Abstract

The study’s goal is to investigate how college student’s academic achievement, stress
levels, and sleep quality relate to one another.120 college students, age 18 to 28, made up the
sample. Convenience sampling, a sort of non-probability sampling approach, was used in this
study to choose samples. The sample was chosen based on accessibility.
There instruments were used in the study: the perceived stress scale (PSS), and the Pittsburgh
sleep Quality (PSQ), The Cognitive Assessment (CA). Using SPSS, data analysis was carried
out, Pearson correlation coefficient calculations. The purpose of the current study was to look at
the connections between college-bound kids’ stress levels, academic achievement, and sleep
quality.
The study discovered a strong positive link between academic performance and sleep quality,
indicating that college-bound students’ academic performance rises with increased sleep quality.
Furthermore, a strong negative link was found between stress level and sleep quality, indicating
that a higher stress level is associated with a lower quality of sleep. In particular, the study
discovered a substantial correlation between stress levels and the quality of sleep.
In this study, wearable activity trackers were distributed to 100 students in an introduction
college psychology class (60 of whom completed the study), allowing for multiple sleep
measures to be correlated with in-class performance on quizzes and midterm examinations.
Overall, better quality, longer duration and greater consistency of sleep correlated with better
grades.
However, there was no relation between sleep measure on the single night before a test and test
performance; instead, sleep duration and quality for the month and the week before a test
correlated with better grades. Sleep measures accounted for nearly 25% of the variance in
academic performance. These finding provide quantitative, objective evidence that better quality,
longer duration, and greater consistency of sleep are strongly associated with better academic
performance in college. Gender differences are discussed.
 Chapter#1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Sleep Quality:
A basic and intricate physiological condition that many other animals and
humans share on a regular basis is sleep. It is a spontaneously occurring process that is marked
by a brief loss of consciousness, diminished sensory awareness, and low sensitivity to outside
stimuli. Sleep is necessary to preserve many mental clarity, emotional stability, physical health,
and general quality of life. The circadian rhythm, an internal biology clock that synchronises the
timing of several physiological activities with 24-hour day-night cycle. Environmental elements
like light and temperature, as well as personal factors like heredity and lifestyle, all have an
impact on this internal clock.
The term “sleep quality” describes the subjective and objective metrics used to assess how well-
restorative, effective, and satisfying sleep is. It includes all facets of sleep, such as its length,
consistency, depth, and personal experience. In order to assess the quality of sleep, one must take
into account both quantitative and quantitative elements. These include felt restfulness,
contentment upon awakening, and daily functioning Quantitative measurements of sleep quality
include total sleep time and efficiency. In general, the quality of one’s sleep indicates how well it
satisfies one’s psychological requirements, enhance one’s wellbeing, and promotes peak
performance when awake.
People usually go through these phases several times during the night, with a 90- to 120- minute
cycle between each cycle. Over the course of night, different amounts time are spent in each
stage, with REM sleep accounting for a larger share of the latter phases of sleep. Numerous and
intricate processes are facilitated by sleep. Sleep is an essential for learning, memory
consolidation, and cognitive function because it help to ingrain new knowledge and ability that
are learned while awake. Moreover, it supports stress reduction, mood stability, and emotional
control. Sleep is a physiological period during which the body rests and repair. It enhances
immunological function, control metabolism, which affects energy balance, hunger, and
reproductive health, is also influenced by sleep.
Prolonged sleep deprivation or sleep problems can lead to detrimental effect on one’s health and
overall wellbeing, such as weakened immune system, mood swings, higher risk of chronic illness
including diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disorders, and reduced cognitive function
1.2 Purpose of study:
 Sleep serves a variety of purposes that are vital to general health and
wellbeing, including physiological, cognitive, psychological processes. Although research on the
exact mechanics and role of sleep is ongoing, a number of important goals have been established:
Restoration and Repair: Sleep gives body a crucial chance to heal and regenerate. Numerous
physiological functions, including immune system performance, muscular development, and
tissue healing, are improved while we sleep. Sleep is especially necessary for the elimination of
poisons that have accumulated in the brain during waking and for the restoration of tissues and
cells
1.2.1 Memory Consolidation:
The process of integrating recently learned information into long-
term memory require sleep which is critical to memory consolidation. Aspects of memory
consolidation, such as declarative memory (facts and events) and procedural memory
(skill and tasks), are linked to several sleep stages, especially slow-wave sleep (SWS) and
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
1.2.1 Cognitive Functioning:
Getting enough sleep is crucial for maintaining good focus,
attention, problem-solving skill, and decision-making abilities. Sufficient sleep enhances
cognitive function, inventiveness, and aptitude for learning. Contrarily, sleep deprivation
affects cognitive function and may result in problem with memory, attention, and
executive function.
1.2.2 Emotional Regulation:
Sleep is essential for processing and controlling emotions, since it
helps people cope with their feelings. Emotion resilience can be weakened, unpleasant
feelings can intensify, and irritation might rise when sleep deprivation occurs. On the
other hand, restful sleep fosters resilience, emotional stability, and general wellbeing.
1.2.3 Metabolic Regulation:
Energy balance, insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolic, appetite
control, and sleep are all closely related metabolic functions. These metabolic processes can be
disturbed by sleep-related disturbances, such as short sleep duration or poor-quality sleep, which
increase the risk of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic illnesses.
1.2.4 Immune System:
Sleep is essential for immune function since it controls the body’s
defences and increase vulnerability to disease and infection, enough sleep strengthens the
immune system.
1.2.5 Brain Health:
Sleep is necessary to preserve the health of the brain and to maximise
neurological activity. The brain goes though processes that are necessary for synaptic
pruning, neuronal repair, and the consolidation of neural connections when we sleep.
Long-term sleep deprivation has been linked to a higher risk of neurodegenerative,
illnesses including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.
1.2.6 Physical Health and Longevity:
 Geeting enough sleep is linked both improved physical
health and longer life expectancy. Lack of sleep for an extended period of time has been
associated with an increased risk of stroke, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and
other chronic illnesses. Making good sleep a priority can help guard against these health
hazards and enhance general wellbeing.
1.3 Background of Research:
Sleep is an inseparable part of human health and life, and is
pivotal to learning and practice as well as physical and mental health. Studies has
suggested that insufficient sleep; increase frequency of short-term sleep, and going to sleep
late and getting up early affect the learning capacity, academic performance, and
neurobehavior functions. Previous studies have indicated that the quality of sleep reported by
individuals as delayed or inappropriate sleep, waking up too late and getting up early affect
the learning capacity, academic performance, and neurobehavior function.
Previous studies reported by individuals as delayed or inappropriate sleep, waking up too
late, especially at weekends and daytime sleepiness is associated with compromised
academic performance in children and adults. Some studies have emphasized the relationship
between delayed starting time of classes and academic success. Reduced overnight sleep or
altered sleep patterns has been associated with drowsiness and failure in academic success.
In a study, study, people who had enough sleep compared to their sleep-deprived individuals
used innovative solution twice as often when confronted with complex mathematical
problems. The chance of academic failure was as long as one or more than 1 year in students
with inadequate sleep compared to those with proper sleep. People who sleep less and sleep
during the day are more prone to vehicle and work accidents. In some students they
efficiency has been considered as hand, lack of sleep has been associated with emotional
instability and impaired concentration.
In this regard, students sleep disorders and development of the disorder among them has a
negative effect on their academic performance across different grades. However, there is no
consensus in this case and not all studies state that sleep disorder yields a negative effect on
academic performance. Eliasson (2010) believes that the time it takes to fall sleep and
waking up affect academic performance more than duration of sleep does. Sweileh and
colleagues (2011) also believed that there is no relationship between sleep quality and
academic success. Similarly, it is claimed there is no relationship between the night sleep
before the exam and test scores either.
1.4 Research Question:
Does poor sleep quality predict decreased (e.g., attention Memory,
executive function) in college students?
To what extent does sleep duration impact cognitive performance in college students?
How does sleep quality influence academic achievement (e.g., GPA) among college
students?
Do college students with better sleep quality exhibit improved problem-solving skills and
decision-making abilities?
Is there a difference in cognitive performance between college students who report good
sleep quality and those who report poor sleep quality?
1..4.1 Sub-Research Questions:
What is the most common sleep-related problems experienced
by college students?
How do demographic factors (e.g., age, gender, socioeconomic status) influence sleep quality
and cognitive performance?
Do college students sleep patterns change throughout the academic semester?
What coping strategies do college students use to manage sleep-related study?
1.5 Rational of Study:
1 How sleep quality affects attention, memory, executive function.
2 The mechanisms underlying sleep-cognition relationships.
3 Individual differences in sleep-cognition interactions.
1.6 Objective of study:
1 Examine relationships between sleep quality and cognitive
performance (attention, memory, executive function).
2 Investigate potential mediators (e.g., inflammation, stress
hormones) of sleep-cognition relationships.
3 Explore individual differences (e.g., age, sleep disorders) sleep-
cognition interactions.
1.7 Significance of Study:
The significance of studying the effect of sleep quality on cognitive
performance among college students:
1 Practical Significance: Improved academic Performance: Enhancing sleep quality can
lead to better cognitive function, resulting in improved academic achievement.
2 Informing Sleep Hygiene Intervention: Findings can inform evidence-based sleep
hygiene interventions tailored to college students.
3 Exploring Individual Differences: Investigating individual differences in sleep quality
and cognitive performance can provide insights into vulnerability factor.
4 Elucidating Underlying Mechanisms: This study can shed light on the neural mechanisms
underlying sleep quality sleep quality’s impact on cognitive performance.
5 Contributing to Sleep Research: The studying adds to the existing literature on sleep
research, informing future studies and policy decisions.
1.7.1 Social Significance:
Addressing College Students Mental Health Crisis: This study
addressing the growing concern of mental health issues among college students.
2 Promoting Healthy sleep Habits: Raising awareness about sleep quality’s importance can
encourage healthy sleep habits among college students.
3 Supporting Academic Success: By addressing sleep quality, institutions can support
students’ academic success.
 4 Reducing Healthcare Burden: Improving sleep quality can reduce healthcare costs
associated with sleep-related disorders.
5 Informing Policy Decisions: Study finding can inform policy decision regarding students
health services, campus resources, and academic scheduling.

1.7.2 Implications for:

Education and Administrators: Informing policies and practices to
promote healthy sleep habits.
2 Mental Health Professionals: Developing targeted interventions for sleep-related issues.
3 Students: Raising awareness about sleep quality’s importance for cognitive performance.
4 Parents and Guardians: Encourage healthy sleep habits in college-bound students.
5 Researchers: Advancing understanding of sleep-cognition relationships.
1.8 Definition of Variable:
1.8.1 Sleep quality:
The degree to which sleep is restorative, refreshing, and conducive to
optimal physical and mental health.
1.8.2 The Cognition Assessment:
The mental processes that allow us to process information,
perceive, attend, remember, learn, reason, solve, problem, communicate, and adapt to the
environment.
1.8.3 Perceive Stress:
American Psychology Association (APA) “the subjective experience of
stress, which can vary greatly from person to person”.
National Institude of Mental Health (NIHM) “the feeling of being overwhelmed, worried,
or anxious”.
Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) “the degree to which situations in one’s life are
appraised as stressful”.

1.9 Literature Review:

Mesquita, Reimao. (2010) conducted a study on stress and sleep
quality in high school Brazilian adolescents. It was found 45.33% of student who are not warried
and 23.53% of stress students sleep; 54.67% of stressed students and 76.47% of unstressed
students do not sleep well. Concerning academic achievement, a mean of 0.65 was discovered
for pupils under stress and 0.60 for those who were not, according to Mann-Whitney analysis
(p=0.0596). Conclusion: Both the mean school performance and the percentage of people who
has trouble sleeping have increased due to stress. K. Ahrberg et al. (2012) examine the
relationship between sleep and academic performance, 144 medical students undertaking the per-
clinical board exams answered a survey regarding their subjective sleep quality (Pittsburgh sleep
quality, index, PSQI), grades and subjective stress for three different time points: semester, pre-
and post-exam. Lua, Eyy et al (2013). The interplay between sleep mood in predicting academic
functioning, physical health and psychological health: A longitudinal study. The main goal of
study was to look at the link that exist between mood, daily functioning, and various sleep
behaviors. Independent of a person’s demographic data, some specific sleep behaviors may either
directly or indirectly (by causing a poor mood) predict the aforementioned daytime functions.
Waqas, Khan et al (2015). Association of academic stress with sleeping difficulties in medical
students of Pakistani medical school: a cross-sectional survey. The Combined Military Hospital
Lahore Medical College and the Instituted of Dentistry in Lahore (CMH LMC), Pakistan, was
the site of this cross-sectional investigation. Included were student enrolled in all annual courses
leading to the Bachelor of Medical and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree. The questionnaire
was divided into four sectionals:(1) demographic; (2) the 14-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-
14); (3) a table with 34 probable stressors; and (4) the Pittsburgh Quality of Sleep Index (PSQI).
To find correlations between the stress group, gender, study year, students background, stress,
and sleep quality, logistic is regression analysis. Mirghani, A. Mohammed et al (2015). Good
sleep quality is associated with better academic performance among Sudanese medical students.
The study started Regarding the general quality of their sleep; ordinary students differed
significantly from one another. This finding is consistent with research carried out in Ethiopia by
Seblewengel et al. which discover substantial difference between excellent and poor sleep.
Pagnin, & Queiroz. (2015). Influence of burnout and sleep difficulties on the quality of life
among medical students. The study found out that Preclinical medical students decreased
psychological and physical well-being was linked to burnout characteristics and sleep issues.
Students’ scores in the physical health category decreased as their emotional tiredness rose. M.
Blaxton, S. Bergeman, et al (2015) evaluating relationships Among Nightly Sleep Quality. Daily
stresses, and daily affect. They investigated the moderating interactions between nighttime SQ,
subsequent stress, and subsequent PA on NA as well as the prospective, microlevel relationship
between overnight SQ and stress of the next day on positive PA and negative (NA) affect. We
looked at whether these connections were influenced by age. Using daily diary questionnaires,
we gathered data on affect, stress, and sleep for 56 days (N=552). Ezra H. Gray. (2017)
conducted a study on sleep quality and its impact on traits Anxiety and Perceived stress. A
sample of 416 rooms were chosen for participation from a population of 1311 campus
inhabitants at a small liberal arts institution in the mid-Atlantic are using systematic random
sampling. 280 out of the 416 chosen dormitories replied to the survey, yielding a 67.32%
response rate. The finding confirms both predictions by showing statistically significant
correlation between trait anxiety levels and perceived stress levels as well as between sleep
quality and both. Almojali, G. Almaki, et al (2017) aimed to evaluate the prevalence and
association of stress with sleep quality among medical students. New conditions for admission to
postgraduate training programmes have been set by the Saudi Commission for health Specialties
(SCHS). In addition to their academic burden, medical students must publish research, give
conference presentation, take part in seminars, and plan social and community service projects in
order to be accepted. T. Fadipe and Mosaku (2017) assessed sleep quality among the entire
student population of a Nigerian University and its association with academic performance and
perceived stress. The study found out about one out of every student had poor sleep quality
(49.5%). The study. The academic performance of students with good sleep quality was
significance better then those with poor sleep quality (t=4.39, p<0.01). Rose and Rammanan
(2017) assessed the effect of sleep deprivation on the academic performance and cognitive
function among the college students. And the result stated a total of 150 respondents, with a
response of rate 75%, were obtained. 143 (95.3%) students obtain less than the recommended 7-
8 hours of sleep. The who GPA were lower were associated with lesser sleep duration had sleep
deprivation. The cognitive function of college students like memory, attention, concentration was
also impaired. Conclusion: Academic performance and cognition functions of the students who
were sleep deprivation was poor. Hence, appropriate sleep is integral part of better academic
performance and cognitive function. Wunsch, Kasten et al (2017). The effect of physical activity
on sleep quality, wellbeing and effect in academic stress periods. The purpose of the study was
evaluated how students’ health-related outcomes-sleep quality, affectivity, and well-being-
changed as they went from stress-free to more stressful period of the semester. The first
hypothesis, which show a substantial decline in sleep quality over time for baseline to the
conclusion of the AS period, is supported by the results. The results also show how physical
activity shapes these changes. Al-Khani, Sarhandi et al (2019) did a cross-sectional survey on
sleep quality, mental health, and academic performance among medical students in Sudia-Arabia.
The main goal was determining how common poor sleep quality is among Saudi Arbian college
students. The findings revealed that around 63.2% of the pupils had trouble falling sleep. These
figures were gathered than those of other Middle Eastern students, who reported figures of
37.1% in Lebanon [17] and 55.7% in Egypt [18]. A.M. Gomes, & R. Mata (2019) aimed to
evaluate the impact of Sleep Quality on academic performance in Children in the 1 st cycle. The
goal of the study of is examine how Portuguese children’s sleep patterns in the first cycle affect
their academic achievement. Woman are more likely than men to experience sleep disturbances
such as nightmares, increase sleep latency, and nocturnal awakening. C. Pascoe, Hetrick et al
(2019) conducted a study on the impact of stress on students in secondary school and higher
education. This research evaluation demonstrates how secondary and postsecondary students’
primary issue is stress connected to their studies. There is evidence that kids’ ability to study,
academic performance, achievement of education and employment, amounts and quality of
sleep, physical and mental health, and drug use outcomes all negatively impacted by the
continual stress associated with schooling. Improving pupils’ capacity for stress management is a
key area for improvement. Y. Eugenie, Wan Tan. (2019) conducted a study understanding
academic performance based on gender, race, stress and sleep quality. The purpose of this study
is to investigate how undergraduate student’s academic performance is influence by gender, race,
stress and sleep quality. Eight students from University of Malaysia Sarawak’s Faculty of
Cognitive Science and Human Development participants in the study’s sampling. The study also
discover that a student’s GPA decreased with increased stress (SSI score). The study gave
undergraduate students further understanding of the variable influencing performance and how
getting enough sleep and reducing stress levels might help them achieve high marks. T. Nappier,
Bartl-Wilson et al (2019). Sleep Quality and Sleepiness among Veterinary Medical students over
an academic year. Throughout the school year, it was discovered that the veterinary students in
this research had greater than average level of daytime drowsiness and overall worse sleep
quality. Out of the all students, the first year-veterinary students were the least sleep deprived at
the beginning of the year. The quality of their sleep over the year. Alotaibi et. Al (2020) asses the
quality of sleep and psychological stress among medical students and investigate the relationship
between sleep quality, stress, and academic performance. The study found out poor quality of
sleep was significantly associated with elevated mental stress levels (p<0.001) and daytime naps
(P=0.035). Stepwise logistic regression model showed that stress and daytime nap were
associated with poor sleep quality. Whereas, poor sleep or stress did not any significant
associated with academic performance. Javaid, ul Momina et al (2020). Quality of sleep and
academic performance among medical university students. The study showed medical students
from Pakistan have harmful and insufficients sleep habits. Due to the overwhelming weight and
strain of school, many would rather not sleep and spend their sleep hours for studying. Sound
mental health and overall physical health both depend on a regular sleep cycle. Academic score
and ESS score showed a substantial correlation. Students with a prevalence rate of almost 36%
(19.5% +16.5%) score between 60 to 70%. Of these children, 16.5% report excessive daytime
drown sincess, while 19% have a normal ESS score. Attal, Bezdan, et al (2021) Quality of sleep
and its correlation among Yemeni Medical college: A cross-sectional study. 20 male and female
medical students from Sana’s Medical University yamen’s clinical and preclinical years had their
sleep quality evaluate using the Pittsburgh quality of sleep index (PSOI) in this study. Among the
student body, two thirds (N:163) had trouble finding sleep. Tan, M. Greenwood. (2021). Stress,
sleep and performance in international and domestic university students. The current study
compares international and domestic students in order to examine the association between
perceived and acculturative stress, sleep quality, and academic achievement. The quality of sleep
is inversely correlated with perceive stress. However, there is no correlation between academic
performance and quality of sleep quality, academic performance and perceived and acculturative
stress, and academic performance and sleep quality. There is difference between locals and
overseas students’ perception of stress and sleep quality. According to research, perceived stress
had a significant role, thus the institution needs to concentrate on developing efficient stress-
reduction initiatives that may improve the quality of student sleep. Gao, K. Scullin et al (2021)
conducted a study on irregular sleep patterns predict worse sleep quality and poor psychological
and academic outcomes. Study 1 had 699 person who answered online questions about their
employment status, sleep pattern and time management. In study 2, one hundred college students
reported their sleep pattern, academic performance, and psychological functioning over the
course of one-week sessions___ one month a part____ while wearing actiwatches. The
individual standard deviation (ISD) of sleep duration was used in both studies to define the
variability of sleep length. In research 1, shiftwork was associated with increase variability in
sleep length after adjusting for mean sleep duration. Radhakrishnan, Bikar Singh et al (2021) did
a study on smartphone addiction and sleep quality on academic performance of university
students: Exploratory research. The study has demonstrated the detrimental effects that
teenagers’ poor sleep quality and smartphone addiction have on their academic performance. The
government will profit from the study’s findings, particularly Malaysia’s Ministry of Education.
The ministry is able to organise and develop the most effective approach to raise teenager’s
academic achievement. Bagrowski, Gutowska. (2022). Sleep quality and the levels of perceive
stress in Medical Students. The study that has presented include 220 medical faculty students, it
examined the relationships between their reported stress levels and the quality of their sleep. The
Pittsburgh sleep quality index, (PSQI) was used to asses sleep quality, and the 10-item felt stress
scale (PSS-10) was used to measure felt stress. The PSQI and PSS-10 data revealed a strong
connection (rs=0.60), indication that those with bad sleep quality also had high level of stress.
Jowkar, Fattah et al (2022) conducted study on stress, sleep quality, and academic performance
among dental student in Shiraz, Iran. This was a cross-sectional study among dental student of
the fourth, fifth, and sixth year of education at Shiraz Dental School, Shiraz, Iran. The study was
conduct to explore whether sleep quality and dental student’s environment stress can affect
academic performance. According to the results of this study, student in Shiraz, Iran, experienced
poor sleep quality. F Almarzouki, L Mandilit al (2022). The impact of sleep and mental health on
working memory and academic performance: A longitudinal study. Our study uses a longitudinal
approach with objective metrics in an effort to broaden the scope of earlier research. When
comparing the academic term to the non-academic summer months, we discovered that the
overall sleep score, sleep duration, daytime dysfunction, and usage of sleep medicine all
deteriorated. Working memory rating increased over the academic semester despite worse sleep
and mental health. A high GPA was substantially connected with working memory score. Carpi,
Cianfarani et al (2022). Sleep quality and its association with physical and mental health-related
quality of life among university students: A cross-sectional study. The look at a sample of
university students from one of the biggest institutions in Italy for their reported stress levels,
quality of sleep, symptoms of insomnia, and health-related quality of life. According to the PSOI,
up to 65% of the sample reported have poor sleep quality, and 33% regularly slept for fewer then
seven hours. On the ISI, 55% of individuals reported relevant symptoms of insomnia, and 14%
of participants had a score that suggested they had clinical insomnia. Wang, Fan. (2023).
Academic stress and sleep quality among Chinese adolescents: Chain Mediating effects of
Anxiety and school burnout. Anxiety and burnout were combined with school burnout in
research in China. The finding supported the theory that there was a relationship between
academic stress and sleep quality. The study case, according to the scientists, was a combination
of anxiousness and school fatigue. Suardiaz-Muro Ortega-Moreno et al. (2023) conduct a study
on sleep quality and sleep deprivation: relationship with academic performance in university
student during examination period. Most research indicate that an improved AP is linked to
higher quality sleep. We discover that there is a positive correlation between both variables
during final examinations. Student’s perception of their AP improves when the quality of sleep
increases. Worse perception on AP is caused by increased sleep debt on weekdays. Zhong,
Katigbak et al (2023) aimed to evaluate pattern of sleep habits and their impact on a nighttime
sleep quality in college students. This poll had 439 participants in total, with a 22% response
rate. There four different clusters found. Participants who report a change to sleep duration
between weekends and schooldays of less than 1.75 hours were included in both clusters 1 and 2,
with cluster 1 reporting a typical bedtime before 1:45AM and clusters 2 after 1:45 AM.
Participants in clusters 3 (3.4%) and 4 (47.8%) reported a difference in sleep duration of at least
1.75 hours between schooldays and weekends; cluster 3 reported waking up before 7AM, while
cluster 4 reported waking up after 7AM.
 Chapter#2
Method
2.1 Research design:
Correlational research design was used for current study. Correlational
research design is type of non-experimental research design that aims to examine the relationship
between two or more variables. In a correlation study, the researcher collect data on the variables
of interest without manipulating them and then analyze that data determine if there was a
statistical relation between variables.
2.2 Sample:
The sample for current study of 100 students was selected from different
universities of Faisalabad through convenient sampling technique.
Operational definition of variables:
“ Operationally, sleep can be described as a normal state of
diminished awareness and reduced physical activity that is characterized by intervals of rest and
relaxation”. It is frequently accompanied by closed eyes, a reduced sensitivity to outside stimuli,
and a reflexed bodily and mental state.
“Cognitive functioning can be operationally defined as the performance on standardized tests
and assessments measuring various cognitive domains”.
2.2.1 Sleep quality:
The degree to which sleep is restorative, refreshing, and conducive to
optimal physical and mental health.
2.2.2 The Cognition Assessment:
 The mental processes that allow us to process information,
perceive, attend, remember, learn, reason, solve, problem, communicate, and adapt to the
environment.
2.2.3 Perceive Stress:
American Psychology Association (APA) “the subjective experience of
stress, which can vary greatly from person to person”.
“National Institude of Mental Health (NIHM) “the feeling of being overwhelmed, worried, or
anxious”.
“Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) “the degree to which situations in one’s life are appraised
as stressful”.
Inclusion and Excluinusion:
Sample of one hundred male and female student was included in this
study. Age range for this study included 18 to 28. The students below the age of 18 and above the
28 was excluded in this study. The student with any physical and mental disability were
excluded.
Measuring instrument:
Demographic form:
A demographic form or sheet was form to obtained necessary information
above each student i.e., Name of the students, Age of the students, Gender of the students,
department, marital status. This was dues for fared analysis of the result secession.
The Sleep quality:
The degree to which sleep is restorative, refreshing, and conducive to optimal
physical and mental health.”
A Sleep quality scale was develop using item analysis and factor analysis on items with content
validity. SQS, composed 29 items and 6 factors, accounted was 52 for 62.6% of the total
variance. The difference of SQS score between insomniacs and normal subject conform the
construed validity. The develop SQS was there for conformed to be a valid and reliable
instrument for the comprehensive assessment of Sleep quality.
The Stress Scale:
The PSS was most validly used psychological instrument for measuring the
perception. It is a measure of degree to which station in once are apprised test and stressful. Item
were design to tab how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and over loaded responded for their life.
PSS score was obtained by reversing response (e.g., 0=4, 1-=3, 2=2, 3=1and 4=0) to four
positively stated item (4,5,7 and 8) and then summing across the scale items. A short item made
for questions 2,4,5and 10 of the PSS 10 item scale.
The Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire:
The cognitive assessment questionnaire, originally
cognitive failure questionnaire was Bur bent to assess the frequency with which people
experience cognitive failure such as absent mindless in everyday life. Lips and error of
perception memory and motor functioning the state forward way to score the scale is simply add
up the rating of 25 individual item, yielding a score 0 to 100.
Procedure:
Sample for the was gathered variety of Faisalabad university, both public and private.
Before collecting any data, research participant gave their unofficial consent. The participant also
received a demographic in addition to the measuring scale. Ethic was taken into account,
including informed consent and project despairing. This scale was implored together data. Using
SPSS 25, the Pearson product movement correlation and in depended sample t-test were
untrialed for the statistical analysis.
Statistical Analysis:
Descripted statistical were used check the frequency percentage of
demographic variable and to check the overall the distribution of the sample. Reliability analysis
was run to check reliability and psychometric properties of the scale. Livens test of variance-
based mean was used to check weather variance of group or conditions are different conditioning
were equal the correlation was performed in order to asses relationship between variable, while
indented sample t-test was run to check the difference between variable.
Ethical consideration:
Respondents signed informed was obtained in order to satisfied a ethical
requirement. They were also informed about the aim of study. The use questionnaire was
permitted by author, among other obligatory ethical considerations.
 Chapter#3
Results and Discussion
Results:
Descripted statistical were used check the frequency percentage of demographic variable and to
check the overall the distribution of the sample. Reliability analysis was run to check reliability
and psychometric properties of the scale. Livens test of variance-based mean was used to check
weather variance of group or conditions are different conditioning were equal the correlation was
performed in order to asses relationship between variable, while indented sample t-test was run
to check the difference between variable.
Ethical consideration:
Respondents signed informed was obtained in order to satisfied a ethical
requirement. They were also informed about the aim of study. The use questionnaire was
permitted by author, among other obligatory ethical considerations.
Table number 3.1 descriptive statistics of study variable

The table 3.1 short the descriptive statistic of the sample. Total cognitive assessment
questionnaire as mean of 47.2 and standard deviation 13.1. The total sleep questionnaire scale
mean is 41.75 and standard deviation is 4.97. Total perceive stress scale has a mean of 19.2 and
standard deviation of 4.97 the total cognitive assessment questionnaire has mean of 47.22 and
standard deviation of
13.1.
The total perceived stress has a significant correlation with cognitive functioning with the
significant value of 0.01.
Discussion:

The present study was design to investigate the relation between sleep quality,
cognitive functioning and stress among university student to check gender difference level of
stress, sleep quality and cognitive functioning. The sample current study selected from
different university of Faisalabad through convenient sampling. The Perceive Stress scale,
Sleep quality and Cognitive Assessment questionnaire was for this research.
It was hypothesized that there is positive relationship between sleep quality, Perceive stress
and cognitive assessment questionnaire among university students. Finding through students’
correlation on table 3.2 indicates significant correlation between Sleep quality, Perceive
stress and Cognitive assessment among university students. Certainly, there are few studies
that explored the positive relationship between Sleep quality, Perceive Stress and Cognitive
assessment questionnaire which support was finding as well.
Summary:
The present study was designed to find the relation between Sleep quality,
Perceive Stress scale and Cognitive assessment and also to check gender difference between
Sleep quality, Perceive Stress and cognitive assessment among university students. The
sample of current study of 100 was selected from different university through convenient
sampling technique. Sleep quality scale, The Perceive Stress scale and Cognitive assessment
scale was used for research. Cross-sectional research design was used and data was analyzed
by SPSS.
Findings and conclusion:
The study's findings revealed significant positive relationship
between Sleep Quality scale, The Perceive Stress Scale and Cognitive Assessment scale
among university students. Results also indicates moral disengagement is positive significant
predictor of Sleep quality scale. Results indicates Sleep quality scale are positive significant
predictors of The Perceive Stress Scale and Cognitive Assessment among university students.
Sleep quality have significant impact on moral The Perceive Stress scale and Cognitive
Assessment questionnaire among university students. Results revealed that female students
have moral disengagement than male students, there is no significant difference between
male and female students in term of the Sleep quality scale, The Perceive Stress Scale and
Cognitive Assessment Scale.
Limitation:
The sample of the present study was collected from Faisalabad which only
included university students, which is not truly representative of all the university students.
In the future, it would be more appropriate to select the sample from other universities in
different cities as well.
The present study was done by cross-sectional research design, in the future
longitudinal studies can be conducted on the topics of Sleep quality scale, The Perceive
Stress scale, and Cognitive assessment questionnaire among university students, helping to
generate rich data and have more comparability in the study. Another limitation of the study
is that only self-reported information was used for analysis which can be biased.
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