Operation &
Effects of Controls
Effects of Controls
Aim
To teach the student the effect on the aeroplane of movement of the flying controls
and the correct method of handling the aeroplane’s ancillary controls.
Objectives:
At the end of this briefing the student should be able to….
1. Describe with the aid of a model, how lift is generated on an aerofoil and state the
two methods by which the pilot may vary lift in flight.
2. Using the model, show the three planes of movement and their axis.
3. State the primary and secondary effects of Rudder, Elevator and Aileron.
4. Explain the function and use of –
Trims
Flaps
Mixture Control
“Flight” & “Ancillary” Controls
NORMAL (YAWING)
AXIS
LONGITUDINAL (ROLLING) AXIS
LATERAL (PITCHING) AXIS
Lift – Bernoulli’s Theorem
Constant Energy Flow
Downwash
Aerofoil
Definitions…..
• Relative Airflow- airflow relative to the wing, opposite to flight path.
• Chord Line- an imaginary line joining the leading edge to the trailing edge.
• Angle of Attack- the angle formed between the Relative Airflow and the Chord
line.
• Camber – curvature of the wing. Asymmetry between top and bottom of an aerofoil
• Lift force- aerodynamic force produced by an aerofoil perpendicular to the relative
airflow. Acts through a point called the centre of pressure.
Lift
Lift = C ½ ñ V² S
L
Two methods that the pilot can change the amount of lift produced-
– Increase speed (V)
– Increase a the angle of attack (Camber) (CL)
FLIGHT
CONTROLS
ELEVATORS
LIFT
WEIGHT
LIFT
TAIL-DOWN
FORCE
TAIL-DOWN FORCE
MOMENT ARM
WEIGHT
LIFT
UP ELEVATOR PRODUCES TAIL-DOWN
FORCE
WEIGHT
ROLL LEFT
MORE LIFT
LESS LIFT
RIGHT AILERON DOWN
LEFT AILERON UP
RIGHT AILERON DOWN
LEFT AILERON UP
AILERONS NEUTRAL – ROLL STOPPED
RESULTANT OF LIFT AND
WEIGHT FORCES
CAUSING “SLIP”
LEFT RUDDER DEFLECTION
PRODUCES LATERAL FORCE
TO THE RIGHT
YAWS NOSE LEFT
RUDDER IS USED TO
BALANCE THE AIRCRAFT
EFFECT
OF
AIRSPEED
The effectiveness of all three primary controls is affected by airspeed
SLIPSTREAM
EFFECT
ONLY ELEVATOR & RUDDER ARE AFEFCTED BY SLIP STREAM
POWER
CHANGES
LIFT
INCREASED SLIPSTREAM VELOCITY
INCREASES TAIL-DOWN FORCE PITCHING
WEIGHT NOSE UP
Effect of Power
ELEVATOR
TRIM
Attitude must be kept constant with the primary control whilst trimming
Effect of Flap
• Lift increases, Drag increases
• Flaps extended- nose pitches up
• Flaps Retracted- nose pitches down
CARBURETTOR ICE.
Throttle Ice, Fuel Evaporation Ice, Impact Ice
TAXING AND BRAKING
TAXIING TECHNIQUES
• Aeroplane Inertia
• Use of Brakes
• Use of Power
• Use of Controls
• Effect of Wind on taxiing
• Instrument Checks
TAXING AND BRAKING
BRAKING
Toes to the stoppers and apply
even pressure.
Differential Braking
RUDDER PEDALS
Heals to the floor, push left to turn
left, push right to turn right.
Don’t ride the brakes and taxi at a fast walking pace only
Other Controls
Airmanship
To fly safely, efficiently, considerately
– Smooth/Gentle operation of controls
– Handover/Takeover
– Report other traffic
– Training area boundaries
– Actions in the event of airsickness
Effects of Controls
Aim
To operate the aircraft’s primary and the use of the aircrafts ancillary controls.
Objectives:
At the end of this briefing the student should be able to….
1. Describe with the aid of a model, how lift is generated on an aerofoil and state the
two methods by which the pilot may vary lift in flight.
2. Explain using the model, the three planes of movement and their axis.
3. State the primary and secondary effects of Rudder, Elevator and Aileron.
4. Explain the function and use of –
Trims
Flaps
Mixture Control
