can propagate by using 42. (c) Primary endosperm nucleus is formed by
non-opening, self-pollinating flowers the fusion of diploid secondary nucleus with
a male gamete. Therefore, it is triploid.
Geitonogamy refers to the transfer of pollen grain Zygote is formed by fusion of two gametes
from anther to stigma of another flower of and thus it is diploid. Synergids are the cells
same plant. of gametophyte and hence these are haploid.

Chasmogamy is a condition in which flowers

remain open. EXERCISE-3
36. (b) The embryo sac of angiosperms consists 1. (c) 𝐴 − 𝐼𝐼𝐼; 𝐵 − 𝐼; 𝐶 − 𝐼𝑉; 𝐷 − 𝐼𝐼
of seven cells. A typical angiosperm embryo
2. (a) A − II; B − III; C − V; D − IV
at maturity is called 7 celled 8 nucleates. The
cells are arranged in three sets. In the centre, 3. (a) 𝐴 − 𝐼; 𝐵 − 𝐼𝑉; 𝐶 − 𝐼𝐼; 𝐷 − 𝐼𝐼𝐼
there are two polar nuclei which are a part of
the large central cell. The polar nuclei are 4. (a) 𝐴 − 𝐼𝐼; 𝐵 − 𝐼; 𝐶 − 𝐼𝑉; 𝐷 − 𝐼𝐼𝐼
present at the centre of the cell. The polar
nuclei are not separated by a membrane. 5. (a) 𝐴 − 𝑉; 𝐵 − 𝐼𝑉; 𝐶 − 𝐼𝐼𝐼; 𝐷 − 𝐼𝐼
There are two ends of the yolk sac. One of the ends 6. (d) 𝐴 − 𝐼𝑉; 𝐵 − 𝑉; 𝐶 − 𝐼; 𝐷 − 𝐼𝐼
is called the chalazal end. This end has 3
antipodal cells. 7. (b) 𝐴 − 𝐼𝑉; 𝐵 − 𝐼𝐼𝐼; 𝐶 − 𝐼𝐼; 𝐷 − 𝐼

37. (c) Bees are the most common pollinating 8. (d) Both statements are correct.
agents. Therefore, option c is incorrect.
9. (d)
38. (d) Cleistogamy is the phenomenon, where
flowers never open and in such flowers, only 10. (c) Ovules generally differentiate a single
self-pollination occurs within the bud megaspore mother cell in the micropylar
(unopened flower). Bisexual flowers which do region of the nucleus.
not open at all are called cleistogamous. In
such flowers, anthers and stigma lie close to 11. (c) The zygote gives rise to the
each other. proembryoand subsequently to the globular,
When the anthers dehisce in the flower buds, heart-shaped and mature embryo.
pollen grains come in contact with the stigma
12. (b) The pollen pistil interaction is mediated
and pollination occurs. So, there is no chance
by chemical. components of the pollen.
of cross-pollination in this type of flower.
Therefore, both statements are true. 13. (a) If the female parent produces unisexual
flowers, there is no need for emasculation.
39. (b) In few species, such as apple, strawberry,
The female flower buds are bagged before
cashew, thalamus contribute to fruit
the flowers open. When the stigma becomes
formation and these fruits are known as false
receptive, pollination is carried out using the
fruit.
desired pollen and the flower rebagged.
40. (a) Majority of insect pollinated flowers are
large-sized. These flowers are colorful and
possess fragrance to attract the insects.

14. (b) Aquatic plants such as water hyacinth & 18. (d) Pollen mother cells undergo meiosis and
Lily, the flower semerge above the level of produce pollen grains. The pollen grains have
water & are pollinated by insects & wind. haploid number of chromosomes.

15. (c) The coconut water from tender coconut is 19. (b) The megaspore mother cell is diploid. This
nothing but free nuclear endosperm (made divides by meiotic division and produces four
up of thousands of nuclei) and the haploid megaspores.
surrounding white kernel is the cellular
endosperm. Female gametophyte is embryo 20. (c) Primary sporogenous cell gives rise to
sac. Endosperm develop at the micropcyar microspore mother cells or pollen mother
end of the embryo sac. cells (PMCs). They are sporophytic in nature
i.e., diploid. These cells undergo meiosis
16. (c) All the statements are correct about self (reduction division) which gives rise to 4
incompatibility. Self-incompatibility is a microspores or pollens and this formation of
general name for several genetic microspores or pollens is called
mechanisms in angiosperms, which prevent microsporogenesis. Microspores represent
self-fertilization and thus encourage the beginning of the gametophytic phase and
outcrossing and allogamy. In plants with self - they are haploid in nature.
incompatibility, when a pollen grain
produced in a plant reaches a stigma of the 21. (a) The majority of angiosperms bear
same plant or another plant with a similar chasmogamous flowers, which means the
genotype, the process of pollen germination, flowers expose their mature anthers and
pollen tube growth, ovule fertilization, and stigma to the pollinating agents. There is
embryo development is halted at one of its another group of plants which set seeds
stages, and consequently no seeds are without exposing their sex organs. Such
produced. flowers are called cleistogamous and the
phenomenon is cleistogamy.
17. (c) Inside the nucellus, the female
gametophyte of embryo sac is located and 22. (a) Double fertilisation is a characteristic
enclosed within the integuments. In a feature of angiosperms. It involves two
majority of flowering plants, one of the fusions in which one male gamete fuses with
megaspore is functional while the other egg cell to form zygote and other male
three degenerates. Three repeated mitotic gamete fuses with the diploid secondary
divisions of the functional megaspore results nucleus to produce triploid primary
in the formation of seven celled or eight- endosperm nucleus.
nucleate embryo sac.
Six of the eight nuclei are organised at the two 23. (d) Male gamete (𝑛) + secondary nucleus
poles. Three cells grouped at micropylar end (2𝑛) = primary endosperm nucleus which
forms egg-apparatus and 3 at the chalazal develops into endosperm (3n).
end forms antipodal cells. The large central
Endosperm is a part of seed which acts as a
cell at the centre has two polar nuclei.
food store for the developing plant embryo,
In the formation of embryo sac the meiotic
usually containing starch with protein and
divisions are strictly free nuclear, i.e nuclear
other nutrients.
divisions are not followed immediately by
cell-wall formation. Gametophyte is situated 24. (a) A typical microsporangium consists of two
at micropylar end not at chalazal end. parts, outer wall and central homogeneous
sporogenous tissue. Microsporangial wall has
four types of layersepidermis, endothecium,
1-3 middle layers and tapetum. The outer

three wall layers perform the function of

protection in the young anther and DIAGRAM TYPE QUESTIONS
mechanism of dehiscence in the ripe anther. 1. (d) In the given figure of typical stamen (a) and
three dimensional cut section of anther (b), the
structure marked as a, b, c and dare respectively
MATCH THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS anther, petiole, pollen sac and megaspore.
Anther is the part of a stamen that contains the
1) c 2) a 3) b 4) a 5) d pollen. Petiole is the slender stalk by which a leaf
is attached to the stem. Pollen sac is one of the
6) c 7) c 8) c 9) 2 10) 1 chambers of an anther or a male cone in which
pollen is produced; the microsporangium of a
11) 1 12) c 13) 3 14) 4 15) 3 seed plant. Whereas megaspore is a spore that
gives rise to a female gametophyte and is larger
16) 1 17) 2 18) c 19) a 20) a than a microspore.
2. (a) In the given figure of TS of anther, the
21) a structure marked as A, B, C, D and E are
respectively sporogenous tissue, tapetum,
epidermis, middle layer and endothecium.
STATEMENT TYPE OF QUESTIONS Sporogenous tissue is a group of compactly
1) a 2) a 3) a 4) c 5) d arranged homogenous cells. It is irregular in
shape with abundant food reserves. Tapetum is a
6) c 7) b 8) d 9) c 10) c layer of nutritive cells found within the
sporangium, particularly within the anther, of
11) b 12) d 13) b 14) d 15) d flowering plants. It is important for the
development of pollen grains. Epidermis is the
16) a 17) b 18) a 19) b 20) c common anther covering. Cells of middle layers
degenerate to provide nourishment to the
21) d 22) c 23) c 24) b 25) d growing microspore mother cells. Endothecium is
the inner lining of a mature anther of a flower.
3. (b) In the given figure of mature embryo sac, the
26) d 27) c 28) b 29) d 30) b
structure marked as A, B, C, D, and E are
respectively antipodal cells, central cells, polar
31) d 32) a 33) d 34) a 35) a
nuclei, synergids and filiform apparatus.
Embryosac is the female gametophyte of a seed
plant, containing the egg, synergids, and polar
and antipodal nuclei. In this, fusion of the
ASSERTION & REASON TYPE antipodal and a pollen generative nucleus forms
QUESTIONS the endosperm. The embryo sac develops in the
1) a 2) a 3) a 4) d 5) b central portion of the ovule (nucellus), where the
maternal macrosporocyte, as a result of meiotic
6) b 7) d 8) d 9) c 10) b division, forms four haploid cells (a tetrad of
macrospores), of which one develops (the rest
atrophy). During the development of the embryo
11) d 12) b 13) d 14) b 15) a
sac there are three successive synchronous
mitotic divisions of its nuclei, so that their
16) a 17) d 18) d 19) b 20) c number increases in the progression 1: 2: 4: 8
and they are distributed evenly along the ends of
21) d 22) c 23) a 24) a 25) a the growing embryo sac.
4. (b) Fig (b) is a wind pollinated plant showing
26) b 27) b 28) c 29) a 30) b compact inflorescence and well expored
stamens. Pollination by wind is more common
31) a 32) a amongst abiotic pollinations. Wind pollination

alsorequires that the pollen grains are light, the characteristics of gymnosperms and
small, dry and non-sticky so that they can be angiosperms. Endocarp is the innermost layer of
transported in wind currents. Both the stigmas the pericarp which surrounds a seed in a fruit. It
and anthers are exserted. Anthers are versatile, may be membranous (as in apples) or woody (as
stigma is hairy, feathery or branched to catch the in the stone of a peach or cherry). Mesocarp is
wind borne pollen grains. the middle layer of the pericarp of a fruit,
5. (a) The given figure shows the stages in between the endocarp and the exocarp.
embryogenesis in a typical dicot (Capsella). The 9. (b)
structure marked as A, B, C and D is respectively 10. (c) P1 -Autogamy, P2 -Geitnogamy, P3 -Xenogamy If
suspensor, radicle, plumule and cotyledon. the pollen grains are transferred from an anther
Suspensor is a suspending part or structure as a to the stigma of the same flower, or different
group or chain of cells that is produced from the flowers of the same plant is called self-pollination
zygote of a seed plant and serves to push the or autogamy. When the pollen grains are
developing embryo into the endosperm. Radicle transferred to the stigma of other flower of the
is the part of a plant embryo that develops into same species is called crosspollination or
the primary root. Plumule is the young shoot of a allogamy. It takes place in between two different
plant embryo above the cotyledons, consisting of flowers.Cross-pollination is of two types -
the epicotyl and often of immature leaves. Geitonogamy and Xenogamy. Geitonogamy:
Cotyledon is an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing When pollination takes place in between the two
plants, one or more of which are the first leaves flowers of the same plant then it is called
to appear from a germinating seed. geitonogamy.When the pollination takes place in
6. (a) In the given figure of LS of flower, the between the two different flowers of two
structure marked as A, B, C, D and E are different plants of the same species then it is
respectively antipodal cells, polar nuclei, stigma, called xenogamy.
style and chalaza. Antipodal cells are the three 11. (d) Anatropous ovule is a completely inverted
haploid cells in the mature embryo sac of ovule turned back 180 degrees on its stalk. It is
flowering plants that are situated at the opposite inverted at an early stage of growth, so that the
end to the micropyle. Polar nuclei are either of micropyle is turned toward the fimicle and the
the two nuclei of a seed plant embryonic root is at the opposite end. In the
embryo sac that are destined to form given figure of anatropous ovule, the structure
endosperm. The stigma is the receptive tip of a marked as A, B, C and D are respectively
carpel, or of several fused carpels, in the micropyle, nucellus, embryo sac and chalazal
gynoecium of a flower. Style is a long, slender pole. Micropyle is the opening through which
stalk that connects the stigma and the ovary. pollen nuclei enter the ovule. Nucellus is the
Chalaza is two spiral bands of tissue that suspend central part of an ovule, containing the embryo
the yolk in the centre of the white (the albumen). sac. Embryo sac is the female gametophyte of a
7. (d) Pollen grains represent the male seed plant, containing the egg, synergids, and
gametophyte. The outer part of the pollen is polar and antipodal nuclei. Chalazal end is the
exine, which is composed of a complex basal part of a plant ovule opposite the
polysaccharide, sporopollenin. Inner part is micropyle; where integument and nucellus are
intine. The cell contains vegetative cell which joined.
develop into the pollen tube and germ pore and 12. (d) In the given figure of monocot embryo, the
generative cell (degenerative) are also present. structure marked as A, B, C and D are respectively
8. (c) False fruit are those fruits in which addition to scutellium, coleoptile, epiblast and coleorhiza.
ovary other floral parts (iike thalamus) also Scutellum is the large shield like cotyledon of the
contribute for its development is called false embryo of certain monocots. It is specialized for
fruits. Examplesapple, pear, strawberry and the absorption of food from the endosperm.
cashewnut. In the given figure of false fruit Coleoptile is the first leaf above the ground,
(apple), the structure marked as A, B, C and D are forming a protective sheath around the stem tip.
respectively thalamus, seed, endocarp and It surrounds the phumule. Epiblast is the
mesocarp. Thalamus is a receptacle of a flower in outermost layer of an embryo before it
which the embryo fruits and later the seeds are differentiates into ectoderm and mesoderm.
held Seed is a fertilized and ripened ovule and Coleorhiza is the sheath that envelops the radicle

in certain plants (grass or cereal grain) and that is Male gametophyte when fully developed is a 3
penetrated by the root in germination. nucleate structure.
HIGHER ORDER THINKING 9. (a) Single megaspore mother cell (MMC) with
dense cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus gets
QUESTIONS differentiated from nucellus near the micropylar
1. (b) Central cell is the cell in the venter of the region. This megaspore mother cell (MMC)
archegonium whose division produces the egg undergoes meiosis to form ' 4 ' haploid cells
and usually also the ventral canal cell (as in (called megaspores) and the process of formation
cycads). It is the largest cell the in an embryo sac. is known as megasporogenesis.
2. (d) Antheridium is a male structure and the other 10. (a) Megaspore mother cell (MMC) undergoes
three archegonium, oogonium & ovule are meiosis to form four haploid cells (called
female parts. An antheridium is a haploid male megaspores) and the process of formation is
reproductive structure producing gametes, known as megasporogenesis. The MMC
occurring in ferns, mosses, fingi and algae. undergoes meiotic division results in the
Archegonium is the female, egg-producing production of four megaspores 100 functional
reproductive structure on the gametophytes of megaspores are produced by 100 MMC , since
non-flowering land plants. The archegonium is three out of four megaspores degenerate in each
comprised of an oogonium surrounded by case.
protective layers of thick-walled pigmented cells. 11. (d) In the cytoplasm of the synergid pollen tube
In seed plants, ovule is the structure that gives releases the two male gametes. After reaching
rise to female reproductive cells. ovary the poller tube enters the ovule. One of
3. (b) In a fertilized ovule n, 2n and 3 n conditions these male gametes fuses with egg to form
occur respectively in egg, nucellus and diploid zygote ( 2 n ) while the other uses with
endosperm. two polar nucles of the central cell to produce
4. (a) The seed coat develops from integuments triploid primary endosperm cell (PEC) (3n). So, in
originally surrounding the ovule. It is thick and some angiosperms these two types of fusion
hard in coconut which protects the embryo from occur in the same embryo sac. This phenomenon
mechanical injury and from drying out. is called double fertilization.
5. (c) Ovary wall forms pericarp after fertilization. 12. (c) Unisexuallity of flowers prevents autogamy
Pericarp is the tissue that develops from the but not geitonogamy because autogamy is the
ovary wall of the flower and surrounds the seeds. transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of
The pericarp is typically made up of three distinct same flower and geitonogamy is the fertilization
layers: the epicarp of a flower by pollen from another flower on the
(outermost layer); the mesocarp (middle layer); same (or a genetically identical) plant. Therefore,
and the endocarp (inner layer surrounding the geitonogamy occurs between bisexual flowers or
ovary or the seeds). In a citrus fruit, the epicarp unisexual flowers of the same plant.
and mesocarp make up the peel. 13. (b) Endosperm is the nutritive tissue which
6. (b) Sexual reproduction leads to formation of provides nourishment to the embryo in seed
new combination and appearance of variations. plant. Albuminous seeds retain a part of
Genetic recombination, interaction etc. during endosperm as it is not completelyused up during
sexual reproduction provides vigour and vitality embryo development (e.g., wheat, maize, barley,
to the offsprings. They better adapt themselves castor, sunflower).
to changing environmental conditions and also 14. (c) The transfer of pollen grains from anther to
plays an important role in evolution. the stigna is called pollination This process of
7. (d) Sequence of development during the pollination occurs only in gymnosperms and
formation of embryo sac is: angiosperms.
Archesporium → Megaspore mother cell → 15. (d) Cleistogamy is a self-fertilization that occurs
Megaspore → Embryo sac within a permanently closed flower. In
8. (a) Development of male gametophyte is called cleistogamous flower, the anther and stigma lies
microgametogenesis. One meiotic division and close to each other. When anther dehisces in the
two mitotic divisions are necessary for the flower buds, pollen grains come in contact with
complete development of male gametophyte. the stigma to effect pollination. Thus,
cleistogamous flowers are invariably autogamous

as there is no chance of cross - pollen landing on prothallus (gametophyte), with a haploid set of
the stigma. Cleistogamous flowers produce chromosomes.
assured seed set even in the absence of 21. (b) Artificial hybridization is one of the major
pollinators. approaches of crop improvement programme.
16. (d) Nucellus, embryo sac & micropyle are all The correct sequence in artificial hybridization
found in ovule while pollen grain is a male experiment in bisexual flower is:
gametophyte. Emasculation → Bagging → Cross-pollination →
17. (c) Artificial hybridization is one of the major Rebagging Emasculation is the removal of the
approaches of crop improvement programme. anthers of a flower in order to prevent self-
While planning for artificial hybridization pollination or the undesirable pollination of
programmes, if the female parent has unisexual neighbouring plants. After that emasculated male
flowers, then process of emasculation (removal and female plants are kept in isolation by
of the anthers of a flower in order to prevent self- enclosing them in a bag in a process called
pollination or the undesirable pollination of bagging. When the stigma of bagged flowers
neighbouring plants) does not relevant. The attains receptivity, mature pollen grains collected
female flower buds are bagged before the from anthers of the male parent are dusted on
flowers open. When the stigma becomes the stigma, and the flowers are rebagged and the
receptive, pollination is carried out using the fruits allowed develop.
desired pollen and the flower rebagged. 22. (a) Diploid female plant will have 2 polar nuclei
18. (c) Cotyledons and scutellum are two (each haploid) with which one male gamete form
homologous structures in the embryo of a typical tetraploid male plant (male gamete of tetraploid
dicot and a grass. Cotyledon is an embryonic leaf plant will be diploid) fises, making endosperm So
in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are endosperm will betetraploid
the first leaves to appear from a germinating Male gamete +2 polar nuclei ⟶ Endosperm
seed Sautellumis thelarge shield like cotyledon of (2n) (n) (n)
the embryo of certain monocots. It is specialized 23. (c) In a seed of maize, the scutellum is considered
for the absorption of food from the endosperm. as cotyledon because it absorbs food materials
19. (c) 100 zygotes require 100 pollen grains and 100 and supplies them to the embryo.
embryo sacs. 100 pollen grains are formed from 24. (c) Each microspore mother cell gives rise to 4
25 microspore mother cells while 100 embryo microspores which develop into pollen grains.
sacs are formed from 100 functional megaspores 25. (d) Depending upon the mode of its formation,
which in turn are produced by 100 megaspore angiospermic endosperm is of three types
mother cells since three out of four megaspores nuclear, cellular and helobial. Multinucleate
degenerate in each case. condition is present in liquid endosperm of
20. (b) In angiospermic seed, the endosperm is coconut. Multinucleate condition is also known
formed after fertilization. Angiosperms undergo as nuclear type of endosperm. Coconut has
two fertilization multicellular endosperm (called coconut meal) in
events where a zygote and endosperm are both the outer part and free nuclear as well as
formed. Endosperm is a tissue in which the vacuolated endosperm (called coconut milk) in
nutrient substances necessary for the the centre. Nuclear endosperm is the most
development of the embryo are deposited In common type of endosperm. It is named so
angiosperms the endosperm is formed after because it contains free nuclei in the beginning.
fertilization as a result of the merging of the 26. (c) After entering the ovule, the pollen tube is
spermatozoid with the secondary (diploid) attracted towards the micropylar end of the
nucleus of the embryo sac. In this case the cells embryo sac. The attractants are secreted by
of the endosperm are triploid. By uniting sets of synergids or help cells. The pollen tube pierces
chromosomes from both parent plants the one of the two synergids and bursts open into it.
endosperm becomes a physiologically active, The synergid is simultaneously destroyed.
viable nutrient tissue. It is not only feeds the 27. (d) Filiform apparatus in the form of finger-like
embryo but fosters embryonic growth and projection from cell wall is present in the upper
differentiation. In gymnosperms the endosperm part of each synergids. This apparatus is useful
is formed in the ovule during germination of the for the absorption and transportation of
megaspore; it consequently becomes the female materials from the nucellus to the embryo sac.

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Rts-5 Sexual Reproduction

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Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING

 Each cell of the sporogenous tissue is a potential

 Small, floats in the cytoplasm of vegetative cell;

 Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of

 In most water-pollinated species, pollen grains are

Exercise 1 : NCERT Based Topic-wise MCQs

40. In a fertilized ovule, 𝑛, 2𝑛 and 3𝑛 conditions

42. Endosperm is generally 47. Water of tender coconut is

51. Albuminous seeds store their reserve food

52. The coconut water from tender coconut is

2.4 Post Fertilisation : Structure and Events

(a) A - Mesocarp; B - Endocarp; C - Seed; 𝐷 -

56. Flowering plants have developed certain out

(c) Triticum (d) Citrus

59. An irregular mode of reproduction resulting in (a) Only I (b) Only II

Exercise 2 : NCERT Exemplar & Past Years NEET

16. While planning for an artificial hybridisation (b) apomixis

39. Which part of fruit, labelled in given figure

(a) B → Endocarp (b) C → Thalamus

Exercise 3: Matching, Statement & Assertion Reason Type

(c) A − I; B − IV; C − III; D − II (c) A − V; B − I; C − III; D − IV

A.Parthenocarpy 1. Inactive state 6. Wind pollinated flowers often have ____ovule in

2. 1 3 4 2 (3) Xenogamy (C) Transfer of pollen

male gametes and for fertilisation. NCERT page -

DIACRAM TYPE QUESTIONS

Filifor are marked as A, B, C, D & E. Identify A, B, C, D

4. Which of the following figure, showing types of

(a) Suspensor, Radicle, Plumule, Cotyledons

11. The given figure shows a diagrammatic view of a

(a) A-Chalazal pole; B - Micropyle; C -Embryo sac;

HIGHER ORDER THINKING QUESTIONS

(b) 75 (b) contains food for the embryo.

Exercise-2 (NCER Exemplar & Past Years NEET)

2 (c) 7 (a) 12 (c) 17 (c) 22 (d) 27 (b) 32 (b) 37 (c) 42 (c)

3 (a) 8 (b) 13 (b) 18 (b) 23 (b) 28 (c) 33 (d) 38 (d)

4 (d) 9 (c) 14 (a) 19 (b) 24 (a) 29 (d) 34 (d) 39 (b)

5 (d) 10 (c) 15 (b) 20 (a) 25 (b) 30 (c) 35 (b) 40 (a)

1.2.Exercise 3 (Matching, Statement & Asse

2 (a) 5 (a) 8 (d) 11 (c) 14 (b) 17 (c) 20 (c) 23 (d) √𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟖

3 (a) 6 (d) 9 (d) 12 (b) 15 (c) 18 (d) 21 (a) 24 (a)

H INTS AND S O LUT IO N S

7. (d) Placenta is the surface of the carpel to

28. (c) Two types of fusions, syngamy and triple

Chasmogamy is a condition in which flowers

three wall layers perform the function of

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