Practice

Module 1
1. A number of studies have shown that telling a lie can
performance on a subsequent task that requires logical reasoning. This finding makes sense, as lying often
requires considerable cognitive effort, which can lead to temporary depletion of the cognitive resources
needed for other tasks. This suggests that honesty can not only be a moral virtue but also a cognitive strategy
that can enhance our ability to think critically and make sound decisions.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. predict B. supplement C. hinder
D. amplify
2. Although science fiction is a relatively recent genre, scholars have identified a possible precursor in an
ancient Chinese text, Mu Tianzi zhuan (Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven). The text describes a ruler who
travels to the moon and returns to Earth after twenty years, a seemingly detail that scholars believe
may be based on a centuries-old Chinese legend about a similar journey by a queen named Lady Wei.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. realistic B. mythological C. brief
D. inconspicuous
3. Some historians have suggested that the massive losses sustained by European armies in the First World
War left a mark on European consciousness, a conjecture that permeates Erich
Maria Remarque's antiwar novel The Road Back (1929) and other texts from the period that captured the
widespread disillusionment of a generation scarred by the horrors of trench warfare.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. beneficial B. lasting C. transient
D. superficial
4. Some botanists have suggested that this similarity among individual plants within a species is
: if a species has evolved to thrive in a particular set of
environmental conditions, then most individual plants within that species will likely have similar
characteristics. Under this hypothesis, a stressful environment should result in greater similarity among
individuals within a species-the individuals should all exhibit the relatively uniform stress response.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. coincidental B. misleading C. negligible
D. predictable
5. Dragon against Tiger, painted by Hashomoto Gaho, is an important work of Nihonga, a classical Japanese
painting style. Unlike Wada Eisaku, who adopted traditional European methods such as painting with oil on
canvas, Gaho traditional Japanese approaches, For instance, Hashimoto produced
Dragon against Tiger by applying color pigments to a silk surface.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. overlooked B. distrusted C. embraced
D. released
6. The following text is adapted from George Eliot's 1871-72 novel Middlemarch.
Miss Brooke had that kind of beauty which seems to be thrown into relief by poor dress. Her hand and wrist
were so finely formed that she could wear sleeves not less bare of style than those in which the Blessed
Virgin appeared to Italian painters; and her profile as well as her stature and bearing seemed to gain the more
dignity from her plain garments.
As used in the text, what does the word “relief” most nearly mean?
A. contrast B. comfort C. clarity
D. obscurity
7. A number of ancient maritime societies relied on boat designs and construction techniques from other
cultures to navigate their waters. In the case of the ancient Greeks, their ships were based on designs
developed in the Near East, where they traded with other Mediterranean societies. The Greeks modified some
features, such as adding a prominent bowsprit (a spar that supports a sail), which is characteristic of Greek
ships. In addition, the construction of Greek ships was based on Near Eastern techniques, and the materials
used were ones that were readily available in Greece.
According to the text, what is true about ancient Greek ships?
A. They were based on Near Eastern designs but were not as sturdy as Near Eastern ships.
B. They were built using techniques and materials that were available in Greece.
C. They could travel much faster and farther than ships from the Near East could.
D. They incorporated a bowsprit which was a feature that was first introduced by the Greeks.
8. In many agricultural environments, hedgerows- strips of dense vegetation that border field margins-provide
food and shelter for beneficial arthropods, which are invertebrate animals that have exoskeletons (external
skeletons), jointed limbs, and segmented bodies. In turn, these arthropods help control crop pests.
Environmentalist Anne Marie Navas-Miguel and her team wondered whether the same was true in more
natural (nonagricultural) environments. They investigated a vineyard in Spain that was surrounded by wooded
hedgerows and found that the hedgerows did indeed harbor a distinctive arthropod community. The team
further found that the species richness of arthropods in the vineyard was partly a function of the species
richness of arthropods in the surrounding hedgerows.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A. Navas-Miguel and her team were the first to show that hedgerows provide habitat for beneficial
arthropods.
B. Hedgerows appear to play an important role in maintaining biodiversity in agricultural and natural
environments alike.
C. More research is needed to determine whether the findings of Navas-Miguel and her team about the
role of hedgerows also apply to other kinds of crops.
D. According to Navas-Miguel and her team, the usefulness of hedgerows in fostering biodiversity
depends on the climate in which the hedgerows are located.
9. The following text is adapted from Jack London's 1903 novel The Call of the Wild.
Spitz never lost an opportunity of showing his teeth. He even went out of his way to bully Buck, striving
constantly to start the fight which could end only in the death of one or the other. Early in the trip this might
have taken place had it not been for an unwonted accident. At the end of this day they made a bleak and
miserable camp on the shore of Lake Le Barge. Driving snow, a wind that cut like a white-hot knife, and
darkness had forced them to grope for a camping place.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A. Spitz constantly antagonizes Buck, and the brutal conditions of the trip further exacerbate their
conflict.
 B. The rivalry between Spitz and Buck intensifies as the two sled dogs work together to survive harsh
weather conditions.
C. Spitz is a loyal and hardworking sled dog who tries to motivate Buck through tough times.
D. Buck and Spitz develop mutual respect as they confront the hardships of their journey together
10. Miss Radley's Engagement is a short story first published in 1924. In the story, a man named John
describes how he learned of the engagement of a woman named Miss Radley:
Which quotation from “Miss Radley's Engagement” most effectively illustrates the claim?
A. “I had been away for a week, and when I came back I heard from an indiscreet and over-anxious friend
that there was a paragraph in the local paper to the effect that Miss Radley was engaged to Mr. Thomas. I
heard no more about it, but I went straight to Miss Radley's house to confirm or deny the paragraph.”
B. “I found Miss Radley at home, and we had tea together. I don't know what made me ask her if she had
been away, B but I asked her, and she said she hadn't, that she had been at home all the time. She had letters
to answer, and when I had finished my tea I got up to go.”
C. “Miss Radley took no notice of my movements, but went on with her correspondence. She sat with her
back to me at a large table covered with papers, and I saw that she was not writing a letter but engaged in
reading one and in cutting it carefully to pieces with a paper knife.”
D. “I had already reached the door when she spoke. I turned. 'Mr. Thomas, she said, 'is a man of
considerable force of character.' I was taken aback. Miss Radley was not a person to waste words, and I knew
she must have a special reason for mentioning Mr. Thomas.”
11. It's common for jazz musicians to develop a musical vocabulary that incorporates elements from the
vocabularies of many other musicians, but alto saxophonist Charlie Parker (known as “Bird”) was unique in
that he so completely mastered the vocabulary of several other musicians that he could seamlessly imitate
their styles, or he could, in a single performance, blend those styles into a new and highly expressive whole
that was recognizably his own. Thus, it's unsurprising that some jazz fans have claimed that Bird's alto sax
was so versatile that it could be considered
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. capable of producing a wider range of sounds than the alto saxes of other jazz musicians from Bird's
era.
B. more enjoyable to listen to than the saxes of other jazz musicians from Bird's era.
C. the “instrument” of choice for most contemporary jazz musicians.
D. the sax of choice for performing the work of a wide range of other jazz musicians.
12. The Dawn Redwood is an attention-grabbing tree for many reasons. It earned the title of 2012's National
Champion Dawn Redwood from the nonprofit organization American Forests for its height (reaching 117
feet), enormous circumference (more than 19 feet), and picturesque shape. Dawn Redwoods, which are native
to central and southwestern China, have a strikingly beautiful form when mature: a gleaming reddish-brown
trunk shoots up to a canopy that appears to be less a collection of branches and more a carefully sculpted
series of smooth curves. This description of the Dawn Redwood suggests that some people consider the tree
to be
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. a symbol of community and collaboration B. a welcome addition to local
wildlife
C. a source of shade and comfort D. a work of art
13. The Natufian culture, which thrived in the Levant region around 15,000 years ago, is considered one of
the first societies to transition from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to settled farming communities.
Archaeological evidence at a Natufian site revealed remnants of wild wheat and barley, suggesting early
cultivation efforts, as well as specialized grinding stones and sickle blades, which would have been used in
harvesting and processing plants. Intriguingly, many tools found at Natufian sites in the Jordan Valley bear
strong resemblance to those found in regions further north, leading researchers to conclude that
.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. the Natufian people likely abandoned their agricultural practices in favor of a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.
B. communities in northern regions probably developed similar tools independently, without contact with
Natufian culture.
C. the Natufians may have engaged in trade with groups to the north, facilitating cultural and
technological exchange.
D. the climate of the Levant may have undergone dramatic changes that prevented continued use of
farming tools.
14. The fine-grained, dark-colored soil called is found in both deserts and
tundras, and it is responsible for the regions' low albedo, or reflectivity. In a 2018 study, geochemist Eva-
Maria Belzardo showed that the dark pigment melanin is responsible for the soil's low albedo. This low
albedo contributes to the warming of these already fragile ecosystems, potentially exacerbating climate
change effects and impacting the delicate balance of life in these extreme environments.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. regolith, which B. regolith C. regolith,
D. regolith, which,
15. The 1970 anime film Howl's Moving Castle, by Japanese director Hayao Miyazaki, features a quiet but
determined young woman named Sophie Hatter who works in her late father's hat shop. The film's costume
designer, Wakana Tanaka, was to create costumes that would both fit in with the quiet charm of the
surrounding medieval setting and reflect the character's personality.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. tasked, however B. tasked however, C. tasked, however,
D. tasked. However,
16. Dr. Anna Lindholm and her colleagues at the University of Zurich domestication syndrome by
examining a population of wild house mice, Mus musculus domesticus, in an empty barn in Illnau,
Switzerland. From 2007 to 2016, the researchers monitored the mice and measured various physical aspects
of the animals, including their head, length, body weight, and presence of white patches.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. Discovered B. Were discovered

C. Had discovered D. Could have discovered

17. The subseasonal forecast is a type of weather forecast that predicts the wind, temperature, and
precipitation one to four weeks in to seasonal forecasts, which extend multiple months into the future.
By bridging the gap between short-term and long-term forecasting, subseasonal forecasts can offer valuable
insights for a wide range of applications, including agriculture, energy management, and disaster
preparedness.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. advance and compared B. advance, compared
C. advance compared D. advance and, compared
18. On April 10, 1906, a devastating earthquake and subsequent fire destroyed more than 28,000 buildings in
San Francisco. In the wake of the disaster, landscape architect and city planner John McLaren, along with his
assistant, a plan to replace the city's many windswept sand dunes with
greenery and native plants.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. Tanner Vassar, has developed B. Tanner Vassar, developed
C. Tanner Vassar, had developed D. Tanner Vassar's development of
19. A recent study of soil samples taken near a Native American settlement in present-day northern Mexico
reveals the presence of traces of a rare type of maize that was previously unknown to have existed in pre-
Columbian to the study's lead author, anthropologist Kelly Dixon of the
University of Maine, “we didn't know that this kind of maize was in northern Mexico before Columbus.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. Mexico. According B. Mexico according

C. Mexico, according D. Mexico, and according

20. In 1939, Japanese American artist Chiura Obata depicted the natural beauty of Yosemite National Park in
two monumental woodcuts: Evening at Carl Inn and Lake Basin, Tetralogy of Dawn. In 2019,
exhibited alongside 150 of Obata's other works in a single-artist exhibition at the Smithsonian
American Art Museum.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. it was B. they were C. this was
D. some were
21. In 1891, dancer and choreographer Loie Fuller first performed her celebrated Serpentine Dance, artfully
twirling her long, flowing skirt to create striking visual effects. in 1896, cinema pioneers
Auguste and Louis Lumière made a thirty-second film of Fuller's dance, Serpentine Dance, one of the first
American films to feature special effects. Fuller's innovative use of light, fabric, and movement, combined
with the early cinematic techniques of the Lumière brothers, resulted in a groundbreaking performance that
pushed the boundaries of both dance and film.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Granted, B. However, C. Similarly,
D. Later,
22. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The Chinese Exclusion Act was signed into law in 1882.
 It prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the United States.
 It was not repealed until 1943.
 Chinese American students were ineligible for the GI Bill after World War II.
 The GI Bill was a federal law that provided financial assistance to veterans.
  Chinese American students were ineligible because it had not been amended to include Chinese
immigrants.
The student wants to explain the effect of the Chinese Exclusion Act on Chinese American students after
World War II. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. The Chinese Exclusion Act was signed into law in 1882, and it was not repealed until 1943.
B. Chinese American students were ineligible for the GI Bill, a federal law that provided financial
assistance to veterans.
C. Chinese American students were ineligible for the GI Bill after World War II because it had not been
amended to include Chinese immigrants, who had been excluded from the United States under the Chinese
Exclusion Act.
D. The Chinese Exclusion Act, which prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the United States, was
signed into law in 1882.
23. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In 1952, physicist Edward Teller proposed a nuclear test at an undisclosed location.
 The test was to involve detonating a hydrogen bomb under water.
 It was to be the first test of a weapon of that magnitude.
 The US military carried out the test in secret on March 1, 1954.
 The test was code-named “Bravo.”
 It took place in the Enewetak Atoll in the Pacific Ocean.
The student wants to make a generalization about Bravo. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The United States had not yet tested a weapon of that magnitude, so the military kept the test secret.
B. Before the detonation, which took place on March 1, 1954, the test was to be a proof of concept.
C. Bravo, proposed by physicist Edward Teller, was a secret test conducted at the Pacific Ocean in 1954.
D. In 1952, Edward Teller proposed the test; the US military carried it out two years later.
24. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 A wok is a cooking pan that originated in China.
 It has a wide, round base and high, angled sides.
 It is traditionally made of iron or carbon steel.
 It can be used to stir-fry, braise, steam, or deep-fry food.
 It is increasingly made of nonstick-coated aluminum.
The student wants to emphasize how the material used to make a wok has changed. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. A wok has a wide, round base and high, angled sides and can be used to stir-fry, braise, steam, or
deep-fry food.
B. The wide, round base and high, angled sides of a wok make it ideal for stir-frying and other cooking
methods.
C. A wok is a cooking pan that originated in China.
D. Although it was once made of iron or carbon steel, it is now increasingly made of nonstick-coated
aluminum.
25. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
  British author Malinda Miller defines “narrative medicine” as “the use of literary theory and
practice to support medical students' and residents' acquisition of clinical skills.
 In a 2018 study, researchers led by Miller wanted to see if “narrative medicine” could help train
nurses.
 The study involved 279 nurses in training.
 Half the nurses received training that included “narrative medicine”; the other half did not.
 The study found that the nurses who received the training that included “narrative medicine” had a
better understanding of clinical concepts than those who did not.
The student wants to emphasize the study's methodology. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. “Narrative medicine” is, according to Miller, the use of (A literary theory and practice to support the
acquisition of clinical skills.
B. The study, which involved 279 nurses in training, was led by Miller, author of the book Narrative
Medicine.
C. The study found that the nurses who received the training that included “narrative medicine” had a
better understanding of clinical concepts than those who did not. C
D. The study involved 279 nurses, half of whom did not received training that included “narrative
medicine”.
26. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The Moho is the boundary between Earth's crust and mantle.
 Seismologists define it as the depth at which P waves increase in velocity.
 The Moho is not always located at the base of the crust.
 This is because parts of the crust may be subducted beneath other parts.
 When this happens, the Moho is located at the top of the subducted crust.
The student wants to specify the condition under which a new Moho may form. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Though seismologists define the Moho as the depth at which P waves increase in velocity, this isn't
always true.
B. Subducted crust may have its own Moho, which is located above the Moho of the crust it is subducted
under.
C. Parts of Earth's crust may be subducted beneath other parts, resulting in multiple Mohos.

D. A new Moho may form at the base of the crust overlying the subducted crust.
27. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In the late 1800s, Dakota people sought refuge from harsh US government policies on a reservation
in Wisconsin.
 The reservation was located on the Lake Superior shore.
 The people built homes in a community they named Madeline Island.
 Historians believe the name was inspired by the novel The Mutineers of the Bounty by Charles
Kingsley.
 In Kingsley's novel, a ship captain named Hillingworth found refuge on an island he named
Madeline.
  Hillingworth's island was located in the Pacific Ocean.
The student wants to emphasize the geographic location of the Madeline Island community. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Historians believe that the name Madeline Island, Wisconsin, was inspired by the novel The Mutineers
of the Bounty.
B. Madeline Island community was built by the Dakota people.
C. The Dakota people, who had sought refuge from US government policies, built homes in a community
that they named Madeline Island.
D. In the late 1800s, the Dakota people built homes on the shore of Lake Superior
Module 2
1. Some economists have argued that certain household products, such as
automobiles and computers, quickly become outdated and thus lose most of
their resale value. Artefacts, on the other hand, tend to maintain or increase
in value over time. Economist Zvi Griliches recognized this
in his research, using the phenomenon to explain why consumers treat
the two types of goods differently: we can expect to see a used computer
selling for less than half its original price, but a valuable painting will likely
fetch a similar or higher price than it did when it was new.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A. dispute B. signature C. hypocrisy
D. difference
2. Some researchers believe that the genes that give some individuals fine-
grained personal and facial recognition abilities are those that give other
individuals superior hand-eye coordination, since the former require a
visually driven brain region whereas the latter require a motor-driven one.
This suggests that there might be a trade-off between these two sets of
skills, with individuals who excel in one area potentially being less adept in
the other.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A. dependent on B. predictive of C. complementary to
D. independent of
3. A number of studies have shown that snow cover in a particular region
during the winter can have the climate of that
region during the following summer: a 2020 study found that particularly
extensive and persistent snowfall in the western United States during a
particular winter would cause the region to experience a relatively mild
summer in terms of temperature and rainfall.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A. a negligible effect on B. a unpredictable
impact on
C. a tangible influence on D no discernible
connection to
4. When scholars of early Christianity in the Roman world discuss the role
of the apostle Paul, they tend to
his letters as a tool for building and consolidating churches. According
to this view, once Paul's letters began to circulate in the late first century
CE, communities of believers simply had to acquire copies and use them to
help define their nascent Christianity.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A. misrepresent B. anticipate C. overemphasize
D. validate
5. Although most historians agree that the Bronze Age marked a period of
in many regions, evidence from household items such as tools and pottery
suggests that Bronze Age peoples were highly mobile, moving from place
to place as circumstances warranted. This mobility, some historians
suggest, may have been a key factor in the Bronze Age peoples' success in
establishing settlements across large geographic areas.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A. stagnation B. revolution C. globalization
D. moderation
6. Some scholars argue that the economic principles of the economist Henry
George (1839-1897) are the principles of other economists. Most
economists favor free markets and private property, but George believed
that the value of land is not created by private labor and thus that rents
should be collected by the state and distributed to the public.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A. complementary to B. anomalous in
comparison with
C. a precursor of D. an endorsement
of
7. In 1982, poet Miguel Algarín and playwright Luis Valdez helped
establish the first National Poetry Slam in Chicago, Illinois. The event,
which was intended to showcase spoken-word poetry from across the
United States, attracted thousands of people and, according to Hoover H.
Fleming, Jr., led to the emergence of the art form in mainstream culture. A
significant number of the people who attended the event were young, black,
and from working-class backgrounds. They identified with the experiences
and emotions that were expressed in the spoken-word poems that were
performed at the event.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To illustrate how a cultural phenomenon inspired the creation of an
event that showcased a new art form
B. To explain why a particular art form failed to achieve widespread
popularity among certain groups of people
C. To argue that people from diverse cultural backgrounds helped shape
a new art form
D. To discuss the origins of a new art form and the cultural significance
of an event that helped establish the art form
8. The following text is adapted from W. E. B. Du Bois's 1901 short story
Jeff Davis.
Davis is a coal-miner of Spanish and Indian blood, with straight black hair
and beard, deep-set black eyes, and a sensitive mouth. He is strong and well
made, but slender; and when he walks the streets of the Ohio mining town
where he lives, his straight carriage, his dignified bearing, and his almost
haughty carriage of the head attract attention. He is a general favorite, and
when he speaks, as he often does at political meetings, his voice and
manner are so charming that all are delighted. But Davis is a dreamer, and
his long, slender fingers are made for caressing and fondling, rather than for
digging coal.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To illustrate how Davis's personality and appearance make him
admired by others
B. To describe some of the challenges that Davis faces in his community
C. To explain why Davis has chosen his current profession
D. To show how Davis has overcome the difficulties in his life
9. Text 1
When the philosopher John Rawls published A Theory of Justice in 1971,
he intended to explain how to distribute the benefits of social cooperation in
a fair manner. To do so, he had people imagine a “veil of ignorance” that
prevented them from knowing their own personal attributes-their age,
gender, or race-as well as their own place in society. Rawls then asked how
people would choose to organize society if they were behind this veil and
therefore couldn't use their attributes or social standing to secure an
advantage for themselves. He argued that people would choose to live in a
society with basic freedoms for all, equality of opportunity, and a system of
welfare for the most vulnerable.
Text 2
In his book The Law of Peoples, John Rawls expanded on the theory he
outlined in A Theory of Justice by proposing how different countries could
fairly cooperate with one another on the international stage. As Rawls
explained, people from different countries could also benefit from social
cooperation, but their cooperation might be disrupted by their own
countries' social structures. If the people in one country are denied the
benefits of social cooperation at home, then they might disrupt the
cooperation of countries on the international stage.
Based on the texts, how would Rawls most likely describe the relationship
between A Theory of Justice (from Text 1) and The Law of Peoples (from
Text 2)?
A. The Law of Peoples is an attempt to apply the theory of social
cooperation that Rawls outlined in A Theory of Justice to a broader set of
circumstances.
B. The Law of Peoples is an attempt to address the shortcomings in
Rawls's theory of social cooperation that critics identified in A Theory of
Justice.
C. The Law of Peoples is an attempt to explain why the theory of social
cooperation that Rawls outlined in A Theory of Justice hasn't been widely
accepted.
D. The Law of Peoples is an attempt to reconcile the theory of social
cooperation that Rawls outlined in A Theory of Justice with the principles
of political liberalism.
10.
Goat behavior (medians shown)
Experimenter Gaze frequency
Gaze duration Gaze latency
orientation (number of
(second) (seconds)
gazes)
Facing toward 5.14 29.39 2.50
 foodbox
Facing away from 120.00 (full
0.00 0.00
foodbox length of trial)
In a study investigating the behavioral responses of goats to experimenter
orientation, researchers measured three aspects of goat behavior: gaze
duration, gaze latency, and gaze frequency. The study involved placing a
food box in front of the goats while varying the position of the
experimenter-either facing toward the food box or facing away. The results
indicated noteworthy differences in behavior based on experimenter
orientation. When the experimenter faced toward the food box, goats
exhibited higher gaze duration and frequency compared to when the
experimenter faced away.
Which choice best utilizes the data from the table to support the conclusion
made in the passage?
A. Goats gazed at the experimenter for a median duration of 29.39
seconds regardless of whether the experimenter was facing toward or away
from the food box.
B. The median gaze latency was 5.14 seconds when the experimenter
faced toward the food box, suggesting goats were quick to engage in gazing
behavior in this condition.
C. The median gaze frequency was higher when the experimenter faced
away from the food box compared to when the experimenter faced the food
box.
D. When the experimenter faced toward the food box, the median gaze
duration was 5.14 seconds, gaze latency was 29.39 seconds, and gaze
frequency was 2.50; whereas when the experimenter faced away from the
food box, these values dropped to 0.00, 120.00 (full trial length), and 0.00,
respectively.
11. Mr. Cornelius Johnson, Office-Seeker is a 1902 short story by Paul
Laurence Dunbar. In the story, the narrator describes Mr. Cornelius Johnson
being overly formal during a meeting:

Which quotation from “Mr. Cornelius Johnson, Office-Seeker” most

effectively illustrates the claim?
A. “Mr. Cornelius Johnson had evidently been jolted out of his ordinary
placidity, for he actually held his breath and leaned forward in his chair.”
B. “When Mr. Pettigrew entered the room, Mr. Johnson arose gravely,
shook his hand with considerable pomp, and blew his nose in a way to
indicate that he was deeply moved.”
C. “Mr. Pettigrew's office was a large room, and Mr. Johnson took his
seat carefully near the door, in a place where he could watch the coming
and going of all persons passing through the outer office.”
D. “Mr. Johnson had blown his nose several times, smoothed his fat
cheeks with his fingertips, and carefully contemplated the buttons on his
coat.”
12. Many students of history have assumed that the goal of most
archaeologists is to provide more accurate historical accounts of the past.
But as archaeologist Kenneth Adams has asserted, the goal of
archaeologists should be to use the objects they excavate to help us
understand how the people who made and used those objects experienced
the world around them. Adams believes that the methods traditionally used
by archaeologists don't allow us to fully grasp how the makers and users of
the objects experienced the world.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Adams's claim?
A. Most students of history have little knowledge of the latest advances
in archaeological methods.
 B. A careful analysis of the objects produced by a Bronze Age people
suggests that they had a sophisticated understanding of the world around
them.
C. Archaeologists have usually focused on what they can learn about the
makers and users of the objects they excavate from the objects themselves.
D. The objects produced by a particular people have typically been
remarkably consistent in form and function over time.
13.

Region of shell (outermost to innermost, from left to right)

Which choice best describes data from the graph that weakens the analysis'
conclusion?
The structure of a chicken eggshell is complex and plays a critical role in
protecting the developing chick. Scientists have used various microscopy
techniques to study the eggshell's nanostructure, hoping to understand how
its different layers contribute to its overall strength and function. One might
assume that the outermost layers of the eggshell would possess the largest
nanostructures, providing the first line of defense against external threats.
However, analysis suggests that the size of the nanostructures doesn't
necessarily correlate with the eggshell's exterior-to-interior layering.
 A. The nanostructure size increases consistently from region A to region
D, or from outermost to innermost.
B. Region D has the largest nanostructures of around 80 nanometers.
C. Region A, the outermost region, has a nanostructure size of
approximately 30 nanometers.
D. The innermost region, A, has the same nanostructures size,
approximately 30 nanometers, compared to region B, which is farther from
the outer surface.
14. Although not as widely known as some of his contemporaries, such as
Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson, Thomas Hardy was a popular and
critically acclaimed poet during his lifetime. While his poetry is now often
categorized as modernist, a recent study by Benjamin Ellwanger suggests
that some of Hardy's poems, such as “The Photograph” and “The First
Time,” may actually predate modernist trends. According to Ellwanger,
these poems reflect conventions of mid-19th-century sentimental poetry,
not those of modernism.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Ellwanger's claim?
A. “The Photograph” and “The First Time” were not published until after
the early 1900s, when modernist literature began to appear.
B. Analysis reveals that “The Photograph” and “The First Time” share
key structural and thematic elements with sentimental poems published in
the 1860s.
C. Sales figures indicate that Hardy's poetry collections were more
popular with readers in the late 19th century than with those in the early
20th century.
D. Many modernist poets, including Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot,
expressed admiration for Hardy's work, even though it differed significantly
from their own.
15. In the South Pacific, New Caledonian crows use two different kinds of
sticks to retrieve caterpillars from holes: a long, hooked stick that can reach
all the way into a hole and a short, flat stick that can't reach very far but can
dislodge a caterpillar once it's been shoved hard enough into a hole's
opening. Although the hooked stick is more effective for getting
caterpillars, these crows don't usually bring the hooked sticks with them to
caterpillar-filled holes-they bring the flat sticks instead. To explain this,
some scientists have proposed that the hooked sticks are so long that they
obscure the crows' vision of the holes, making it harder to judge the best
moment to strike at a caterpillar with the flat stick. But in an experiment,
researchers found that the crows were actually more successful when they
were allowed to bring the hooked sticks with them than when they weren't.
This suggests that the hooked sticks may actually
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. make it easier for the crows to judge when to attack the caterpillars.
B. be too short to reach the caterpillars in some holes.
C. be more effective than the flat sticks for dislodging the caterpillars.
D. distract the crows from noticing the holes that contain caterpillars.
16. The history of the North American Indigenous practice of wild rice
harvesting is often told from the perspective of farmers, who describe it as a
form of agriculture. Alternatively, Anishinaabe botanist Robin Wall
Kimmerer, a citizen of the Citizen Band Potawatomi Nation, defines it as a
form of wild food gathering. Indeed, the term Anishinaabe people use for
wild rice, manoomin, is in the singular form in their language, while
farming practices typically involve multiple crops. Additionally,
Anishinaabe farmers of manoomin traditionally did not clear land for its
cultivation. Rather, they increased the growth of manoomin in its natural
habitat by lowering water levels in lakes and streams. Taken together, these
facts suggest that North American Indigenous harvesting of wild rice

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. was not a form of farming as that term is usually understood.
B. was less efficient than the farming of other crops.
C. was adopted by the Anishinaabe people from other Indigenous
groups.
D. is more difficult to research than the farming of other crops.
17. In 1968, Joseph A. McWhorter, a linguist and professor of English,
wrote that Black English Vernacular, a language variety spoken by many
Black Americans, should be classified as a nonstandard dialect of English
rather than as a separate language. His argument was based on the fact that
Black English Vernacular and Standard English a significant
number of features, including grammatical structures and vocabulary, in
common.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A. shared B. have shared C. are sharing
D. had shared
18. The outer layer of Earth's solid surface, the lithosphere, is broken into
about a dozen plates that are
constantly moving relative to one another. At their boundaries, the plates
can converge, diverge, or move past one another horizontally.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A. rigid, tectonic B. rigid tectonic C. rigid; tectonic
D. rigid. Tectonic
19. The concept of “terra incognita,” or unknown land, is so ingrained in
Western civilization's collective psyche that it has even outlived the actual
geographic context within which it originated. By the end of the eighteenth
century, European cartographers had created detailed maps of most of the
world's landmasses. Still, bits of the globe remained uncharted, and
thirst for discovery (fueled in no small part by the promise of financial
reward) ensured that the maps would soon be amended.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A. they're B. it's C. their
D. its
20. The first book-length account of the life cycle of the monarch butterfly
was written by Robert Pyle in 1975. As a conservation biologist, Pyle
the need to understand the environmental challenges facing monarch
butterflies, which are currently classified as endangered species, and his
work has been instrumental in efforts to protect the species.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A. recognized B. are recognizing C. have
recognized D. will recognize
21. When designing her landscape projects, Cheryll Glotfelty, a professor of
English and environmental humanities, considers how human perception of
nature can be shaped by literary texts. For example, in response to a
planned development along the Mississippi River that threatened historic
but little-known African American cemeteries in St. Louis, Missouri,
literary texts about the river and its basin that depicted African
American experiences of displacement and resilience.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A. she has incorporated B. there have been
incorporated
 C. they have incorporated D. it has
incorporated
22. Over the past two decades, ecological genetics has begun to influence
conservation efforts worldwide. In some cases, has even led to
the creation of conservation action plans based on the principles of
ecological genetics. These plans attempt to improve the genetic health of
threatened and endangered species by addressing the ecological and
evolutionary factors that are responsible for genetic decline.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A. influence B. influence, C. influence-
D. influence, which
23. Many birds perform surprising acrobatics to evade capture by a
predator. A tethered songbird, upon spotting a nearby human, will often
swing its head downward and backward, ensuring that only the back of its
head is visible. a hummingbird may lower its head and flick
one wing upward, appearing to the predator as just a nondescript patch of
dirt.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In addition, B. Similarly, C. For example,
D. Nevertheless,
24. As biologist Terrie Williams has documented, deep dives present a
challenge for seals and other marine mammals. A seal must exert enough
energy to propel itself hundreds of meters downward; its heart rate
must increase enough to ensure sufficient oxygen intake.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. meanwhile, B. lastly, C. consequently,
D. additionally,
25. The chemical adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acts as an energy carrier in
most living organisms. When a molecule of ATP releases its stored energy,
it loses a phosphate group and becomes adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
new ATP can be created by adding a phosphate group to ADP, and the
cycle can begin again.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In the first place, B. Nevertheless, C. Specifically,
D. Then,
26. The sign-an abstract shape with no visible hands or pointing fingers,
famously displayed during a key political rally-has inspired multiple
analyses since its 1865 debut. those who have
studied the icon disagree about what it symbolizes. Some believe it
represents a fist raised in revolt, while others see it as an open hand offering
peace.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. However, B. In addition, C. Indeed,
D. For example,
27. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that absorbs more
carbon from the atmosphere than it releases.
 The North Atlantic Ocean is a carbon sink.
 A carbon source is a natural or artificial reservoir that releases more
carbon to the atmosphere than it absorbs.
 In the 1990s, the tropical Atlantic Ocean became a carbon source.
 This was because of changes in the ocean's circulation patterns.
 The ocean released large amounts of carbon to the atmosphere,
which contributed to climate change.
The student wants to explain how the tropical Atlantic Ocean became a
carbon source in the 1990s. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The North Atlantic Ocean is a carbon sink, meaning that it absorbs
more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases.
B. The tropical Atlantic Ocean, however, became a carbon source in the
1990s, releasing more carbon to the atmosphere than it absorbed.
C. The tropical Atlantic Ocean became a carbon source in the 1990s
because of changes in the ocean's circulation patterns.
D. A carbon source is a natural or artificial reservoir that releases more
carbon to the atmosphere than it absorbs.