RFID TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEM

Submitted By

MD.NAFIS AHMED
ID# 2021200510005

Sahadat Hossain
ID# 2021200510016

Sazzad hossain
ID# 2021200510024

Md Anisur Rahman Anis

ID# 2021200510018

Md Mosiur Rahman
ID# 2020000510040

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
SOUTHEAST UNIVERSITY

JUNE, 2025
 RFID TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEM

Submitted By

MD.NAFIS AHMED
ID# 2021200510005

Sahadat Hossain
ID# 2021200510016

Sazzad hossain
ID# 2021200510024

Md Anisur Rahman Anis

ID# 2021200510018

Md Mosiur Rahman
ID# 2020000510040

Supervised by

Rounakul Islam
Lecturer
Department of EEE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
SOUTHEAST UNIVERSITY

A Capstone Design Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the Award of Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering

JUNE, 2025

i
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Capstone Design Project entitled “RFID Toll Collection
System” is done by the following students under my direct supervision and this work has
been carried out by them in the laboratories of the department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering under the School of Science and Engineering of Southeast University in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical
and Electronic Engineering. The presentation of the work was held on June, 2025.

Signature of the candidates

MD.NAFIS AHMED
ID# 2021200510005

Sahadat Hossain
ID# 2021200510016

Sazzad hossain
ID# 2021200510024

Md Anisur Rahman Anis

ID# 2021200510018

Md Mosiur Rahman
ID# 2020000510040

Signature of supervisor

Rounakul Islam
Lecturer
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
School of Science and Engineering
Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

ii
The Capstone Design Project report entitled “RFID Toll Collection System” submitted
by MD.NAFIS AHMED, ID No: 2021200510005, Sahadat Hossain, ID No:
2021200510016, Sazzad hossain, ID No: 2021200510024, Md Anisur Rahman Anis, ID
No: 2021200510018 and Md Mosiur Rahman, ID No: 2020000510040 has been accepted
as satisfactory in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering on April, 2025.

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

____________________________
Prof. Dr. Md. Ruhul Amin Chairperson
Professor
Department of EEE, SEU

____________________________
Rounakul Islam Supervisor
Lecturer
Department of EEE, SEU

____________________________
Dr. Nur Hosain Md. Ariful Azim, Internal Member
Associate Professor
Department of EEE, SEU

____________________________
Ruchira Tabassum Internal Member
Lecturer
Department of EEE, SEU

iii
Dedicated to

Our Parents

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we give thanks to Allah. Then we would like to take this opportunity to
express our appreciation and gratitude to our project and thesis supervisor Rounakul Islam,
Lecturer of Department of EEE for being dedicated in supporting, motivating and guiding
us through this project. This project can’t be done without his useful advice and helps.
Also thank you very much for giving us opportunity to choose this project.

We also want to convey our thankfulness to Dr. Md. Ruhul Amin, Professor and
Chairperson of the Department of EEE for her help, support and constant
encouragement.

Apart from that, we would like to thank our entire friends for sharing knowledge;
information and helping us in making this project a success. Also thanks for lending us
some tools and equipment.

To our beloved family, we want to give them our deepest love and gratitude for being very
supportive and also for their inspiration and encouragement during our studies in this
University.

v
 INDEX

TOPIC PAGE
Certificate ii
Board of Examiners iii
Dedicated iv
Acknowledgement v
List of Figures viii
Abstract ix

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives 2
1.4 Methodology 3
1.5 Work Flow Diagram 3
1.6 Research Outline 4

CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Literature Survey 5
2.3 Summery 9

CHAPTER-3 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

3.1 Introduction 10
3.2 Block Diagram 10
3.3 Circuit Diagram 11
3.4 Working Principle 11
3.5 Cost Analysis 12

CHAPTER-4 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction 13

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 4.2 Hardware & Software 13
4.3 Arduino nano 13
4.4 Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) 17
4.5 LCD Display 21
4.6 Servo Motor (SG90) 23
4.7 RFID Module 24
4.8 Ardunino IDE 26
4.9 Proteus Software 30

CHAPTER-5 RESULT ANALYSIS

5.1 Result Analysis 31
5.2 Comploete Project Prototype 32
5.3 Advantage 32
5.4 Application 33
5.5 Limitation 33
5.6 Discussion 33

CHAPTER-6 FUTURE WORK & CONCLUSION

6.1 Conclusion 34
6.2 Future Scope of Work 34

Reference 35
Appendix 36

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 LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE NO FIGURE CONTAIN PAGE NO

1.1 Work Flow Diagram 3

3.1 Block Diagram of Our Project 10
3.2 Circuit Diagram of Our Project 11
4.1 Arduino Nano 14
4.2 Arduino Nano Schematic Diagram 14
4.3 How Arduino Nano Looks Like 15
4.4 Micro-controller IC AT mega328p 16
4.5 SMPS 17
4.6 SMPS Circuit 18
4.7 SMPS Circuit Connection 20
4.8 Dc Power Supply Way 21
4.9 16*2 LCD display 21
4.10 Pin out of 16*2 LCD display 22
4.11 16*2 LCD Display interfacing with Arduino 22
4.12 Servo Motor 23
4.13 How RFID Works 24
4.14 RDM 6300 RFID Module 25
4.15 Arduino Software Interface IDE 27
4.16 Our Project Design in Proteus Software 30
5.1 Our Final Project 32

viii
 ABSTRACT

The RFID Toll Collection System is an automated solution designed to enhance toll
payment efficiency on highways and reduce traffic congestion. Utilizing Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) technology, the system enables contactless toll transactions by
identifying vehicles equipped with RFID tags as they pass through toll plazas. When a
vehicle approaches, an RFID reader scans the tag, verifies the vehicle’s credentials, and
automatically deducts the toll amount from the user’s prepaid account. This eliminates the
need for manual cash transactions, minimizes delays, and improves vehicle flow. The
system is integrated with a database that records vehicle details, toll history, and balance
information, offering transparency and ease of management. Additionally, it contributes to
fuel savings and lower emissions by reducing idle time. The RFID Toll Collection System
provides a secure, scalable, and cost-effective alternative to traditional toll collection
methods, supporting smart transportation infrastructure and enhancing the overall
commuting experience.

ix
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview
In this century, people live a life which is solely dependent on technology. New
innovations are made to make out life less demanding, calm and more agreeable. The
primary goal of advancement has been to extend capability and diminishing effort. In the
present scenario, the world is straightly moving towards automation. Automation is the use
of various management systems for running instruments such asmachinery processes in
factories, boilers, and heat treating ovens, change on telephone networks, steering and
stabilization of ships, craft and different applications and vehicles with possibly reduced
human interventions and better accuracy.

Government are currently dealing with an escalating problem of traffic congestion in

urban areas. A variety of approaches have been proposed to alleviate road congestion, with
electronic toll collection (ETC) being reported to be effective in many countries and areas.
The main benefit of the ETC is that it ensures continuous travel near the toll plaza.
Furthermore, because there is no need for staff in the booth, the toll booth's maintenance
costs are reduced. It is a fully automated technology that speeds up transactions. One of
the primary reasons for implementing the electronic toll system is to reduce traffic
congestion near the toll plaza. In emerging nations, traffic congestion is a typical
phenomenon on the highways. Therefore, putting in place ETC is a demand-driven
necessity to lessen congestion .

Highways or Toll Roads are provided to enhance the traffic, improve the distribution of
goods and services, and increase mobility and accessibility of people. The problem starts
when there is long queue. This queue occurs because the arriving rate of vehicles to toll
gates is much higher than the servicing rate. This congestion will lead to wasting time for
wait, incendiary fuel combustion, and air pollution caused by vehicle exhaust. Utilization
of automated toll collection gate will help to improve the toll service by saving time,
saving fuel & reducing gas emission. In the proposed system RFID reader will read the
RFID tags that are mounted on vehicles and the system will automatically deduct a

1
specific amount of toll from the scanned tag id with the help of the database. As there is no
need for vehicles to stop or toll authorities to manually collect the tolls, this system
eliminates the traffic jam and possible human errors that normally happen in a toll
collecting system making it a more efficient process.

1.2 Problem Statement

The manual toll collection system on highways leads to traffic congestion, fuel wastage,
and time delays. Traditional methods are inefficient and prone to human errors and
revenue leakage. To address these issues, an automated RFID-based toll collection system
is proposed. This system uses RFID tags and readers to identify vehicles and automatically
deduct toll charges from a prepaid account, enabling seamless and contactless toll
transactions. It enhances traffic flow, reduces operational costs, and increases transparency.
The proposed system aims to modernize toll collection, improve road efficiency, and
support digital infrastructure, ensuring a more convenient and efficient transportation
experience for all users.

1.3 Objectives
We have some specific objectives for this project and they are pointed below:

 To study, design and Construct of the RFID Toll Collection System.

 To automate toll collection using RFID technology.
 To reduce traffic congestion and waiting time at toll plazas.
 To eliminate human error and manual intervention.
 To maintain a real-time database of vehicle entries and payments.
 To ensure secure and accurate toll fee deduction.
 To support cashless and contactless transactions.
 To put the whole system into action so that we can observe its practical effects and
verify our work.
 To study the system performance for future reference and improvement purpose.

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1.4 Methodology
Our methodologies for the project:

 Creating an idea for design and construction of an RFID Toll Collection System.
And designing a block diagram & circuit diagram to know which components we
need to construct it.
 Collecting all the components and programming the micro controller to control the
whole system.
 Setting up all the components in a PCB board & then soldering. Lastly, assembling all
the blocks in a board and to run the system & for checking purposes.

1.5 Work Flow Diagram

This Diagram represents the development process of the RFID Toll Collection System
project. It begins with studying the concept, followed by system design, collecting
required components, assembling the hardware, and finally completing the project. Each
step ensures systematic execution, resulting in a functional and efficient toll automation
system.

Figure 1.1: Working Flow Diagram

3
1.6 Research Outline
This project book consists of Six chapter. The first chapter contains the statement of the
Introduction,Overview, Problem Statement, Work Flow Diagram, objectives of the study
and Methodology. Chapter two contains system Literatur e Review details. Chapter three
System Architecture, Discussed in Block Diagram,Circuit Diagram,Working principle and
Cost analysis.Chapter Four describes the hardware implementation with component details
and the software which we have used for our work. Chapter Five deals with the result
Analysis,shows the complete prototype,Advantage, Application and Limitation of the
project that we have built. In the final chapter, we have discussed the , Future Scope,
conclusion of the project.

4
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
In this chapter we discuss our system overview. In this paper they also work about RFID
Toll Collection System. In below section we will describe some previous literature review.
From previous literature we gather more knowledge to build this project and we
successfully made it .

2.2 Literature Survey

Gui et al. [1] used a bi-modal travel equilibrium model to study and compute the capacity
of highway toll plazas in a traffic system where roadways and public transportation
options coexist and compete. In order to maximize the toll plaza's profit, minimize the
overall cost to society, and break even, we calculated the capacity proportions required in
each scenario. We achieved this by taking into consideration the operating costs of the toll
plaza. The findings of the analytical analysis were validated by the numerical analysis.
This research has important administrative ramifications. For instance, by modifying the
toll plaza's capacity, a highway management department might regulate traffic flow and
enable the traffic system to meet different objectives. Based on our findings, there are
several things to highlight.

Shasi et al. [2] installed a wireless system that enables the electronic and smooth payment
of tolls collected from cars utilizing roads, toll bridges, toll tunnels, and so on. ETC
systems do away with the need for cash or credit cards to pay for tolls by facilitating
financial transactions between a car going through a toll plaza and a toll collecting agency
via vehicle-to-toll plaza communication technology. It makes it possible for toll collecting
to be completed quickly, effectively, and cashlessly. The Roadside Unit (say Reader) and
the On-Board Unit (OBU, commonly known as Tag) individually identify and classify
each vehicle as it passes through the toll gate.

Khorshadul et al. [3] implemented in place of ETC that required congestion reduction.
Because this digital technology employs Short Message Service (SMS) in place of receipts

5
and eliminates the need for cars leaving the booth to stop and pay the toll, it saves time.
This study provides an overview of several Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) technologies
and their implications for the transportation industry in developing nations like
Bangladesh. This report began by listing the pertinent ETC technologies that have been
identified and are widely employed in industrialized nations. Bangladesh is a developing
nation without a reliable transport system.Still, the relevant body is trying to introduce ITS
in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, RFID-based ETC are comparatively inexpensive and
simple to set up in the short run. In the long term, nevertheless, the authority and the
public may find that the wisest course of action is to install satellite-based Electronic Road
Pricing System (ERP), mobile phone tolling, and other such technologies. Every day, there
are more and more cars on the road. It's past time to think about how Bangladesh's
socioeconomic situation will change over the next ten years and to start putting the ETC
system in place.

Sudhir et al. [4] testeda trained YOLOv3 algorithm in metropolitan areas, roads, and toll
booths. At the toll plazas, the average recall was 86.3%, while the average precision was
94.1%. The algorithm can be used with good precision and recall for AVI and AVC in a
toll management system at toll plazas, but more research is required to see if it can be
applied to ATMS and urban area applications. Another advantage was that the AI-based
approach just needed a camera with a mounting framework, as opposed to traditional
approaches, which require several hardware/devices such inductive loops, axle
detectors/treadles, and height sensors. Because of this, we were able to avoid having to
install a variety of hardware and gadgets at toll plazas in order to execute automated
vehicle recognition and categorization. In addition to a combined category of two- and
three-axle buses and trucks into two-axle and three-axle vehicle classes from the non-
exempted category, further work will involve the identification and classification of
ambulances, fire trucks, and army vehicles from the exempted category. Additionally,
studies on AVI and AVC in urban areas and on highways will be conducted. The other
subtask will be counting vehicles on highways and at toll booths.

Kajal et al. [5] designed to show how safe toll transactions can be made with better user
involvement through websites and Android applications, perhaps increasing the amount of
toll collected. As a consequence of this deployment, transparency will be upheld with
regard to all consumers and toll agents. The fundamental concept is that when a user with

6
an Android phone that supports NFC taps on an NFC-enabled toll tab at the toll booth, the
device reads information such NFC ID and instantly notifies the owner of the car and
makes a request to the server. A high degree of transaction and money received
transparency was offered by the system. For the benefit of the toll station client, the
system was able to provide an automatically created message as an acknowledgement.
This system was necessary to enhance administration of the motorways. Automobiles
equipped with NFC tags that the Android app can scan. A certain amount of toll is taken
from the card when the tag is read and the data in the online database is confirmed where
the database's data is accessible to the administrator. Blacklisted automobiles are likewise
monitored by the database. Currently, every highway route has a large number of toll
collecting locations. In addition to having to pay a tollgate charge and wait in queue, users
run the danger of having their money misappropriated by tollgate staff. Under the current
setup, a driver must stop at a charging stall and pay the requisite amount to a collector in
accordance with the manual toll collection protocol. Each vehicle's obligation to pay is
based on its categorization or features. Manual toll payment methods take a lot of time,
and mistakes can be made by people that could lead to mischief.

Penglin, song et al. [6] proposed a modified traffic conflict indicator to assess the safety
risk at a tunnel toll plaza by taking into account vehicle length and width, angular and
longitudinal movements, and conflict type (i.e., sideswipe and rear-end). Drone footage
has provided high-resolution vehicle trajectory data, which is the basis for this indication.
Then, the correlated grouped random parameter multinomial logit approach is used to
measure the association between conflict risk at tunnel toll plaza and potential factors like
vehicle class, vehicle speed and acceleration, toll collection type, and spatial
characteristics, accounting for the effects of unobserved heterogeneity and correlation
among random parameters at the road user level. This study uses high-resolution drone
trajectory data to investigate the safety risk related to a tunnel toll plaza. The correlated
grouped random parameters multinomial logit model with heterogeneity in the means is
used to account for the effects of repeated observations, unobserved heterogeneity, and
random parameter correlation at the level of road users. The frequency and severity of
traffic conflicts at the tunnel toll plaza are assessed in relation to possible contributing
factors.

7
Nazmul et al. [7] created an automated and digital toll collecting system using RFID
technology based on Arduino, helping to reduce road congestion. In addition to using a
credit/debit card or Bkash to pay the toll, travelers may also have the money taken out of
the vehicle owner's bank account. In recent years, Bangladesh has witnessed an IoT
revolution. Technology is advancing in Bangladesh at a never-before-seen pace, yet there
is virtually little IoT application in the toll management system space. Bangladesh is also a
digital nation, with the majority of its economic support coming from toll collecting. The
application of digital systems and associated technologies in the toll management system
industry is still missing. If the toll management system site is to expand in parallel with
IoT, more IoT applications ought to be added in this domain. In this industry, conventional
approaches to issue detection and possible solutions identification are very intricate. They
will be able to identify the automobile more easily thanks to AI technology. With the use
of AI and RFID, this application aimed to completely transform the toll management
system, helping the government collect toll in a simple and effective way.

Tanim et al. [8] showcased an automated toll collection system based on image processing
and RFID technology, as well as a road zipper device. By utilizing its unique features, a
road zipper device may ensure a traffic-free and hazard-free road transportation system.
Road zipper devices, which divide the traffic lane, can allow emergency vehicles to pass.
This technique prioritizes clearing each specific road lane to allow for seamless vehicle
flow. The automated toll collection system reduces lost time, traffic, and fuel consumption
in all vehicles by establishing a rush-free toll plaza through automatic toll amount
reduction. By entering the license plate number into the database, it is possible to identify
the vehicle that has been reported stolen or used illegally. Making full use of all the
features on this device would reduce corruption in the toll plaza and save a substantial
amount of time. The road zipper technology allows you to change the number of lanes as
needed by using the road zipper GUI. This part of a road zipper mechanism accomplishes
the desired results. The system for automatically obtaining tolls is highly effective. Once
the camera snaps a photo of the license plate, it recognizes the car and deducts the toll
amount. The RFID card is used to identify the car in the event that the camera is unable to
capture a picture. This process produces accurate results when this equipment is tested.
This proposed methodology has the potential to offer a more secure and effective
examination of the transportation system.

8
Sabbir et al. [9] can be used in the creation of a sophisticated, fully digital toll collection
system. Manual toll plazas are a key source of traffic in our country. Furthermore, the toll
plaza is rife with corruption. The proposed toll collection plan can effectively address
these issues. RFID tags and RFID sensors are the key parts of this RFID-based toll
collection system. Since most license plates on cars in Bangladesh have already been
digitalized, the government may identify the car and collect tolls without stopping it by
using the RFID tags on these license plates. To ensure transparency in toll collection, the
owners will receive information on account balances and toll bills. This would eliminate
corruption in the toll plaza and save a substantial amount of time. Furthermore, the
system's intelligence and security may be improved by future enhancements that include
overspeed detection and prevention, overload indication and prevention in bridges,
tracking stolen or accident-related objects, and more. Therefore, the proposed model can
support the creation of a digitally intelligent road transport network.

Chandrappaetat et al. [10] evaluated the effort to cut down on the amount of time spent on
human labor and manual transactions. The proposed effort aims to create an RFID-based
automated tolling system that collects tolls. Radio frequency identification, or RFID, is a
relatively new technology that has communication and tracking applications. This area of
automatic identification has gained a lot of attention lately and is currently regarded as a
cutting-edge technique to enhance data management; it is a great complement to bar
coding and other technologies used in data gathering. This topic of automatic
identification has attracted a lot of attention in the past few years. The automated toll
collection system is a relatively new technological development that could improve the
timeliness and efficiency of toll collection. It's a terrific alternative to waiting in line for a
long period at manual toll booths.

2.3 Summary
From the literature discussed above, we gained a lot of knowledge and we inspired to do
this project. We were able to do it with everyone tireless work.

9
 CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM ARCHITRECTURE

3.1 Introduction
The project objectives, methods, literature evaluation, and other details were all clarified
in the preceding chapter. The block diagram, circuit diagram, Working principle, and final
project instrument cost analysis will all be covered in this chapter.

3.2 Block Diagram

Here is the block diagram of the RFID Toll Collection System with all the essential
components. All of the components are shown in below as a block in this diagram.Here we
use Arduino Nano Micro-controller of our project. Other equipment's are attached with
this micro-controller and work together for perform as our desire outcome.

Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of Our Project

10
3.3 Circuit Diagram
In this part we show our project circuit design and connect out instrument through
standard wire.

Figure 3.2: Circuit Diagram of Our Project

3.4 Working Principle

The SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply) provides regulated power to all components,
ensuring reliable operation.The RFID Toll Collection System is based on contactless
identification and automation. Each vehicle is fitted with an RFID tag containing unique
identification data. When the vehicle approaches the toll booth, the RFID coil linked to the
RFID module detects and reads the tag. This data is sent to the Arduino Nano, which
verifies it from the pre-stored database. If the tag is valid and the balance is adequate, the
Arduino commands the servo motor to lift the barrier, allowing vehicle passage.
Simultaneously, the LCD display shows the transaction status like “Toll Paid” or “Access
Denied.” This system reduces traffic congestion, manual errors, and speeds up toll
collection through seamless, automated processing.

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3.5 Cost Analysis

Table 1:List of Component with Price

Sl. Particulars Specification Qty. Unit Price Total Price

no (Taka) (Taka)

1 Arduino Nano ATmega328p 1 700 700

2 SMPS 5v 7a 1 550 550
3 RFID Module RDM 6300 1 450 450
4 LCD Display 16*2 1 400 400
5 Servo Motor SG90 1 300 300
6 Others 1000
Total 3400/=

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 CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE & SOFTWARE ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction
In this section, we will discuss elaborately about “RFID Toll Collection System ” and the
component description, features, working procedure of our all equipment.The system
hardware fabricates composed of power unit, source unit, power store unite, and many
more related components.

4.2 Hardware & Software

Hardware
 Arduino Nano
 SMPS
 Servo Motor
 LCD Display
 RFID Module

Software
 Arduino IDE
 Proteus Software

4.3 Arduino Nano

Arduino is open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use
hardware and software. It's intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested
in creating interactive objects or environments. Arduino can sense the environment by
receiving input from a variety of sensors and can affect its surroundings by controlling
Lights, motors, and other actuators.

13
 Figure 4.1: Arduino Nano

The micro-controller on the board is programmed using the Arduino programming

language (based on Wiring) and the Arduino development environment (based on
Processing). Arduino projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate with software
on running on a computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, Maxims’). Arduino Nano is a surface
mount breadboard embedded version with integrated USB. It is a small, complete, and
breadboard friendly component. It has everything that Decimal/ Duemilanove has
(electrically) with more analog input pins and onboard +5V AREF jumper. Physically, it is
missing power jack. The Nano can automatically sense and switch to the higher potential
source of power.

Figure 4.2: Arduino Nano Schematic Diagram

14
Nano’s got the breadboard-ability of the Boarding and the Minibus with smaller footprint
than either, so users have more breadboard space. It’s got a pin layout that works well with
the Mini or the Basic Stamp (TX, RX, ATN, and GND on one top, power and ground on
the other). This new version 3.0 comes with ATMEGA328 which offer more
programming and data memory space. It has two layers. That make it easier to hack and
more affordable. One of the best features of Arduino Nano is, it’s easy to use, compact and
also small.

Figure 4.3: How Arduino Nano looks like

Specifications
 Micro-controller: Atmel ATmega328
 Operating Voltage (logic level): 5 V
 Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12 V
 Input Voltage (limits): 6-20 V
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins: 8
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
 Flash Memory: 32 KB (of which 2KB used by boot loader)
 SRAM : 2 KB
 EEPROM: 1 KB
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz
 Dimensions: 0.70” x 1.70”

15
Features
 Automatic reset during program download
 Power OK blue LED
 Green (TX), red (RX) and orange (L) LED
 Auto sensing/switching power input
 Small mini-B USB for programming and serial monitor
 ICSP header for direct program download
 Manual reset switch

Micro-controller IC ATmega328p

Figure 4.4: Micro-controller IC AT mega 328p

The high-performance Microchip Pico Power 8-bit AVR RISC-based micro-controller

combines 32KB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1024B EEPROM,
2KB SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three
flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial
programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, a 6-channel
10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), programmable
watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes.
The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. By executing powerful instructions in a single
clock cycle, the device achieves throughput's approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, balancing
power consumption and processing speed.

16
4.4 Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS)
A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, switch-mode power
supply, switched power supply, SMPS, or switcher) is an electronic power supply that
incorporates a switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently. Like other
power supplies, an SMPS transfers power from a DC or AC source (often mains power) to
DC loads, such as a personal computer, while converting voltage and
current characteristics. Unlike a linear power supply, the pass transistor of a switching-
mode supply continually switches between low-dissipation, full-on and full-off states, and
spends very little time in the high dissipation transitions, which minimizes wasted energy.
A hypothetical ideal switched-mode power supply dissipates no power. Voltage
regulation is achieved by varying the ratio of on-to-off time (also known as duty cycles).
In contrast, a linear power supply regulates the output voltage by continually dissipating
power in the pass transistor. This higher power conversion efficiency is an important
advantage of a switched-mode power supply. Switched-mode power supplies may also be
substantially smaller and lighter than a linear supply due to the smaller transformer size
and weight.

Figure 4.5: SMPS

Switching regulators are used as replacements for linear regulators when higher efficiency,
smaller size or lighter weight are required. They are, however, more complicated; their
switching currents can cause electrical noise problems if not carefully suppressed, and
simple designs may have a poor power factor. Switched-mode power supplies are
classified according to the type of input and output voltages. The four major categories are

17
 AC to DC
 DC to DC
 DC to AC
 AC to AC

A basic isolated AC to DC switched-mode power supply consists of:

 Input rectifier and filter

 Inverter consisting of switching devices such as MOSFETs
 Transformer
 Output rectifier and filter
 Feedback and control circuit

The input DC supply from a rectifier or battery is fed to the inverter where it is turned on
and off at high frequencies of between 20 KHz and 200 KHz by the switching MOSFET
or power transistors. The high-frequency voltage pulses from the inverter are fed to the
transformer primary winding, and the secondary AC output is rectified and smoothed to
produce the required DC voltages. A feedback circuit monitors the output voltage and
instructs the control circuit to adjust the duty cycle to maintain the output at the desired
level.

Figure 4.6: SMPS Circuit

18
Basic working concept of an SMPS
A switching regulator does the regulation in the SMPS. A series switching element turns
the current supply to a smoothing capacitor on and off. The voltage on the capacitor
controls the time the series element is turned. The continuous switching of the capacitor
maintains the voltage at the required level.

Design basics
AC power first passes through fuses and a line filter. Then it is rectified by a full-wave
bridge rectifier. The rectified voltage is next applied to the power factor correction (PFC)
pre-regulator followed by the downstream DC-DC converter(s). Most computers and
small appliances use the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) style input
connector. As for output connectors and pin outs, except for some industries, such as PC
and compact PCI, in general, they are not standardized and are left up to the manufacturer.

There are different circuit configurations known as topologies, each having unique
characteristics, advantages and modes of operation, which determines how the input
power is transferred to the output. Most of the commonly used topologies such as flyback,
push-pull, half bridge and full bridge, consist of a transformer to provide isolation, voltage
scaling, and multiple output voltages. The non-isolated configurations do not have a
transformer and the power conversion is provided by the inductive energy transfer.

Advantages of switched-mode power supplies

 Higher efficiency of 68% to 90%

 Regulated and reliable outputs regardless of variations in input supply voltage
 Small size and lighter
 Flexible technology
 High power density
 Disadvantages:
 Generates electromagnetic interference
 Complex circuit design
 Expensive compared to linear supplies

19
Switched-mode power supplies are used to power a wide variety of equipment such as
computers, sensitive electronics, battery-operated devices and other equipment requiring
high efficiency. Linear voltage IC regulators have been the basis of power supply designs
for many years as they are very good at supplying a continuous fixed voltage output.
Linear voltage regulators are generally much more efficient and easier to use than
equivalent voltage regulator circuits made from discrete components such a zener diode
and a resistor, or transistors and even op-amps.The most popular linear and fixed output
voltage regulator types are by far the 78… positive output voltage series, and the 79…
negative output voltage series.

These two types of complementary voltage regulators produce a precise and stable voltage
output ranging from about 5 volts up to about 24 volts for use in many electronic
circuits.There is a wide range of these three-terminal fixed voltage regulators available
each with its own built-in voltage regulation and current limiting circuits. This allows us
to create a whole host of different power supply rails and outputs, either single or dual
supply, suitable for most electronic circuits and applications. There are even variable
voltage linear regulators available as well providing an output voltage which is
continually variable from just above zero to a few volts below its maximum voltage
output.

Switch Mode Power Supply

Figure 4.7: SMPS Circuit Connection

Most d.c. power supplies comprise of a large and heavy step-down mains transformer,
diode rectification, either full-wave or half-wave, a filter circuit to remove any ripple
content from the rectified d.c. producing a suitably smooth d.c. voltage, and some form of
voltage regulator or stabiliser circuit, either linear or switching to ensure the correct
regulation of the power supplies output voltage under varying load conditions. Then a
typical d.c. power supply would look something like this:

20
 Figure 4.8: DC Power supply way

These typical power supply designs contain a large mains transformer (which also
provides isolation between the input and output) and a dissipative series regulator circuit.
The regulator circuit could consist of a single zener diode or a three-terminal linear series
regulator to produce the required output voltage. The advantage of a linear regulator is that
the power supply circuit only needs an input capacitor, output capacitor and some
feedback resistors to set the output voltage.

4.5 LCD Display

The LCD (liquid crystal display) screen is an electronic display module and looks for
various applications. A 16x2 LCD display is a very basic module and it is very commonly
used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven sections and
many other segments.

Figure 4.9: 16*2 LCD Display

The reasons for having LCD are economic; Easily programmable, special and even
custom characters (different in seven sections), there are no restrictions on displaying
animations. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and contains 2 lines.
Each character on this LCD is displayed in a 5x7 pixel matrix.

21
 Figure 4.10: Pin out of 16*2 LCD Display

This LCD contains two articles called Command and Data. The command register stores
the command instructions on the LCD. The command is a command given to the LCD to
perform a predefined task such as starting it, clearing its screen, locating the cursor,
controlling the display, etc.

Figure 4.11: 16*2 LCD Display interfacing with Arduino

Feature
The features of this LCD mainly include the following.

 The operating voltage of this LCD is 4.7V-5.3V

 It includes two rows where each row can produce 16-characters.
 The utilization of current is 1mA with no backlight
 Every character can be built with a 5×8 pixel box
 The alphanumeric LCDs alphabets & numbers
 Is display can work on two modes like 4-bit & 8-bit
 These are obtainable in Blue & Green Backlight
 It displays a few custom generated characters

22
4.6 Servo Motor (SG90)
The servomotor is a closed-loop mechanism that incorporates positional feedback in order
to control the rotational or linear speed and position. The motor is controlled with an
electric signal, either analog or digital, which determines the amount of movement which
represents the final command position for the shaft.

Figure 4.12: Servo Motor

Servo motors or “servos”, as they are known, are electronic devices and rotary or linear
actuators that rotate and push parts of a machine with precision. Servos are mainly used on
angular or linear position and for specific velocity, and acceleration.

Specification

 High Quality Micro Servo

 Torque: 1.8kg/cm (4.8V)
 Operating Speed: 0.1sec/60degree (4.8V)
 Operating Voltage: 4.8V
 Dead Band Width: 10usec
 Temperature Range: 0-55oC
 Cable Length: 25.5cm
 Servo Type: Analog Servo
 Dimension: 23x12.2x29mm

23
4.7 RFID Module
RFID or Radio Frequency Identification system consists of two main components, a
transponder/tag attached to an object to be identified, and a Transceiver also known as
interrogator/Reader.

Figure 4.13: How RFID works

A Reader consists of a Radio Frequency module and an antenna which generates high
frequency electromagnetic field. On the other hand, the tag is usually a passive device,
meaning it doesn’t contain a battery. Instead it contains a microchip that stores and
processes information, and an antenna to receive and transmit a signal.

To read the information encoded on a tag, it is placed in close proximity to the Reader
(does not need to be within direct line-of-sight of the reader). A Reader generates an
electromagnetic field which causes electrons to move through the tag’s antenna and
subsequently power the chip.The powered chip inside the tag then responds by sending its
stored information back to the reader in the form of another radio signal. This is called
backscatter. The backscatter, or change in the electromagnetic/RF wave, is detected and
interpreted by the reader which then sends the data out to a computer or microcontroller.
Our RDM6300 RFID 125 KHz card reader mini-module is designed for reading code from
125 KHz card compatible read-only tags and read/write card. It can be applied in
office/home security, personal identification, access control, anti-forgery, interactive toy
and production control systems etc.

24
 Figure 4.14: RDM 6300 RFID Module

Features
 Support external antenna
 Maximum effective distance up to 50mm
 Less than 100ms decoding time
 Apart interface
 Support EM4100 compatible read only or read/write tags
 Small outline design

25
 SOFTWARE

4.8 Arduino IDE

The digital microcontroller unit named as Arduino UNO can be programmed with the
Arduino software IDE. There is no any requirement for installing other software rather
than Arduino. Firstly, Select "Arduino UNO from the Tools, Board menu (according to
the microcontroller on our board). The IC used named as ATmega328 on the Arduino
UNO comes pre burned with a boot loader that allows us to upload new code to it without
the use of an external hardware programmer.

Communication is using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files). We can
also bypass the boot loader and programs the microcontroller through the ICSP (In Circuit
Serial Programming) header. The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards)
firmware source code is available. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU boot
loader, which can be activated by:

On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of
Italy) and then resetting the 8U2. On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling
the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.The Arduino
UNO is one of the latest digital microcontroller units and has a number of facilities for
communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The
ATmega328 provides UART TTL at (5V) with serial communication, which is available
on digital pins 0 -(RX) for receive the data and pin no.1 (TX) for transmit the data. An
ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as
a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard
USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, an .in file is
required. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data
to be sent to and from the Arduino board.

The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-
to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial Communication on
pins 0 and 1). A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the
Uno digital pins. The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The
Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus. Arduino

26
programs are written in C or C++ and the program code written for Arduino is called
sketch. The Arduino IDE uses the GNU tool chain and AVR Lab to compile programs,
and for uploading the programs it uses argued. As the Arduino platform uses Atmel
microcontrollers, Atmel's development environment, AVR Studio or the newer Atmel
Studio, may also be used to develop software for the Arduino.

Figure 4.15: Arduino Software Interface IDE

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) -

contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with
buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and
Genuino hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.

Writing Sketches
Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches are
written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino. The editor has features
for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback
while saving and exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text output by
the Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other information.
The bottom righthand corner of the window displays the configured board and serial port.

27
The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and save
sketches, and open the serial monitor.

Sketchbook
The Arduino Software (IDE) uses the concept of a sketchbook: a standard place to store
your programs (or sketches). The sketches in your sketchbook can be opened from the
File > Sketchbook menu or from the Open button on the toolbar. The first time you run
the Arduino software, it will automatically create a directory for your sketchbook. You
can view or change the location of the sketchbook location from with the Preferences
dialog. Beginning with version 1.0, files are saved with a .ino file extension. Previous
versions use the .pde extension. You may still open .pde named files in version 1.0 and
later, the software will automatically rename the extension to .ino.

Tabs, Multiple Files, and Compilation

Allows you to manage sketches with more than one file (each of which appears in its own
tab). These can be normal Arduino code files (no visible extension), C files (.c extension),
C++ files (.cpp), or header files (.h).

Uploading
Before uploading your sketch, you need to select the correct items from the Tools > Board
and Tools > Port menus. The boards are described below. On the Mac, the serial port is
probably something like /dev/tty.usbmodem241 (for an Uno or Mega2560 or Leonardo) or
/dev/tty.usbserial-1B1 (for a Duemilanove or earlier USB board), or
/dev/tty.USA19QW1b1P1.1 (for a serial board connected with a Keyspan USB-to-Serial
adapter). On Windows, it's probably COM1 or COM2 (for a serial board) or COM4,
COM5, COM7, or higher (for a USB board) - to find out, you look for USB serial device
in the ports section of the Windows Device Manager. On Linux, it should be
/dev/ttyACMx , /dev/ttyUSBx or similar. Once you've selected the correct serial port and
board, press the upload button in the toolbar or select the Upload item from the Sketch
menu. Current Arduino boards will reset automatically and begin the upload. With older
boards (pre-Diecimila) that lack auto-reset, you'll need to press the reset button on the
board just before starting the upload. On most boards, you'll see the RX and TX LEDs
blink as the sketch is uploaded. The Arduino Software (IDE) will display a message when
the upload is complete, or show an error.

28
When you upload a sketch, you're using the Arduino boot loader, a small program that has
been loaded on to the microcontroller on your board. It allows you to upload code without
using any additional hardware. The boot loader is active for a few seconds when the board
resets; then it starts whichever sketch was most recently uploaded to the microcontroller.
The bootloader will blink the on-board (pin 13) LED when it starts (i.e. when the board
resets).

Libraries
Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g. working with hardware or
manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from the Sketch > Import Library
menu. This will insert one or more #include statements at the top of the sketch and
compile the library with your sketch. Because libraries are uploaded to the board with
your sketch, they increase the amount of space it takes up. If a sketch no longer needs a
library, simply delete its #include statements from the top of your code.

There is a list of libraries in the reference. Some libraries are included with the Arduino
software. Others can be downloaded from a variety of sources or through the Library
Manager. Starting with version 1.0.5 of the IDE, you do can import a library from a zip
file and use it in an open sketch. See these instructions for installing a third-party library.

Third-Party Hardware
Support for third-party hardware can be added to the hardware directory of your
sketchbook directory. Platforms installed there may include board definitions (which
appear in the board menu), core libraries, bootloaders, and programmer definitions. To
install, create the hardware directory, then unzip the third-party platform into its own sub-
directory. (Don't use "arduino" as the sub-directory name or you'll override the built-in
Arduino platform.) To uninstall, simply delete its directory.For details on creating
packages for third-party hardware, see the Arduino IDE 1.5 3rd party Hardware
specification.

Serial Monitor
This displays serial sent from the Arduino or Genuino board over USB or serial connector.
To send data to the board, enter text and click on the "send" button or press enter. Choose
the baud rate from the drop-down menu that matches the rate passed to Serial.begin in

29
your sketch. Note that on Windows, Mac or Linux the board will reset (it will rerun your
sketch) when you connect with the serial monitor. Please note that the Serial Monitor does
not process control characters; if your sketch needs a complete management of the serial
communication with control characters, you can use an external terminal program and
connect it to the COM port assigned to your Arduino board.

4.9 Proteus Software

The Proteus Design Suite is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily for electronic
design automation. The software is used mainly by electronics design engineers and
technicians to create schematics and electronics prints for manufacturing printed circuit
boards.

Figure 4.16: Our Project Design in Proteus Software

The first version of what is now the Proteus Design Suite was called PC-B and was written
by the company chairman, John Jameson, for DOS in 1988. Schematic Capture support
followed in 1990 with a port to the Windows environment shortly thereafter. Mixed mode
SPICE Simulation was first integrated into Proteus in 1996 and microcontroller simulation
then arrived in Proteus in 1998. Shape based auto routing was added in 2002 and 2006
saw another major product update with 3D Board Visualization. More recently, a
dedicated IDE for simulation was added in 2011 and MCAD import/export was included
in 2015. Support for high speed design was added in 2017. Feature led product releases are
typically biannual, while maintenance based service packs are released as required.

30
 CHAPTER 5
RESULT ANALYSIS

5.1 Result Analysis

After finally completing this project, we ran it & we observed the output of this project.
We can see that it is working well as expected. After making our project we observe it
very careful. It works as we desire. Our project give output perfectly and all equipment are
work perfectly. We check how much it works and we get perfect output from this project.

 Finally, we have completed our project successfully & check our project its run
accurately according to our objective.
 At first, we start our system.
 RFID technology automated toll payments, enabling faster vehicle processing and
reduced delays effectively.
 Contactless RFID ensured accurate toll transactions, eliminating errors and manual
payment issues.
 Servo motor controlled barrier reliably, enabling smooth vehicle entry and exit
without failures.
 The LCD displayed real-time transaction status.
 The system minimized traffic congestion and waiting time at toll collection points
efficiently.
 Manual toll collection was reduced, decreasing human intervention and operational
mistakes significantly.

31
5.2 Complete Project prototype

Figure 5.1:Our Final project

5.3 Advantages
There are certainly many advantages of our project and some of the major ones have been
given below
 The whole system is automatic.
 Easy to use.
 Lowered Operation Costs
 Contactless Payment
 Faster Transactions
 Reduced Traffic Congestion
 Minimal Human Intervention
 Real-time Monitoring
 Enhanced Security
 Reliable Barrier Control

32
5.4 Application
The application areas for this project in this modern and practical world are huge and some
of these are given below:
 It can be used in any bridge.
 It can be used in any parking area.
 It can be used in Highway.
 It can be used to identify vehicle weight.
 It can be used in ferry.

5.5 Limitations
Through the project has many advantages it has also some limitation, they are given below:
 This project can now be only used for small scale purposes
 Used cheap Chinese products for the prototype so there’s some processing delay
present in the circuit.
 Not effective if vehicles do not have RFID tags.
 No energy backup.

5.6 Discussion
While working on our project, we did face some difficulties as it is a very complex system
but the end results, we came up with were quite satisfactory. We have put the whole
system through several tasks to validate our work and also have taken necessary notes for
future improvements. Some future recommendations that we have involves improvement
in system design and wiring, adding features for more efficient.

The RFID Toll Collection System project effectively automates toll payments by using
RFID technology, enhancing traffic flow and reducing vehicle waiting time. It provides a
contactless, accurate, and fast transaction process, minimizing human errors and
operational costs. The integration of an LCD display offers real-time transaction feedback,
improving user experience. However, the system requires a reliable power supply and
periodic maintenance to ensure consistent performance. Challenges such as signal
interference, tag loss, and privacy concerns need addressing for broader adoption. Overall,
this project demonstrates significant potential for modernizing toll collection, contributing
to smarter and more efficient transportation infrastructure.

33
 CHAPTER 6
FUTURE WORK & CONCLUSION

6.1 Conclusion
The RFID Toll Collection System project successfully demonstrates how automation and
contactless technology can significantly improve toll plaza operations. By using RFID
tags and readers, the system enables quick and accurate toll payments without the need for
vehicles to stop, effectively reducing traffic congestion and vehicle waiting times. The
integration of an LCD display for real-time transaction status enhances transparency and
driver awareness, while the servo motor-controlled barrier ensures smooth and reliable
vehicle access management. This system minimizes human intervention, lowering the
chances of operational errors and reducing labor costs. Despite some limitations such as
the initial setup cost, potential signal interference, and dependency on stable power supply,
the project offers a scalable and cost-effective solution for modern toll collection. With
improvements addressing privacy concerns and tag durability, the RFID Toll Collection
System can be widely implemented to enhance transportation infrastructure efficiency and
user convenience, promoting smarter and safer road networks for the future.

6.2 Future Scope of Work

As we have already discussed about the limitations of our project so definitely there’s
room for improvement and thus, we have lots of future scope of work available to us for
this project. Some of these are listed below

 In future, I will try it to apply in real field.

 In Future we will add extra power system.
 In future develop wireless communication for remote monitoring and control.
 In future development this project can be develop by more sensor and alarm System
 In future, I will try it to apply in real field.
 In the future, add a GSM module to send an SMS alert system.

34
 REFERENCE

[1] Yong, Gui, et al. "Capacity Design and Pareto Improvement of Highway Toll Plaza in
a Competitive Transport System." IEEE Access Vol. 9 (2021).

[2] Kumar, B. Shasi, and E. Sreedevi. "TOLL GATE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM." 2022

[3] Zoy, Khorshadul Haque, Mahir Shahrier, and Armana Sabiha Huq. "A systematic
review of electronic toll collection systems." International Conference on Transportation
Research. 2020.

[4] Rajput, Sudhir Kumar, et al. "Automatic Vehicle Identification and Classification
Model Using the YOLOv3 Algorithm for a Toll Management System." Sustainability Vol.
14 (2022).

[5] Talele, Kajal, et al. "Automatic Toll Management System Using Nfc And Mobile
Computing." (2020).

[6] Song, Penglin, et al. "Addressing unobserved heterogeneity at road user level for the
analysis of conflict risk at tunnel toll plaza: A correlated grouped random parameters logit
approach with heterogeneity in means." Analytic methods in accident research Vol. 36
(2022).

[7] Mir, Md Nazmul Hossain, et al. "IoT based digital toll collection system: A
perspective." 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Systems
(ICAIS). IEEE, (2021).

[8] Ahmed, Tanim, et al. "Design and development of lane management and automatic toll
collection system." 2021 2nd International Conference on Robotics, Electrical and Signal
Processing Techniques (ICREST). IEEE, (2021).

[9] Ahmed, Sabbir, et al. "Automated toll collection system based on RFID sensor." 2019
International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST). IEEE, 2019.

[10] Chandrappa, S., et al. "An IOT-Based Automotive and Intelligent Toll Gate Using
RFID." SN Computer Science Vol. 4 (2023).

35
 APPENDIX

Micro-Controller Programming Code:

#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include <Servo.h>

const int BUFFER_SIZE = 14;

const int DATA_TAG_SIZE = 8;

// Initialize I2C LCD (Address: 0x27, 16 columns, 2 rows)

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);

SoftwareSerial ssrfid(6, 8); //rdm tx>> rx (6) mcu|<|>|rdm rx>> tx (8) mcu

Servo myservo;

uint8_t buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
int buffer_index = 0;

// Store the known RFID tag as a **string**

const char KNOWN_TAG[] = "00B5E271";
String lastTag = "";
bool tagPresent = false;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
ssrfid.begin(9600);
ssrfid.listen();

myservo.attach(13);
myservo.write(10);

// ✅ Initialize LCD
lcd.init();
lcd.backlight();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" Place Card...");

Serial.println("INIT DONE");
}

void loop() {
if (ssrfid.available() > 0) {
bool call_extract_tag = false;

36
 int ssvalue = ssrfid.read();
if (ssvalue == -1) return;

if (ssvalue == 2) {
buffer_index = 0;
} else if (ssvalue == 3) {
call_extract_tag = true;
}

if (buffer_index >= BUFFER_SIZE) {

Serial.println("Error: Buffer overflow!");
return;
}

buffer[buffer_index++] = ssvalue;

if (call_extract_tag == true) {
if (buffer_index == BUFFER_SIZE) {
String tag = extract_tag();

if (tag == KNOWN_TAG) {
if (tag != lastTag) {
Serial.println("✅ Access Granted! Moving Servo...");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" .. Toll Paid ..");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" Tk:100");
moveServo();
lastTag = tag;
tagPresent = true;
}
} else {
Serial.println("❌ Access Denied!");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" No Balance!");
lastTag = "";
}
} else {
buffer_index = 0;
}
}
}

if (!ssrfid.available() && tagPresent) {

delay(500);
tagPresent = false;
lastTag = "";

37
 lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" Place Card...");
}
}

String extract_tag() {
char msg_data_tag[DATA_TAG_SIZE + 1];
memcpy(msg_data_tag, buffer + 3, DATA_TAG_SIZE);
msg_data_tag[DATA_TAG_SIZE] = '\0';

String tag = String(msg_data_tag);

Serial.print("Extracted Tag: ");

Serial.println(tag);

return tag;
}

void moveServo() {
for (int pos = 10; pos <= 80; pos++) {
myservo.write(pos);
delay(15);
}
delay(3000);
for (int pos = 80; pos >= 10; pos--) {
myservo.write(pos);
delay(15);
}
}

38